From bpfk-list+bncCMbnveiNHRDuwZLqBBoEu3PJeQ@googlegroups.com Sat Jan 29 15:21:42 2011 Received: from mail-px0-f189.google.com ([209.85.212.189]) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjK6k-0000Hf-M7; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:42 -0800 Received: by pxi19 with SMTP id 19sf1275131pxi.16 for ; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:25 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=domainkey-signature:mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date :message-id:to:subject:from:x-original-sender :x-original-authentication-results:reply-to:precedence:mailing-list :list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive:sender:list-subscribe :list-unsubscribe:content-type:content-transfer-encoding; bh=hZBEgTYb5dkbpqT1h+Y4eb4Xs2Sb13Dtt5tFEJzcntE=; b=koSZyiWvPv0T9oIPBFySWPwmzFmEfeiMiKnTtnZPuQ/ZvKi/zWfVquwf2O7dayIkJ1 EbjmZQyK+/Azl7BhHet+PZ4+BujujNFtf0m6hSgWg7/NrV/ZRz3MyG3tVTnLROOloOzf VYpgiNXgkmvP4EMBh1j/TOl6j6S0GTCGVqAII= DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; c=nofws; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date:message-id:to:subject :from:x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results:reply-to :precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive :sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type :content-transfer-encoding; b=5dC5tlM7IwVSZruSywuZg32cx5EiLcadad/CXthQAKNHNlje6TqDVWpTOjr1VCRMx6 f1JYRbiuSnoze/uHWGkOZg30Kbwr/o740P5uF47KUAqthWnh0LbESeCPYaZmCxHMdnWX Caq9Ko2IyjthCnIRWBboNfk1sKdBOYzS3klKw= Received: by 10.142.133.17 with SMTP id g17mr291886wfd.32.1296343278573; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:18 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.142.2.41 with SMTP id 41ls5698975wfb.0.p; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.47.20 with SMTP id u20mr974385wfu.73.1296343278181; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.47.20 with SMTP id u20mr974384wfu.73.1296343278137; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received: from chain.digitalkingdom.org (digitalkingdom.org [173.13.139.234]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id w13si21401107wfh.3.2011.01.29.15.21.17 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=RC4-MD5); Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:17 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) client-ip=173.13.139.234; Received: from nobody by chain.digitalkingdom.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjK6X-0000HO-2x for bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:17 -0800 Received: from 128-177-28-49.ip.openhosting.com ([128.177.28.49] helo=oh-www1.lojban.org) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjK6O-0000H5-BJ for bpfk@lojban.org; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:21:17 -0800 Received: from www-data by oh-www1.lojban.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjK6L-0002wk-Sg for bpfk@lojban.org; Sat, 29 Jan 2011 18:21:06 -0500 Date: Sat, 29 Jan 2011 18:21:05 -0500 Message-Id: To: bpfk@lojban.org Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sat Jan 29 18:21:05 EST 2011 From: www-data X-Original-Sender: www-data@oh-www1.lojban.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=nobody@digitalkingdom.org Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable commit 4e31f5d20704f1af517936c2a71784b6a572fcb9 Merge: e574b16 6701560 Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Sat Jan 29 14:37:00 2011 -0800 Merge commit '6701560bddbafb7610e66f588884aaeecff45493' into gh-pages commit e574b1627fc3af7041ecf902d64de1d8cc8a0971 Merge: d3fdace c010821 Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Fri Jan 28 21:28:01 2011 -0800 Merge commit 'c0108219255683ed79c56d70b1fed337967ff352' into gh-pages commit 6701560bddbafb7610e66f588884aaeecff45493 Merge: c010821 5b85cff Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Tue Jan 4 21:13:50 2011 -0500 docbook2html_prepocess improvement and jbophrase stuff in chapter 4. commit c0108219255683ed79c56d70b1fed337967ff352 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Tue Jan 4 20:46:37 2011 -0500 Reverted inline simplelists in chapter 3 (ab3a84b5994b565d40fed0b9ccc41= 67fd1b793a1) diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml index 34ca43c..348dc8e 100644 --- a/todocbook/3.xml +++ b/todocbook/3.xml @@ -1,15 +1,22 @@ The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban
Orthography - orthographyrelation to pronunciation pronunciationrela= tion to orthography audio-visual isomorphism isomorphismaudio-vi= sual Lojban is designed so that any properly spoken= Lojban utterance can be uniquely transcribed in writing, and any properly = written Lojban can be spoken so as to be uniquely reproduced by another per= son. As a consequence, the standard Lojban orthography must assign to each = distinct sound, or phoneme, a unique letter or symbol. Each letter or symbo= l has only one sound or, more accurately, a limited range of sounds that ar= e permitted pronunciations for that phoneme. Some symbols indicate stress (= speech emphasis) and pause, which are also essential to Lojban word recogni= tion. In addition, everything that is represented in other languages by pun= ctuation (when written) or by tone of voice (when spoken) is represented in= Lojban by words. These two properties together are known technically as audio-visual isomorphism. + orthographyrelation to pronunciation pronunciationrela= tion to orthography audio-visual isomorphism isomorphismaudio-vi= sual Lojban is designed so that any properly spoken= Lojban utterance can be uniquely transcribed in writing, and any properly = written Lojban can be spoken so as to be uniquely reproduced by another per= son. As a consequence, the standard Lojban orthography must assign to each = distinct sound, or phoneme, a unique letter or symbol. Each letter or symbo= l has only one sound or, more accurately, a limited range of sounds that ar= e permitted pronunciations for that phoneme. Some symbols indicate stress (= speech emphasis) and pause, which are also essential to Lojban word recogni= tion. In addition, everything that is represented in other languages by pun= ctuation (when written) or by tone of voice (when spoken) is represented in= Lojban by words. These two properties together are known technically as=20 + =20 + =20 + audio-visual isomorphism. + =20 + =20 + =20 + =20 alphabetLojban Lojban alphabet Latin alphabet Lojban uses a= variant of the Latin (Roman) alphabet, consisting of the following letters= and symbols: ' , . a b c d e @@ -91,227 +98,131 @@ the syllable separator . [=CA=94] [?] a glottal stop or a pause a - - - [a] - [=C9=91] - + [a], [=C9=91] - - - [a] - [A] - + [a], [A] an open vowel b [b] [b] a voiced bilabial stop c - - - [=CA=83] - [=CA=82] - + [=CA=83], [=CA=82] - - - [S] - [s`] - + [S], [s`] an unvoiced coronal sibilant d [d] [d] a voiced dental/alveolar stop e - - - [=C9=9B] - [e] - + [=C9=9B], [e] - - - [E] - [e] - + [E], [e] a front mid vowel f - - - [f] - [=C9=B8] - + [f], [=C9=B8] - - - [f] - [p\] - + [f], [p\] an unvoiced labial fricative g [=C9=A1] [g] a voiced velar stop i [i] [i] a front close vowel j - - - [=CA=92] - [=CA=90] - + [=CA=92], [=CA=90] - - - [Z] - [z`] - + [Z], [z`] a voiced coronal sibilant k [k] [k] an unvoiced velar stop l - - - [l] - [l=CC=A9] - + [l], [l=CC=A9] - - - [l] - [l=3D] - + [l], [l=3D] a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic) m - - - [m] - [m=CC=A9] - + [m], [m=CC=A9] - - - [m] - [m=3D] - + [m], [m=3D] a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic) n - - - [n] - [n=CC=A9] - [=C5=8B=CC=8D] - [=C5=8B=CC=A9] - + [n], [n=CC=A9], [=C5=8B=CC=8D], [=C5=8B=CC=A9] - - - [n] - [n=3D] - [N] - [N=3D] - + [n], [n=3D], [N], [N=3D] a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic) o - - - [o] - [=C9=94] - + [o], [=C9=94] - - - [o] - [O] - + [o], [O] a back mid vowel p [p] [p] an unvoiced bilabial stop r - - - [r] - [=C9=B9] - [=C9=BE] - [=CA=80] - [r=CC=A9] - [=C9=B9=CC=A9] - [=C9=BE=CC=A9] - [=CA=80=CC=A9] - + [r], [=C9=B9], [=C9=BE], [=CA=80], [r=CC=A9], [=C9=B9=CC=A9], [=C9=BE=CC=A9], [=CA=80=CC=A9] - - - [r] - [r\] - [4] - [R\] - [r=3D] - [r\=3D] - [4=3D] - [R\=3D] - + [r], [r\], [4], [R\], [r=3D], [r\=3D], [4=3D], [R\=3D] a rhotic sound s [s] [s] an unvoiced alveolar sibilant @@ -321,31 +232,23 @@ an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop u [u] [u] a back close vowel v - - - [v] - [=CE=B2] - + [v], [=CE=B2] - - - [v] - [B] - + [v], [B] a voiced labial fricative x [x] [x] an unvoiced velar fricative @@ -435,27 +338,24 @@ [=CA=94]) is considered a pause of short= est length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and= in certain cases - explained in detail in=20 =20 - must occur. In particular, a w= ord beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending= in a consonant is always followed by a pause. period<= secondary>optional Technically, the period is an op= tional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the = rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing perio= d can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as= an aid to the reader. period<= secondary>within a word A period also may be found = apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is n= ot one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a= unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a spac= e between words if a period appears. pausecontrasted with syllable break syllable breakcont= rasted with pause syllable breakrepresentation in Lojban comma= definition of The comma is use= d