From bpfk-list+bncCMbnveiNHRCPpabqBBoEOVsIKg@googlegroups.com Wed Feb 02 09:21:53 2011 Received: from mail-yi0-f61.google.com ([209.85.218.61]) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PkgOa-00044M-9B; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:53 -0800 Received: by yia27 with SMTP id 27sf129395yia.16 for ; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:26 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=domainkey-signature:mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date :message-id:to:subject:from:x-original-sender :x-original-authentication-results:reply-to:precedence:mailing-list :list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive:sender:list-subscribe :list-unsubscribe:content-type:content-transfer-encoding; bh=R1OMp7JvAGAx90aW96hYBxFo2RNYR+7frLQTELZy+NU=; b=uPxANT5CEts97itIWWH+PYvQMWq8pB3cqWfXGpH7Lovf9ufLJssv7wzW4dcs+H0ARl AZDk6hCwAOeyPzWwXwLYD4Tf6vJ4k7xNVYTuPikDO8aBZeFsufl7xo1D1IZMNWGhYHu8 vkVCmlMT4QmsFojk8i6Fl6JEMKSX9F7Ln+ocI= DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; c=nofws; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date:message-id:to:subject :from:x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results:reply-to :precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive :sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type :content-transfer-encoding; b=yiMNyDBaJrHuydBPZfybvJ0ahahTopcxcfTKt+Vhw8dcX7bfYsrWLes2h/dawQAN8X eSh+GOS6isz2m+T7+1bOP0duHC1WttFpnWsAUMfys/1szR1imGym++4HvRA3z2AyZrVx MJ7lwHYhejpweiEar3i32TCoQvQ78B8ENiYE8= Received: by 10.147.38.3 with SMTP id q3mr199409yaj.22.1296667279850; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:19 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.231.57.97 with SMTP id b33ls823347ibh.0.p; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:19 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.231.30.202 with SMTP id v10mr4617603ibc.4.1296667279076; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:19 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.231.30.202 with SMTP id v10mr4617602ibc.4.1296667279006; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:19 -0800 (PST) Received: from chain.digitalkingdom.org (digitalkingdom.org [173.13.139.234]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id j25si5542985ibb.0.2011.02.02.09.21.18 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=RC4-MD5); Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:18 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) client-ip=173.13.139.234; Received: from nobody by chain.digitalkingdom.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PkgOL-00043L-FF for bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:17 -0800 Received: from 128-177-28-49.ip.openhosting.com ([128.177.28.49] helo=oh-www1.lojban.org) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PkgOA-00042b-Pi for bpfk@lojban.org; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 09:21:17 -0800 Received: from www-data by oh-www1.lojban.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PkgO9-0002Qd-0n for bpfk@lojban.org; Wed, 02 Feb 2011 12:21:05 -0500 Date: Wed, 02 Feb 2011 12:21:05 -0500 Message-Id: To: bpfk@lojban.org Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Wed Feb 2 12:21:04 EST 2011 From: www-data X-Original-Sender: www-data@oh-www1.lojban.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=nobody@digitalkingdom.org Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable commit a50d692ad43308648e69eb205c238fd23d024ae4 Merge: de706a2 73a869a Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Tue Feb 1 10:14:00 2011 -0800 Merge commit '73a869a3cf8ea374fb8f103935d7d633a1f497e7' into gh-pages commit 73a869a3cf8ea374fb8f103935d7d633a1f497e7 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Sun Jan 9 12:26:42 2011 -0500 Chapter 10: tables, lists, example tags, example references. diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml index b1b7630..3eead2c 100644 --- a/todocbook/10.xml +++ b/todocbook/10.xml @@ -178,28 +178,27 @@ imaginary journey can be used to understand not only=20 , but also every other spati= al tense construct. directionspecification with FAhA FAhA selma'oand direc= tion spatial tensedirection Suppos= e you specify a direction with a FAhA cmavo, rather than a distance with a = VA cmavo: zu'a FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e2d2"/> le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku - The man [left] bites the dog. + The man [left] bites the dog. Here the imaginary journey is again from the speaker's location = to the location of the bridi, but it is now performed by going to the left = (in the speaker's reference frame) for an unspecified distance. So a reason= able translation is: - =20 - + To my left, the man bites the dog. - + The=20 my does not have an explicit equivalent in the = Lojban, because the speaker's location is understood as the starting point.