From bpfk-list+bncCMbnveiNHRC-4a3qBBoEA63pmA@googlegroups.com Thu Feb 03 19:22:43 2011 Received: from mail-pz0-f61.google.com ([209.85.210.61]) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PlCF1-0002SA-9T; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:22:43 -0800 Received: by pzk9 with SMTP id 9sf465530pzk.16 for ; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:41 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=domainkey-signature:mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date :message-id:to:subject:from:x-original-sender :x-original-authentication-results:reply-to:precedence:mailing-list :list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive:sender:list-subscribe :list-unsubscribe:content-type:content-transfer-encoding; bh=snqPWMroyPSUqBCw7Vj1eSrqswhoLFwj0mytPkGemcs=; b=YHZeM7sfdFTtEcQBMPw/uec9o8fRnDNwUbWlJbsesLD7daROoo79jZCu4QOgjy5GFI s8hZPbsF5k0RGzLQoX8aKM+LyztryKHy5YKOnwtoo6aaoZ58H2oEd/nbqWTbr3XJLP/U bs99Ojah4qlLnb5zlLLLl2DrqGgg+x2TGb6T4= DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; c=nofws; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=mime-version:x-beenthere:received-spf:date:message-id:to:subject :from:x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results:reply-to :precedence:mailing-list:list-id:list-post:list-help:list-archive :sender:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe:content-type :content-transfer-encoding; b=E/c6HhNr/5rKkTbNI1H+bf9DB3ZZNTm/tnYpGgE7arPw98PqpT7rj9rtykY8OBF5wN G+SAXqxvt1gCeLWF445KKRprThckG4BuxF+6tFcm0Mb6imiJXe+cFvZDjCNKLQfK129X /X933Z/Q0eyMI/BM4Mgrl6azqAmGxguK4BlOw= Received: by 10.142.170.18 with SMTP id s18mr692988wfe.1.1296789694889; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:34 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 X-BeenThere: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.142.125.12 with SMTP id x12ls2741318wfc.3.p; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:34 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.240.17 with SMTP id n17mr2238954wfh.60.1296789693365; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:33 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.142.240.17 with SMTP id n17mr2238953wfh.60.1296789693244; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:33 -0800 (PST) Received: from chain.digitalkingdom.org (digitalkingdom.org [173.13.139.234]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id w13si289300wfh.7.2011.02.03.19.21.32 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=RC4-MD5); Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:33 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) client-ip=173.13.139.234; Received: from nobody by chain.digitalkingdom.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PlCEl-0002S5-30 for bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:31 -0800 Received: from 128-177-28-49.ip.openhosting.com ([128.177.28.49] helo=oh-www1.lojban.org) by chain.digitalkingdom.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PlCEK-0002Rf-8v for bpfk@lojban.org; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 19:21:30 -0800 Received: from www-data by oh-www1.lojban.org with local (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1PlCEI-0002gN-FG for bpfk@lojban.org; Thu, 03 Feb 2011 22:21:03 -0500 Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 22:21:02 -0500 Message-Id: To: bpfk@lojban.org Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 3 22:21:02 EST 2011 From: www-data X-Original-Sender: www-data@oh-www1.lojban.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=nobody@digitalkingdom.org Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable commit 9df314f9d2428a5b353e92a061da99b714ecf2be Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Thu Feb 3 19:09:49 2011 -0800 Fixed almost all IDREF issues. diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml index 791f389..099a26c 100644 --- a/todocbook/10.xml +++ b/todocbook/10.xml @@ -809,21 +809,21 @@ The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-= frame the-x1-place. The child walks toward her right on the ice. =20 toward her right<= /primary>example=20 is analogous to=20 . The cmavo=20 ma'i belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in=20 =20 - ), and allows speci= fying a reference frame. + ), and allows specifying a reference fr= ame. =20 tenseorder of movement specification in movementorder = in tense constructs Both a regular and a=20 mo'i-flagged spatial tense can be combined, wit= h the=20 mo'i construct coming last: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e8d4"/> le verba zu'avu mo'i ri'uvi cadzu le bisli @@ -2229,21 +2229,21 @@ I go-to [past] the market [,] the house. Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a ten= se-like relationship between nouns,=20 =20 cannot be expressed in Engl= ish without paraphrasing it either into=20 or else into=20 I go to the house before the market, which is ambiguous= =E2=80=93 is the market going? gi<= /indexterm> bridi-tailsforethought tense connection of imaginary journeyorigin in tense forethought bridi-tail connection forethought tense conn= ection of bridi-tailsorder of = Finally, a third forethought construction expresses a tense relationship be= tween bridi-tails rather than whole bridi. (The construct known as a=20 bridi-tail is explained fully in=20 - ; roughl= y speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.)=20 + ; roughly speaking, it is a = selbri, possibly with following sumti.)=20 is equivalent in meaning to= =20 and=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d8"/> mi pugi klama le zarci gi klama le zdani I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house. @@ -3258,21 +3258,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d7"/> pu'o [inchoative] He hasn't yet done so. or even the modal reply (from selma'o BAI; see=20 - ): + ): <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d8"/> seka'a le briju With-destination the office. modal-or-tense qu= estionspre-specifying some information tense-or-modal ques= tionspre-specifying some information cu'ecombining with other tense cmavo The only way t= o combine=20 @@ -3308,40 +3308,40 @@ both,=20 naje meaning=20 the latter, or=20 jenai meaning=20 the former.
Explicit magnitudes It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitu= des that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large.= In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban= construction called a=20 termset is employed. (Termsets are explained further in= =20 - and=20 + and=20 .) It is grammatical fo= r a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, wh= ich allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be = specified. Here is an example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e25d1"/> la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [= nu'u] Frank stands [left] [start termset] George [quantity] a thi= ng-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset]. Frank is standing five meters to the left of George. Here the termset extends from the=20 nu'i to the implicit=20 nu'u at the end of the sentence, and includes t= he terms=20 la djordj., which is the unmarked origin point,= and the tagged sumti=20 lo mitre be li mu, which the cmavo=20 la'u (of selma'o BAI, and meaning=20 with quantity; see=20 - ) marks as a quanti= ty. Both terms are governed by the tag=20 + ) marks as a quantity. Both terms are g= overned by the tag=20 zu'a It is not necessary to have both an origin point and an explicit= magnitude: a termset may have only a single term in it. A less precise ver= sion of=20 =20 =20 =20 =20 is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e25d2"/> diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml index 9dfc5ae..e250930 100644 --- a/todocbook/11.xml +++ b/todocbook/11.xml @@ -926,21 +926,21 @@ </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>because=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-AX2I"/> claims that John actually s= aid the quoted words, whereas=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-hzd8"/> claims only that he said so= me words or other which were to the same purpose.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary= ></indexterm>=20 <jbophrase>le se du'u</jbophrase> is much the same as=20 <jbophrase>lu'e le du'u</jbophrase>, a symbol for the predication, but= =20 <jbophrase>se du'u</jbophrase> can be used as a selbri, whereas=20 <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/> for a discu= ssion of=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-sumti-qualifiers"/> for a discussion of=20 <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase>.)</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-indirect-questions"> <title>Indirect questions The following cmavo is discussed in this section: kau =20 UI @@ -1348,21 +1348,21 @@
Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses This section is a logical continuation of=20 . ZAhO selma'o<= /primary> NU= selma'o There exists a relationship between the four= types of events explained in=20 and the event contour tense cm= avo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually inte= rdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU event t= ypes and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in=20 =20 - , and only su= mmarized here. + , and only summarized here.<= /para> The purpose of ZAhO cmavo is to represent the natural portions o= f an event, such as the beginning, the middle, and the end. They fall into = several groups: process abstr= actionsrelated tense contours = The cmavo=20 pu'o,=20 ca'o, and=20 ba'o represent spans of time: before an eve= nt begins, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively. The cmavo=20 diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml index 23dd4c4..28c33ec 100644 --- a/todocbook/12.xml +++ b/todocbook/12.xml @@ -33,35 +33,35 @@ Although the lujvo=20 fagyfesti is derived from the tanru=20 fagri festi, it is not equivalent in meaning to= it. In particular,=20 fagyfesti has a distinct place structure of its= own, not the same as that of=20 festi. (In contrast, the tanru does have the sa= me place structure as=20 festi.) The lujvo needs to take account of the = places of=20 fagri as well. When a tanru is made into a lujv= o, there is no equivalent of=20 be ... bei ... be'o (described in=20 - ) to incorporate su= mti into the middle of the lujvo. + ) to incorporate sumti into the mi= ddle of the lujvo. lujvorationale for creative understanding So why have= lujvo? Primarily to reduce semantic ambiguity. On hearing a tanru, there i= s a burden on the listener to figure out what the tanru might mean. Adding = further terms to the tanru reduces ambiguity in one sense, by providing mor= e information; but it increases ambiguity in another sense, because there a= re more and more tanru joints, each with an ambiguous significance. Since l= ujvo, like other brivla, have a fixed place structure and a single meaning,= encapsulating a commonly-used tanru into a lujvo relieves the listener of = the burden of creative understanding. In addition, lujvo are typically shor= ter than the corresponding tanru. =20 lujvo place struc= tureguidelines lujvoguidelines for pl= ace structure absolute laws alternative guidelines There are no= absolute laws fixing the place structure of a newly created lujvo. The mak= er must consider the place structures of all the components of the tanru an= d then decide which are still relevant and which can be removed. What is sa= id in this chapter represents guidelines, presented as one possible standar= d, not necessarily complete, and not the only possible standard. There may = well be lujvo that are built without regard for these guidelines, or in acc= ordance with entirely different guidelines, should such alternative guideli= nes someday be developed. The reason for presenting any guidelines at all i= s so that Lojbanists have a starting point for deciding on a likely place s= tructure =E2=80=93 one that others seeing the same word can also arrive at = by similar consideration. =20 =20 lujvocmavo incorporation If the tanru includes = connective cmavo such as=20 bo,=20 ke,=20 ke'e, or=20 je, or conversion or abstraction cmavo such as= =20 se or=20 nu, there are ways of incorporating them into t= he lujvo as well. Sometimes this makes the lujvo excessively long; if so, t= he cmavo may be dropped. This leads to the possibility that more than one t= anru could produce the same lujvo. Typically, however, only one of the poss= ible tanru is useful enough to justify making a lujvo for it. The exact workings of the lujvo-making algorithm, which takes a = tanru built from gismu (and possibly cmavo) and produces a lujvo from it, a= re described in=20 - . + .
