From bpfk-list+bncCMbnveiNHRC8iInqBBoEaHDvWQ@googlegroups.com Thu Jan 27 20:21:49 2011 Received: from mail-px0-f189.google.com ([209.85.212.189]) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1Pifq8-0004pL-MF; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:49 -0800 Received: by pxi19 with SMTP id 19sf801232pxi.16 for ; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:35 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=domainkey-signature:mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date :message-id:to:subject:from:x-original-sender :x-original-authentication-results:reply-to:precedence:mailing-list :list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive:sender:list-subscribe :list-unsubscribe:content-type:content-transfer-encoding; bh=Dhtr9XALGXdM2p34kMbD1dct6OFMHPhkVw+hoopd7sE=; b=C2RIQp4BffWD5Wt++d2EbQEiT+wiBkQB6I9u1IsJZhgqstT8tJDdOMzKzitS3CAB1S ZGY+vip+fjE0TIGh+4rZzQXchbmF4ga5ZgQQADtXRVLuQXxz3CInPdyMoEe+W3Yp7PpA jQ864KBAddo7ZbfZ1nwsbisJba/R3hrutGsSo= DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; c=nofws; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date:message-id:to:subject :from:x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results:reply-to :precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive :sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type :content-transfer-encoding; b=DMfcWxNrSwXC9kOVPI98r70V7/F6do6CwN293SrXWwl/yBc6WDaLNyDjjag+KBwU5O ZRqIKXmTjSgtKTapE9Uc0xr4wgJQjd00DFyt1dYHUs/cgRke/GbeyswwE4IskjFkBRLI 3ofZMFyhVCjrP8L/3c3Sr1jqL7ZhRcNfB+FgQ= Received: by 10.142.141.3 with SMTP id o3mr169471wfd.63.1296188476290; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:16 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.142.97.18 with SMTP id u18ls3548462wfb.2.p; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:15 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.215.16 with SMTP id n16mr529872wfg.16.1296188475894; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:15 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.215.16 with SMTP id n16mr529871wfg.16.1296188475848; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:15 -0800 (PST) Received: from chain.digitalkingdom.org (digitalkingdom.org [173.13.139.234]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id w13si19140449wfh.3.2011.01.27.20.21.15 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=RC4-MD5); Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:15 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) client-ip=173.13.139.234; Received: from nobody by chain.digitalkingdom.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1Pifpi-0004ov-I0 for bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:14 -0800 Received: from 128-177-28-49.ip.openhosting.com ([128.177.28.49] helo=oh-www1.lojban.org) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1Pifpa-0004oc-8H for bpfk@lojban.org; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 20:21:14 -0800 Received: from www-data by oh-www1.lojban.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PifpY-000210-LU for bpfk@lojban.org; Thu, 27 Jan 2011 23:21:04 -0500 Date: Thu, 27 Jan 2011 23:21:04 -0500 Message-Id: To: bpfk@lojban.org Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Jan 27 23:21:04 EST 2011 From: www-data X-Original-Sender: www-data@oh-www1.lojban.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=nobody@digitalkingdom.org Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable commit a15c4a3d2354af1064458a594b3198165a734ecc Merge: 3c737a4 156c013 Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Thu Jan 27 19:05:20 2011 -0800 Merge commit '156c013' into gh-pages commit 3c737a466698f9a7ba16849bed1ce915057766b0 Merge: f2837ba 8b04645 Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Thu Jan 27 18:37:07 2011 -0800 Merge commit '8b04645e9c4ffc0ab190585a699cc5be76821733' into gh-pages commit 156c013f83826628ad61dc5752ced0092989ab52 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Sun Jan 2 12:37:30 2011 -0500 Literally just fixing the indentation in chapter 5. diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index 32090fc..13fd263 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -272,21 +272,21 @@ . We understand that=20 girls' school means=20 a school where girls are the students, and not=20 a school where girls are the teachers or=20 a school which is a girl (!). Likewise, we understand t= hat=20 little girl means=20 girl who is small. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is= =20 girls' school to be taken as a unit, with=20 little specifying the type of girls' school? Or is=20 little girl to be taken as a unit, specifying the type = of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or=20 - exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the = distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented. + exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the d= istinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented. =20 Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explici= t words are used to do the work. The cmavo=20 bo (which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed = between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojb= an translation of=20 would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d4"/> ta cmalu nixli bo ckule @@ -311,21 +311,21 @@ and=20 reveals a tanru nested with= in a tanru. In=20 , the main tanru has a selta= u of=20 cmalu and a tertau of=20 nixli bo ckule; the tertau is itself a tanru wi= th=20 nixli as the seltau and=20 ckule as the tertau. In=20 , on the other hand, the sel= tau is=20 cmalu bo nixli (itself a tanru), whereas the te= rtau is=20 ckule.=20 - This structure of tanru nested within tanru forms the basis for all t= he more complex types of selbri that will be explained below. + This structure of tanru nested within tanru forms the basis for all th= e more complex types of selbri that will be explained below. What about=20 ? What does it mean? <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d6"/> ta cmalu nixli ckule That is-a-small girl school. @@ -563,25 +563,25 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d6"/> ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e] That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of = school ). That is a beautiful school for small girls. - is distinctly different in = meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the=20 - ke ... ke'e parentheses, the left-grouping rule= is applied to=20 + is distinctly different i= n meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the=20 + ke ... ke'e parentheses, the left-grouping ru= le is applied to=20 cmalu nixli ckule. tanru groupingwith ke and bo=20 - It is perfectly all right to mix=20 + It is perfectly all right to mix=20 bo and=20 ke ... ke'e in a single selbri. For instance,= =20 , which in pure=20 ke ... ke'e form is <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d7"/> ta melbi ke cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] [ke'e] @@ -1001,21 +1001,21 @@ mamta. What about more complex selbri? tanruplace structures of For tanru, the place s= tructure rule is simple: the place structure of a tanru is always the place= structure of its tertau. Thus, the place structure of=20 blanu zdani is that of=20 zdani: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the= x2 place is its occupants. What about the places of=20 blanu? Is there any way to get them into the ac= t? In fact,=20 blanu has only one place, and this is merged, a= s it were, with the x1 place of=20 zdani. It is whatever is in the x1 place that i= s being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace=20 blanu with=20 xamgu, we get: - FIXME: TAG SPOT + FIXME: TAG SPOT <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>good house</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d1"/> ti xamgu zdani This is-a-good house. =20 This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house. @@ -1319,21 +1319,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d5"/> ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu That (is-a-girl type-of school) of-type little. That's a girls' school which is small. tanru groupingeffect of tanru inversion on tanru inversioneffect on tanru grouping=20 - Note that the=20 + Note that the=20 bo of=20 is optional in=20 , because=20 co groups more loosely than any other cmavo use= d in tanru, including none at all. Not even=20 ke ... ke'e parentheses can encompass a=20 co: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d6"/> @@ -1930,21 +1930,21 @@ Since only=20 pamoi is negated, an appropriate inference is t= hat he is some other kind of speaker. negationcomplex examples complex negationexamples Here is an assortment of more complex examples showing = the interaction of scalar negation with=20 bo grouping,=20 ke and=20 ke'e grouping, logical connection, and sumti li= nked with=20 be and=20 bei: - na'econtrasted with na'e ke FIXME: TAG SPOT + na'econtrasted with na'e ke FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e12d4"/> mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o klama le zarci I ( (non-quickly) ( walking using the arms) ) go-to the mar= ket. I go to the market, walking using my arms other than quickly.