to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obv= ious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indi= cates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. = Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necess= ary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words= . It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA=20 =20 [h]) sound in pronouncing a comma. Howev= er, a comma cannot be pronounced as a pause or glottal stop between the two= letters separated by the comma, because that pronunciation would split the= word into two words. =20 commaoptional commamain use of= Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabi= c=20 - - l=20 - m=20 - n or=20 - r - - (discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words diff= er solely because of the presence or placement of a comma. + l,=20 + m,=20 + n, or=20 + r (discussed later). Commas a= re never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presenc= e or placement of a comma. periodexample of Here is a somewhat artificia= l example of the difference in pronunciation between periods, commas and ap= ostrophes. In the English song about Old MacDonald's Farm, the vowel string= which is written as=20 ee-i-ee-i-o in English could be Lojbanized with periods= as: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Old McDonald</primar= y><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e3d1"/> .i.ai.i.ai.o [=CA=94i =CA=94aj =CA=94i =CA=94aj =CA= =94o] @@ -526,21 +426,21 @@ Letters IPA Description - + ai = =20 [aj] an open vowel with palatal off-glide ei = =20 [=C9=9Bj] a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide @@ -612,57 +512,48 @@ uy = =20 [w=C9=99] a central mid vowel with labial on-glide (Approximate English equivalents of most of these diphthongs exi= st: see=20 for examples.) - diphthongsclassification of The first four diph= thongs above ( - - ai=20 - ei=20 - oi and=20 - au - - , the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most types of Lojban wo= rds; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone words and in Lojba= nized names and borrowings; and the last two (iy and uy) are used = only in Lojbanized names. - syllabic consonan= ts con= sonantssyllabic The syllabic c= onsonants of Lojban, - - [l=CC=A9]=20 - [m=CC=A9]=20 - [n=CC=A9] and=20 - [r=CC=A9] - - , are variants of the non-syllabic=20 - - [l]=20 - [m]=20 - [n] and=20 - [r] - - respectively. They normally have only a limited distribution, appearin= g in Lojban names and borrowings, although in principle any=20 - - l=20 - m=20 - n or=20 - r - - may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consonant appears next t= o a=20 - - l=20 - m=20 - n or=20 - r - - that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is which: + diphthongsclassification of The first four diph= thongs above (=20 + ai,=20 + ei,=20 + oi, and=20 + au, the ones with off-glides= ) are freely used in most types of Lojban words; the ten following ones are= used only as stand-alone words and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and= the last two (=20 + =20 + iy and=20 + uy) are used only in Lojbani= zed names. + syllabic consonan= ts con= sonantssyllabic The syllabic c= onsonants of Lojban,=20 + =20 + [l=CC=A9],=20 + [m=CC=A9],=20 + [n=CC=A9], and=20 + [r=CC=A9], are variants of the non-sylla= bic=20 + [l],=20 + [m],=20 + [n], and=20 + [r] respectively. They normally have onl= y a limited distribution, appearing in Lojban names and borrowings, althoug= h in principle any=20 + =20 + l,=20 + m,=20 + n, or=20 + r may be pronounced syllabica= lly. If a syllabic consonant appears next to a=20 + =20 + l,=20 + m,=20 + n, or=20 + r that is not syllabic, it ma= y not be clear which is which: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e4d1"/> brlgan. [br=CC=A9l gan] or [brl=CC=A9 gan] @@ -811,80 +702,72 @@ z x - The consonant=20 - x has no voiced counterpart i= n Lojban. The remaining consonants, - - l=20 - m=20 - n and=20 - r - , are typically pronounced with voice, but can be pronoun= ced unvoiced. + x has no voiced counterpart i= n Lojban. The remaining consonants,=20 + l,=20 + m,=20 + n, and=20 + r, are typically pronounced w= ith voice, but can be pronounced unvoiced. consonant cluster= scontrasted with single consonants consonant clusterscontrasted with doubled consonants = doubled consonants= contrasted with consonant clusters doubled consonantscontrasted with single consonants single consonantsc= ontrasted with consonant clusters single consonantscontra= sted with doubled consonants consonant clustersdefinition = of Consonant sounds occur in languages as single co= nsonants, or as doubled, or as clustered combinations. Single consonant sou= nds are isolated by word boundaries or by intervening vowel sounds from