The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour =20 The meaning of a lujvo is controlled by =E2=80=93 but is not the= same as =E2=80=93 the meaning of the tanru from which the lujvo was constr= ucted. The tanru corresponding to a lujvo is called its=20 veljvo in Lojban, and since there is no concise= English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, t= he left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the=20 seltau, and the right (modified) part the=20 tertau, following the usage of=20 . For brevity, we will speak of the = seltau or tertau of a lujvo, meaning of course the seltau or tertau of the = veljvo of that lujvo. (If this terminology is confusing, substituting=20 modifier for=20 @@ -578,21 +578,21 @@ b1 sonci s2 gi'e banli b2 b3 b1 is-a-soldier of-army-s2 and is-great in-property-b2 by-s= tandard-b3 where=20 gi'e is the Lojban word for=20 and when placed between two partial bridi, as explained= in=20 - . + . veterinarianexample lujvo place orderasymmetrical lujv= o an= imal doctorexample Asymmetrica= l lujvo like=20 gerzda, on the other hand, employ a different r= ule. The seltau places are inserted not at the end of the place structure, = but rather immediately after the tertau place which is equivalent to the fi= rst place of the seltau. Consider=20 dalmikce, meaning=20 veterinarian: its veljvo is=20 =20 danlu mikce, or=20 animal doctor. The place structures for those gismu are= : =20 @@ -954,21 +954,21 @@ <jbophrase>terter-</jbophrase>,=20 <jbophrase>velvel-</jbophrase> and=20 <jbophrase>xelxel-</jbophrase> work in the same way.</para> <para>Other SE combinations like=20 <jbophrase>selter-</jbophrase>, although they might conceivably mean= =20 <jbophrase>se te</jbophrase>, more than likely should be interpreted i= n the same way, namely as=20 =20 <jbophrase>se ke te</jbophrase>, since there is no need to re-order pl= aces in the way that=20 <jbophrase>se te</jbophrase> provides. (See=20 =20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>.)</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-SE"/>.)</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-abstraction-lujvo"> <title>Abstract lujvo lujvo place struc= ture"nu" lujvo abstract lujvo lujvoabstract The cmavo of NU can participate in the c= onstruction of lujvo of a particularly simple and well-patterned kind. Cons= ider that old standard example,=20 klama: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d1"/> k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by m= eans k5. @@ -1057,21 +1057,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d7"/> mi jai rinka le nu do morsi I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death. I cause your death. explained in=20 - , to be = rendered with lujvo: + , to be rendered with lujvo:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d8"/> mi jaxri'a le nu do morsi I am-part-of-the-cause-of the event-of your dying. In making a lujvo that contains=20 @@ -1315,21 +1315,21 @@ However, there is a further problem with=20 jdaselsku, not resolvable by using=20 seljdasku. No veljvo involving just the two gis= mu=20 lijda and=20 cusku can fully express the relationship implic= it in prayer. A prayer is not just anything said by the adherents of a reli= gion; nor is it even anything said by them acting as adherents of that reli= gion. Rather, it is what they say under the authority of that religion, or = using the religion as a medium, or following the rules associated with the = religion, or something of the kind. So the veljvo is somewhat elliptical. As a result, both=20 seljdasku and=20 jdaselsku belong to the second class of anomalo= us lujvo: the veljvo doesn't really supply all that the lujvo requires. Another example of this kind of anomalous lujvo, drawn from the = tanru lists in=20 =20 - , is=20 + , is=20 lange'u, meaning=20 sheepdog. Clearly a sheepdog is not a dog which is a sh= eep (the symmetrical interpretation is wrong), nor a dog of the sheep breed= (the asymmetrical interpretation is wrong). Indeed, there is simply no ove= rlap in the places of=20 =20 =20 lanme and=20 gerku at all. Rather, the lujvo refers to a dog= which controls sheep flocks, a=20 terlanme jitro gerku, the lujvo from which is= =20 terlantroge'u with place structure: @@ -1691,21 +1691,21 @@ <para> <jbophrase>xekri</jbophrase>: xe1 is black</para> </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>color standards</= primary></indexterm> Brevity was the most important goal here, reinforced b= y one interpretation of metaphysical necessity. There is no mention of colo= r standards here, as many people have pointed out; like all color gismu,=20 =20 <jbophrase>xekri</jbophrase> is explicitly subjective. Objective color= standards can be brought in by an appropriate BAI tag such as=20 =20 <jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> (=20 =20 <quote>in system</quote>; see=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>) or by making a lu= jvo.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-BAI"/>) or by making a lujvo.</para> <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-cuYP"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e16d2"/> jbena: j1 is born to j2 at time j3 and locati= on j4 The gismu=20 jbena contains places for time and location, wh= ich few other gismu have: normally, the time and place at which something i= s done is supplied by a tense tag (see=20 ). However, providing these places m= akes=20 diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml index 45beecf..fff0289 100644 --- a/todocbook/13.xml +++ b/todocbook/13.xml @@ -1310,21 +1310,21 @@ .o'ufu'i to show appreciation for the assistanc= e in your comfort. be'u The cmavo=20 be'u expresses, roughly speaking, whether the e= motion it modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, so= mething you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more o= r less the attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo=20 =20 mo'a,=20 =20 rau, and=20 =20 du'e (these belong to selma'o PA, and are discu= ssed in=20 =20 - ). For exa= mple, + ). For example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e7d8"/> .uiro'obe'unai [Yay!] [physical] [Enough!] large mealexample might be something you say af= ter a large meal which you enjoyed. @@ -1467,27 +1467,27 @@ =20
The uses of indicators su<= /indexterm> sa= si attitudinalsexternal grammar attitudinalsgrammar of= placement in bridi The behavior of indicators in t= he=20 outside grammar is nearly as simple as their internal s= tructure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metaling= uistic erasers=20 =20 si,=20 sa, and=20 su and some, though not all, kinds of quotation= s. The details of such interactions are discussed in=20 - . + . zo<= /indexterm> A group of indicators may appear anywhere that a single indicat= or may, except in those few situations (as in=20 zo quotation, explained in=20 - ) where c= ompound cmavo may not be used. + ) where compound cmavo may = not be used. attitudinalsat beginning of text At the beginni= ng of a text, indicators modify everything following them indefinitely: suc= h a usage is taken as a raw emotional expression, and we normally don't tur= n off our emotions when we start and stop sentences. In every other place i= n an utterance, the indicator (or group) attaches to the word immediately t= o its left, and indicates that the attitude is being expressed concerning t= he object or concept to which the word refers. attitudinalsaffecting whole grammatical structures If the word that an indicator (or group) attaches to is itself a cmavo = which governs a grammatical structure, then the indicator construct pertain= s to the referent of the entire structure. There is also a mechanism, discu= ssed in=20 - , for e= xplicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies. + , for explicitly marking = the range of words to which an indicator applies. attitudinalsreferent uncertainty More details a= bout the uses of indicators, and the way they interact with other specializ= ed cmavo, are given in=20 . It is worth mentioning that rea= l-world interpretation is not necessarily consistent with the formal scope = rules. People generally express emotions when they feel them, with only a m= inimum of grammatical constraint on that expression; complexities of emotio= nal expression are seldom logically analyzable. Lojban attempts to provide = a systematic reference that could possibly be ingrained to an instinctive l= evel. However, it should always be assumed that the referent of an indicato= r has some uncertainty. multiple indicato= rs For example, in cases of multiple indicators expre= ssed together, the combined form has some ambiguity of interpretation. It i= s possible to interpret the second indicator as expressing an attitude abou= t the first, or to interpret both as expressing attitudes about the common = referent. For example, in =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e9d1"/> mi pu tavla do .o'onai .oi @@ -2004,21 +2004,21 @@ go'i po'o mi'u si'a= j= i'a ku'i tooexample butexample<= /indexterm> ditto<= secondary>example go'icontrasted with mi'u mi'ucontrasted with go'i discursives for consecutive discoursecontrasted These five discursives are mutuall= y exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The f= irst four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,=20 ku'i, makes an exception to the previous argume= nt. The second,=20 =20 ji'a, adds weight to the previous argument. The= third,=20 =20 si'a, adds quantity to the previous argument, e= numerating an additional example. The fourth,=20 =20 mi'u, adds a parallel case to the previous argu= ment, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is = being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from=20 =20 go'i (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in=20 - ), w= hich is a non-discursive version of=20 + ), which is a non-discursive= version of=20 ditto that explicitly repeats the claim of the previous= bridi. =20 onlyexample Lastly,=20 po'o is used when there is no other comparable = case, and thus corresponds to some of the uses of=20 =20 only, a word difficult to express in pure bridi form: <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e12d1"/> @@ -2567,21 +2567,21 @@ .iige'e means roughly=20 I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not. kau= indirect questi= on FIXME: TAG SPOT kau indirect question This cmavo is explained in detail in=20 - . I= t marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question: + . It marks the word it i= s attached to as the focus of an indirect question: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e13d3"/> mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci I know the statement-that somebody [indirect ?] goes to-the= store. I know who goes to the store. =20 @@ -3147,21 +3147,21 @@