<= /en> @@ -2236,385 +2236,385 @@ Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of t= hat group. asymmetrical tanr= udefinition The tanru discusse= d in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order = of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,=20 =20 junla dadysli, or=20 clock pendulum, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock= , whereas=20 dadysli junla, or=20 pendulum clock, is the kind of clock that employs a pen= dulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are dis= cussed in=20 . asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject-of-action + action The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the obje= ct of that action: - - - - - - - - - pinsi nunkilbra - pencil sharpener - Hun - - - zgike nunctu - music instruction - Hun - - - mirli nunkalte - deer hunting - Hun - - - finpe nunkalte - fish hunting - Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba - fishing - - - smacu terkavbu - mousetrap - Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba - - - zdani turni - house ruler - Kar - host - - - zerle'a nunte'a - thief fear - Skt - fear of thieves - - - cevni zekri - god crime - Skt - offense against the gods - - - - - - - nunkilbra - sharpness-apparatus - - - nunctu - event-of-teaching - - - nunkalte - event-of-hunting - - - terkavbu - trap - - - zerle'a - crime-taker - - - nunte'a - event-of-fearing - - - asymmetrical tanru ty= peselements-in-set + set The t= ertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained i= n that set: + + + + + + + + + pinsi nunkilbra + pencil sharpener + Hun + + + zgike nunctu + music instruction + Hun + + + mirli nunkalte + deer hunting + Hun + + + finpe nunkalte + fish hunting + Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba + fishing + + + smacu terkavbu + mousetrap + Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba + + + zdani turni + house ruler + Kar + host + + + zerle'a nunte'a + thief fear + Skt + fear of thieves + + + cevni zekri + god crime + Skt + offense against the gods + + + + + + + nunkilbra + sharpness-apparatus + + + nunctu + event-of-teaching + + + nunkalte + event-of-hunting + + + terkavbu + trap + + + zerle'a + crime-taker + + + nunte'a + event-of-fearing + + + asymmetrical tanr= u typeselements-in-set + set T= he tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contain= ed in that set: zdani lijgri house row selci lamgri cell block karda mulgri card pack (Swe) rokci derxi stone heap (Swe) tadni girzu student group (Hun) remna girzu human-being group (Qab =3D group of peo= ple) cpumi'i lijgri tractor column (Qab) cevni jenmi god army (Skt) cevni prenu god folk (Skt) =20 - lijgri =3D line-group - lamgri =3D adjacent-group - mulgri =3D complete-group - cpumi'i =3D pull-machine - + lijgri =3D line-group + lamgri =3D adjacent-group + mulgri =3D complete-group + cpumi'i =3D pull-machine + asymmetrical tanr= u typesset + element-of-set Co= nversely: the tertau is an element, and the seltau represents a set in whic= h that element is contained. Implicitly, the meaning of the tertau is restr= icted from its usual general meaning to the specific meaning appropriate fo= r elements in the given set. Note the opposition between=20 zdani linji in the previous group, and=20 linji zdani in this one, which shows why this k= ind of tanru is called=20 asymmetrical. carvi dirgo raindrop (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba) linji zdani row house - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject + component/detail The seltau specifies an object and the tertau a component or detail of t= hat object; the tanru as a whole refers to the detail, specifying that it i= s a detail of that whole and not some other. junla dadysli clock pendulum (Hun) purdi vorme garden door (Qab) purdi bitmu garden wall (Que) moklu skapi mouth skin (Imb =3D lips) nazbi kevna nose hole (Imb =3D nostril) karce xislu automobile wheel (Chi) jipci pimlu chicken feather (Chi) vinji rebla airplane tail (Chi) =20 - dadysli =3D hang-oscillator - + dadysli =3D hang-oscillator + asymmetrical tanr= u typescharacteristic/detail + object Conversely: the seltau specifies a characteristic or important deta= il of the object described by the tertau; objects described by the tanru as= a whole are differentiated from other similar objects by this detail. pixra cukta picture book kerfa silka hair silk (Kar =3D velvet) plise tapla apple cake (Tur) dadysli junla pendulum clock (Hun) =20 - dadysli =3D hang-oscillator - + dadysli =3D hang-oscillator + asymmetrical