From bpfk-list+bncCAAQ85Tc5gQaBL_qC_o@googlegroups.com Sun Nov 07 12:22:29 2010 Received: from mail-gx0-f189.google.com ([209.85.161.189]) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PFBkt-0005qJ-9e; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:22:29 -0800 Received: by gxk28 with SMTP id 28sf5721616gxk.16 for ; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:22:17 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=domainkey-signature:received:mime-version:x-beenthere:received :received:received:received:received:received-spf:received:received :received:date:message-id:to:subject:from:x-spam_score :x-spam_score_int:x-spam_bar:x-spam_report:x-original-sender :x-original-authentication-results:reply-to:precedence:mailing-list :list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive:sender:list-subscribe :list-unsubscribe:content-type:content-transfer-encoding; bh=e9PQnWSOTP8/owyOw/Bi3bUWMLpQY9VOf5NTrjxNGpo=; b=3YObmyhgm9C04O5UbCnHwhVr7kVvrqDvfLlLReehROjojjRpUpDL7ah7KP7atXmIQc i0UZv64FsLZ2Cz6vyroTXoEF7LbT+kCuUVQ0TQHgN/Y26DKDIjIS+0Dw3bUYT4GkOAjF jwgDTESfgc2XAjXK/4Ti/ggEJZFD+avZlbF3c= DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; c=nofws; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date:message-id:to:subject :from:x-spam_score:x-spam_score_int:x-spam_bar:x-spam_report :x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results:reply-to :precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive :sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type :content-transfer-encoding; b=Ob1wiYTdmY5SLvOziAXwwQqcT5f+iuY+7x4lcel8+8+Z+l4EdwsF8t5cI1TgcJUbDQ 1UI3U3WZyEs0BAL9qBBpgDXWajwoeU8eLsDujHJ4XToIdG4eKEMiDaOc9WpAYL2h/dsu RoT4yQWW7W8myMvDIgy5QEvo6Nb54HdM0O3wY= Received: by 10.151.135.12 with SMTP id m12mr466074ybn.53.1289161331410; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:22:11 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.151.116.10 with SMTP id t10ls172084ybm.4.p; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:22:11 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.151.84.5 with SMTP id m5mr1202095ybl.0.1289161331202; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:22:11 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.127.19 with SMTP id z19mr3266827wfc.69.1289161269579; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:21:09 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.127.19 with SMTP id z19mr3266826wfc.69.1289161269525; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:21:09 -0800 (PST) Received: from chain.digitalkingdom.org (digitalkingdom.org [173.13.139.234]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTP id p40si8673935wfc.2.2010.11.07.12.21.09; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:21:09 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) client-ip=173.13.139.234; Received: from nobody by chain.digitalkingdom.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PFBjg-0005pJ-J1 for bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:21:08 -0800 Received: from 128-177-28-49.ip.openhosting.com ([128.177.28.49] helo=oh-www1.lojban.org) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PFBja-0005oO-Mu for bpfk@lojban.org; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 12:21:08 -0800 Received: from www-data by oh-www1.lojban.org with local (Exim 4.71) (envelope-from ) id 1PFBja-0006r5-1V for bpfk@lojban.org; Sun, 07 Nov 2010 15:21:02 -0500 Date: Sun, 07 Nov 2010 15:21:02 -0500 Message-Id: To: bpfk@lojban.org Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Nov 7 15:21:02 EST 2010 From: www-data X-Spam_score: 2.5 X-Spam_score_int: 25 X-Spam_bar: ++ X-Spam_report: Spam detection software, running on the system "chain.digitalkingdom.org", has identified this incoming email as possible spam. The original message has been attached to this so you can view it (if it isn't spam) or label similar future email. If you have any questions, see the administrator of that system for details. Content preview: commit ce725ec74670c4b00a5fec6977687028c377c8af Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Sun Nov 7 12:18:50 2010 -0800 Conformance with the red book, minor bug fixes. diff --git a/3/10/index.html b/3/10/index.html index 7bb3a81..3e0fa16 100644 --- a/3/10/index.html +++ b/3/10/index.html @@ -51,21 +51,21 @@
An allowed variant of Lojban “e”. This sound is not found in English, but is the Spanish “e”, or the tense “e” of Italian. The vowel of English “say” is similar except for the off-glide: you can learn to make this sound by holding your tongue steady while saying the first part of the English vowel.
[ə]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “y”. As in the “a” of English “sofa” or “about”. Schwa is generally unstressed in Lojban, as it is in English. It is a totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth.
[f]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “f”. As in “fee”, “loafer”, or “chef”.
[ɸ]
An allowed variant of Lojban “f”. Not an English sound; the Japanese “f” sound.
[g]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “g”. As in English “go”, “eagle”, or “dog”.
[h]
-
The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in English “aha” or “oh, hello”.