= vu<= /indexterm> va= vi VA selma'o= z= u'a VA= selma'orelation of words to tit= a, tu zu'aderivation of word (Etymo= logically, by the way,=20 zu'a is derived from=20 zunle, the gismu for=20 left, whereas=20 vi,=20 va, and=20 vu are intended to be reminiscent of=20 ti,=20 @@ -243,28 +242,28 @@ nearby, and there's no more to be said. The imaginary-j= ourney model becomes more useful when so-called compound tenses are involve= d. A compound tense is exactly like a simple tense, but has several FAhAs r= un together: =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e3d1"/> le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku - The man [up] [left] bites the dog. + The man [up] [left] bites the dog. manhole= example imaginary journeystages of in compound = tenses compound spatial tenseexplanation of The proper interpretation of=20 is that the imaginary journ= ey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then = to the left. A translation might read: - + Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog. - + (Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-= biting is going on at the edge of the street.) =20 compound tense or= deringLojban contrasted with English compound tenseLojban contrasted with English in order of specification In the English translation, the keywords=20 left and=20 above occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This = effect is typical of what happens when we=20 unfold Lojban compound tenses into their English equiva= lents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Loj= ban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents. The opposite order also makes sense: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e3d2"/> @@ -301,28 +300,23 @@ </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>compound spatial = tense</primary><secondary>as direction with-or-without distance</secondary>= </indexterm> Any number of directions may be used in a compound tense, with= or without specified distances for each:</para> =20 =20 =20 <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-mqTU"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e3d5"/> - le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i - batci le gerku - The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [wit= hin] - bites the dog. - Within a place a long distance to the right of a place whic= h is a medium - distance downward from a place a short distance in front of= me, - the man bites the dog. - + le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku + The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [wit= hin] bites the dog. + Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which i= s a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, = the man bites the dog. Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to= say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter t= he Lojban version of=20 is than the English version= .
Temporal tenses: PU and ZI The following cmavo are discussed in this section: pu @@ -408,34 +402,34 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e4d3"/> le nanmu pu pu batci le gerku The man [past] [past] bites the dog. Earlier than an earlier time than now, the man bit the dog.= - The man had bitten the dog. + The man had bitten the dog. The man had been biting the dog. <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e4d4"/> le nanmu ba puzi batci le gerku The man [future] [past] [short] bites the dog. Shortly earlier than some time later than now, the man will= bite the dog. Soon before then, the man will have bitten the dog. - The man will have just bitten the dog. + The man will have just bitten the dog. The man will just have been biting the dog. compound temporal= tensebeginning with distance only What about the analogue of an initial VA without a direction? Lojban d= oes allow an initial ZI with or without following PUs: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e4d5"/> le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku @@ -659,25 +653,25 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e6d1"/> mi pu klama le zarci I [past] go-to the market. really means: - + At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as well, the event=20 I went to the market was in progress. - + tense directionimplications on scope of event = past eventpossible extension into present The vague or unsp= ecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there = is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past= ! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-m= arket is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future. tenseLojban contrasted with English in implications of completeness=20 points up a fundamental dif= ference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sen= tence like=20 I went to the market generally signifies that the going= -to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete= at the time of speaking. Lojban=20 pu has no such implication. tenseaorist aoristdefinition = Classical Greek aorist tense<= /primary>compared with Lojban tense This= property of a past tense is sometimes called=20 aorist, in reference to a similar concept in the tense = system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property,= however: =20 =20 @@ -771,23 +765,24 @@ mo'i MOhI movement flag MOhI selma'o<= /primary> mo= 'i mov= ement specificationinteraction with direction in tense= s di= rectioninteraction with movement specification in tens= es t= enseexpressing movement in tensestati= c contrasted with moving All the information carrie= d by the tense constructs so far presented has been presumed to be static: = the bridi is occurring somewhere or other in space and time, more or less r= emote from the speaker. Suppose the truth of the bridi itself depends on th= e result of a movement, or represents an action being done while the speake= r is moving? This too can be represented by the tense system, using the cma= vo=20 =20 mo'i (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction= and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion r= ather than a static direction from the speaker. - toward my rightexample on rightcontrasted with toward righ= t to= ward rightcontrasted with on right FIXME: TAG SPOT +on rightcontrasted with toward right toward rightcontrasted= with on right FIXME: TAG SPOT + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>toward my right</pri= mary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e8d1"/> le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice. The child walks toward my right on the ice. =20 This is quite different from: @@ -855,48 +850,93 @@ eat in airplaneexample (Perhaps I am eating in = an airplane.) time travel movementtime There is no parallel facilit= y in Lojban at present for expressing movement in time - time travel - but = one could be added easily if it ever becomes useful. =20
Interval properties: TAhE and=20 <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase> =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - - di'i TAhE regularly - - na'o TAhE typically + + + di'i + TAhE + regularly + =20 - ru'i TAhE continuously + + na'o + TAhE + typically + =20 - ta'e TAhE habitually + + ru'i + TAhE + continuously + =20 + + ta'e + TAhE + habitually + =20 - di'inai TAhE irregularly - na'onai TAhE atypically - ru'inai TAhE intermittently =20 - ta'enai TAhE contrary to habit + + di'inai + TAhE + irregularly + + + na'onai + TAhE + atypically + + + ru'inai + TAhE + intermittently + =20 - roi ROI =20 + + ta'enai + TAhE + contrary to habit + =20 -n times - roinai ROI other than=20 -n times + + roi + ROI + n times + + + roinai + ROI + other than n times + =20 - ze'e ZEhA whole time interval + + ze'e + ZEhA + whole time interval + =20 =20 - ve'e VEhA whole space interval + + ve'e + VEhA + whole space interval + =20 - + TAhE selma'o<= /primary> interv= alsspread of actions over discreteof = tense intervals continuousof tense intervals Consider Lojban bridi which express events taking place in time.= Whether a very short interval (a point) or a long interval of time is invo= lved, the event may not be spread consistently throughout that interval. Lo= jban can use the cmavo of selma'o TAhE to express the idea of continuous or= non-continuous actions. =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d1"/> mi puzu ze'u velckule I [past] [long distance] [long interval] am-a-school-attend= ee (pupil). Long ago I attended school for a long time. @@ -1428,25 +1468,21 @@ I buy salad ingredients in three locations. =20 always and everywhere= example salad ingredientsexample sow grai= nexample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e11d3"/> - ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku - =20 - =20 - li re su'i re du li vo - [whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places= ] + ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo [whole t= ime] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places] The-number 2 + 2 =3D the-number 4. Always and everywhere, two plus two is four. As shown in=20 , when a tense comes first i= n a bridi, rather than in its normal position before the selbri (in this ca= se=20 du), it is emphasized. be'a ZAhO selma= 'o fe'e = spatial contoursexpressing The= =20 fe'e marker can also be used for the same purpo= se before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo=20 be'a belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space d= irection meaning=20 @@ -1513,23 +1549,23 @@ mi klama le zarci pu le nu do pu klama le zdani I go-to the market [past] the event-of you [past] go-to the= house. The second=20 pu is simply the past tense marker for the even= t of your going to the house, and says that this event is in the speaker's = past. How are we to understand the first=20 pu, the sumti tcita? imaginary journey= starting at a different point = imaginary journey<= secondary>starting point All of our imaginary journ= eys so far have started at the speaker's location in space and time. Now we= are specifying an imaginary journey that starts at a different location, n= amely at the event of your going to the house.