tanr= u typesgeneral-class + sub-class The tertau specifies a general class of object (a genus), and the seltau= specifies a sub-class of that class (a species): ckunu tricu pine tree (Hun,Tur,Hop) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typespossessor + object The = tertau specifies an object of possession, and the seltau may specify the po= ssessor (the possession may be intrinsic or otherwise). In English, these c= ompounds have an explicit possessive element in them:=20 lion's mane,=20 child's foot,=20 noble's cow. cinfo kerfa lion mane (Kor,Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab) verba jamfu child foot (Swe) nixli tuple girl leg (Swe) cinfo jamfu lion foot (Que) danlu skapi animal skin (Ewe) ralju zdani chief house (Ewe) jmive munje living world (Skt) nobli bakni noble cow (Skt) nolraitru ralju king chief (Skt =3D emperor) =20 - nolraitru =3D nobly-superlative-ruler - + nolraitru =3D nobly-superlative-ruler + asymmetrical tanr= u typesinhabitant + habitat Th= e tertau specifies a habitat, and the seltau specifies the inhabitant: lanzu tumla family land - + asymmetrical tanr= u typeseffect + causative agent The tertau specifies a causative agent, and the seltau specifies the effe= ct of that cause: kalselvi'i gapci tear gas (Hun) terbi'a jurme disease germ (Tur) fenki litki crazy liquid (Hop =3D whisky) pinca litki urine liquid (Hop =3D beer) =20 - kalselvi'i =3D eye-excreted-thing - terbi'a =3D disease - + kalselvi'i =3D eye-excreted-thing + terbi'a =3D disease + asymmetrical tanr= u typescause + effect Converse= ly: the tertau specifies an effect, and the seltau specifies its cause. djacu barna water mark (Chi) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typespurpose-of-instrument + instrument<= /indexterm> The tertau specifies an instrument, and the seltau specifies th= e purpose of that instrument: taxfu dadgreku garment rack (Chi) tergu'i ti'otci lamp shade (Chi) xirma zdani horse house (Chi =3D stall) nuzba tanbo news board (Chi =3D bulletin board) =20 =20 dadgreku =3D hang-frame tergu'i =3D source of illumination ti'otci =3D shadow-tool - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject-of-purpose-of-instrument + instrument More vaguely: the tertau specifies an instrument, and= the seltau specifies the object of the purpose for which that instrument i= s used: cpina rokci pepper stone (Que =3D stone for grindin= g pepper) jamfu djacu foot water (Skt =3D water for washing t= he feet) grana mudri post wood (Skt =3D wood for making a po= st) moklu djacu mouth water (Hun =3D water for washing = the mouth) lanme gerku sheep dog (dog for working sheep) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typessource + product The te= rtau specifies a product from some source, and the seltau specifies the sou= rce of the product: moklu djacu mouth water (Aba,Qab =3D saliva) ractu mapku rabbit hat (Rus) jipci sovda chicken egg (Chi) sikcurnu silka silkworm silk (Chi) mlatu kalci cat feces (Chi) bifce lakse bee wax (Chi =3D beeswax) cribe rectu bear meat (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba) solxrula grasu sunflower oil (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba) bifce jisra bee juice (Hop =3D honey) tatru litki breast liquid (Hop =3D milk) kanla djacu eye water (Kor =3D tear) =20 - sikcurnu =3D silk-worm - solxrula =3D solar-flower - + sikcurnu =3D silk-worm + solxrula =3D solar-flower + asymmetrical tanr= u typesproduct + source Conver= sely: the tertau specifies the source of a product, and the seltau specifie= s the product: silna jinto salt well (Chi) kolme terkakpa coal mine (Chi) ctile jinto oil well (Chi) =20 - terkakpa =3D source of digging - + terkakpa =3D source of digging + asymmetrical tanr= u typessource-material + object The tertau specifies an object, and the seltau specifies the material fro= m which the object is made. This case is especially interesting, because th= e referent of the tertau may normally be made from just one kind of materia= l, which is then overridden in the tanru. rokci cinfo stone lion snime nanmu snow man (Hun) kliti cipni clay bird blaci kanla glass eye (Hun) blaci kanla glass eye (Que =3D spectacles) solji sicni gold coin (Tur) solji junla gold watch (Tur,Kor,Hun) solji djine gold ring (Udm,Aba,Que) rokci zdani stone house (Imb) mudri zdani wood house (Ewe =3D wooden house) rokci bitmu stone wall (Ewe) solji carce gold chariot (Skt) mudri xarci wood weapon (Skt =3D wooden weapon) cmaro'i dargu pebble road (Chi) sudysrasu cutci straw shoe (Chi) =20 - cmaro'i =3D small-rock - sudysrasu =3D dry-grass - + cmaro'i =3D small-rock + sudysrasu =3D dry-grass + Note: the two senses of=20 blaci kanla can be discriminated as: blaci kanla bo tarmi glass (eye shape) =3D glass eye blaci kanla bo sidju glass (eye helper) =3D spectacles - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject-measured + standard-object The tertau specifies a typical object used to measure a quantity= and the seltau specifies something measured. The tanru as a whole refers t= o a given quantity of the thing being measured. English does not have compo= unds of this form, as a rule. tumla spisa land piece (Tur =3D piece of land) tcati kabri tea cup (Kor,Aba =3D cup of tea) nanba spisa bread piece (Kor =3D piece of bread) bukpu spisa cloth piece (Udm,Aba =3D piece of cloth= ) djacu calkyguzme water calabash (Ewe =3D calabash of wat= er) =20 - calkyguzme =3D shell-fruit, calabash - + calkyguzme =3D shell-fruit, calabash + asymmetrical tanr= u typesoverriding-property + object-with-implicit-prop= erties The tertau specifies an object with certain = implicit properties, and the seltau overrides one of those implicit propert= ies: kensa bloti spaceship bakni verba cattle child (Ewe =3D calf) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typeswhole + part The seltau= specifies a whole, and the tertau specifies a part which normally is assoc= iated with a different whole. The tanru then refers to a part of the seltau= which stands in the same relationship to the whole seltau as the tertau st= ands to its typical whole. kosta degji coat finger (Hun =3D coat sleeve) denci genja tooth root (Imb) tricu stedu tree head (Imb =3D treetop) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesproduct + producer The = tertau specifies the producer of a certain product, and the seltau specifie= s the product. In this way, the tanru as a whole distinguishes its referent= s from other referents of the tertau which do not produce the product. silka curnu silkworm (Tur,Hun,Aba) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject-giving-characteristic + other-object The tertau specifies an object, and the seltau specifi= es another object which has a characteristic property. The tanru as a whole= refers to those referents of the tertau which possess the property. - sonci manti soldier ant - ninmu bakni woman cattle (Imb =3D cow) - mamta degji mother finger (Imb =3D thumb) - cifnu degji baby finger (Imb =3D pinky) - pacraistu zdani hell house (Skt) - fagri dapma fire curse (Skt =3D curse destructive a= s fire) + sonci manti soldier ant + ninmu bakni woman cattle (Imb =3D cow) + mamta degji mother finger (Imb =3D thumb) + cifnu degji baby finger (Imb =3D pinky) + pacraistu zdani hell house (Skt) + fagri dapma fire curse (Skt =3D curse destructive= as fire) =20 - pacraistu =3D evil-superlative-site - + pacraistu =3D evil-superlative-site + asymmetrical tanr= u typessimilar-appearance-object + object<= /indexterm> As a particular case (when the property is that of resemblance)= : the seltau specifies an object which the referent of the tanru resembles.= grutrceraso jbama cherry bomb solji kerfa gold hair (Hun =3D golden hair) kanla djacu eye water (Kar =3D spring) bakni rokci bull stone (Mon =3D boulder) =20 - grutrceraso =3D fu'ivla for=20 -cherry based on Linnean name - + grutrceraso =3D fu'ivla for=20 + cherry based on Linnean name + asymmetrical tanr= u typestypical-place + object = The seltau specifies a place, and the tertau an object characteristically l= ocated in or at that place. ckana boxfo bed sheet (Chi) mrostu mojysu'a tomb monument (Chi =3D tombstone) jubme tergusni table lamp (Chi) foldi smacu field mouse (Chi) briju ci'ajbu office desk (Chi) rirxe xirma river horse (Chi =3D hippopotamus) xamsi gerku sea dog (Chi =3D seal) cagyce'u zdani village house (Skt) =20 - mrostu =3D dead-site - mojysu'a =3D remember-structure - ci'ajbu =3D write-table - cagyce'u =3D farm-community - + mrostu =3D dead-site + mojysu'a =3D remember-structure + ci'ajbu =3D write-table + cagyce'u =3D farm-community + asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject + place-sold Spe= cifically: the tertau is a place where the seltau is sold or made available= to the public. cidja barja food bar (Chi =3D restaurant) cukta barja book bar (Chi =3D library) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typeslocus-of-application + object The seltau specifies the locus of application of the tertau. kanla velmikce eye medicine (Chi) jgalu grasu nail oil (Chi =3D nail polish) denci pesxu tooth paste (Chi) =20 - velmikce =3D treatment used by doctor - + velmikce =3D treatment used by doctor + asymmetrical tanr= u