Received: from mail-qa0-f63.google.com ([209.85.216.63]:48054) by stodi.digitalkingdom.org with esmtps (TLSv1:RC4-SHA:128) (Exim 4.80.1) (envelope-from ) id 1Xf4GU-00023m-4E; Fri, 17 Oct 2014 02:56:14 -0700 Received: by mail-qa0-f63.google.com with SMTP id i13sf60374qae.18 for ; Fri, 17 Oct 2014 02:55:59 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=20120806; h=date:from:to:message-id:subject:mime-version:x-original-sender :reply-to:precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help :list-archive:sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type; bh=mgyo+iqo+Cz62XJwRkTehpHW6MZyL1eVmJQo3yR/bfs=; b=Ws0er9W1ndPGhtCbacK2cTuNr+RAnZK5otVbjInCWUeyvrns68/E68Sy0d4v/eNPnt LzElltHbmDmDPcH2M6Zw9UNiu+za/UAL75YJaKK8khXBr7KHh3fcB3u+yzlxEOiYpWBr gPp1akyAJSz9olJWdzspn9SxfC6EwF0Z1YhnLFKSNPvL5TQUG9T2k1x2jilI4Tf4eAp6 p4FTmSUBk7WYzEP7Ft7GQfST+CwqA9IY2aweMWm5RJJDu8+omr7X331eoTFa0wdw+kk6 yF+4VX358QC2/bv4xmNXY41Hm4LqtpeP/JXKOAJaTSZIwYoEKhTQGwt2w9ep0sSLT5uC qWWQ== DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20120113; h=date:from:to:message-id:subject:mime-version:x-original-sender :reply-to:precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help :list-archive:sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type; bh=mgyo+iqo+Cz62XJwRkTehpHW6MZyL1eVmJQo3yR/bfs=; b=ZqNTMGvOkuA2j4HUqfHf8KbLr1qrP8TuU7T9RsXD9YQqkEOfePySWSZVfhRuOLFJLr GrraRR5N28jMTEicFw2kISkSnqsVbLELjcgFhGribUX7zRUoQfi9YCF5RNcTWh/76yac fmhJbTzVSD1kNilbDdarDW5Br2vYnl9lFMUOnVgeDcKe62+LVo273n7PO+5Q5DpuWbE7 RgbJmvLy6KLkplRZFEPsf6tGIHII0ywDElSthdm0yLHRXPVw8rl6wDi1KmdHWWmo2E+i 8bxfu7yJS6YMP4wMqvXsNui3/VwDPGiRf58C1M1WTbEqwRrhrpD6fQcRF7jNf6CuQ4gX +aag== X-Received: by 10.140.20.175 with SMTP id 44mr97974qgj.4.1413539758982; Fri, 17 Oct 2014 02:55:58 -0700 (PDT) X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.140.84.199 with SMTP id l65ls1121067qgd.45.gmail; Fri, 17 Oct 2014 02:55:58 -0700 (PDT) X-Received: by 10.140.84.21 with SMTP id k21mr107931qgd.6.1413539758836; Fri, 17 Oct 2014 02:55:58 -0700 (PDT) Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 02:55:58 -0700 (PDT) From: Riley Martinez-Lynch To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Message-Id: Subject: [bpfk] {ro}, existential import and De Morgan MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Original-Sender: shunpiker@gmail.com Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: X-Google-Group-Id: 972099695765 List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_Part_227_1895698786.1413539758285" X-Spam-Score: -2.0 (--) X-Spam_score: -2.0 X-Spam_score_int: -19 X-Spam_bar: -- ------=_Part_227_1895698786.1413539758285 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 In researching a question on the mailing list, I came across discussions of the question of whether {ro} has "existential import" -- which is to say, does a true proposition {ro broda cu brode} imply that {su'o broda cu brode} is also true? CLL 16.8 says: "Lojban universal claims always imply the corresponding existential claims as well." Which is to say, {ro} has existential import. This is the position of classic/Aristotelian logic, but not modern logic. It was been pointed out that the documentation of negation boundaries is not consistent with this interpretation of ro. Take these examples from CLL 16.11, which are said to be equivalent: {naku roda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule} (16.11.7) {su'oda poi verba ku'o naku klama su'ode poi ckule} (16.11.4, {ku'o}-corrected per errata) Now let's simplify the examples, replacing the students with unicorns -- there's a tradition of talking about unicorns when considering this question: {naku ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} == {su'o pavyseljirna naku cu blabi} Given that {ro} has import, and assuming for the sake of argument that the universe has no unicorns to quantify, {ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} is false, and therefore, {naku ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} is true. However, {su'o pavyseljirna naku cu blabi} is false, since there are no unicorns to predicate with {blabi}, affirmatively or negatively. The truth value of the proposition has changed despite the assurance that moving the negation boundary and "inverting" the quantifiers accordingly is supposed to preserve the meaning. Some have argued that this shows a violation of De Morgan's laws. The anomaly does not occur if {ro} is not held to import. In that case, {ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} is true, {naku ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} is false, and {su'o pavyseljirna naku cu blabi} is also false. This question was discussed extensively from 2002-2003, which is to say, during the BPFK's formative period. There seems to have been near-consensus that {ro} should not be held to import, but there were also emphatic dissents from John Cowan and pc. I saw indications of an expectation that BPFK would ultimately decide the question, but I have been unable to find a record that the question was discussed or that a decision was taken.The BPFK section on "Inexact Numbers" includes a link in the "Issues" section to the 2003 discussion, but otherwise -- as far as I can discern -- takes no clear position. Can anyone show me where and how this problem was resolved? Failing that, would anyone care to take this up and once and for all settle the matter? mi'e la mukti mu'o -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "BPFK" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-list. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. ------=_Part_227_1895698786.1413539758285 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