Tentative conclusion indicatorsramifications alienscommunication with Kzinticommunication with The exact rami= fications of the indicator system in actual usage are unknown. There has ne= ver been anything like it in natural language before. The system provides g= reat potential for emotional expression and transcription, from which signi= ficant Sapir-Whorf effects can be anticipated. When communicating across cu= ltural boundaries, where different indicators are often used for the same e= motion, accidental offense can be avoided. If we ever ran into an alien rac= e, a culturally neutral language of emotion could be vital. (A classic exam= ple, taken from the science fiction of Larry Niven, is to imagine speaking = Lojban to the carnivorous warriors called Kzinti, noting that a human smile= bares the teeth, and could be seen as an intent to attack.) And for commun= icating emotions to computers, when we cannot identify all of the signals i= nvolved in subliminal human communication (things like body language are al= so cultural), a system like this is needed. =20 =20 =20 indicatorsrationale for selection We have tried= to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this sy= stem that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more ne= utral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and= constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the curren= t indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo=20 sei, explained in=20 - , to create m= etalinguistic comments that act like indicators. + , to create metalinguistic comm= ents that act like indicators. indicatorsevolutionary development of We envisi= on an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more th= an a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with var= ious combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they ex= press and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expres= sion for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. = Why not, if it helps you express your feelings? =20 There will be a couple dozen of these used pretty much universal= ly =E2=80=93 mostly just simple attitudinals with, at most, intensity marke= rs. These are the ones that will quickly be expressed at the subconscious l= evel. But every Lojbanist who plays with the list will bring in a couple of= new words. Poets will paint emotional pictures, and people who identify wi= th those pictures will use the words so created for their own experiences.<= /para> =20 =20 Just as a library of tanru is built up, so will a library of att= itudes be built. Unlike the tanru, though, the emotional expressions are bu= ilt on some fairly nebulous root emotions =E2=80=93 words that cannot be de= fined with the precision of the gismu. The emotion words of Lojban will ver= y quickly take on a life of their own, and the outline given here will evol= ve into a true system of emotions. emotionsresearch using indicators emotionsrecording us= ing indicators There are several theories as to the= nature of emotion, and they change from year to year as we learn more abou= t ourselves. Whether or not Lojban's additive/scalar emotional model is an = accurate model for human emotions, it does support the linguistic needs for= expressing those emotions. Researchers may learn more about the nature of = human emotions by exploring the use of the system by Lojban speakers. They = also may be able to use the Lojban system as a means for more clearly recor= ding emotions. emotionscultural bias of expression The full li= st of scales and attitudes will probably not be used until someone speaks t= he language from birth. Until then, people will use the attitudes that are = important to them. In this way, we counter cultural bias =E2=80=93 if a cul= ture is prone to recognizing and/or expressing certain emotions more than o= thers, its members will use only those out of the enormous set available. I= f a culture hides certain emotions, its members simply won't express them.<= /para> Sapir-Whorf effec= tsand emotional indicators Per= haps native Lojban speakers will be more expressively clear about their emo= tions than others. Perhaps they will feel some emotions more strongly than = others in ways that can be correlated with the word choices; any difference= from the norms of other cultures could be significant. Psychologists have = devised elaborate tests for measuring attitudes and personality; this may b= e the easiest area in which to detect any systematic cultural effect of the= type sought to confirm Sapir-Whorf, simply because we already have tools i= n existence to test it. Because Lojban is unique among languages in having = such extensive and expressive indicators, it is likely that a Sapir-Whorf e= ffect will occur and will be recognized. It is unlikely that we will know the true potential of a system = like this one until and unless we have children raised entirely in a multi-= cultural Lojban-speaking environment. We learn too many cultural habits in = the realm of emotional communication=20 diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml index dd5a6c3..cf72d85 100644 --- a/todocbook/14.xml +++ b/todocbook/14.xml @@ -603,21 +603,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d7"/> le nu do cidja dunda fi le xarju cu rinka le nu ri ba banro The event-of (you food-give to the pig) causes the event-of= (it will grow). Causality is discussed in far more detail in=20 - . + . and=20 illustrates a truth functio= n, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We alr= eady understand how to negate the first bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d8"/> gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman. @@ -1431,22 +1431,22 @@ mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule = [nu'u] I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office [jo= int] and to-the house from-the school [end termset]. Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one= =20 nu'i is used. The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical con= nectives are explained in=20 - , - , and + , + , and .
Logical connection within tanru logical connectiv= es in tanru As noted at the beginning of=20 , there is no logical connec= tive in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is pos= sible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru = that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru=20 blanu zdani, blue house. Now anything that is a= blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is b= oth blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of=20 blanu bolci, Lojbanists can say=20 blanu je bolci, using a jek connective within t= he tanru. (We saw jeks used in=20 also, but there they were always = prefixed by=20 @@ -1669,21 +1669,21 @@ and=20 are equivalent in meaning.<= /para> truth questionsanswering "no" truth questionsanswering "yes" truth questionsas yes-or-no que= stions A truth question can be answered=20 yes or=20 no, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of= the underlying statement. The standard way of saying=20 yes in Lojban is=20 go'i and of saying=20 no is=20 nago'i. (The reasons for this rule are explaine= d in=20 =20 - .) I= n answer to=20 + .) In answer to=20 , the possible answers are:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d3"/> go'i Fido is a dog. @@ -1897,21 +1897,21 @@ If this is-coffee then [you!] bring a-mass-of tea to-me, an= d if this is-tea then [you!] bring a-mass-of coffee to-me. If this is coffee, bring me tea; but if this is tea, bring me = coffee. UI selma'o ku'i= andcompared with but butcompared with and<= /secondary> In logical terms, however,=20 but is the same as=20 and; the difference is that the sentence after a=20 but is felt to be in tension or opposition to the sente= nce before it. Lojban represents this distinction by adding the discursive = cmavo=20 ku'i (of selma'o UI), which is explained in=20 =20 - , to the l= ogical=20 + , to the logical=20 .ije.)
Non-logical connectives andas non-logical connective Way back in=20 , the point was ma= de that not every use of English=20 and,=20 if ... then, and so on represents a Lojban logical conn= ective. In particular, consider the=20 =20 and of: @@ -1937,21 +1937,21 @@ la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno John massed-with Alice carry the piano. =20 components contra= sted with massin properties of= mass contrasted with compon= entsin properties of supervisingas a = contribution to mass action=20 covers the case mentioned, = where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all= the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because= the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can l= ead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then J= ohn-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in=20 =20 - . + . JA selma'o A se= lma'o JOI selma'o non-logical connectionin tanrudistinguishing from connection of sumti non-logical connection= of sumtidistinguishing from connection in = tanru joi grammarcontrasted with jeks joi grammarcontrasted with eks non-logical connectionand elida= bility of terminators Grammatically,=20 joi can appear between two sumti (like an ek) o= r between two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid = for in the form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided: LE selma'o KU s= elma'o le ku terminatorseliding ku in non-logical connections FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d4"/> le nanmu ku joi le ninmu [ku] cu klama le zarci The man massed-with the woman go-to the market. @@ -2616,21 +2616,21 @@ 2, and operators, like=20 +. Both of these may be either logically or non-logical= ly connected. JOI selma'o GUh= A selma'o <= primary>JA selma'o GA selma'o A selma'o BO selma'o bo connecting operatorswith bo in connective boin joiks for operators boin jeks for operators guheksconnecting oper= ators jeksconnecting operators operatorsc= onnecting operandsconnecting geksconnecti= ng operands <= primary>eksconnecting operands= Operands are connected in afterthought with eks and in forethought with ge= ks, just like sumti. Operators, on the other hand, are connected in afterth= ought with jeks and in forethought with guheks, just like tanru components.= (However, jeks and joiks with=20 =20 bo are not allowed for operators.) This paralle= lism is no accident. ke'e ke bo BO selma= 'o KE selma'o operatorsanalogue of tanru in connecting operatorswith ke in connective connecting operandswith ke in connective connecting operandswith bo in conn= ective In addition, eks with=20 bo and with=20 ke ... ke'e are allowed for grouping logically = connected operands, and=20 ke ... ke'e is allowed for grouping logically c= onnected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operat= ors. Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be giv= en. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it = is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connec= tive scheme of things. These examples are drawn from=20 - , an= d contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter. + , and contain many= mekso features not explained in this chapter. exhibits afterthought logic= al connection between operands: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e17d1"/> vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci ( Three or four ) people go-to the market. @@ -2716,21 +2716,21 @@ is not elidable, because th= e=20 xi subscript needs something to attach to.