oth= er consonant sounds. Doubled consonant sounds are either lengthened like=20 [s] in English=20 hiss, or repeated like=20 [k] in English=20 backcourt. Consonant clusters consist of two or more si= ngle or doubled consonant sounds in a group, each of which is different fro= m its immediate neighbor. In Lojban, doubled consonants are excluded altoge= ther, and clusters are limited to two or three members, except in Lojbanize= d names. =20 consonantsposition of Consonants can occur in t= hree positions in words: initial (at the beginning), medial (in the middle)= , and final (at the end). In many languages, the sound of a consonant varie= s depending upon its position in the word. In Lojban, as much as possible, = the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its position. In particular, the c= ommon American English trait of changing a=20 t between vowels into a=20 d or even an alveolar tap (IPA=20 [=C9=BE]) is unacceptable in Lojban. consonantsfinal consonantsrestrictions on<= /indexterm> Lojban imposes no restrictions on the appearance of single cons= onants in any valid consonant position; however, no consonant (including sy= llabic consonants) occurs final in a word except in Lojbanized names. =20 consonant pairsrestrictions on Pairs of consona= nts can also appear freely, with the following restrictions: It is forbidden for both consonants to be the same, as this = would violate the rule against double consonants. voiced/unvoic= ed consonantsrestrictions on I= t is forbidden for one consonant to be voiced and the other unvoiced. The c= onsonants - - l=20 - m=20 - n and= =20 - r - are exempt from this restriction. As a result,=20 - bf is= forbidden, and so is=20 - sd, b= ut both=20 - fl and=20 - vl, and both=20 - ls and=20 - lz, are permitted. + l,=20 + m,=20 + n, and=20 + r are exempt from this re= striction. As a result,=20 + bf is f= orbidden, and so is=20 + sd, but= both=20 + fl and=20 + vl, and both=20 + ls and=20 + lz, are permitted. - It is forbidden for both consonants to be drawn from the set - - c=20 - j=20 - s and= =20 - z - + It is forbidden for both consonants to be drawn from the set= =20 + c,=20 + j,=20 + s,=20 + z. - The specific pairs - - cx=20 - kx=20 - xc=20 - xk and=20 - mz - are forbidden. + The specific pairs=20 + cx,=20 + kx,=20 + xc,=20 + xk, and= =20 + mz are = forbidden. yuse in avoiding forbidden consonant pairs Th= ese rules apply to all kinds of words, even Lojbanized names. If a name wou= ld normally contain a forbidden consonant pair, a=20 y can be inserted to break up= the pair: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>James</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e6d1"/> @@ -1124,27 +1007,25 @@ </orderedlist> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>consonant cluster= s</primary><secondary>more than three consonants in</secondary></indexterm>= Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, not= just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonant t= riples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are pe= rmissible. In addition, names can contain consonant clusters with more than= three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is val= id.</para> =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-buffer-vowels"> <title>Buffering Of Consonant Clusters - vowelbuffer buffer vowel consonant clustersbuffering of Many languages do not have consonant clusters at all, a= nd even those languages that do have them often allow only a subset of the = full Lojban set. As a result, the Lojban design allows the use of a buffer = sound between consonant combinations which a speaker finds unpronounceable.= This sound may be any non-Lojbanic vowel which is clearly separable by the= listener from the Lojban vowels. Some possibilities are IPA - - [=C9=AA]=20 - [=C9=A8]=20 - [=CA=8A] or even - [=CA=8F] - but there probably is no universally acceptable buffer= sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound should be made as short as= possible. Two examples showing such buffering (we will use=20 + vowelbuffer buffer vowel consonant clustersbuffering of Many languages do not have consonant clusters at all, a= nd even those languages that do have them often allow only a subset of the = full Lojban set. As a result, the Lojban design allows the use of a buffer = sound between consonant combinations which a speaker finds unpronounceable.