In researching a question on the mailing list, I came acros= s discussions of the question of whether {ro} has "existential import" -- w= hich is to say, does a true proposition {ro broda cu brode} imply that {su'= o broda cu brode} is also true? CLL 16.8 says:

"Lojban univer= sal claims always imply the corresponding existential claims as well."

<= /blockquote>

Which is to say, {ro} has existential import. This is the p= osition of classic/Aristotelian logic, but not modern logic.

It was been pointed out that the documentation of negation = boundaries is not consistent with this interpretation of ro. Take these exa= mples from CLL 16.11, which are said to be equivalent:

{naku = roda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule} (16.11.7) 

<= blockquote style=3D"margin: 0 0 0 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;">

{su'oda poi verba ku'o naku klama su'ode poi ckule} (16.11.4, {ku= 'o}-corrected per errata)

Now let's simplify the examples, replacing the students wit= h unicorns -- there's a tradition of talking about unicorns when considerin= g this question:

{naku ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} =3D=3D {su'o pavyseljirna naku c= u blabi}

Given that {ro} has import, and assuming for the sake of ar= gument that the universe has no unicorns to quantify, {ro pavyseljirna cu b= labi} is false, and therefore, {naku ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} is true.
=

However, {su'o pavyseljirna naku cu blabi} is false, since = there are no unicorns to predicate with {blabi}, affirmatively or negativel= y. The truth value of the proposition has changed despite the assurance tha= t moving the negation boundary and "inverting" the quantifiers accordingly = is supposed to preserve the meaning. Some have argued that this shows a vio= lation of De Morgan's laws.

The anomaly does not occur if {ro} is not held to import. I= n that case, {ro pavyseljirna cu blabi} is true, {naku ro pavyseljirna cu b= labi} is false, and {su'o pavyseljirna naku cu blabi} is also false.

This question was discussed extensively from 2002-2003, whi= ch is to say, during the BPFK's formative period. There seems to have been = near-consensus that {ro} should not be= held to import, but there were also emphatic dissents from John Cowan and = pc.

I saw indications of an expectation that BPFK would ultimat= ely decide the question, but I have been unable to find a record that the q= uestion was discussed or that a decision was taken.The BPFK section on "Inexact= Numbers" includes a link in the "Issues" section to the 2003 discussio= n, but otherwise -- as far as I can discern -- takes no clear position.
=

Can anyone show me where and how this problem was resol= ved? Failing that, would anyone care to take this up and once and for all s= ettle the matter?

mi'e la mukti mu'o

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