Tenses, modals, and logical connection PU selma'o The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the= logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simulta= neously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interacti= on with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of th= is chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of sel= ma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo=20 pu,=20 ca, and=20 ba (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the p= resent, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state = the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb= tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is= before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is= generally a=20 le nu abstraction; see=20 - ). + ). logically connect= ed tensesdefinition logical connectioninteraction with tenses The two types of interacti= on between tenses and logical connectives are logically connected tenses an= d tensed logical connections. The former are fairly simple. Jeks may be use= d between tense cmavo to specify two connected bridi that differ only in te= nse: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e18d1"/> la .artr. pu nolraitru .ije la .artr. ba nolraitru Arthur [past] is-a-noblest-governor. And Arthur [future] is= -a-noblest-governor. diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml index 48d398d..8693c6f 100644 --- a/todocbook/15.xml +++ b/todocbook/15.xml @@ -795,21 +795,21 @@ lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu na krecau An-actual current noblest-governor of the French Country [f= alse] is-hair-without. It is false that the current King of France is bald. Note:=20 lo is used in these sentences because negation = relates to truth conditions. To meaningfully talk about truth conditions in= sentences carrying a description, it must be clear that the description ac= tually applies to the referent. A sentence using=20 le instead of=20 lo can be true even if there is no current king= of France, as long as the speaker and the listener agree to describe somet= hing as the current king of France. (See the explanations of=20 le in=20 - .) + .)
Expressing scales in selbri negation In expressing a scalar negation, we can provide some indication = of the scale, range, frame-of-reference, or universe of discourse that is b= eing dealt with in an assertion. As stated in=20 , the default is the set of plausible = alternatives. Thus if we say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e5d1"/> @@ -1086,21 +1086,21 @@ mi paroinai dansu le bisli I [once] [not] dance-on the ice means that I dance on the ice either zero or else two or more ti= mes within the relevant time interval described by the bridi.=20 is very different from the = English use of=20 not once, which is an emphatic way of saying=20 never =E2=80=93 that is, exactly zero times. In indicators and attitudinals of selma'o UI or CAI,=20 nai denotes a polar negation. As discussed in= =20 - , most= indicators have an implicit scale, and=20 + , most indicators have an i= mplicit scale, and=20 nai changes the indicator to refer to the oppos= ite end of the scale. Thus=20 .uinai expresses unhappiness, and=20 .ienai expresses disagreement (not ambivalence,= which is expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as=20 .iecu'i). Vocative cmavo of selma'o COI are considered a kind of indicator= , but one which identifies the listener. Semantically, we could dispense wi= th about half of the COI selma'o words based on the scalar paradigm. For ex= ample,=20 =20 =20 co'o could be expressed as=20 coinai. However, this is not generally done. Most of the COI cmavo are used in what are commonly called proto= col situations. These protocols are used, for example, in radio conversatio= ns, which often take place in a noisy environment. The negatives of protoco= l words tend to convey diametrically opposite communications situations (as= might be expected). Therefore, only one protocol vocative is dependent on= =20 @@ -1111,24 +1111,24 @@ Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant = in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, i= n a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only=20 =20 =20 nai, he or she can presume it is a negative ack= nowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.=20 provides more detail on th= is topic. The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses a= nd modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstract= ions connected by logical connectives:=20 su'ujeninai, which corresponds to=20 su'u jenai ni just as=20 punai je ca corresponds to=20 pu naje ca. It is not clear how much use logica= lly connected abstractors will be: see=20 - = . + . A=20 nai attached to a non-logical connective (of se= lma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false u= nder the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-= logical connectives are discussed in=20 - . + .
Truth questions One application of negation is in answer to truth questions (tho= se which expect the answers=20 Yes or=20 No). The truth question cmavo=20 xu is in selma'o UI; placed at the beginning of= a sentence, it asks whether the sentence as a whole is true or false. <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e8d1"/> @@ -1457,22 +1457,22 @@ <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate metalinguistically what is inc= orrect, preparatory to correcting it in a later sentence; for this reason, = we give=20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> the grammar of UI. The inclusion of=20 =20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-asse= rtion, and suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para> <para>Let us briefly indicate how the above-mentioned metalinguistic e= rrors can be identified. Other metalinguistic problems can then be marked b= y devising analogies to these examples:</para> <para>Existential failure can be marked by attaching=20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to the descriptor=20 <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> or the=20 <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> in a=20 <jbophrase>da poi</jbophrase>-form sumti. (See - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/> and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-quantifiers-section-restricted-claims"/> for = details on these constructions.) Remember that if a=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-basic-descriptors"/> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-restricted-claims"/> for details on these con= structions.) Remember that if a=20 <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent refer= ent, you may not understand what the speaker has in mind =E2=80=93 the appr= opriate response is then=20 <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, asking for clarification.</para> <para>Presupposition failure can be marked directly if the presupposit= ion is overt; if not, one can insert a=20 <quote>mock presupposition</quote> to question with the sumti tcita (s= elma'o BAI) word=20 <jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase>;=20 <jbophrase>ji'uku</jbophrase> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed= assumption, and=20 <jbophrase>ji'una'iku</jbophrase> metalinguistically says that somethi= ng is wrong with that assumption. (See=20 <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-tcita"/>.)</para> <para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with= selma'o BAI.=20 <jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase> has meaning=20 @@ -1494,21 +1494,21 @@ <quote>good</quote> is=20 <quote>bad</quote>.</para> <para>This mutual independence of gismu is only an ideal. Pragmaticall= y, people will categorize things based on their world-views. We will write = dictionary definitions that will relate gismu, unfortunately including some= of these world-view assumptions. Lojbanists should try to minimize these a= ssumptions, but this seems a likely area where logical rules will break dow= n (or where Sapir-Whorf effects will be made evident). In terms of negation= , however, it is vital that we clearly preserve the capability of denying a= presumably obvious scale or category assumption.</para> =20 <para>Solecisms, grammatical and spelling errors will be marked by mar= king the offending word or phrase with=20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> (in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). I= n this sense,=20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> becomes equivalent to the English metaling= uistic marker=20 <quote>[sic]</quote>. Purists may choose to use ZOI or LOhU/LEhU quote= s or=20 <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a tr= uly unparsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/t= ext. See=20 =20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/> for explanat= ions of these usages.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-parentheses"/> for explanations of these usag= es.</para> <para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form= of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more=20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate what metalinguistic errors hav= e been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References = to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma= 'o GOhA.=20 <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> at the beginning of a statement merely say= s that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.= </para> =20 <para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected= statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible= to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without corr= ecting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguist= ic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, meta= linguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseles= s expression.</para> =20 <para>Note that metalinguistic negation gives us another kind of legit= imate negative answer to a=20 =20 <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question (see=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-truth-questions"/>).=20 diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml index 22bde67..987b3d1 100644 --- a/todocbook/16.xml +++ b/todocbook/16.xml @@ -102,21 +102,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d2"/> [zo'e] viska mi Something-unspecified sees me. zo'e somethingunspecified definite with "zo'e" zo'eas a translation for "something" The= cmavo=20 zo'e indicates that a sumti has been omitted (i= ndeed, even=20 zo'e itself can be omitted in this case, as exp= lained in=20 - ) = and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other word= s,=20 + ) and the listener must fi= ll in the correct value from context. In other words,=20 means=20 You-know-what sees me. However,=20 is just as likely to assert= simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translat= ion is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d3"/> da zo'u da viska mi @@ -197,21 +197,21 @@ da zo'u le da gerku cu viska mi There-is-an-X such-that the of-X dog sees me Somebody's dog sees me somebody's dogexample is perfectly correct even= though the=20 da is used only in a possessive construction. (= Possessives are explained in=20 - .= ) + .) logical variables= when not in main bridi It is v= ery peculiar, however, even if technically grammatical, for the variable no= t to appear in the main bridi at all: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d8"/> da zo'u la ralf. gerku There is something such that Ralph is a dog. =20 @@ -382,21 +382,21 @@ =20 Each dog breathes. =20 All dogs breathe. =20 dog breathes=20 is a silly falsehood, but= =20 is an important truth (at l= east if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see=20 - ). Note the various col= loquial translations=20 + ). Note the various colloquial transla= tions=20 every dog,=20 each dog, and=20 all dogs. They all come to the same thing in Lojban, si= nce what is true of every dog is true of all dogs.=20 All dogs is treated as an English plural and the others= as singular, but Lojban makes no distinction. =20 If we make an existential claim about dogs rather than a univers= al one, we get: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e4d5"/> @@ -590,21 +590,21 @@ <gloss>For-at-least-two Xes : X sees me.</gloss> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>which would be false if nothing, or only one thing, saw the spea= ker, but not otherwise. We note the=20 <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> here meaning=20 <quote>at least</quote>;=20 <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> by itself is short for=20 <jbophrase>su'opa</jbophrase> where=20 <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> means=20 <quote>one</quote>, as is explained in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-approximation"/>.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-approximation"/>.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><= secondary>removing when numeric quantifiers present</secondary></indexterm>= The prenex may be removed from=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-3C69"/> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-mSzo"/> as from the others, leading= to:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-2r5v"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e6d4"/> re da viska mi Two Xes see me. @@ -747,21 +747,21 @@ which picks out two groups, one of three dogs and the other of t= wo men, and says that every one of the dogs bites each of the men. The seco= nd Lojban version uses forethought; note that=20 nu'u is an elidable terminator, and in this cas= e can be freely elided. roeffect of order when multiple in sentence indefinite sumticompared to sumti with lo sumti with locompared to i= ndefinite sumti quantified sumtidifferent types contrasted= for scope for distribution What about descriptors,= like=20 ci lo gerku,=20 le nanmu or=20 re le ci mlatu? They too can be grouped in term= sets, but usually need not be, except for the=20 lo case which functions like the case without a= descriptor. Unless an actual quantifier precedes it,=20 le nanmu means=20 ro le nanmu, as is explained in=20 - . Two= sumti with=20 + . Two sumti with=20 ro quantifiers are independent of order, so: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e7d6"/> [ro] le ci gerku cu batci [ro] le re nanmu [All of] the three dogs bite [all of] the two men. @@ -903,21 +903,21 @@
