From bpfk-list+bncCMbnveiNHRC_8ZjqBBoEILh-oA@googlegroups.com Sun Jan 30 20:21:48 2011 Received: from mail-pv0-f189.google.com ([74.125.83.189]) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjlGd-00087N-Lk; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:48 -0800 Received: by pvh1 with SMTP id 1sf1609523pvh.16 for ; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:26 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=domainkey-signature:mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date :message-id:to:subject:from:x-original-sender :x-original-authentication-results:reply-to:precedence:mailing-list :list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive:sender:list-subscribe :list-unsubscribe:content-type:content-transfer-encoding; bh=PPkK7pxtDd9Pw0M87+Mf21cEsy1+TzHI23OoOxtbaHc=; b=yKbQp9M3Xv8y1Wqu3j4eCqFNGBQqQwPqdxpDwV+mFVl3h8VBME8Ea5l+QBq/zlOQHo hykRDx9nPDXljtpBT+k/0CNb/EoR6RnSX1ls7smkkIR6UX8OwqAwJ2faGddPMmDS9Bn9 e7iNhVWjSRvfwu3is2pjLZj4UkrdW1RdjPYE4= DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; c=nofws; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date:message-id:to:subject :from:x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results:reply-to :precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive :sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type :content-transfer-encoding; b=GPIIf4CBPhrJE8krkgNrds3m36WD3VFRJA3mRpKbnoA01T/H2FhsIJHAiV/wtlpTCy E4xZWHm20GcsuhNGglKF1HixgEhFKX+H/6Y1wQS8kcdl2Vjwwvj4Gu+TVoW4bGOAqz3A eMFmYYYoFkE7ZnMnBC0tHMfDioPjTmiqouguo= Received: by 10.142.165.14 with SMTP id n14mr360219wfe.13.1296447679569; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:19 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.142.2.41 with SMTP id 41ls7135492wfb.0.p; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.43.14 with SMTP id q14mr1254968wfq.10.1296447678676; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.43.14 with SMTP id q14mr1254967wfq.10.1296447678585; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received: from chain.digitalkingdom.org (digitalkingdom.org [173.13.139.234]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id w13si22887017wfh.7.2011.01.30.20.21.18 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=RC4-MD5); Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) client-ip=173.13.139.234; Received: from nobody by chain.digitalkingdom.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjlGP-00087A-EP for bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:17 -0800 Received: from 128-177-28-49.ip.openhosting.com ([128.177.28.49] helo=oh-www1.lojban.org) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjlGB-00086Q-DS for bpfk@lojban.org; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 20:21:17 -0800 Received: from www-data by oh-www1.lojban.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PjlGA-00038W-4H for bpfk@lojban.org; Sun, 30 Jan 2011 23:21:02 -0500 Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2011 23:21:02 -0500 Message-Id: To: bpfk@lojban.org Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Jan 30 23:21:02 EST 2011 From: www-data X-Original-Sender: www-data@oh-www1.lojban.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=nobody@digitalkingdom.org Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable commit e3768d5309dd7984266557b892b782e6fe3f5c39 Merge: 8d00a4d 74a8b92 Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Sun Jan 30 18:12:06 2011 -0800 Merge commit '74a8b92a2bd03e59954b90f0b96592e3d2f95082' into gh-pages commit 74a8b92a2bd03e59954b90f0b96592e3d2f95082 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Fri Jan 7 23:47:17 2011 -0500 Chapter 7 s and conversion to s. Invented = for cmavo lists. =20 The tag wraps the name of the series (not the selmaho) that th= e cmavo belongs to, e.g. mi KOhA mi-series I, me diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index bc61b3f..1ee52d3 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -27,21 +27,21 @@ and <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d3"/> John picked up a stick and shook a stick. - does not imply that the two= sticks are necessarily the same, whereas=20 + does not imply that the t= wo sticks are necessarily the same, whereas=20 requires that they are. GOhA selma'o<= /primary> KO= hA selma'o pro-sumtiseries pro-sumticompare= d to pro-bridi as means of abbreviation pro-bridicompared = to pro-sumti as means of abbreviation pro-brididefinition<= /secondary> pro-= sumtidefinition pro-sumticompared to = pronouns in usage as abbreviations pronounscompared to pro= -sumti in usage as abbreviations In Lojban, we have= sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the h= ybrid term=20 =20 pro-sumti. A purely Lojban term would be=20 sumti cmavo: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo bel= onging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmav= o (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These ma= y be called=20 pro-bridi or=20 bridi cmavo. This chapter explains the uses of = all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups= , known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-serie= s, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of = pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi= , it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-brid= i analogues, however. antecedent of pro= -brididefinition referent of pro-brididefinition <= primary>antecedent of pro-sumtidefinition<= /indexterm> referent of pro-= sumtidefinition A few technica= l terms: The term=20 =20 referent means the thing to which a pro-sumti (by exten= sion, a pro-bridi) refers. If the speaker of a sentence is James, then the = referent of the word=20 @@ -56,33 +56,64 @@ the antecedent of=20 himself is=20 John; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in t= his case). John, the person, would be the referent of=20 himself. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedent= s, but all of them have referents.
Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - mi KOhA mi-series I, me=20 - - do KOhA mi-series you - mi'o KOhA mi-series you and I - mi'a KOhA mi-series I and others, we but not you - - ma'a KOhA mi-series you and I and others - - do'o KOhA mi-series you and others - - ko KOhA mi-series you-imperative - + + + mi + KOhA + mi-series + I, me + + + do + KOhA + mi-series + you + + + mi'o + KOhA + mi-series + you and I + + + mi'a + KOhA + mi-series + I and others, we but not you + + + ma'a + KOhA + mi-series + you and I and others + + + do'o + KOhA + mi-series + you and others + + + ko + KOhA + mi-series + you-imperative + + do mi foreman of a juryexample personal pronounswith mi-series for I/you pro-sumtifor listener(s) pro-sumtifor speaker(s)= pro= -sumtimi-series mi-seriesof pro-sumti= The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, t= he listener, and others in various combinations.=20 mi refers to the speaker and perhaps others for= whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.=20 do refers to the listener or listeners. Neither= =20 mi nor=20 do is specific about the number of persons refe= rred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the= jury as=20 =20 mi, since in speaking officially he represents = all of them. COI selma'o mi'= e COI = selma'oeffect on referent of "do" COI selma'oeffect on referent of "mi" The referents of=20 mi and=20 do are usually obvious from the context, but ma= y be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in=20 @@ -146,42 +177,41 @@ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d2"/> We're going to the store. Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure= . - ko<= /indexterm> kouse for commands kouse for imperatives<= /indexterm> imperativeswith ko commandswith ko Finally, the cmavo=20 + kouse for commands kouse for imperatives imperativeswith ko commandswith ko Finally, the cmavo=20 ko is logically equivalent to=20 do; its referent is the listener. However, its = use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener t= o make the assertion true: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d3"/> do klama le zarci - You go to-the store. + You go to-the store. becomes: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d4"/> ko klama le zarci You [imperative] go to-the store. - Make=20 - you go to the store true! + Make you go to the store true! Go to the store! koin later selbri place in imperative imperativesEngli= sh contrasted with Lojban in presence of subject of command In English, the subject of a command is omitted, but in Lojban, th= e word=20 ko must be used. However,=20 ko does not have to appear in the x1 place: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d5"/> @@ -209,26 +239,40 @@ Be such that the person who loves you is seen by me! Show me the person who loves you! mi-series pro-sum= tilack of pro-bridi equivalent= As mentioned in=20 , some pro-sumti series have c= orresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-se= ries among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.
Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - ti KOhA ti-series this here, a nearby object=20 - - ta KOhA ti-series that there, a medium-distant object - tu KOhA ti-series that yonder, a far-distant object - + + + ti + KOhA + ti-series + this here, a nearby object + + + ta + KOhA + ti-series + that there, a medium-distant object + + + tu + KOhA + ti-series + that yonder, a far-distant object + + tu<= /indexterm> ta= ti pro-sumtiti-series ti-series pro-sumtias pointing r= eferents only this/that in Englishcompared with ti-series = pro-sumti ti-series pro-sumticompared with English this/th= at d= emonstrative pro-sumti pointingreference by It is often useful to refer to things by pointing to them or by som= e related non-linguistic mechanism. In English, the words=20 this and=20 that serve this function among others:=20 this refers to something pointed at that is near the sp= eaker, and=20 that refers to something further away. The Lojban pro-s= umti of the ti-series serve the same functions, but more narrowly. The cmav= o=20 ti,=20 ta, and=20 tu provide only the pointing function of=20 this and=20 that; they are not used to refer to things that cannot = be pointed at. @@ -253,21 +297,21 @@ this boat. The latter is not represented in Lojban by= =20 =20 ti: <!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples --> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e3d1"/> le ti bloti - the this boat + the this boat =20 thisadjective expression with vi vias adjective express= ion for English this does not mean=20 this boat but rather=20 =20 this one's boat,=20 the boat associated with this thing, as explained in=20 . A correct Lojban transla= tion of=20 is @@ -284,68 +328,107 @@ using a spatial tense before the selbri=20 bloti to express that the boat is near the spea= ker. (Tenses are explained in full in=20 .) Another correct translation= would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e3d3"/> ti noi bloti =20 - this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat + this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat ti-series pro-sum= tilack of pro-bridi equivalent= thisad= jective expression with ti noi ti noias adjective expressi= on for this There are no demonstrative pro-bridi to= correspond to the ti-series: you can't point to a relationship.
Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - di'u KOhA di'u-series the previous utterance=20 - - de'u KOhA di'u-series an earlier utterance + + + di'u + KOhA + di'u-series + the previous utterance + + + de'u + KOhA + di'u-series + an earlier utterance + =20 - da'u KOhA di'u-series a much earlier utterance + + da'u + KOhA + di'u-series + a much earlier utterance + =20 - di'e KOhA di'u-series the next utterance + + di'e + KOhA + di'u-series + the next utterance + =20 - de'e KOhA di'u-series a later utterance + + de'e + KOhA + di'u-series + a later utterance + =20 - da'e KOhA di'u-series a much later utterance + + da'e + KOhA + di'u-series + a much later utterance + =20 - dei KOhA di'u-series this very utterance - do'i KOhA di'u-series some utterance - + + dei + KOhA + di'u-series + this very utterance + + + do'i + KOhA + di'u-series + some utterance + + pro-sumtidi'u-series thisas utterance reference in Eng= lish di'u-series pro-sumti utterance pro-sumti (see also di'u-series pro-sumti) pro-sumti f= or utterances The cmavo of the di'u-series enable us = to talk about things that have been, are being, or will be said. In English= , it is normal to use=20 this and=20 that for this (indeed, the immediately preceding=20 this is an example of such a usage): - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d1"/> - - You don't like cats. + + You don't like cats. That is untrue. - + Here=20 that does not refer to something that can be pointed to= , but to the preceding sentence=20 You don't like cats. In Lojban, therefore,=20 is rendered: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d2"/> do na nelci loi mlatu .i di'u jitfa jufra - You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-= false-sentence. + You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is= -a-false-sentence. ti-series pro-sum= ticontrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti di'ucontrasted with ta tacontrasted with di'u Using=20 ta instead of=20 di'u would cause the listener to look around to= see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to. da'u de'u di'u As with=20 ti,=20 ta, and=20 tu, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes= : a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, = either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use = the=20 i/=20 @@ -369,22 +452,22 @@ la saimn. cusku di'e =20 Simon expresses the-following-utterance. Simon says: =20 - would typically be followed= by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of somethin= g Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear a= fter=20 - , and so=20 + would typically be follow= ed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of someth= ing Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear= after=20 + , and so=20 di'e is appropriate. =20 do'i dei The remaining two cmavo,=20 dei and=20 do'i, refer respectively to the very utterance = that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance ut= tered by someone at some time: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d4"/> @@ -441,59 +524,140 @@ I love Jane. And I like the-last-utterance. says that the speaker likes one of his own sentences. There are no pro-bridi corresponding to the di'u-series.
Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko'a-series and the bro= da-series The following cmavo and gismu are discussed in this section: =20 - - ko'a KOhA ko'a-series it-1=20 - - ko'e KOhA ko'a-series it-2 - ko'i KOhA ko'a-series it-3 - ko'o KOhA ko'a-series it-4 - ko'u KOhA ko'a-series it-5 - fo'a KOhA ko'a-series it-6 + + + ko'a + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-1 + + + ko'e + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-2 + + + ko'i + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-3 + + + ko'o + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-4 + + + ko'u + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-5 + + + fo'a + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-6 + =20 - fo'e KOhA ko'a-series it-7 - fo'i KOhA ko'a-series it-8 - fo'o KOhA ko'a-series it-9 - fo'u KOhA ko'a-series it-10 - broda BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-1 - brode BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-2 - brodi BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-3 - brodo BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-4 - brodu BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-5 - goi GOI pro-sumti assignment + + fo'e + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-7 + + + fo'i + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-8 + + + fo'o + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-9 + + + fo'u + KOhA + ko'a-series + it-10 + + + broda + BRIVLA + broda-series + is-thing-1 + + + brode + BRIVLA + broda-series + is-thing-2 + + + brodi + BRIVLA + broda-series + is-thing-3 + + + brodo + BRIVLA + broda-series + is-thing-4 + + + brodu + BRIVLA + broda-series + is-thing-5 + + + goi + GOI + pro-sumti assignment + =20 - cei CEI pro-bridi assignment + + cei + CEI + pro-bridi assignment + =20 - + ko'a-series pro-s= umti p= ro-sumtiko'a-series personal pronouns= with ko'a-series for he/she/it/they The discussion = of personal pro-sumti in=20 =20 may have seemed incomplete. In E= nglish, the personal pronouns include not only=20 =20 I and=20 you but also=20 he,=20 she,=20 it, and=20 they. Lojban does have equivalents of this latter group= : in fact, it has more of them than English does. However, they are organiz= ed and used very differently. ko'a-series pro-s= umtias assignable personal pronouns for he/she/it/theyEnglish contrasted with Lojban in organization= There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assign= ed freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word=20 he can refer only to males,=20 she only to females (and ships and a few other things),= =20 it only to inanimate things, and=20 they only to plurals; the cmavo of the ko'a-series have= no restrictions at all. Therefore, it is almost impossible to guess from t= he context what ko'a-series cmavo might refer to if they are just used free= ly: - ko'a FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d1"/> la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a blanu Alice goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue. The English gloss=20 @@ -504,78 +668,71 @@ la .alis. is just as likely an antecedent, in w= hich case=20 means that Alice, not the s= tore, is blue. goi= ko'a-series pro= -sumtiassigning with goi To av= oid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo=20 goi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d2"/> la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu - Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue. + Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue= . ko'a-series pro-s= umtiassignment with goi as symmetrical Syntactically,=20 goi la .alis. is a relative phrase (relative ph= rases are explained in=20 ). Semantically, it says t= hat=20 ko'a and=20 la .alis. refer to the same thing, and furtherm= ore that this is true because=20 ko'a is being defined as meaning=20 la .alis.. It is equally correct to say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d3"/> la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu - Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue. + Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue= . ge'u in other words,=20 goi is symmetrical. There is a terminator,=20 ge'u (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always = elidable. The details are in=20 . goi assignment of= ko'a-series pro-sumtiuse in speech contrasted with wr= iting The afterthought form of=20 goi shown in=20 and=20 is probably most common in = speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we w= ill want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,=20 ko'a may be assigned at the point where Alice i= s first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of=20 goi is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d4"/> la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu - Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue. + Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.= hereafter known asexamp= le - ra KOhA ri-series (repeats previous sumti) - ru KOhA ri-series (repeats long-ago sumti) + + + ri + KOhA + ri-series + (repeats last sumti) + + + ra + KOhA + ri-series + (repeats previous sumti) + + + ru + KOhA + ri-series + (repeats long-ago sumti) + =20 - go'i GOhA go'i-series (repeats last bridi) - go'a GOhA go'i-series (repeats previous bridi) + + go'i + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats last bridi) + + + go'a + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats previous bridi) + =20 - go'u GOhA go'i-series (repeats long-ago bridi) + + go'u + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats long-ago bridi) + =20 - go'e GOhA go'i-series (repeats last-but-one bridi) + + go'e + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats last-but-one bridi) + =20 - go'o GOhA go'i-series (repeats future bridi) + + go'o + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats future bridi) + =20 - nei GOhA go'i-series (repeats current bridi) + + nei + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats current bridi) + =20 - no'a GOhA go'i-series (repeats outer bridi) + + no'a + GOhA + go'i-series + (repeats outer bridi) + =20 =20 - ra'o RAhO pro-cmavo update - + + ra'o + RAhO + pro-cmavo update + + The term=20 anaphora literally means=20 =20 repetition, but is used in linguistics to refer to pron= ouns whose significance is the repetition of earlier words, namely their an= tecedents. Lojban provides three pro-sumti anaphora,=20 =20 ri,=20 ra, and=20 ru; and three corresponding pro-bridi anaphora,= =20 =20 go'i,=20 @@ -765,24 +975,22 @@ ri, which has as antecedent=20 le tricu. All three refer to the same thing: a = tree. To refer to the next-to-last