+
The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in English “aha” or the second "h" in “oh, hello”.
[i]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “i”. Essentially like the English vowel of “pizza” or “machine”, although the English vowel is sometimes pronounced with an off-glide, which should not be present in Lojban.
[ɪ]
A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The “i” of English “bit”.
[ɨ]
A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The “u” of “just” in some varieties of GA, those which make the word sound more or less like “jist”. Also Russian “y” as in “byt'” (to be); like a schwa [ə], but higher in the mouth.
List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable commit ce725ec74670c4b00a5fec6977687028c377c8af Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Sun Nov 7 12:18:50 2010 -0800 Conformance with the red book, minor bug fixes. diff --git a/3/10/index.html b/3/10/index.html index 7bb3a81..3e0fa16 100644 --- a/3/10/index.html +++ b/3/10/index.html @@ -51,21 +51,21 @@
An allowed variant of Lojban =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D. This sound is not fo= und in English, but is the Spanish =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D, or the tense =E2=80= =9Ce=E2=80=9D of Italian. The vowel of English =E2=80=9Csay=E2=80=9D is sim= ilar except for the off-glide: you can learn to make this sound by holding = your tongue steady while saying the first part of the English vowel.
[=C9=99]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cy=E2=80=9D. As in the = =E2=80=9Ca=E2=80=9D of English =E2=80=9Csofa=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cabout=E2= =80=9D. Schwa is generally unstressed in Lojban, as it is in English. It is= a totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth.
[f]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cf=E2=80=9D. As in =E2= =80=9Cfee=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cloafer=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cchef=E2=80=9D.
[=C9=B8]
An allowed variant of Lojban =E2=80=9Cf=E2=80=9D. Not an English sound= ; the Japanese =E2=80=9Cf=E2=80=9D sound.
[g]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cg=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Cgo=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ceagle=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cdog=E2=80=9D.=
[h]
-
The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in Engl= ish =E2=80=9Caha=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Coh, hello=E2=80=9D.
+
The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in Engl= ish =E2=80=9Caha=E2=80=9D or the second "h" in =E2=80=9Coh, hello=E2=80=9D.=
[i]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Ci=E2=80=9D. Essentially= like the English vowel of =E2=80=9Cpizza=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cmachine=E2= =80=9D, although the English vowel is sometimes pronounced with an off-glid= e, which should not be present in Lojban.
[=C9=AA]
A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The =E2=80=9Ci=E2=80=9D of English =E2= =80=9Cbit=E2=80=9D.
[=C9=A8]
A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The =E2=80=9Cu=E2=80=9D of =E2=80=9Cju= st=E2=80=9D in some varieties of GA, those which make the word sound more o= r less like =E2=80=9Cjist=E2=80=9D. Also Russian =E2=80=9Cy=E2=80=9D as in = =E2=80=9Cbyt'=E2=80=9D (to be); like a schwa [=C9=99], but higher in the mouth.
[j]
Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with =E2=80=9Ci=E2=80=9D= . Like the =E2=80=9Cy=E2=80=9D in English =E2=80=9Cyard=E2=80=9D or =E2=80= =9Csay=E2=80=9D.
[k]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Ck=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Ckill=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ctoken=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cflak=E2=80= =9D.
@@ -76,21 +76,21 @@
[m]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cm=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Cme=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Chumor=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cham=E2=80=9D.=
[m=CC=A9]
The syllabic version of Lojban =E2=80=9Cm=E2=80=9D. As in English =E2= =80=9Ccatch =E2=80=99em=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cbottom=E2=80=9D.
[n]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Cno=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Chonor=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cson=E2=80=9D.=
[n=CC=A9]
The syllabic version of Lojban =E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D. As in English =E2= =80=9Cbutton=E2=80=9D.
[=C5=8B]
An allowed variant of Lojban =E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D, especially in Lojban= ized names and before =E2=80=9Cg=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Ck=E2=80=9D. As in Eng= lish =E2=80=9Csing=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Csinger=E2=80=9D (but not =E2=80=9Cf= inger=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cdanger=E2=80=9D).
-
[=C5=8B=CC=A9]
+
[=C5=8B=CC=8D]