Negation boundaries "there is a = Y"expressionnotation conven= tion This section, as well as=20 through=20 , are in effect a continuatio= n of=20 , introducing features of Lojban n= egation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the exa= mples below,=20 there is a Y and the like must be understood as=20 =20 there is at least one Y, possibly more. bridi negationtwo forms of As explained in=20 - , the negat= ion of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting=20 + , the negation of a bridi is= usually accomplished by inserting=20 na at the beginning of the selbri: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e9d1"/> mi na klama le zarci I [false] go-to the store. It is false that I go to the store. I don't go to the store. @@ -1526,21 +1526,21 @@ nai,=20 na and=20 se modifier of the original connectives. Cancel= any double negatives that result. =20 =20 DeMorgan's Lawand moving a logical connective relative to "naku&qu= ot; = DeMorgan's Lawand distributing a negation<= /indexterm> distributing a n= egation When do we apply DeMorgan's Law? Whenever we = wish to=20 distribute a negation over a logical connective; and, f= or internal=20 naku negation, whenever a logical connective mo= ves in to, or out of, the scope of a negation =E2=80=93 when it crosses a n= egation boundary. nai= gi ge ga DeMorgan's L= awsample applications Let us a= pply DeMorgan's Law to some sample sentences. These sentences make use of f= orethought logical connectives, which are explained in=20 =20 - . It suffices to know that=20 + . It suffices = to know that=20 ga and=20 gi, used before each of a pair of sumti or brid= i, mean=20 either and=20 or respectively, and that=20 ge and=20 gi used similarly mean=20 both and=20 and. Furthermore,=20 ga,=20 ge, and=20 @@ -1587,21 +1587,21 @@ The=20 ga and=20 gi, meaning=20 either-or, have become=20 ge and=20 gi, meaning=20 both-and, as a consequence of moving the negators into = the individual bridi. DeMorgan's Lawand bridi-tail logical connection= bridi-tail logical connecti= onand DeMorgan's Law Here is a= nother example of DeMorgan's Law in action, involving bridi-tail logical co= nnection (explained in=20 =20 - ): + ): <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e12d4"/> la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla Jane to-the market [false] both walks and runs. @@ -1774,21 +1774,21 @@ What does=20 mean? The appearance of=20 ci da quantifies=20 da as referring to three things, which are rest= ricted by the relative clause to be cats. When=20 re da appears later, it refers to two of those = three things =E2=80=93 there is no saying which ones. Further uses of=20 da alone, if there were any, would refer once m= ore to the three cats, so the requantification of=20 da is purely local. prenex scopein abstractions prenex scopein relative cl= auses prenex scopein embedded bridi prenex scopeinformal prenex scopefor sentences joined by .i prenex = scopefor sentences joined by ijeks In general, the scope of a prenex that precedes a sentence extends to = following sentences that are joined by ijeks (explained in=20 - ) such= as the=20 + ) such as the=20 .ije in=20 . Theoretically, a bare=20 .i terminates the scope of the prenex. Informal= ly, however, variables may persist for a while even after an=20 .i, as if it were an=20 .ije. Prenexes that precede embedded bridi such= as relative clauses and abstractions extend only to the end of the clause,= as explained in=20 . A prenex preceding=20 tu'e ... tu'u long-scope brackets persists unti= l the=20 tu'u, which may be many sentences or even parag= raphs later. subscriptsuse with logical variables logical variables= creating more by subscripting If the variables=20 da,=20 diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml index 2a22526..51384c9 100644 --- a/todocbook/18.xml +++ b/todocbook/18.xml @@ -1543,21 +1543,21 @@ , all of these cmavo may= be preceded by=20 pi to make the corresponding quantifiers for pa= rt of a whole. For example,=20 pisu'o means=20 =20 at least some part of. The quantifiers=20 ro,=20 su'o,=20 piro, and=20 pisu'o are particularly important in Lojban, as= they are implicitly used in the descriptions introduced by the cmavo of se= lma'o LA and LE, as explained in=20 =20 - . Des= criptions in general are outside the scope of this chapter. + . Descriptions in g= eneral are outside the scope of this chapter.
Non-decimal and compound bases The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ju'u VUhU to the base @@ -1871,21 +1871,21 @@ =20 There are many rats in the park. In=20 , the conversion cmavo=20 se swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the = new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that th= e rats are=20 many with respect to some unspecified comparison set. =20 More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, a= nd individuals can be found in=20 - . + . moi= ordinal selbri<= /primary>definition ordinal selbriplace structu= re The cmavo=20 moi creates ordinal selbri. The place structure= is: =20 x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3 Some examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e11d5"/> @@ -2966,28 +2966,28 @@ <en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</= primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'= o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>firs= tly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D= "general-imported"><primary>chapter numbering</primary></indexterm> <index= term type=3D"general-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary><secondary>contrasted= with mai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><pr= imary>mai</primary><secondary>contrasted with mo'o</secondary></indexterm> = <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>div= ision numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> The difference between=20 <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> and=20 <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> is that=20 <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. = Each=20 <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> subdivision can then be divided into piece= s and internally numbered with=20 <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase>. If this chapter were translated into Lojba= n, each section would be numbered with=20 <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase>. (See=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-structure-section-utterance-ordinals"/> for m= ore on these words.)</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-utterance-ordinals"/> for more on these words= .)</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary>= </indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>once</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-impor= ted"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>numerical</secondary></indexterm> A= numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with=20 =20 <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase>. This usage generates tenses corresponding = to English=20 =20 <quote>once</quote>,=20 <quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed disc= ussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-interval-properties"/>.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary>= </indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>numerical tense= s</primary><secondary>effect on use of boi</secondary></indexterm> <indext= erm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception be= fore ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><pri= mary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MAI</secondary></indexterm> = <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary><seconda= ry>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type= =3D"general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on= use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator=20 <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member o= f MAI or ROI.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-explicit-operator-precedence"> <title>Explicit operator precedence =20 As mentioned earlier, Lojban does provide a way for the preceden= ces of operators to be explicitly declared, although current parsers do not= understand these declarations. SEI selma'o ti'= o The declaration is made in the form of a metalingui= stic comment using=20 =20 ti'o, a member of selma'o SEI.=20 @@ -3214,21 +3214,21 @@
mekso selma'o summary Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo. BOI elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings BY - lerfu for variables and functions (see ) + lerfu for variables and functions (see ) FUhA reverse-Polish flag GOhA includes du (mathematical equa= lity) and other non-mekso cmavo =20 diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml index 20b7d25..070c0eb 100644 --- a/todocbook/19.xml +++ b/todocbook/19.xml @@ -34,26 +34,26 @@ .i signals a new sentence on the same topic, no= t necessarily by the same speaker. The relationship between the sentences i= s left vague, except in stories, where the relationship usually is temporal= , and the following sentence states something that happened after the previ= ous sentence. =20 Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is ca= pitalized, the cmavo=20 .i is never capitalized. In writing, it is appr= opriate to place extra space before=20 .i to make it stand out better for the reader. = In some styles of Lojban writing, every=20 .i is placed at the beginning of a line, possib= ly leaving space at the end of the previous line. An=20 .i cmavo may or may not be used when the speake= r of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding = sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or no= t. An=20 .i cmavo can be compounded with a logical or no= n-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both:= these constructs are explained in=20 - ,=20 - , and=20 - . In a= ll cases, the=20 + ,=20 + , and=20 + . In all cases, the=20 .i comes first in the compound. Attitudinals ca= n also be attached to an=20 .i if they are meant to apply to the whole sent= ence: see=20 - . + . BO selma'o bo sentenc= esclose grouping There exist a= pair of mechanisms for binding a sequence of sentences closely together. I= f the=20 .i (with or without connectives) is followed by= =20 bo (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences bein= g separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connec= ted by=20 .i alone. TUhU selma'o<= /primary> TU= hE selma'o = tu'u tu'e titlespecifying with tu'e=E2=80=A6tu'u Similarly, a group of sentences can be preceded by=20 tu'e (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by=20 tu'u (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a sing= le unit. A common use of=20 tu'e ... tu'u is to group the sentences which c= ompose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from i= t by=20 .i. Another use might be a set of directions, w= here each numbered direction might be surrounded by=20 tu'e ... tu'u and contain one or more sentences= separated by=20 @@ -225,35 +225,35 @@ yu2 chi1 fish eat which is vague in exactly the same way. Grammatically, it is possible to have more than one sumti before= =20 zo'u. This is not normally useful in topic-comm= ent sentences, but is necessary in the other use of=20 =20 =20 zo'u: to separate a quantifying section from a = bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion o= f quantifier logic in Lojban (see=20 - ), but an e= xample would be: + ), but an example would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d7"/> roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da For-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y i= s the father of X. Every person has a father. The string of sumti before=20 zo'u (called the=20 prenex: see=20 - ) may conta= in both a topic and bound variables: + ) may contain both a topic and = bound variables: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d8"/> loi patfu roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da For-the-mass-of fathers for-all X which-are-persons, there-= exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X. As for fathers, every person has one. @@ -484,21 +484,21 @@ John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively.<= /en> =20 (Note: A mechanical substitution of=20 into=20 produces an ungrammatical r= esult, because=20 * ... le zarci fa'u le briju is= ungrammatical Lojban: the first=20 le zarci has to be closed with its proper termi= nator=20 ku, for reasons explained in=20 - . This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminator= s have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latte= r into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are e= ach separately grammatical.) + . This effect is no= t important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied= in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. T= he exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately gramm= atical.) GOhA selma'o<= /primary> mo= quest= ionsselbri Questions to be ans= wered with a selbri are expressed with=20 mo of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-brid= i: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e5d9"/> la lojban. mo Lojban [what selbri?] What is Lojban? @@ -537,31 +537,31 @@ =20 gi'i of GIhA,=20 =20 gu'i of GUhA, or=20 =20 je'i of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, o= r ijoik as an answer) =E2=80=93 see=20 =20 =20 ; attitudes = (using=20 pei of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an a= nswer) =E2=80=93 see=20 - ; place structures (using=20 + ; place structur= es (using=20 fi'a of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an a= nswer) =E2=80=93 see=20 =20 - ; tenses and modals = (using=20 + ; tenses and modals (using=20 cu'e of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cm= avo as an answer) =E2=80=93 see=20 - and=20 + and=20 . Questions can be marked by placing=20 pau (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. = See=20 =20 - for det= ails. + for details. The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to que= stions is: linked argume= nts ut= terancesnon-bridi any number o= f sumti (with elidable terminator=20 vau, see=20 ) an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see=20 ) @@ -582,39 +582,39 @@ a prenex/topic (to modify some previously expressed bridi, s= ee=20 ) linked arguments (beginning with=20 =20 be or=20 bei and attached to some previously express= ed selbri, often in a description, see=20 - ) + ) At the beginning of a text, the following non-bridi are also per= mitted: one or more names (to indicate direct address without=20 =20 doi, see=20 ) indicators (to express a prevailing attitude, see=20 ) nai (to vaguely negate something or other= , see=20 - ) + ) Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these ar= e made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversat= ion, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely becaus= e most of them are vague.