typesactivity + implement-used The tertau specifies an implement used in the activity denoted by the se= ltau. me la pinpan. bolci Ping-Pong ball (Chi) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesundesired-object + protection-object The tertau specifies a protective device against the undesira= ble features of the referent of the seltau. carvi mapku rain cap (Chi) carvi taxfu rain garment (Chi =3D raincoat) vindu firgai poison mask (Chi =3D gas mask) =20 - firgai =3D face-cover - + firgai =3D face-cover + asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject + usual-container The tertau specifies a container characteristically used to hold the refe= rent of the seltau. cukta vasru book vessel (Chi =3D satchel) vanju kabri wine cup (Chi) spatrkoka lanka coca basket (Que) rismi dakli rice bag (Ewe,Chi) tcati kabri tea cup (Chi) ladru botpi milk bottle (Chi) rismi patxu rice pot (Chi) festi lante trash can (Chi) bifce zdani bee house (Kor =3D beehive) cladakyxa'i zdani sword house (Kor =3D sheath) manti zdani ant nest (Gua =3D anthill) =20 - spatrkoka =3D fu'ivla for=20 -coca - cladakyxa'i =3D (long-knife)-weapon - + spatrkoka =3D fu'ivla for=20 + coca + cladakyxa'i =3D (long-knife)-weapon + asymmetrical tanr= u typescharacteristic-time + event The seltau specifies the characteristic time of the event specified by= the tertau. vensa djedi spring day (Chi) crisa citsi summer season (Chi) cerni bumru morning fog (Chi) critu lunra autumn moon (Chi) dunra nicte winter night (Chi) nicte ckule night school (Chi) - + asymmetrical tanr= u typesenergy-source + powered= The seltau specifies a source of energy for the referent of the tertau. dikca tergusni electric lamp (Chi) ratni nejni atom energy (Chi) brife molki windmill (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba) =20 - tergusni =3D illumination-source - + tergusni =3D illumination-source + asymmetrical tanr= u typesmiscellaneous Finally, = some tanru which don't fall into any of the above categories. ladru denci milk tooth (Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab) kanla denci eye tooth - + It is clear that=20 tooth is being specified, and that=20 milk and=20 eye act as modifiers. However, the relationship between= =20 ladru and=20 denci is something like=20 tooth which one has when one is drinking milk from one's mother= , a relationship certainly present nowhere except in this particula= r concept. As for=20 kanla denci, the relationship is not only not p= resent on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.
@@ -2636,65 +2636,65 @@ solji sicni gold coin (Tur) solji junla gold watch (Tur,Kor,Hun) solji djine gold ring (Udm,Aba,Que) rokci zdani stone house (Imb) mudri zdani wooden house (Ewe) rokci bitmu stone wall (Ewe) solji carce gold chariot (Skt) mudri xarci wooden weapon (Skt) zdani tcadu home town (Chi) =20 - cipnrstrigi =3D fu'ivla for=20 -owl based on Linnean name - pacru'i =3D evil-spirit - tolvri =3D opposite-of-brave - + cipnrstrigi =3D fu'ivla for=20 + owl based on Linnean name + pacru'i =3D evil-spirit + tolvri =3D opposite-of-brave + symmetrical tanru= typesone or other true The ta= nru may refer to all things which are specified by either of the tanru comp= onents. The connective=20 ja is appropriate: nunji'a nunterji'a victory defeat (Skt =3D victory or defe= at) donri nicte day night (Skt =3D day and night) lunra tarci moon stars (Skt =3D moon and stars) patfu mamta father mother (Imb,Kaz,Chi =3D parents) =20 tuple birka leg arm (Kaz =3D extremity) nuncti nunpinxe eating drinking (Udm =3D cuisine) bersa tixnu son daughter (Chi =3D children) =20 - nunji'a =3D event-of-winning - nunterji'a =3D event-of-losing - nuncti =3D event-of-eating - nunpinxe =3D event-of-drinking - + nunji'a =3D event-of-winning + nunterji'a =3D event-of-losing + nuncti =3D event-of-eating + nunpinxe =3D event-of-drinking + symmetrical tanru= typesusing more inclusive class Alternatively, the tanru may refer to things which are specified by eith= er of the tanru components or by some more inclusive class of things which = the components typify: curnu jalra worm beetle (Mon =3D insect) =20 jalra curnu beetle worm (Mon =3D insect) =20 kabri palta cup plate (Kaz =3D crockery) jipci gunse hen goose (Qab =3D housefowl) xrula tricu flower tree (Chi =3D vegetation) - + symmetrical tanru= typesusing crucial/typical parts The tanru components specify crucial or typical parts of the referent o= f the tanru as a whole: tumla vacri land air (Fin =3D world) moklu stedu mouth head (Aba =3D face) sudysrasu cunmi hay millet (Qab =3D agriculture) gugde ciste state system (Mon =3D politics) prenu so'imei people multitude (Mon =3D masses) djacu dertu water earth (Chi =3D climate) =20 - sudysrasu =3D dry-grass - so'imei =3D manysome + sudysrasu =3D dry-grass + so'imei =3D manysome =20 - +