An allowed variant of Lojban syllabic =E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D, especially = in Lojbanized names.
[o]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Co=E2=80=9D. As in the F= rench =E2=80=9Chaute (cuisine)=E2=80=9D or Spanish =E2=80=9Ccomo=E2=80=9D. = There is no exact English equivalent of this sound. The nearest GA equivale= nt is the =E2=80=9Co=E2=80=9D of =E2=80=9Cdough=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cjoke= =E2=80=9D, but it is essential that the off-glide (a [w]= -like sound) at the end of the vowel is not pronounced when speaking= Lojban. The RP sound in these words is [=C9=99w]= in IPA terms, and has no [o] in it at all; unles= s you can speak with a Scots, Irish, or American accent, you may have troub= le with this sound.
[=C9=94]
An allowed variant of Lojban =E2=80=9Co=E2=80=9D, especially before = =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D. This sound is a shortened form of the =E2=80=9Caw=E2= =80=9D in GA =E2=80=9Cdawn=E2=80=9D (for those people who don=E2=80=99t pro= nounce =E2=80=9Cdawn=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9CDon=E2=80=9D alike; if you do, y= ou may have trouble with this sound). In RP, but not GA, it is the =E2=80= =9Co=E2=80=9D of =E2=80=9Chot=E2=80=9D.
[p]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cp=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Cpay=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Csuper=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cup=E2=80=9D.=
[r]
One version of Lojban =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D. Not an English sound. The S= panish =E2=80=9Crr=E2=80=9D and the Scots =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D, a tongue-tip= trill.
[=C9=B9]
@@ -99,21 +99,21 @@
One version of Lojban =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D. In GA, appears as a variant= of =E2=80=9Ct=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9Cd=E2=80=9D in the words =E2=80=9Cmetal= =E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cmedal=E2=80=9D respectively. A tongue-tip flap.
[=CA=80]
One version of Lojban =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D. Not an English sound. The F= rench or German =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D in =E2=80=9Creine=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9C= rot=E2=80=9D respectively. A uvular trill.
[r=CC=A9], [=C9=B9=CC=A9]= , [=C9=BE=CC=A9], [=CA= =80=CC=A9]
are syllabic versions of the above. [=C9=B9=CC=A9]<= /span> appears in the GA (but not RP) pronunciation of =E2=80=9Cbird=E2=80= =9D.
[s]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Cso=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cbasin=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cyes=E2=80=9D.=
[=CA=83]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cc=E2=80=9D. The =E2=80= =9Csh=E2=80=9D of English =E2=80=9Cship=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cashen=E2=80=9D, = or =E2=80=9Cdish=E2=80=9D.
[=CA=82]
-
An allowed variant of Lojban =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D. Not an English sound= . The Hindi retroflex =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D with underdot, or Klingon =E2=80= =9CS=E2=80=9D.
+
An allowed variant of Lojban =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D. Not an English sound= . The Hindi retroflex =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D with dot below, or Klingon =E2=80= =9CS=E2=80=9D.
[t]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Ct=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Ctea=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Clater=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cnot=E2=80=9D= . It is important to avoid the GA habit of pronouncing the =E2=80=9Ct=E2=80= =9D between vowels as [d] or [= =C9=BE].
[=CE=B8]
Not normally a Lojban sound, but a possible variant of Lojban =E2=80= =9C'=E2=80=9D. The =E2=80=9Cth=E2=80=9D of English =E2=80=9Cthin=E2=80=9D (= but not =E2=80=9Cthen=E2=80=9D).
[v]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cv=E2=80=9D. As in Engli= sh =E2=80=9Cvoice=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Csavor=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Clive=E2=80= =9D.
[w]
Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with =E2=80=9Cu=E2=80=9D= . Like the =E2=80=9Cw=E2=80=9D in English =E2=80=9Cwet=E2=80=9D [w=C9=9Bt] or =E2=80=9Ccow=E2=80=9D [k=C9= =91w].
[x]
The preferred pronunciation of Lojban =E2=80=9Cx=E2=80=9D. Not normall= y an English sound, but used in some pronunciations of =E2=80=9Cloch=E2=80= =9D and =E2=80=9CBach=E2=80=9D; =E2=80=9Cgh=E2=80=9D in Scots =E2=80=9Cmigh= t=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cnight=E2=80=9D. The German =E2=80=9CAch-Laut=E2=80= =9D. To pronounce [x], force air through your thr= oat without vibrating your vocal chords; there should be lots of scrape. diff --git a/3/12/index.html b/3/12/index.html index 40caf53..3e26103 100644 --- a/3/12/index.html +++ b/3/12/index.html @@ -19,21 +19,21 @@
Introductory
The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojb= an
The Lojban Reference Gram= mar