=20 then says that my going to = the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present moment, bu= t instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.=20 can therefore be translated= : - + I had gone to the market before you went to the house. - + sumti tcitabased on tense distance tense distanceas su= mti tcita spatial tensesas sumti tcita (Other translations are possible, depending on the ever-present contex= t.) Spatial direction and distance sumti tcita are exactly analogous: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d3"/> le ratcu cu citka le cirla vi le panka The rat eats the cheese [short distance] the park. The rat eats the cheese near the park. =20 @@ -1607,28 +1643,23 @@ would indicate that I go to the store after I am finished eating= . =20 Here is an example which mixes temporal ZAhO (as a tense) and sp= atial ZAhO (as a sumti tcita): too longexample boat sailedexample= FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d10"/> - le bloti pu za'o xelklama - =20 - fe'e ba'o le lalxu - The boat [past] [superfective] is-a-transport-mechanism - [space] [perfective] the lake. + le bloti pu za'o xelklama fe'e ba'o le lalxu + The boat [past] [superfective] is-a-transport-mechanism [sp= ace] [perfective] the lake. The boat sailed for too long and beyond the lake. - =20 - =20 Probably it sailed up onto the dock. One point of clarification:= although=20 xelklama appears to mean simply=20 is-a-mode-of-transport, it does not - the bridi of=20 has four omitted arguments,= and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as part of its = meaning. =20 sumti tcita based= on quantified tenses quantified tensesas sumti tcita sumti tcit= a based on interval properties interval propertiesmeaning as= sumti tcita = sumti tcita based on interval continuousness= interval continuousnessmeaning as sumti tcita sumti tcita based on dimension dimensionmeaning as sumti tcita sumti tcita based on interval size interval si= zemeaning as sumti tcita The r= emaining tense cmavo, which have to do with interval size, dimension, and c= ontinuousness (or lack thereof) are interpreted to let the sumti specify th= e particular interval over which the main bridi operates: =20 =20 @@ -1711,28 +1742,26 @@ mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu pu batci le gerku I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites th= e dog. Here the second=20 pu does not replace the sticky tense, but adds = to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is tak= en to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of=20 is: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d3"/> - - I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog. + I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog. =20 - compound tensecompared with tense in scope of sticky tense<= /indexterm> tense in scope o= f sticky tensecompared with compound tense= and it is equivalent in meaning (when considered in isolation = from any other sentences) to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d4"/> mi pu klama le zarci .i le nanmu pupu batci le gerku I [past] go-to the market. The man [past] [past] bites the = dog. @@ -1800,23 +1829,23 @@ pukiku mi ba klama le zarci .i le nanmu cu batci le gerku [past] [sticky] I [future] go-to the market. The man bites = the dog. What is the implied tense of the second sentence? Not=20 puba, but only=20 pu, since only=20 pu was made sticky with=20 ki. So the translation is: - + I was going to go to the market. The man bit the dog. - + sumti with tense<= /primary>effect of main bridi tense on = embedded bridi tenseseffect of main bridi tense on tense on main bridieffect on embedded sumti with tenses tense on main bridieffect on embedded bridi tenses tenseon embedded bridi<= /secondary> Lojban has several ways of embedding a bridi within= another bridi: descriptions, abstractors, relative clauses. (Technically, = descriptions contain selbri rather than bridi.) Any of the selbri of these = subordinate bridi may have tenses attached. These tenses are interpreted re= lative to the tense of the main bridi: former marketexample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d10"/> mi pu klama le ba'o zarci I [past] go-to the [perfective] market I went to the former market. @@ -1862,25 +1891,22 @@ story time, for inferring tense within a story. It is p= resumed that the event described by each sentence takes place some time mor= e or less after the previous ones. Therefore, tenseless sentences are impli= citly tensed as=20 =20 what happens next. In particular, any sticky time setti= ng is advanced by each sentence. The following mini-story illustrates the important features of s= tory time. A sentence-by-sentence explication follows: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e14d1"/> - puzuki ku ne'iki le kevna - le ninmu goi ko'a zutse le rokci - [past] [long] [sticky] [,] [inside] [sticky] the cave, - =20 - the woman defined-as she-1 sat-on the rock + puzuki ku ne'iki le kevna le ninmu goi ko'a zutse le rokci + [past] [long] [sticky] [,] [inside] [sticky] the cave, the = woman