Subscripts: XI The following cmavo is discussed in this section: xi diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml index a9d20e2..70209f0 100644 --- a/todocbook/2.xml +++ b/todocbook/2.xml @@ -176,21 +176,21 @@ semi-letters: the period, the comma and the apostrophe.= The period represents a glottal stop or a pause; it is a required stoppage= of the flow of air in the speech stream. The apostrophe sounds just like t= he English letter=20 =20 h. Unlike a regular consonant, it is not found at the b= eginning or end of a word, nor is it found adjacent to a consonant; it is o= nly found between two vowels. The comma has no sound associated with it, an= d is used to separate syllables that might ordinarily run together. It is n= ot used in this chapter. stress<= secondary>quick-tour version Stress falls on the ne= xt to the last syllable of all words, unless that vowel is=20 y, which is never stressed; i= n such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one= syllable, then that syllable is not stressed. All Lojban words are pronounced as they are spelled: there are n= o silent letters.
Words that can act as sumti pro-sumtiquick-tour version Here is a short tab= le of single words used as sumti. This table provides examples only, not th= e entire set of such words, which may be found in=20 - . + . mi I/me, we/us do you @@ -228,21 +228,21 @@ the one/ones named Mary la djan. the one/ones named John Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other= languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojba= n names: see=20 - for more information.<= /para> + for more information.
Some words used to indicate selbri relations selbri list for q= uick tour Here is a short table of some words used as= Lojban selbri in this chapter: diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml index 0897eb9..d85b002 100644 --- a/todocbook/20.xml +++ b/todocbook/20.xml @@ -2,42 +2,42 @@ A Catalogue of selma'o
<!-- <h6>$Revision: 4.3 $<br /> mkhtml: 1.1</h6> --> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>selma'o</primary>= <secondary>cross-reference list of</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</te= rtiary></indexterm> The following paragraphs list all the selma'o of Lojban= , with a brief explanation of what each one is about, and reference to the = chapter number where each is explained more fully. As usual, all selma'o na= mes are given in capital letters (with =E2=80=9Ch=E2=80=9D serving as the c= apital of =E2=80=9C'=E2=80=9D) and are the names of a representative cmavo,= often the most important or the first in alphabetical order. One example i= s given of each selma'o: for selma'o which have several uses, the most comm= on use is shown.</para> <bridgehead> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>A</primary><second= ary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imp= orted"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiar= y>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>=20 - <anchor xml:id=3D"A"/> selma'o A (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-connectiv= es-section-sumti-connection"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"A"/> selma'o A (<xref linkend=3D"section-sumti-con= nection"/>) </bridgehead> <para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cor=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif=E2=80=9D), usually between sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. .a la djein. klama le zarci John and/or Jane goes to the store. </programlisting> =20 <para>Also used to create vowel lerfu words when followed with =E2=80= =9Cbu=E2=80=9D.</para> <bridgehead> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI</primary><seco= ndary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-i= mported"><primary>sumti place</primary><secondary>additional</secondary><te= rtiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>=20 - <anchor xml:id=3D"BAI"/> selma'o BAI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti= -tcita-section-BAI"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"BAI"/> selma'o BAI (<xref linkend=3D"section-BAI"/= >) </bridgehead> =20 <para>May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not o= therwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a s= ingle place of some other selbri.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi tavla bau la lojban. I speak in-language Lojban. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAhE</primary><sec= ondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-= imported"><primary>nonce word</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><terti= ary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-impo= rted"><primary>emphasis</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>se= lma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>=20 - <anchor xml:id=3D"BAhE"/> selma'o BAhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-bahe"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"BAhE"/> selma'o BAhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-bah= e"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (on= e invented for the occasion).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la ba'e .djordj. klama le zarci <emphasis>George</emphasis> goes to the store. It is George who goes to the store. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"BE"/> selma'o BE (<xref linkend=3D"section-be-sumt= i"/>) @@ -70,119 +70,119 @@ =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"BE"/>. Terminates sumti that are attached to a tanru = unit.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama be le zarci be'o troci I am-a-(goer to-the market) type-of-trier. I try to go to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhE"/> selma'o BIhE (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-simple-infix"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Prefixed to a mathematical operator to mark it as higher priorit= y than other mathematical operators, binding its operands more closely.</pa= ra> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li ci bi'e pi'u vo su'i mu du li paze The-number 3 [priority] times 4 plus 5 equals the-number 17. 3 =C3=97 4 + 5 =3D 17 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhI"/> selma'o BIhI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-con= nectives-section-non-logical-continued-continued"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhI"/> selma'o BIhI (<xref linkend=3D"section-non= -logical-continued-continued"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Joins sumti or tanru units (as well as some other things) to for= m intervals. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GAhO"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt. I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"BO"/> selma'o BO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-three-part-tanru"/>,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-negation-section-sumti-negation"/>,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-connectives-within-mekso"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-sumti-negation"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-connectives-within-mekso"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to b= ind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.=20 <xref linkend=3D"BO"/> is always high precedence and right-grouping.</= para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta cmalu nixli bo ckule That is-a-small type-of (girl type-of school). That is a small school for girls. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"BOI"/> selma'o BOI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-forethought"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"PA"/> or=20 <xref linkend=3D"BY"/>. Used to terminate a number (string of numeric = cmavo) or lerfu string (string of letter words) when another string immedia= tely follows.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li re du li vu'u voboi re The-number two equals the-number the-difference-of four-and two. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BU"/> selma'o BU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-lettera= ls-section-bu"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"BU"/> selma'o BU (<xref linkend=3D"section-bu"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A suffix which can be attached to any word, typically a word rep= resenting a letter of the alphabet or else a name, to make a word for a sym= bol or a different letter of the alphabet. In particular, attached to singl= e-vowel cmavo to make words for vowel letters.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .abu .ebu .ibu .obu .ubu .ybu a, e, i, o, u, y. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BY"/> selma'o BY (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-lettera= ls-section-lerfu-liste"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"BY"/> selma'o BY (<xref linkend=3D"section-lerfu-l= iste"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Words representing the letters of the Lojban alphabet, plus vari= ous shift words which alter the interpretation of other letter words. Termi= nated by BOI.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .abu tavla .by le la .ibymym. skami A talks-to B about-the of-IBM computers. A talks to B about IBM computers. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CAI"/> selma'o CAI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-attit= udinals-section-intensity-scale"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"CAI"/> selma'o CAI (<xref linkend=3D"section-inten= sity-scale"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates the intensity of an emotion: maximum, strong, weak, or= not at all. Typically follows another particle which specifies the emotion= .</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .ei cai mi klama le zarci [Obligation!] [Intense!] I go-to the market. I must go to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CAhA"/> selma'o CAhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-caha"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"CAhA"/> selma'o CAhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-cah= a"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential = (achieved or not), or merely an innate capability.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ro datka ka'e flulimna All ducks [capability] are-float-swimmers. All ducks have the capability of swimming by floating. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CEI"/> selma'o CEI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-anaph= oric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-series"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"CEI"/> selma'o CEI (<xref linkend=3D"section-koha-= broda-series"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: = =E2=80=9Cbroda=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cbrode=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cbrodi=E2=80=9D, = =E2=80=9Cbrodo=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cbrodu=E2=80=9D, for later use.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda .i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu This is a plastic cat-food can cover, or thingy. The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"CEhE"/> selma'o CEhE (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-termsets"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-quantifier-grouping"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associ= ate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or f= or special constructs in tenses.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of. I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James. </programlisting> <bridgehead> @@ -202,44 +202,44 @@ </bridgehead> =20 <para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocat= ive: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). = Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewel= l, and radio communication. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"DOhU"/>. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"DOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> coi .djan. Greetings, John. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CU"/> selma'o CU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-t= cita-section-cu"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"CU"/> selma'o CU (<xref linkend=3D"section-cu"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Separates the selbri of a bridi from any sumti which precede it.= Never strictly necessary, but often useful to eliminate various elidable t= erminators.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le gerku cu klama le zarci The dog goes to-the store. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CUhE"/> selma'o CUhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-tense-questions"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"CUhE"/> selma'o CUhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-ten= se-questions"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Forms a question which asks when, where, or in what mode the res= t of the bridi is true. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"PU"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"CAhA"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"TAhE"/>, and=20 <xref linkend=3D"BAI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> do cu'e klama le zarci You [When/Where?] go to-the store? When are you going to the store? </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ana= phoric-cmavo-section-daho"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-dah= o"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o= =20 <xref linkend=3D"KOhA"/>) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOhA"/>).</para> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"DOI"/> selma'o DOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-vocat= ive-scales"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without= =20 @@ -256,140 +256,140 @@ =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"COI"/> or=20 <xref linkend=3D"DOI"/>. Signals the end of a vocative.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> coi do'u Greetings [terminator] Greetings, O unspecified one! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FA"/> selma'o FA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-t= cita-section-FA"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FA"/> selma'o FA (<xref linkend=3D"section-FA"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Prefix for a sumti, indicating which numbered place in the place= structure the sumti belongs in; overrides word order.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> fa mi cu klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce x1=3D I go x3=3D Atlanta x2=3D Boston x4=3D the road x5=3D the car. I go from Atlanta to Boston via the road using the car. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhA"/> selma'o FAhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-spatial-tenses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhA"/> selma'o FAhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-spa= tial-tenses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies the direction in which, or toward which (when marked w= ith=20 <xref linkend=3D"MOhI"/>) or along which (when prefixed by=20 <xref linkend=3D"VEhA"/> or=20 <xref linkend=3D"VIhA"/>) the action of the bridi takes place.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku The man [left] bites the dog. To my left, the man bites the dog. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhO"/> selma'o FAhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-faho"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhO"/> selma'o FAhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-fah= o"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A mechanical signal, outside the grammar, indicating that there = is no more text. Useful in talking to computers.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhE"/> selma'o FEhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-fehe"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhE"/> selma'o FEhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-feh= e"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates that the following interval modifier (using=20 <xref linkend=3D"TAhE"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"ROI"/>, or=20 <xref linkend=3D"ZAhO"/>) refers to space rather than time.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni You-imperative [1-dimensional] [space] [regularly] sow the grain. Sow the grain in a line and evenly! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhU"/> selma'o FEhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sum= ti-tcita-section-selbri-modals"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhU"/> selma'o FEhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-sel= bri-modals"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"FIhO"/>. Indicates the end of an ad hoc modal tag: th= e tagged sumti immediately follows.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing I see you with the left eye. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FIhO"/> selma'o FIhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sum= ti-tcita-section-selbri-modals"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FIhO"/> selma'o FIhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-sel= bri-modals"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal = tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"BAI"/>. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"FEhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska do fi'o kanla le zunle I see you with eye the left-thing I see you with my left eye. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FOI"/> selma'o FOI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-lette= rals-section-accents"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FOI"/> selma'o FOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-accen= ts"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Signals the end of a compound alphabet letter word that begins w= ith=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEI"/>. Not an elidable terminator.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> tei .ebu .akut. bu foi ( =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D =E2=80=9Cacute=E2=80=9D ) the letter =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D with an acute accent </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhA"/> selma'o FUhA (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-reverse-polish-notation"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-reverse-polish-notation"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates that the following mathematical expression is to be in= terpreted as reverse Polish (RP), a mode in which mathematical operators fo= llow their operands.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li fu'a reboi re[boi] su'i du li vo the-number [RP!] two, two, plus equals the-number four 2 + 2 =3D 4 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhE"/> selma'o FUhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-attitudinal-scope"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhE"/> selma'o FUhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-att= itudinal-scope"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates that the following indicator(s) of selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"UI"/> affect not the preceding word, as usual, but ra= ther all following words until a=20 <xref linkend=3D"FUhO"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor I see the owner of a blue house, or what I believe to be one. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhO"/> selma'o FUhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-attitudinal-scope"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhO"/> selma'o FUhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-att= itudinal-scope"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Cancels all indicators of selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"UI"/> which are in effect.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor. I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GA"/> selma'o GA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-connect= ives-section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"GA"/> selma'o GA (<xref linkend=3D"section-foretho= ught-bridi-connection"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected sumti, bridi-= tails, or various other things. Logical connections include =E2=80=9Cboth .= .. and=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ceither ... or=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif ... then=E2= =80=9D, and so on. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both). </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GAhO"/> selma'o GAhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-con= nectives-section-non-logical-continued-continued"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"GAhO"/> selma'o GAhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-non= -logical-continued-continued"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies whether an interval specified by=20 <xref linkend=3D"BIhI"/> includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in p= airs before and after the=20 <xref linkend=3D"BIhI"/> cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left= - and the right-hand endpoints.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt. I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfu= rt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both. </programlisting> @@ -398,116 +398,116 @@ </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOI"/>. Marks the end of a relative phrase. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"KUhO"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu John (referred to as it-1) is-blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GI"/> selma'o GI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-connect= ives-section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"GI"/> selma'o GI (<xref linkend=3D"section-foretho= ught-bridi-connection"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Separates two logically or non-logically connected sumti, tanru = units, bridi-tails, or other things, when the prefix is a forethought conne= ctive involving=20 <xref linkend=3D"GA"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"GUhA"/>, or=20 <xref linkend=3D"JOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu (It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GIhA"/> selma'o GIhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-con= nectives-section-six-types"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"GIhA"/> selma'o GIhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-six= -types"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies a logical connective (e.g. =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cor=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif=E2=80=9D) between two bridi-tails: a bridi-t= ail is a selbri with any associated following sumti, but not including any = preceding sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan. I go-to the market and like John. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"GOI"/> selma'o GOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-relat= ive-phrases"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a= subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by= =20 <xref linkend=3D"GEhU"/> See=20 <xref linkend=3D"NOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu John (referred to as it-1) is blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GOhA"/> selma'o GOhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ana= phoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"GOhA"/> selma'o GOhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-ri-= gohi-series"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of briv= la. There are several groups of these.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> A: mi klama le zarci B: mi go'i A: I'm going to the market. B: Me, too. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GUhA"/> selma'o GUhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-con= nectives-section-six-types"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"GUhA"/> selma'o GUhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-six= -types"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. = Takes the place of=20 <xref linkend=3D"GA"/> when forming logically-connected tanru. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi blanu Alice is both rich and blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"I"/> selma'o I (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structure= -section-i"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"I"/> selma'o I (<xref linkend=3D"section-i"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Separates two sentences from each other.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama le zarci .i mi klama le zdani I go-to the market. I go-to the office. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"JA"/> selma'o JA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-connect= ives-section-six-types"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"JA"/> selma'o JA (<xref linkend=3D"section-six-typ= es"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cor=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif=E2=80=9D) between two tanru units, mathemati= cal operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ti blanu je zdani This is-blue and a-house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"JAI"/> selma'o JAI (<xref linkend=3D"section-modal= -jai"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator= attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1 place o= f the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging the x1 place = of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with one of the places of= the abstracted-over bridi.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi jai gau galfi le bitmu skari I am-the-actor-in modifying the wall color. I act so as to modify the wall color. I change the color of the wall. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"JOI"/> selma'o JOI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-conne= ctives-section-non-logical-connectives"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"JOI"/> selma'o JOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-non-l= ogical-connectives"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies a non-logical connection (e.g. together-with-as-mass, = -set, or -sequence) between two sumti, tanru units, or various other things= . When immediately followed by=20 <xref linkend=3D"GI"/>, provides forethought non-logical connection an= alogous to=20 <xref linkend=3D"GA"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno John massed-with Alice carry the piano. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"JOhI"/> selma'o JOhI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-vectors-matrices"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-vectors-matrices"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates that the following mathematical operands (a list termi= nated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU"/>) form a mathematical vector (one-dimensional = array).