sumti, the third-from-last sumti, a= nd so on,=20 ri may be subscripted (subscripts are explained= in=20 ): <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d5"/> - lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire - .i la .alis. pilno riximu - A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last]. - Alice uses [repeat fifth-from-last]. + lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire .i la .alis. pil= no riximu + A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last]. Alice use= s [repeat fifth-from-last]. Here=20 rixire, or=20 ri-sub-2, skips=20 la rik. to reach=20 lo forca. In the same way,=20 riximu, or=20 ri-sub-5, skips=20 la .alis.,=20 @@ -803,24 +1011,22 @@ ri has not been used, then=20 ra might be the last sumti. Likewise, if=20 ra has been used, then any use of=20 ru would repeat a sumti earlier than the one=20 ra is repeating. A more reasonable version of E= xample 6.5, but one that depends more on context, is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d6"/> - lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra - .i la .alis. pilno ru - A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing]. - Alice uses [some more remote thing]. + lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra .i la .alis. pilno r= u + A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing]. Alice use= s [some more remote thing]. In=20 , the use of=20 ra tells us that something other than=20 la rik. is the antecedent;=20 lo forca is the nearest sumti, so it is probabl= y the antecedent. Similarly, the antecedent of=20 ru must be something even further back in the u= tterance than=20 lo forca, and=20 lo smuci is the obvious candidate. @@ -831,21 +1037,21 @@ ri,=20 ra, or=20 ru, use=20 goi and a ko'a-series cmavo: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d7"/> la .alis. klama le zarci .i ri goi ko'a blanu - Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 = is-blue. + Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it= -1 is-blue. allows the store to be referred to henceforth as=20 ko'a without ambiguity.=20 is equivalent to=20 and eliminates any possibil= ity of=20 ko'a being interpreted by the listener as refer= ring to Alice. go'u go'a answersgo'i for yes/no questions questionsanswer= ing with go'i go'ias affirmative answer to yes/no question= go'= i-series pro-bridieffect of sumti of referent bridi on= go'= i-series pro-bridias main-bridi anaphora only go'i-series = pro-bridieffect of sub-clauses on go'i-series pro-bridireferent of go'i-series pro-bridicompare= d with ri-series pro-sumti in rules of reference <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">go'i-series pro-bridi ri-series pro-= sumti = anaphorapro-bridi go'i-series as anaphorapro-sumti ri-series as pronounsas anaphora= anaphoradefinition The cmavo=20 go'i,=20 go'a, and=20 @@ -887,73 +1093,61 @@ go'e go'ixire The remaining four cmavo of the go'i-series are provid= ed for convenience or for achieving special effects. The cmavo=20 go'e means the same as=20 =20 go'ixire: it repeats the last bridi but one. Th= is is useful in conversation: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d10"/> - A: mi ba klama le zarci - B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i - A: do go'e + A: mi ba klama le zarci B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i A: do go'= e =20 - A: I [future] go-to the store. - B: I like the concept-of I [repeat last bridi]. - A: You [repeat last bridi but one]. - A: I am going to the store. - B: I like the idea of my going. - A: You'll go, too. + A: I [future] go-to the store. B: I like the concept-of I [= repeat last bridi]. A: You [repeat last bridi but one]. + A: I am going to the store. B: I like the idea of my going. A:= You'll go, too. Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained i= n Chapter 11):=20 le si'o mi go'i means=20 le si'o mi klama le zarci. Why must B use the w= ord=20 mi explicitly to replace the x1 of=20 mi klama le zarci, even though it looks like=20 mi is replacing=20 mi? Because B's=20 mi refers to B, whereas A's=20 mi refers to A. If B said: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d11"/> mi nelci le si'o go'i that would mean: - - I like the idea of your going to the store. - + I like the idea of your going to the store. The repetition signalled by=20 go'i is not literally of words, but of concepts= . Finally, A repeats her own sentence, but with the x1 changed to=20 do, meaning B. Note that in=20 , the tense=20 ba (future time) is carried along by both=20 go'i and=20 go'e. =20 Descriptions based on go'i-series cmavo can be very useful for r= epeating specific sumti of previous bridi: -FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d12"/> - le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci - .i le go'i cu cadzu le bisli - The black cat goes-to the store. - =20 - That-described-as-the-x1-place-of [repeat last bridi] walks= -on the ice. + le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci .i le go'i cu cadzu le bisli= + The black cat goes-to the store. That-described-as-the-x1-p= lace-of [repeat last bridi] walks-on the ice. The black cat goes to the store. It walks on the ice. =20 Here the=20 go'i repeats=20 le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci, and since=20 le makes the x1 place into a description, and t= he x1 place of this bridi is=20 le xekri mlatu,=20 le go'i means=20 @@ -965,52 +1159,42 @@ =20 no'a have been little used so far. They repeat = respectively some future bridi, the current bridi, and the bridi that enclo= ses the current bridi (=20 =20 no'a, unlike the other members of the go'i- ser= ies, can repeat non-sentence bridi). Here are a few examples: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d13"/> - mi nupre le nu mi go'o - =20 - .i ba dunda le djini le bersa - .i ba dunda le zdani le tixnu - I promise the event-of I [repeat future bridi] - [Future] give the money to-the son - [Future] give the house to-the daughter - I promise to do the following: - Give the money to my son. - Give the house to my daughter. + mi nupre le nu mi go'o .i ba dunda le djini le bersa .i ba du= nda le zdani le tixnu + I promise the event-of I [repeat future bridi] [Future] giv= e the money to-the son [Future] give the house to-the daughter + I promise to do the following: Give the money to my son. Give = the house to my daughter. (Note: The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the=20 my in the colloquial English; it leaves the fac= t that it is the speaker's son and daughter that are referred to implicit. = To make the fact explicit, use=20 - le bersa/tixnu be mi.) + le bersa/tixnu be mi.) For good examples of=20 