<quote>Pretty little girls' school</quote>: forty ways to say it</titl= e> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pretty little gir= ls' school</primary><secondary>forty ways</secondary></indexterm> The follo= wing examples show every possible grouping arrangement of=20 <jbophrase>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase> using=20 <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or=20 <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> for grouping and=20 <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> or=20 <jbophrase glossary=3D"false">jebo</jbophrase> for logical connection.= Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English = phrase=20 commit 8b04645e9c4ffc0ab190585a699cc5be76821733 Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com> Date: Sun Jan 2 02:15:34 2011 -0500 Fixed some <programlisting>s in chapter 5, put some FIXMEs. =20 The FIXMEs are regarding how to set certain definitions apart from the text. diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index 2b994f4..32090fc 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -597,33 +597,47 @@ <jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli bo ckule [ke'e]</jbo> <en>That is-a-pretty type-of ( little type-of ( girl type-of schoo= l ) ).</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>and in many other different forms as well.</para> </section> =20 <section xml:id=3D"section-logical-connection"> <title>Logical connection within tanru The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - je JA tanru logical=20 -and - ja JA tanru logical=20 -or - joi JOI mixed mass=20 -and - gu'e GUhA tanru forethought logical=20 -and - gi GI forethought connection separator - - - + + + je + JA + tanru logical and + + + ja + JA + tanru logical or + + + joi + JOI + mixed mass and + + + gu'e + GUhA + tanru forethought logical and + + + gi + GI + forethought connection separator + + Consider the English phrase=20 big red dog. How shall this be rendered as a Lojban tan= ru? The naive attempt: =20 <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d1"/> barda xunre gerku @@ -1497,33 +1511,31 @@ la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier. because the whole bridi of=20 has been packaged up into t= he single word=20 go'i and inserted into=20 . duas an exception within GOhA selma'o The excep= tional member of GOhA is=20 du, which represents the relation of identity. = Its place structure is: - - x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... - + + x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOh= A is available in=20 . su'i nu'a tanrucontaining mathematical expressions = mathematical expressions in = tanru Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be = incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such= as=20 =20 su'i, meaning=20 plus, can be transformed into selbri by prefixing them = with=20 nu'a (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place str= ucture is: - - x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, = x3, etc. - + + x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3,= etc. for as many arguments as are required. (The result goes in the x= 1 place because the number of following places may be indefinite.) For exam= ple: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d4"/> li vo nu'a su'i li re li re The-number 4 is-the-sum-of the-number 2 and-the-number 2. @@ -1590,35 +1602,39 @@ ti zdile kumfa This is-an-amuser room. which suggests the meaning=20 a room that amuses someone.
=20
- selbri based on sumti:=20 - <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> + selbri based on sumti: <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - me ME changes sumti to simple selbri - me'u MEhU terminator for=20 -me - + + + me + ME + changes sumti to simple selbri + + + me'u + MEhU + terminator for me + + MEhU selma'o<= /primary> me= 'u ME selma'o me meplace structure of <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">conversion of sumti into selbr= i sumt= i into selbri <= primary>selbri from sumti A sumti can be made into a = simple selbri by preceding it with=20 me (of selma'o ME) and following it with the el= idable terminator=20 me'u (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri wit= h the place structure - - x1 is one of the referents of=20 -[the sumti] - + =20 + x1 is one of the referents of [the sumti] which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of= the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d1"/> le ci nolraitru the three noblest-governors the three kings @@ -2129,60 +2145,192 @@ negation cmavoposition relative to selbri modal cmavop= osition relative to selbri tense cmavoposition relative to= selbri Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear= only at the beginning of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it. =20