defined-as she-1 sat-on the rock Long ago, in a cave, a woman sat on a rock. =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e14d2"/> .i ko'a citka loi kanba rectu @@ -1965,61 +1991,54 @@ happens after=20 . specifies the future (relat= ive to=20 ) and makes it sticky. So al= l further events happen after=20 . and=20 are again tenseless, and so= happen after=20 . (Story time is changed.) - So the overall order is 14.1 - 14.3 - 14.2 - 14.4 - (medium inte= rval) - 14.5 - 14.6 - 14.7. It is also possible that 14.3 happens before 14= .1. + So the overall order is - - - - (medium in= terval) - - - . It is = also possible that happens befor= e . + story timewith no initial sticky time If no sti= cky time (or space) is set initially, the story is set at an unspecified ti= me (or space): the effect is like that of choosing an arbitrary reference p= oint and making it sticky. This style is common in stories that are jokes. = The same convention may be used if the context specifies the sticky time su= fficiently. =20 =20
Tenses in subordinate bridi subordinate claus= estense usage rules in English= English has a set of rules, formally known as=20 sequence of tense rules, for determining what tense sho= uld be used in a subordinate clause, depending on the tense used in the mai= n sentence. Here are some examples: =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d1"/> - - John says that George is going to the market. - + John says that George is going to the market. - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d2"/> - - John says that George went to the market. - + John says that George went to the market. - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d3"/> - - John said that George went to the market. - + John said that George went to the market. - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d4"/> - - John said that George had gone to the market. - + John said that George had gone to the market. In=20 and=20 , the tense of the main sent= ence is the present:=20 says. If George goes when John speaks, we get the prese= nt tense=20 is going (=20 goes would be unidiomatic); if George goes before John = speaks, we get the past tense=20 went. But if the tense of the main sentence is the past= , with=20 said, then the tense required in the subordinate clause= is different. If George goes when John speaks, we get the past tense=20 went; if George goes before John speaks, we get the pas= t-perfect tense=20 @@ -2083,25 +2102,22 @@ =20 =20 ). Here is a convoluted se= ntence with several nested bridi which uses=20 nau at the lowest level: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d9"/> - la djan. pu cusku le se du'u la .alis pu cusku le se du'u - la djordj. pu cusku le se du'u la maris. nau klama le zarci= - =20 - John [past] says the statement-that Alice [past] says the s= tatement-that - George [past] says the statement that Mary [now] goes-to th= e market. + la djan. pu cusku le se du'u la .alis pu cusku le se du'u la = djordj. pu cusku le se du'u la maris. nau klama le zarci + John [past] says the statement-that Alice [past] says the s= tatement-that George [past] says the statement that Mary [now] goes-to the = market. John said that Alice had said that George had earlier said tha= t Mary is now going to the market. =20 sticky tenseseffect of nau on naueffect on sticky ten= ses The use of=20 nau does not affect sticky tenses. =20
Tense relations between sentences @@ -2142,25 +2158,23 @@ . With=20 .izu'abo (and all other afterthought tense conn= ectives) the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. Thi= s is a natural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting = between this form and the sumti tcita form. =20 means the same thing as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d3"/> - le nanmu cu batci le gerku - .i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu le bisli + le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu= le bisli =20 - The man bites the dog. - [Left] the-referent-of-the-last-sentence the child walks-on= the ice. + The man bites the dog. [Left] the-referent-of-the-last-sent= ence the child walks-on the ice. The man bites the dog. Left of what I just mentioned, the chil= d walks on the ice. tense connected s= entencesimportance of bo in If= the=20 bo is omitted in=20 , the meaning changes: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d4"/> @@ -2185,27 +2199,20 @@ le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'aku le verba cu cadzu le bis= li The man bites the dog. [Left] the child walks-on the ice. The man bites the dog. Left of me, the child walks on the ice.= In=20 , the origin point is the sp= eaker, as is usual with=20 zu'aku.