12. Oddball Orthographies

The following notes describe ways in which Lojban has been written or c= ould be written that differ from the standard orthography explained in the = rest of this chapter. Nobody needs to read this section except people with = an interest in the obscure. Technicalities are used without explanation or = further apology.

-

There exists an alternative orthography for Lojban, which is designed t= o be as compatible as possible (but no more so) with the authority used in = pre-Lojban versions of Loglan. The consonants undergo no change, except tha= t =E2=80=9Cx=E2=80=9D is replaced by =E2=80=9Ch=E2=80=9D. The individual vo= wels likewise remain unchanged. However, the vowel pairs and diphthongs are= changed as follows:

+

There exists an alternative orthography for Lojban, which is designed t= o be as compatible as possible (but no more so) with the orthography used i= n pre-Lojban versions of Loglan. The consonants undergo no change, except t= hat =E2=80=9Cx=E2=80=9D is replaced by =E2=80=9Ch=E2=80=9D. The individual = vowels likewise remain unchanged. However, the vowel pairs and diphthongs a= re changed as follows:

  • =E2=80=9Cai=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cei=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Coi=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cau=E2=80=9D become =E2=80=9Cai=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cei=E2=80=9D, =E2=80= =9Coi=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cao=E2=80=9D.
  • =E2=80=9Cia=E2=80=9D through =E2=80=9Ciu=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cua=E2= =80=9D through =E2=80=9Cuu=E2=80=9D remain unchanged.
  • =E2=80=9Ca'i=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ce'i=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Co'i=E2=80=9D an= d =E2=80=9Ca'o=E2=80=9D become =E2=80=9Ca,i=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ce,i=E2=80=9D= , =E2=80=9Co,i=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Ca,o=E2=80=9D.
  • =E2=80=9Ci'a=E2=80=9D through =E2=80=9Ci'u=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cu'a= =E2=80=9D through =E2=80=9Cu'u=E2=80=9D are changed to =E2=80=9Cia=E2=80=9D= through =E2=80=9Ciu=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cua=E2=80=9D through =E2=80=9Cuu= =E2=80=9D in lujvo and cmavo other than attitudinals, but become =E2=80=9Ci= ,a=E2=80=9D through =E2=80=9Ci,u=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cu,a=E2=80=9D through= =E2=80=9Cu,u=E2=80=9D in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
  • All other vowel pairs simply drop the apostrophe.

The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altogether, re= placing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. In addit= ion, names and the cmavo =E2=80=9C.i=E2=80=9D are capitalized, and irregula= r stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) foll= owing the stressed syllable.

Three points must be emphasized about this alternative orthography:

    @@ -51,21 +51,21 @@ - thule f formen c harma x hwesta - anto v ampa j anca - unque n numen m malta - noldo - nwalme r ore u vala i anna - vilya The letters =E2=80=9Cvala=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Canna=E2=80=9D are used for= =E2=80=9Cu=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Ci=E2=80=9D only when those letters are us= ed to represent glides. Of the additional letters, =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cl=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D, and =E2=80=9Cz=E2=80=9D are written = with =E2=80=9Cr=C3=B3men=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Clambe=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Csilme= =E2=80=9D, and =E2=80=9C=C3=A1re=E2=80=9D/=E2=80=9Cesse=E2=80=9D respective= ly; the inverted forms are used as free variants. -

    Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as fo= llowing the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are u= sed for the five regular vowels, and the under-dot for =E2=80=9Cy=E2=80=9D.= The Lojban apostrophe is represented by =E2=80=9Challa=E2=80=9D. There is = no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.

    +

    Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as fo= llowing the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are u= sed for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for =E2=80=9Cy=E2=80=9D.= The Lojban apostrophe is represented by =E2=80=9Challa=E2=80=9D. There is = no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.

    Previous<= /div>
    English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs
    Next
    Introductory
    diff --git a/3/6/index.html b/3/6/index.html index 0e9d69d..792fa38 100644 --- a/3/6/index.html +++ b/3/6/index.html @@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ p b t d k g f v c j s z x - The consonant =E2=80=9Cx=E2=80=9D has no voiced counterpart in Lojban. The= remaining consonants, =E2=80=9Cl=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cm=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cn= =E2=80=9D, and =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D, are typically pronounced with voice, bu= t can be pronounced unvoiced.

    Consonant sounds occur in languages as single consonants, or as doubled= , or as clustered combinations. Single consonant sounds are isolated by wor= d boundaries or by intervening vowel sounds from other consonant sounds. Do= ubled consonant sounds are either lengthened like [s] in English =E2=80=9Chiss=E2=80=9D, or repeated like [k] in English =E2=80=9Cbackcourt=E2=80=9D. Consonant clusters cons= ist of two or more single or doubled consonant sounds in a group, each of w= hich is different from its immediate neighbor. In Lojban, doubled consonant= s are excluded altogether, and clusters are limited to two or three members= , except in Lojbanized names.