=20
Some types of asymmetrical tanru =20 tanruasymmetrical asymmetrical tanru This section and= =20 contain some example tanru= classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modif= ying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by com= pounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which = follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. = The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of th= e languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for thos= e tanru with no English parallel) a translation. languagesabbreviations for Here are the 3-lette= r abbreviations used for the various languages (it is presumed to be obviou= s whether a compound is found in English or not, so English is not explicit= ly noted): - - Aba =3D Abazin Kaz =3D Kazakh - Chi =3D Chinese Kor =3D Korean - - Ewe =3D Ewe Mon =3D Mongolian - Fin =3D Finnish Qab =3D Qabardian - Geo =3D Georgian Que =3D Quechua - Gua =3D Guarani Rus =3D Russian - Hop =3D Hopi Skt =3D Sanskrit - Hun =3D Hungarian Swe =3D Swedish - Imb =3D Imbabura Quechua Tur =3D Turkish - Kar =3D Karaitic Udm =3D Udmurt - + + + Aba + Abazin + + + Chi + Chinese + + + Ewe + Ewe + + + Fin + Finnish + + + Geo + Georgian + + + Gua + Guarani + + + Hop + Hopi + + + Hun + Hungarian + + + Imb + Imbabura Quechua + + + Kar + Karaitpic + + + Kaz + Kazakh + + + Kor + Korean + + + Mon + Mongolian + + + Qab + Qabardian + + + Que + Quechua + + + Rus + Russian + + + Skt + Sanskrit + + + Swe + Swedish + + + Tur + Turkish + + + Udm + Udmurt + + Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of t= hat group. asymmetrical tanr= udefinition The tanru discusse= d in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order = of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,=20 =20 junla dadysli, or=20 clock pendulum, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock= , whereas=20 dadysli junla, or=20 pendulum clock, is the kind of clock that employs a pen= dulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are dis= cussed in=20 . asymmetrical tanr= u typesobject-of-action + action The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the obje= ct of that action: - - pinsi nunkilbra pencil sharpener (Hun) - zgike nunctu music instruction (Hun) - mirli nunkalte deer hunting (Hun) - finpe nunkalte fish hunting (Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba =3D fishi= ng) - smacu terkavbu mousetrap (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba) - zdani turni house ruler (Kar =3D host) - zerle'a nunte'a thief fear (Skt =3D fear of thieves) - cevni zekri god crime (Skt =3D offense against the = gods) - - nunkilbra =3D sharpness-apparatus - nunctu =3D event-of-teaching - nunkalte =3D event-of-hunting - terkavbu =3D trap - zerle'a =3D crime-taker - nunte'a =3D event-of-fearing - - asymmetrical tanr= u typeselements-in-set + set T= he tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contain= ed in that set: + + + + + + + + + pinsi nunkilbra + pencil sharpener + Hun + + + zgike nunctu + music instruction + Hun + + + mirli nunkalte + deer hunting + Hun + + + finpe nunkalte + fish hunting + Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba + fishing + + + smacu terkavbu + mousetrap + Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba + + + zdani turni + house ruler + Kar + host + + + zerle'a nunte'a + thief fear + Skt + fear of thieves + + + cevni zekri + god crime + Skt + offense against the gods + + + + + + + nunkilbra + sharpness-apparatus + + + nunctu + event-of-teaching + + + nunkalte + event-of-hunting + + + terkavbu + trap + + + zerle'a + crime-taker + + + nunte'a + event-of-fearing + + + asymmetrical tanru ty= peselements-in-set + set The t= ertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained i= n that set: zdani lijgri house row selci lamgri cell block karda mulgri card pack (Swe) rokci derxi stone heap (Swe) tadni girzu student group (Hun) remna girzu human-being group (Qab =3D group of peo= ple) cpumi'i lijgri tractor column (Qab) cevni jenmi god army (Skt) cevni prenu god folk (Skt) --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.