nei and=20 =20 no'a, we need nested bridi contexts: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d14"/> - mi se pluka le nu do pensi - le nu nei kei pu le nu do zukte + mi se pluka le nu do pensi le nu nei kei pu le nu do zukte =20 - I am-pleased-by the event-of (you think-about - (the event-of [main bridi]) before the-event of (your actin= g). - I am pleased that you thought about whether I - would be pleased (about ...) before you acted. + I am-pleased-by the event-of (you think-about (the event-of= [main bridi]) before the-event of (your acting). + I am pleased that you thought about whether I would be pleased= (about ...) before you acted. <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d15"/> mi ba klama ca le nu do no'a =20 I [future] go [present] the event-of you [repeats outer bri= di] @@ -1062,124 +1246,134 @@ =20 go'i-series pro-b= ridiin quotation series ri-series pro-sumtiin quotation series However, a=20 ri-series or=20 go'a-series reference within a quotation can re= fer to something mentioned in an earlier quotation if the two quotations ar= e closely related in time and context. This allows a quotation to be broken= up by narrative material without interfering with the pro-sumti within it.= Here's an example: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d19"/> - la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u - .i la .alis. cusku lu mi go'i li'u - John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. - Alice says [quote] I [repeat] [unquote]. - John says,=20 - I am going to the store. - Alice says,=20 - Me too. + la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u .i la .alis. cusku l= u mi go'i li'u + John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. Alice says [= quote] I [repeat] [unquote]. + John says, I am going to the store. Alice says,= Me too. go'i-series pro-b= ridiin narrative about quotation ri-series pro-sumtiin narrative about quotation Of cour= se, there is no problem with narrative material referring to something with= in a quotation: people who quote, unlike people who are quoted, are aware o= f what they are doing.
Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo'e-series and the co'= e-series =20 =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - zo'e KOhA zo'e-series the obvious value + + + zo'e + KOhA + zo'e-series + the obvious value + =20 - zu'i KOhA zo'e-series the typical value + + zu'i + KOhA + zo'e-series + the typical value + =20 =20 =20 - zi'o KOhA zo'e-series the nonexistent value + + zi'o + KOhA + zo'e-series + the nonexistent value + =20 =20 - co'e GOhA co'e-series has the obvious relationship + + co'e + GOhA + co'e-series + has the obvious relationship + =20 - + zo'e typical value<= /primary>contrasted with elliptical value for sumti<= /indexterm> elliptical value= contrasted with typical value for sumti elliptical sumti zo'eas place-holder for sumti elliptical pro-bridi indefinite pro-bridi= pro-s= umtiunspecified elliptical pro-sumti= indefinite pro-sumti co'e-series = pro-bridi zo'e-series pro-sumti The cmavo of the zo'e-serie= s represent indefinite, unspecified sumti. The cmavo=20 =20 =20 zo'e represents an elliptical value for this su= mti place; it is the optional spoken place holder when a sumti is skipped w= ithout being specified. Note that the elliptical value is not always the ty= pical value. The properties of ellipsis lead to an elliptical sumti being d= efined as=20 =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 whatever I want it to mean but haven't bothered to figure out, = or figure out how to express. zu'i typical sumti<= /primary> pro-su= mtitypical The cmavo=20 zu'i, on the other hand, represents the typical= value for this place of this bridi: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e7d1"/> - mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani - zu'i zu'i - =20 - I go to-the outside of the house from-the inside of the hou= se - [by-typical-route] [by-typical-means] + mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani zu'i zu'i<= /jbo> + I go to-the outside of the house from-the inside of the hou= se [by-typical-route] [by-typical-means] In=20 , the first=20 zu'i probably means something like=20 =20 by the door, and the second=20 zu'i probably means something like=20 =20 on foot, those being the typical route and means for le= aving a house. On the other hand, if you are at the top of a high rise duri= ng a fire, neither=20 zu'i is appropriate. It's also common to use=20 =20 zu'i in=20 =20 by standard places. irrelevantspecifying of sumti place sumtiirrelevant to= relationship zi'o Finally, the cmavo=20 zi'o represents a value which does not even exi= st. When a bridi fills one of its places with=20 zi'o, what is really meant is that the selbri h= as a place which is irrelevant to the true relationship the speaker wishes = to express. For example, the place structure of=20 =20 zbasu is - - zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3 - + zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3 living thingsexample Consider the sentence - Living things are made from cells. = + Living things are made from cells. = This cannot be correctly expressed as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e7d2"/> loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci - The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass= -of cells + The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-m= ass-of cells because the=20 zo'e, expressed or understood, in=20 indicates that there is sti= ll a=20 maker in this relationship. We do not generally suppose= , however, that someone=20 makes living things from cells. The best answer is prob= ably to find a different selbri, one which does not imply a=20 =20 maker: however, an alternative strategy is to use=20 zi'o to eliminate the maker place: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e7d3"/> loi jmive cu se zbasu zi'o loi selci - The-mass-of living-things is-made [without-maker] from the-mas= s-of cells. + The-mass-of living-things is-made [without-maker] from the-= mass-of cells. zi'oas creating new selbri Note: The use of=20 zi'o to block up, as it were, one place of a se= lbri actually creates a new selbri with a different place structure. Consid= er the following examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e7d4"/> mi zbasu le dinju loi mudri @@ -1250,34 +1444,68 @@ ) also belongs to the same grou= p of cmavo. zo'e-seriescompared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti do'icompared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti Note that=20 do'i, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of ind= efinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to refer= ring only to an utterance. =20
Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series =20 =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - vo'a KOhA vo'a-series x1 of this bridi=20 - - vo'e KOhA vo'a-series x2 of this bridi - vo'i KOhA vo'a-series x3 of this bridi - vo'o KOhA vo'a-series x4 of this bridi - vo'u KOhA vo'a-series x5 of this bridi + + + vo'a + KOhA + vo'a-series + x1 of this bridi + + + vo'e + KOhA + vo'a-series + x2 of this bridi + + + vo'i + KOhA + vo'a-series + x3 of this bridi + + + vo'o + KOhA + vo'a-series + x4 of this bridi + + + vo'u + KOhA + vo'a-series + x5 of this bridi + =20 - soi SOI reciprocity + + soi + SOI + + reciprocity + =20 =20 =20 - se'u SEhU soi terminator - + + se'u + SEhU + + soi terminator + + reciprocal pro-su= mti re= flexive pro-sumti pro-sumtireferring to place of same bridi = with vo'a-series pro-sumtivo'a-series anaphorapro-sumti vo'a-series as The cmavo of the vo'a= -series are pro-sumti anaphora, like those of the ri-series, but have a spe= cific function. These cmavo refer to the other places of the same bridi; th= e five of them represent up to five places. The same vo'a-series cmavo mean= different things in different bridi. Some examples: =20 <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d1"/> mi lumci vo'a I wash myself @@ -1320,56 +1548,50 @@ vo'a) and the x2 (specified by=20 vo'e) places are interchanged. If only a single= sumti follows=20 soi, then the sumti immediately preceding=20 soi is understood to be one of those involved:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d4"/> mi prami do soi vo'a - I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi]. - =20 - =20 + I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi]. = =20 again involves the x1 and x2 places. soiuse in expressing reciprocity reciprocityexpressing= with soi Of course, other places can be involved, = and other sumti may be used in place of vo'a-series cmavo, provided those o= ther sumti can be reasonably understood as referring to the same things men= tioned in the bridi proper. Here are several examples that mean the same th= ing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d5"/> - mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e - mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i - soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta - I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that from = this). + mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i soi = vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta + I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that fr= om this). SEhU selma'o<= /primary> se= 'u se'= uelidability considerations <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">se'uas el= idable terminator for soi The elidable terminator f= or=20 soi is=20 se'u (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed o= nly if there is just one sumti after the=20 soi, and the=20 soi construction is not at the end of the bridi= . Constructions using=20 soi are free modifiers, and as such can go almo= st anywhere. Here is an example where=20 =20 se'u is required: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d6"/> mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] fro= m-that - =20 - =20 - I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa. + I run to this from that and vice versa.
sumti and bridi questions:=20 =20 <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and=20 <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> The following cmavo are discussed in this section: @@ -1401,22 +1623,22 @@ mo<= /indexterm> go'icompared with mo in overriding of arguments mocom= pared with go'i in overriding of arguments questionsselbri= mo<= /primary>as selbri question The cmavo=20 mo, on the other hand, asks for a selbri which = makes the question bridi true. If the answer is a full bridi, then the argu= ments of the answer override the arguments in the question, in the same man= ner as the go'i-series cmavo. A simple example is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d2"/> do mo What predicate is true as applied to you? - How are you? - What are you doing? + How are you? + What are you doing? What are you? is a truly pregnant questio= n that will have several meanings depending on context. (One thing it probably does not mean is=20 Who are you? in the sense=20 What is your name/identity?, which is better expressed = by: @@ -1429,21 +1651,21 @@ <en>What is your name?</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>or even</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-y4Yi"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d4"/> doi ma - O [what sumti?] + O [what sumti?] which uses the vocative=20 doi to address someone, and simultaneously asks= who the someone is.) =20 A further example of=20 mo: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d5"/> @@ -1481,39 +1703,35 @@ </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary= ></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>relative claus= es</primary><secondary>use of ke'a for referral to relativized sumti in</se= condary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>ke'a</p= rimary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></in= dexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary>= <secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm= > This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in=20 <xref linkend=3D"chapter-relative-clauses"/>) to indicate how the sumt= i being relativized fits within the clause. For example:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-UNBb"> <title> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</prim= ary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e10d1"/> - mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu - ke'a lei slasi - I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes - the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of pla= stic. + mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu ke'a lei slasi + I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes the-thing= -being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic. I see a cat made of plastic. ke'aambiguity when omitted If=20 ke'a were omitted from=20 , it might be confused with:= <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e10d2"/> - mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a] - zbasu lei slasi - I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized - [the cat] makes a-mass-of plastic + mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a] zbasu lei slasi + I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized [the cat]= makes a-mass-of plastic I see a cat that makes plastic. ricontrasted with ke'a in relative clauses ke'acontras= ted with ri in relative clauses The anaphora cmavo= =20 =20 ri cannot be used in place of=20 ke'a in=20 and=20 , because the relativized su= mti is not yet complete when the=20 =20 @@ -1565,32 +1783,61 @@ le ka gleki ce'u the property-of (being-happy about-X) the property of being that which someone is happy about
Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the da-series and the b= u'a-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - da KOhA da-series something-1=20 - - de KOhA da-series something-2 - di KOhA da-series something-3 + + + da + KOhA + da-series + something-1 + + + de + KOhA + da-series + something-2 + + + di + KOhA + da-series + something-3 + =20 - bu'a GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-1 - bu'e GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-2 + + bu'a + GOhA + bu'a-series + some-predicate-1 + + + bu'e + GOhA + bu'a-series + some-predicate-2 + =20 - bu'i GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-3 + + bu'i + GOhA + bu'a-series + some-predicate-3 + =20 - + bu'a-series pro-s= umtifor bound variables da-series pro-sumtifor bound variables Bound variables belong to= the predicate-logic part of Lojban, and are listed here for completeness o= nly. Their semantics is explained in=20 . It is worth mentioning that t= he Lojban translation of=20 is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e12d1"/> la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did some= thing-1. @@ -1638,308 +1885,458 @@ The following cmavo is discussed in this section: du GOhA identity du<= /indexterm> identity predica= te The cmavo=20 du has the place structure: - - du: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... - + du: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... durationale for selection of selma'o for and ap= pears in selma'o GOhA for reasons of convenience: it is not a pro-bridi.=20 du serves as mathematical=20 =3D, and outside mathematical contexts is used for defi= ning or identifying. Mathematical examples may be found in=20 . mintucontrasted with du ducontrasted with mintu The main difference between <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e14d1"/> ko'a du le nanmu - It-1 is-identical-to the man + It-1 is-identical-to the man and <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e14d2"/> ko'a mintu le nanmu =20 - It-1 is-the-same-as the man + It-1 is-the-same-as the man dumeaning of is this defining nature.=20 presumes that the speaker i= s responding to a request for information about what=20 ko'a refers to, or that the speaker in some way= feels the need to define=20 ko'a for later reference. A bridi with=20 du is an identity sentence, somewhat metalingui= stically saying that all attached sumti are representations for the same re= ferent. There may be any number of sumti associated with=20 du, and all are said to be identical. - , however, predicates; it is= used to make a claim about the identity of=20 + , however, predicates; it = is used to make a claim about the identity of=20 ko'a, which presumably has been defined previou= sly. dunlicontrasted with du ducontrasted with dunli duderivation of Note:=20 du historically is derived from=20 dunli, but=20 =20 dunli has a third place which=20 =20 du lacks: the standard of equality.
lujvo based on pro-sumti pro-sumtirafsi for rafsibased on pro-sumti= There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, bu= t they are rarely used. (See=20 for a complete list.) The obv= ious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place = of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually sta= nd as the first rafsi in their lujvo. you-talkexample pro-sumti r= afsieffect of on place structure of lujvo<= /indexterm> lujvo<= secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of Thus=20 donta'a, meaning=20 you-talk, would be interpreted as=20 =20 tavla be do, and would have the place structure= - - - <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d1"/> - - - t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4 - - - since t2 (the addressee) is already known to be=20 + t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4 + since t2 (the addressee) is already known to = be=20 do. you-cmavoexample On the other hand, the lujvo=20 donma'o, literally=20 you-cmavo, which means=20 =20 a second person personal pronoun, would be interpreted = as=20 cmavo be zo do, and have the place structure: - - - <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d2"/> - - - c1 is a second person pronoun in language c4 - - - since both the c2 place (the grammatical class) and the c3 place= (the meaning) are obvious from the context=20 + c1 is a second person pronoun in language c4 + since both the c2 place (the grammatical clas= s) and the c3 place (the meaning) are obvious from the c= ontext=20 do. fo'a pro-sumti rafs= ianticipated use of for abbreviating inconvenient form= s An anticipated use of rafsi for cmavo in the=20 =20 fo'a series is to express lujvo which can't be = expressed in a convenient rafsi form, because they are too long to express,= or are formally inconvenient (fu'ivla, cmene, and so forth.) An example wo= uld be: =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d3"/> fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga - =20 - x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song. + x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song. zi'o beverageexample zi'o raf= sieffect of on place structure of lujvo lujvozi'o rafsi effect on place structure of Fin= ally, lujvo involving=20 zi'o are also possible, and are fully discussed= in=20 . In brief, the convention is to use = the rafsi for=20 zi'o as a prefix immediately followed by the ra= fsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a bever= age (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a=20 - =20 - =20 + + se pinxe be zi'o, the lujvo corresponding to th= is is=20 zilrelselpinxe (deleting the second place of=20 se pinxe). Deleting the x1 place in this fashio= n would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that=20 zilpavypinxe has the same place structure as=20 zilrelselpinxe, and=20 lo zilpavypinxe, like=20 lo zilrelselpinxe, refers to a beverage, and no= t to a non-existent drinker. - =20 + bu'aco'e pro-bridi raf= sias producing context-dependent meanings<= /indexterm> The pro-bridi=20 co'e,=20 - =20 + du, and=20 bu'a also have rafsi, which can be used just as= if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for=20 du-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanin= gs.