=20 makes the origin point of t= he tense the event described by the first sentence. tense connected s= entencesforethought mode Two s= entences may also be connected in forethought by a tense relationship. Just= like afterthought tense connection, forethought tense connection claims bo= th sentences, and in addition claims that the time or space relationship sp= ecified by the tense holds between the events the two sentences describe. - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 gi<= /indexterm> imaginary journe= yorigin in tense forethought sentence connection sentences= forethought tense connection of forethought tense connecti= on of sentencesorder of The or= igin sentence is placed first, preceded by a tense plus=20 gi. Another=20 gi is used to separate the sentences: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d6"/> pugi mi klama le zarci gi mi klama le zdani [past] I go-to the market [,] I go-to the house. @@ -2243,25 +2250,34 @@ I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house. I, before going to the market, go to the house. tense connection = of bridi-tailsmeaning of tense connection of sumtimeaning of In both=20 and=20 , the underlying sentences= =20 mi klama le zarci and=20 mi klama le zdani are not claimed; only the rel= ationship in time between them is claimed. tense afterthough= t connection formsselma'o allowed tense forethought connec= tion formsselma'o allowed tense connectionexpansions of tense connectionequivalent meanings Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are ap= propriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equival= ent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cma= vo): - - subordinate: X TENSE le nu Y - afterthought coordinate: Y .i+TENSE+bo X - forethought coordinate: TENSE+gi X gi Y - + + + subordinate: + X TENSE le nu Y + + + afterthought coordinate: + Y .i+TENSE+bo X + + + forethought coordinate: + TENSE+gi X gi Y + +
Tensed logical connectives tensed logical co= nnectives logical connectivestensed = The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connective system= . That system is a separate topic, explained in=20 =20 and touched on only in summary= here. By the rules of the logical connective system,=20 through 17.3 are equivalent= in meaning: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d1"/> @@ -2373,26 +2389,23 @@ </example> <para>Note the uniformity of the Lojban, as contrasted with the variet= y of ways in which the English provides for the correct grouping. In all ca= ses, the meaning is that I carry the sack in any case, and either the cat o= r the dog or both.</para> <para>To express that I carry the sack first (earlier in time), and th= en the dog or the cat or both simultaneously, I can insert tenses to form= =20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-qeLV"/> through=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-qEnd"/>:</para> <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-qeLV" role=3D"interlinear-gloss-e= xample"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d10"/> - mi bevri le dakli .ije ba tu'e mi bevri le gerku - .ijacabo mi bevri le mlatu tu'u - I carry the sack. And [future] (I carry the dog. - And/or [present] I carry the cat.) - I carry the sack. And then I will carry the dog or I will c= arry the cat - or I will carry both at once. + mi bevri le dakli .ije ba tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ijacabo mi = bevri le mlatu tu'u + I carry the sack. And [future] (I carry the dog. And/or [pr= esent] I carry the cat.) + I carry the sack. And then I will carry the dog or I will carr= y the cat or I will carry both at once. <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d11"/> mi bevri le dakli gi'ebake bevri le gerku gi'acabo bevri le m= latu I carry the sack and [future] (carry the dog and/or [presen= t] carry the cat). I carry the sack and then will carry the dog or carry the cat = or carry both at once. @@ -3092,21 +3105,21 @@ claim only the causal and t= emporal relationships between the events, not the existence of the events t= hemselves.) afterthought sent= ence connectionmodal contrasted with tense= As a result, the afterthought sentence-connective forms of=20 and=20 are, respectively: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d5"/> mi nelci do .imu'ibo do nelci mi - I like you. [That is] Because you like me. + I like you. [That is] Because you like me. <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d6"/> do nelci mi .ibabo mi nelci do You like me. Afterward, I like you. @@ -3139,31 +3152,31 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d8"/> bagi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do After you like me, I like you. respectively. modal sentence co= nnectiontable of equivalent schemata The following modal sentence schemata (where X and Y represent sente= nces) all have the same meaning: - + X .i BAI bo Y BAI gi Y gi X X BAI le nu Y - + tense sentence co= nnectiontable of equivalent schemata whereas the following tensed sentence schemata also have the same me= aning: - + X .i TENSE bo Y TENSE gi X gi Y Y TENSE le nu X - + neglecting the question of what is claimed. In the modal sentenc= e schemata, the modal tag is always followed by Y, the sentence representin= g the event in the x1 place of the gismu that underlies the BAI. In the ten= sed sentences, no such simple rule exists.