= This sound may be any non-Lojbanic vowel which is clearly separable by the= listener from the Lojban vowels. Some possibilities are IPA=20 + [=C9=AA],=20 + [=C9=A8],=20 + [=CA=8A], or even=20 + [=CA=8F], but there probably is no unive= rsally acceptable buffer sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound sh= ould be made as short as possible. Two examples showing such buffering (we = will use=20 [=C9=AA] in this chapter) are: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e8d1"/> vrusi [=CB=88vru si] or [v=C9=AA =CB=88ru si] @@ -1193,22 +1074,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e8d5"/> ponyni'u [po n=C9=99 'ni hu] y soundcontrasted with vowel buffer vowel buffercont= rasted with y sound=20 - cannot contain any bufferin= g vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel=20 - y, which is pronounced=20 + cannot contain any buffer= ing vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel=20 + y, which is pronounced=20 [=C9=99], with the buffer, which has a v= ariety of possible pronunciations and is never written. Consider the contra= st between <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>bone bread</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e8d6"/> bongynanba [bo=C5=8B g=C9=99 =CB=88nan ba]= @@ -1322,39 +1203,33 @@ klez,ba kle,zba This word contains the permissible initial pair=20 zb, and so may be syllabica= ted either between=20 z and=20 b or before=20 zb. stressed vowelcompared with stressed syllable = stressed syllablecompared with stressed vowel stressdefinition of<= /secondary> Stress is a relatively louder pronunciation of one = syllable in a word or group of words. Since every syllable has a vowel soun= d (or diphthong or syllabic consonant) as its nucleus, and the stress is on= the vowel sound itself, the terms=20 - =20 stressed syllable and=20 - =20 - =20 stressed vowel are largely interchangeable concepts. + stress<= secondary>rules for Most Lojban words are stressed = on the next-to-the-last, or penultimate, syllable. In counting syllables, h= owever, syllables whose vowel is=20 + y or which contain a syllabic= consonant (=20 =20 - stress<= secondary>rules for Most Lojban words are stressed = on the next-to-the-last, or penultimate, syllable. In counting syllables, h= owever, syllables whose vowel is y= or which contain a syllabic consonant (=20 - - l=20 - m=20 - n or - r - ) are never counted. (The Lojban term for penultimate s= tress is=20 - da'amoi terbasna.) Similarly, syllables creat= ed solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as=20 + l,=20 + m,=20 + n, or=20 + r) are never counted. (The Lo= jban term for penultimate stress is=20 + da'amoi terbasna.) Similarly, syllables created= solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as=20 [=C9=AA], are not counted. stress<= secondary>levels of There are actually three levels= of stress - primary, secondary, and weak. Weak stress is the lowest level,= so it really means no stress at all. Weak stress is required for syllables= containing=20 y, a syllabic consonant, or a= buffer vowel. - =20 - =20 namesstress on brivlastress on= cmavos= tress on stressprimary Primary str= ess is required on the penultimate syllable of Lojban content words (called= =20 brivla). Lojbanized names may be stressed on an= y syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the s= yllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban stru= ctural words (called=20 cmavo) may be stressed on any syllable or none = at all. However, primary stress may not be used in a syllable just precedin= g a brivla, unless a pause divides them; otherwise, the two words may run t= ogether. stress<= secondary>secondary Secondary stress is the optiona= l and non-distinctive emphasis used for other syllables besides those requi= red to have either weak or primary stress. There are few rules governing se= condary stress, which typically will follow a speaker's native language hab= its or preferences. Secondary stress can be used for contrast, or for empha= sis of a point. Secondary stress can be emphasized at any level up to prima= ry stress, although the speaker must not allow a false primary stress in br= ivla, since errors in word resolution could result. The following are Lojban words with stress explicitly shown: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e9d6"/> @@ -1853,21 +1728,21 @@ d in the words=20 metal and=20 medal respectively. A tongue-tip flap. [=CA=80] One version of Lojban=20 r. Not an English sound= . The French or German=20 - r in + r in reine or=20 rot respectively. A uvular trill.