    -

    Consonants can occur in three positions in words: initial (at the begin= ning), medial (in the middle), and final (at the end). In many languages, t= he sound of a consonant varies depending upon its position in the word. In = Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its p= osition. In particular, the common American English trait of changing a =E2= =80=9Ct=E2=80=9D between vowels into a =E2=80=9Cd=E2=80=9D or even a tap (I= PA [=C9=BE]) is unacceptable in Lojban.

    +

    Consonants can occur in three positions in words: initial (at the begin= ning), medial (in the middle), and final (at the end). In many languages, t= he sound of a consonant varies depending upon its position in the word. In = Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its p= osition. In particular, the common American English trait of changing a =E2= =80=9Ct=E2=80=9D between vowels into a =E2=80=9Cd=E2=80=9D or even an alveo= lar tap (IPA [=C9=BE]) is unacceptable in Lojban.=

    Lojban imposes no restrictions on the appearance of single consonants i= n any valid consonant position; however, no consonant (including syllabic c= onsonants) occurs final in a word except in Lojbanized names.

    Pairs of consonants can also appear freely, with the following restrict= ions:

    1)
    It is forbidden for both consonants to be the same, as this would viol= ate the rule against double consonants.
    2)
    It is forbidden for one consonant to be voiced and the other unvoiced.= The consonants =E2=80=9Cl=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cm=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cn=E2=80= =9D, and =E2=80=9Cr=E2=80=9D are exempt from this restriction. As a result,= =E2=80=9Cbf=E2=80=9D is forbidden, and so is =E2=80=9Csd=E2=80=9D, but bot= h =E2=80=9Cfl=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cvl=E2=80=9D, and both =E2=80=9Cls=E2=80= =9D and =E2=80=9Clz=E2=80=9D, are permitted.
    3)
    diff --git a/3/7/index.html b/3/7/index.html index 2a45b9b..1cbc0d8 100644 --- a/3/7/index.html +++ b/3/7/index.html @@ -56,21 +56,21 @@ tc tr ts kl kr dj dr dz gl gr =20 ml mr xl xr Note that if both consonants of an initial pair are voiced, the unvoiced e= quivalent is also permissible, and the voiced pair can be pronounced simply= by voicing the unvoiced pair. (The converse is not true: =E2=80=9Ccn=E2=80= =9D is a permissible initial pair, but =E2=80=9Cjn=E2=80=9D is not.)

    Consonant triples can occur medially in Lojban words. They are subject = to the following rules:

    1. The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair;=
    2. The last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonan= t pair;
      3. -
    3. The triples =E2=80=9Cndj=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cndz=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cntc= =E2=80=9D, and =E2=80=9Cnts=E2=80=9D are forbilien.
      4. +
    4. The triples =E2=80=9Cndj=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cndz=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cntc= =E2=80=9D, and =E2=80=9Cnts=E2=80=9D are forbidden.

    Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, = not just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonan= t triples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are= permissible. In addition, names can contain consonant clusters with more t= han three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is = valid.

    Previous
    Consonant Clusters
    Next
    diff --git a/3/8/index.html b/3/8/index.html index 22744e1..956c4eb 100644 --- a/3/8/index.html +++ b/3/8/index.html @@ -34,21 +34,21 @@ 
     8.2)   .AMsterdam.
        [=CA=94am ster dam=CA=94]
        or [=CB=88=CA=94a m=C9=AA s=C9=AA t=C9=9B r=C9=
=AA da m=C9=AA=CA=94]

    When a buffer vowel is used, it splits each buffered consonant into its= own syllable. However, the buffering syllables are never stressed, and are= not counted in determining stress. They are, in effect, not really syllabl= es to a Lojban listener, and thus their impact is ignored.

    Here are more examples of unbuffered and buffered pronunciations:

     8.3)   klama
        [=CB=88kla ma]
-       [k=C9=AA la ma]
+       [k=C9=AA =CB=88la ma]
=20
 8.4)   xapcke
        [=CB=88xap =CA=83k=C9=9B]
        [=CB=88xa p=C9=AA =CA=83k=C9=9B]
        [=CB=88xa p=C9=AA =CA=83=C9=AA k=C9=9B]
    In Example 8.4, we see that buffering vowels can = be used in just some, rather than all, of the possible places: the second p= ronunciation buffers the =E2=80=9Cpc=E2=80=9D consonant pair but not the = =E2=80=9Cck=E2=80=9D. The third pronunciation buffers both. 
     8.5)   ponyni'u
        [po n=C9=99 'ni hu]

--=20
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