Tense questions:=20 <jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> The following cmavo is discussed in this section: cu'e CUhE @@ -3303,24 +3316,22 @@ Explicit magnitudes It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitu= des that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large.= In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban= construction called a=20 termset is employed. (Termsets are explained further in= =20 and=20 .) It is grammatical for a term= set to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allo= ws both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specifie= d. Here is an example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e25d1"/> - la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. - la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u] - Frank stands [left] [start termset] George - [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end te= rmset]. + la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [= nu'u] + Frank stands [left] [start termset] George [quantity] a thi= ng-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset]. Frank is standing five meters to the left of George. Here the termset extends from the=20 nu'i to the implicit=20 nu'u at the end of the sentence, and includes t= he terms=20 la djordj., which is the unmarked origin point,= and the tagged sumti=20 lo mitre be li mu, which the cmavo=20 la'u (of selma'o BAI, and meaning=20 with quantity; see=20 @@ -3330,140 +3341,392 @@ =20 =20 =20 =20 is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e25d2"/> - la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u - lo mitre be li mu - Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity] - a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5. + la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u lo mitre be li mu + Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity] a thing-measuring-= in-meters the-number 5. Frank stands five meters to the left.
Finally (an exercise for the much-tried reader) <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e26d1"/> - .a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe - =20 - fi le lojbo temci selsku ciste + .a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe fi le lojbo = temci selsku ciste
Summary of tense selma'o - tense selma'osummary of FIXME: TAG SPOT - =20 - - PU temporal direction - - - pu =3D past, ca =3D present, ba =3D future - - ZI temporal distance - zi =3D short, za =3D medium, zu =3D long - - ZEhA temporal interval - ze'i =3D short, ze'a =3D medium, ze'u =3D long, ze'e =3D infin= ite - - - ROI objective quantified tense flag - noroi =3D never, paroi =3D once, ..., roroi =3D always, etc. - pare'u =3D the first time, rere'u =3D the second time, etc. - - TAhE subjective quantified tense - di'i =3D regularly, na'o =3D typically, ru'i =3D continuously,= ta'e =3D habitually - - - - - - ZAhO event contours - - - see=20 - - - FAhA spatial direction - see=20 - - - VA spatial distance - vi =3D short, va =3D medium, vu =3D long - - VEhA spatial interval - - ve'i =3D short, ve'a =3D medium, ve'u =3D long, ve'e =3D infin= ite - - - VIhA spatial dimensionality - - vi'i =3D line, vi'a =3D plane, vi'u =3D space, vi'e =3D space-= time - - - - FEhE spatial interval modifier flag - - fe'enoroi =3D nowhere, fe'eroroi =3D everywhere, fe'eba'o =3D = beyond, etc. - - MOhI spatial movement flag - mo'i =3D motion; see=20 - - - KI set or reset sticky tense - tense+ -ki =3D set,=20 -ki alone =3D reset - - CUhE tense question, reference point - cu'e =3D asks for a tense or aspect, nau =3D use speaker's ref= erence point - - - - JAI tense conversion - - jaica =3D the time of, jaivi =3D the place of, etc. - + tense selma'osummary of FIXME: TAG SPOT + + PU + + temporal direction + + pu + past + ca + present + ba + future + + + + + ZI + + temporal distance + + zi + short + za + medium + zu + long + + + + + ZEhA + + temporal interval + + ze'i + short + ze'a + medium + ze'u + long + ze'e + infinite + + + + + ROI + + objective quantified tense flag + + noroi + never + paroi + once + ... + roroi + always + etc. + pare'u + the first time + rere'u + the second time + etc. + + + + + TAhE + + subjective quantified tense + + di'i + regularly + na'o + typically + ru'i + continuously + ta'e + habitually + + + + + ZAhO + + event contours + see + + + + FAhA + + spatial direction + see + + + + VA + + spatial distance + + vi + short + va + medium + vu + long + + + + + VEhA + + spatial interval + + ve'i + short + ve'a + medium + ve'u + long + ve'e + infinite + + + + + VIhA + + spatial dimensionality + + vi'i + line + vi'a + plane + vi'u + space + vi'e + space-time + + + + + FEhE + + spatial interval modifier flag + + fe'enoroi + nowhere + fe'eroroi + everywhere + fe'eba'o + beyond + etc. + + + + + MOhI + + spatial movement flag + + mo'i + motion + + see + + + + KI + + set or reset sticky tense + + tense+ki + set + ki alone + reset + + + + + CUhE + + tense question, reference point + + cu'e + asks for a tense or aspect + nau + use speaker's reference point + + + + + JAI + + tense conversion + + jaica + the time of + jaivi + the place of + etc. + + +
List of spatial directions and direction-like relations =20 spatial direction= slist of The following list of= FAhA cmavo gives rough English glosses for the cmavo, first when used with= out=20 mo'i to express a direction, and then when used= with=20 mo'i to express movement in the direction. When= possible, the gismu from which the cmavo is derived is also listed. - ca'u crane in front (of) forwardti'a trixe behind backward= zu'a zunle on the left (of) leftwardga'u gapru above upward(ly)ni'a cnita b= elow downward(ly)ne'i nenri within intoru'u sruri surrounding orbitingpa'o = pagre transfixing passing throughne'a next to moving while next to=20 - - te'e - bordering - moving along the border (of) - re'o adjacent (to) alongfa'a farna towards arriving att= o'o away from departing fromzo'i inward (from) approachingze'o outward (fro= m) receding fromzo'a tangential (to) passing (by)be'a berti north (of) nort= hward(ly)ne'u snanu south (of) southward(ly)du'a stuna east (of) eastward(l= y)vu'a west (of) westward(ly) - =20 + + + + + + + + + cmavo + gismu + without mo'i + with mo'i + + + + + ca'u + crane + in front (of) + forward + + + ti'a + trixe + behind + backward + + + zu'a + zunle + on the left (of) + leftward + + + ga'u + gapru + above + upward(ly) + + + ni'a + cnita + below + downward(ly) + + + ne'i + nenri + within + into + + + ru'u + sruri + surrounding + orbiting + + + pa'o + pagre + transfixing + passing through + + + ne'a + + next to + moving while next to + + + te'e + + bordering + moving along the border (of) + + + re'o + + adjacent (to) + along + + + fa'a + farna + towards + arriving at + + + to'o + + away from + departing from + + + zo'i + + inward (from) + approaching + + + ze'o + + outward (from) + receding from + + + zo'a + + tangential (to) + passing (by) + + + be'a + berti + north (of) + northward(ly) + + + ne'u + snanu + south (of) + southward(ly) + + + du'a + stuna + east (of) + eastward(ly) + + + vu'a + + west (of) + westward(ly) + + + + =20 ze'ospecial note on direction orientation zo'ispecial = note on direction orientation to'ospecial note on directio= n orientation fa'aspecial note on direction orientation Special note on=20 fa'a,=20 - =20 to'o,=20 - =20 zo'i, and=20 - =20 ze'o: - =20 zo'i and=20 - =20 ze'o refer to direction towards or away from th= e speaker's location, or whatever the origin is. - =20 fa'a and=20 - =20 to'o refer to direction towards or away from so= me other point. - =20
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