= [r=CC=A9],=20 [=C9=B9=CC=A9],=20 [=C9=BE=CC=A9],=20 [=CA=80=CC=A9] @@ -2114,23 +1989,26 @@ ia through=20 iu and=20 ua through=20 uu remain unchanged. a'i,=20 + =20 e'i,=20 o'i and=20 + =20 a'o become=20 + =20 a,i,= =20 e,i,= =20 o,i an= d=20 a,o. i'a through=20 i'u and=20 @@ -2145,63 +2023,63 @@ i,u an= d=20 u,a th= rough=20 u,u in= names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo. All other vowel pairs simply drop the apostrophe. =20 - The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altoget= her, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. I= n addition, names and the cmavo .i are capitalized, = and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a= sound) following the stressed syllable. + The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altoget= her, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. I= n addition, names and the cmavo=20 + .i are capitalized, and irregular stress is mar= ked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stres= sed syllable. + =20 + =20 Three points must be emphasized about this alternative orthograp= hy: + =20 - non-standard o= rthographiescaveatIt is not st= andard, and has not been used. + non-standard = orthographiescaveat It is not = standard, and has not been used. It does not represent any changes to the standard Lojban pho= nology; it is simply a representation of the same phonology using a differe= nt written form. It was designed to aid in a planned rapprochement between th= e Logical Language Group and The Loglan Institute, a group headed by James = Cooke Brown. The rapprochement never took place. + =20 non-standard orth= ographiesCyrillic There also e= xists a Cyrillic orthography for Lojban which was designed when the introdu= ctory Lojban brochure was translated into Russian. It uses the=20 - - =D0=B0=20 - =D0=B1=20 - =D0=B2=20 - =D0=B3=20 - =D0=B4=20 - =D0=B5=20 - =D0=B6=20 - =D0=B7=20 - =D0=B8=20 - =D0=BA=20 - =D0=BB=20 - =D0=BC=20 - =D0=BD=20 - =D0=BE=20 - =D0=BF=20 - =D1=80=20 - =D1=81=20 - =D1=82=20 - =D1=83=20 - =D1=84=20 - =D1=85 and=20 - =D1=88 - in the obvious ways. The Latin letter=20 - y is mapped onto the hard sign=20 - =D1=8A, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and p= eriod are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman= representation. - - =20 - =20 + =D0=B0,=20 + =D0=B1,=20 + =D0=B2,=20 + =D0=B3,=20 + =D0=B4,=20 + =D0=B5,=20 + =D0=B6,=20 + =D0=B7,=20 + =D0=B8,=20 + =D0=BA,=20 + =D0=BB,=20 + =D0=BC,=20 + =D0=BD,=20 + =D0=BE,=20 + =D0=BF,=20 + =D1=80,=20 + =D1=81,=20 + =D1=82,=20 + =D1=83,=20 + =D1=84,=20 + =D1=85, and=20 + =D1=88 in the obvious ways. The Latin letter=20 + y is mapped onto the hard sign=20 + =D1=8A, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and per= iod are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman r= epresentation. Tolkien= and non-standard Lojban orthography non-standard orthographiesTengwar Finally, an orthography usin= g the Tengwar of F=C3=A9anor, a fictional orthography invented by J. R. R. = Tolkien and described in the Appendixes to=20 =20 =20 The Lord Of The Rings, has been devised for Lojba= n. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, wi= ll be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, th= e tincot=C3=A9ma and parmat=C3=A9ma are used in the conventional ways; the = calmat=C3=A9ma represents palatal consonants, and the quesset=C3=A9ma repre= sents velar consonants. =20 @@ -2317,15 +2195,13 @@ i only when those letters are= used to represent glides. Of the additional letters,=20 r,=20 l,=20 s, and=20 z are written with=20 r=C3=B3men,=20 lambe,=20 silme, and=20 =C3=A1re/=20 esse respectively; the inverted forms = are used as free variants. - Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are rea= d as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehta= r are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for=20 - y. The Lojban apostrophe is r= epresented by=20 - halla. There is no equivalent of the L= ojban comma or period. + Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are rea= d as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehta= r are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for y. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by halla. There is no equivalent of the Lojban com= ma or period.
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 33e929f..95ea717 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -21,24 +21,24 @@ y; that is, it represents= =20 a,=20 e,=20 i,=20 o, or=20 u. VV stringas a symbol for a double vowel VV = represents either a diphthong, one of the following: - ai - ei - oi - au + ai + ei + oi + au or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostrophe separating the vow= els, one of the following: a'a a'e a'i a'o a'u =20 e'a @@ -78,29 +78,28 @@ j=20 k=20 l=20 m=20 n=20 p=20 r=20 s=20 t=20 v=20 - x - or + x or z . Syllabic l=20 m=20 - n and= =20 + n and= =20 r always count as consonants for the purposes of this chapter. CC stringas a symbol for a permissible initial consonant pair CC represents two adjacent consonants of type C which co= nstitute one of the 48 permissible initial consonant pairs:=20 bl br @@ -1854,21 +1853,21 @@ .eLIS. English Johnson djansn. English William - .uiliam. or .uil,iam.= + .uiliam. or .uil,iam. English Brown braun. English Charles tcarlz. --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.