KOhA cmavo by series - - mi-series: - mi I (rafsi:=20 -mib) - do you (rafsi:=20 -don and=20 -doi) - mi'o you and I - mi'a I and others, we but not you - - ma'a you and I and others - - do'o you and others - - ko you-imperative - - ti-series: - ti this here; something nearby (rafsi:=20 -tif) - ta that there; something distant (rafsi:=20 -taz) - tu that yonder; something far distant (rafsi:=20 -tuf) - - di'u-series: - di'u the previous utterance - de'u an earlier utterance - - da'u a much earlier utterance - - di'e the next utterance - - de'e a later utterance - - da'e a much later utterance - - dei this very utterance - do'i some utterance - - ko'a-series: - ko'a it-1; 1st assignable pro-sumti - ko'e it-2; 2nd assignable pro-sumti - ko'i it-3; 3rd assignable pro-sumti - ko'o it-4; 4th assignable pro-sumti - ko'u it-5; 5th assignable pro-sumti - - fo'a it-6; 6th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi:=20 - -fo'a) - - fo'e it-7; 7th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi:=20 -fo'e) - fo'i it-8; 8th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi:=20 -fo'i) - fo'o it-9; 9th assignable pro-sumti - fo'u it-10; 10th assignable pro-sumti + mi-series + + + mi + I (rafsi: mib)<= /description> + + + do + you (rafsi: don= and doi) + + + mi'o + you and I + + + mi'a + I and others, we but not you + + + ma'a + you and I and others + + + do'o + you and others + + + ko + you-imperative + + =20 - ri-series: - ri (repeats the last sumti) - ra (repeats a previous sumti) - ru (repeats a long-ago sumti) + ti-series + + + ti + this here; something nearby (rafsi: tif) + + + ta + that there; something distant (rafsi: taz) + + + tu + that yonder; something far distant (rafsi: tuf) + + =20 - zo'e-series: + di'u-series + + + di'u + the previous utterance + + + de'u + an earlier utterance + + + da'u + a much earlier utterance + + + di'e + the next utterance + + + de'e + a later utterance + + + da'e + a much later utterance + + + dei + this very utterance + + + do'i + some utterance + + =20 - zo'e the obvious value - zu'i the typical value + ko'a-series + + + ko'a + it-1; 1st assignable pro-sumti + + + ko'e + it-2; 2nd assignable pro-sumti + + + ko'i + it-3; 3rd assignable pro-sumti + + + ko'o + it-4; 4th assignable pro-sumti + + + ko'u + it-5; 5th assignable pro-sumti + + + fo'a + it-6; 6th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: fo'= a) + + + fo'e + it-7; 7th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: fo'= e) + + + fo'i + it-8; 8th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: fo'= i) + + + fo'o + it-9; 9th assignable pro-sumti + + + fo'u + it-10; 10th assignable pro-sumti + + =20 + ri-series + + + ri + (repeats the last sumti) + + + ra + (repeats a previous sumti) + + + ru + (repeats a long-ago sumti) + + =20 - zi'o the nonexistent value (rafsi:=20 -zil) + zo'e-series + =20 - vo'a-series: - vo'a x1 of this bridi - vo'e x2 of this bridi - vo'i x3 of this bridi - vo'o x4 of this bridi - vo'u x5 of this bridi + + zo'e + the obvious value + + + zu'i + the typical value + + + zi'o + the nonexistent value (rafsi: zil) + + =20 - da-series: - da something-1 (rafsi:=20 -dav/ -dza) - de something-2 - di something-3 + vo'a-series + + + vo'a + x1 of this bridi + + + vo'e + x2 of this bridi + + + vo'i + x3 of this bridi + + + vo'o + x4 of this bridi + + + vo'u + x5 of this bridi + + =20 - others: - ke'a relativized sumti + da-series + + + da + something-1 (rafsi: dav/dza) + + + de + something-2 + + + di + something-3 + + =20 - ma sumti question - ce'u abstraction focus - + others: + + + ke'a + relativized sumti + + + ma + sumti question + + + ce'u + abstraction focus + +
GOhA and other pro-bridi by series - - broda-series (not GOhA): - broda is-1; 1st assignable pro-bridi - brode is-2; 2nd assignable pro-bridi - brodi is-3; 3rd assignable pro-bridi - brodo is-4; 4th assignable pro-bridi - brodu is-5; 5th assignable pro-bridi - - go'i-series: - go'i (repeats the last bridi) - go'a (repeats a previous bridi) - - go'u (repeats a long-ago bridi) - - go'e (repeats the last-but-one bridi) - - go'o (repeats a future bridi) - - nei (repeats the current bridi) - - no'a (repeats the next outer bridi) - - - bu'a-series: - bu'a some-predicate-1 (rafsi:=20 -bul) - bu'e some-predicate-2 - - bu'i some-predicate-3 - + + + broda-series (not GOhA): + + =20 + + broda + is-1; 1st assignable pro-bridi + + + brode + is-2; 2nd assignable pro-bridi + + + brodi + is-3; 3rd assignable pro-bridi + + + brodo + is-4; 4th assignable pro-bridi + + + brodu + is-5; 5th assignable pro-bridi + =20 - others: - co'e has the obvious relationship (rafsi:=20 + + go'i-series + + + go'i + (repeats the last bridi) + + + go'a + (repeats a previous bridi) + + + go'u + (repeats a long-ago bridi) + + + go'e + (repeats the last-but-one bridi) + + + go'o + (repeats a future bridi) + + + nei + (repeats the current bridi) + + + no'a + (repeats the next outer bridi) + + =20 -com/ -co'e) + bu'a-series + + + bu'a + some-predicate-1 (rafsi: bu= l) + + + bu'e + some-predicate-2 + + + bu'i + some-predicate-3 + + =20 - mo bridi question - du identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi:=20 -dub/ -du'o) - + others: + + + co'e + has the obvious relationship (rafsi: com/co'e) + + + mo + bridi question + + + du + identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi: dub/du'o) + +
Other cmavo discussed in this chapter goi GOI pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series) - =20 cei - =20 CEI pro-bridi assignment (broda-series) ra'o RAhO pro-sumti/pro-bridi update - =20 soi SOI reciprocity - =20 - =20 se'u SEhU soi terminator da'o - =20 DAhO cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi
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