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du li jo'i voboi xaboi The-number array( one, two ) plus array( three, four) equals the-number array (four, six). (1,2) + (3,4) =3D (4,6) @@ -523,21 +523,21 @@ <xref linkend=3D"VEI"/> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"VEhO"/>) or discursive (see=20 <xref linkend=3D"TO"/> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"TOI"/>) purposes.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school. That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KEI"/> selma'o KEI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-abstr= actions-section-syntax"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"KEI"/> selma'o KEI (<xref linkend=3D"section-synta= x"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"NU"/>. Marks the end of an abstraction bridi.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer. John wants to be a soldier. </programlisting> <bridgehead> @@ -545,211 +545,211 @@ </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"KE"/>. Marks the end of a grouping.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school. That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KI"/> selma'o KI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-tenses-= section-sticky-tenses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"KI"/> selma'o KI (<xref linkend=3D"section-sticky-= tenses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it =E2=80=9Csticky=E2= =80=9D, so that it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appe= arance of=20 <xref linkend=3D"KI"/>. When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.</par= a> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"KOhA"/> selma'o KOhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-ana= phoric-cmavo-introduction"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute = for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-th= an this-thing. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"KU"/> selma'o KU (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-basic-descriptors"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-tenses-introduction"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"LE"/> and some uses of=20 <xref linkend=3D"LA"/>. Indicates the end of a description sumti. Also= used after a tense or modal to indicate that no sumti follows, and in the = compound=20 <xref linkend=3D"NA"/>+=20 <xref linkend=3D"KU"/> to indicate natural language-style negation.</p= ara> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le prenu ku le zdani ku klama The person, to-the house, goes. The person goes to the house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhE"/> selma'o KUhE (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-forethought"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"PEhO"/>: indicates the end of a forethought mathemati= cal expression (one in which the operator precedes the operands).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li pe'o su'i reboi reboi re[boi] ku'e du li xa The number [forethought] the-sum-of two two two [end] equals the-num= ber six. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhO"/> selma'o KUhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-rel= ative-clauses-section-poi"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhO"/> selma'o KUhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-poi= "/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"NOI"/>. Indicates the end of a relative clause.</para= > <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le zdani poi blanu ku'o barda The house which is-blue is-big. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LA"/> selma'o LA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-s= ection-basic-descriptors"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LA"/> selma'o LA (<xref linkend=3D"section-basic-d= escriptors"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which= identify people or things by name. Similar to=20 <xref linkend=3D"LE"/>. May be terminated with=20 <xref linkend=3D"KU"/> if followed by a description selbri.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la kikeros. du la tulis. Cicero is Tully. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LAU"/> selma'o LAU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-lette= rals-section-lerfu-cmavo-summary"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LAU"/> selma'o LAU (<xref linkend=3D"section-lerfu= -cmavo-summary"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Combines with the following alphabetic letter to represent a sin= gle marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font, punctuation, e= tc.)</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> tau sy. .ibu [single-shift] =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D =E2=80=9Ci=E2=80=9D Si (chemical symbol for silicon) </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LAhE"/> selma'o LAhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sum= ti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LAhE"/> selma'o LAhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-sum= ti-qualifiers"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Qualifiers which, when prefixed to a sumti, change it into anoth= er sumti with related meaning. Qualifiers can also consist of a cmavo from = selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"NAhE"/> plus=20 <xref linkend=3D"BO"/>. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"LUhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska la'e zoi kuot. A Tale of Two Cities .kuot I see that-represented-by the-text =E2=80=9CA Tale of Two Cities=E2= =80=9D. I see the book =E2=80=9CA Tale of Two Cities=E2=80=9D. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LE"/> selma'o LE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-s= ection-basic-descriptors"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LE"/> selma'o LE (<xref linkend=3D"section-basic-d= escriptors"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or speci= fy things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KU"/>. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"LA"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le gerku cu klama le zdani The dog goes-to the house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LEhU"/> selma'o LEhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-quotations"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LEhU"/> selma'o LEhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-quo= tations"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates the end of a quotation begun with=20 <xref linkend=3D"LOhU"/>. Not an elidable terminator.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> lo'u mi du do du mi le'u cu na lojbo drani [quote] mi du do du mi [unquote] is-not Lojbanically correct. =E2=80=9Cmi du do du mi=E2=80=9D is not correct Lojban. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"LI"/> selma'o LI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-simple-infix"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Descriptors which change numbers or other mathematical expressio= ns into sumti which specify numbers or numerical expressions. Terminated by= =20 <xref linkend=3D"LOhO"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li re su'u re na du li vo su'i vo The-number 2 minus 2 not equals the-number 4 plus 4. 2 - 2 =E2=89=A0 4 + 4 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LIhU"/> selma'o LIhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-quotations"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LIhU"/> selma'o LIhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-quo= tations"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"LU"/>. Indicates the end of a text quotation.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote]. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"LOhO"/> selma'o LOhO (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-connectives-within-mekso"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-connectives-within-mekso"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"LI"/>. Indicates the end of a mathematical expression= used in a=20 <xref linkend=3D"LI"/> description.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vo lo'o li ci lo'o cu zmadu The-number 4 [end number], the number 3 [end number], is greater. 4 > 3 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LOhU"/> selma'o LOhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-quotations"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LOhU"/> selma'o LOhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-quo= tations"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is gramma= tical as long as the quoted material consists of Lojban words, whether they= form a text or not. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"LEhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> do cusku lo'u mi du do du ko'a le'u You express [quote] mi du do du ko'a [end quote]. You said, =E2=80=9Cmi du do du ko'a=E2=80=9D. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LU"/> selma'o LU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structu= re-section-quotations"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LU"/> selma'o LU (<xref linkend=3D"section-quotati= ons"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is gramma= tical only if the quoted material also forms a grammatical Lojban text. Ter= minated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"LIhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote]. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LUhU"/> selma'o LUhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-sum= ti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"LUhU"/> selma'o LUhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-sum= ti-qualifiers"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"LAhE"/> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"NAhE"/>+=20 <xref linkend=3D"BO"/>. Indicates the end of a qualified sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska la'e lu barda gerku li'u lu'u I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref] I saw =E2=80=9CBig Dog=E2=80=9D [not the words, but a book or movie]= . </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"MAI"/> selma'o MAI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-other-mekso-uses"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-other-mekso-uses"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-structure-introduction"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a = free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> pamai mi pu klama le zarci 1-thly, I [past] go to-the market. First, I went to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"MAhO"/> selma'o MAhO (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-forethought"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Produces a mathematical operator from a letter or other operand.= Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU"/>. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"VUhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ma'o fy. boi xy. [operator] f x <emphasis>f(x)</emphasis> </programlisting> @@ -772,450 +772,450 @@ =20 <para>The elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"ME"/>. Indicates the end of a sumti converted to a ta= nru unit.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta me mi me'u zdani That's a me type of house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"MOI"/> selma'o MOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-place-conversion"/>,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various n= umerically-based selbri.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. joi la frank. cu bruna remei John in-a-mass-with Frank are-a-brother-type-of twosome. John and Frank are two brothers. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhE"/> selma'o MOhE (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Produces a mathematical operand from a sumti; used to make dimen= sioned units. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals. 2 rats + 2 rabbits =3D 4 animals. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhI"/> selma'o MOhI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-movement"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhI"/> selma'o MOhI (<xref linkend=3D"section-mov= ement"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense flag indicating movement in space, in a direction specif= ied by a following=20 <xref linkend=3D"FAhA"/> cmavo.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice. The child walks toward my right on the ice. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"NA"/> selma'o NA (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-negation-section-other-negation"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-six-types"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-other-negation"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Contradictory negators, asserting that a whole bridi is false (o= r true).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi na klama le zarci It is not true that I go to the market. </programlisting> =20 <para>Also used to construct logical connective compound cmavo.</para> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"NAI"/> selma'o NAI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-negation-section-other-negation"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-six-types"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-other-negation"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Negates the previous word, but can only be used with certain sel= ma'o as specified by the grammar.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhE"/> selma'o NAhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-neg= ation-section-nahe"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhE"/> selma'o NAhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-nah= e"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Scalar negators, modifying a selbri or a sumti to a value other = than the one stated, the opposite of the one stated, etc. Also used with fo= llowing=20 <xref linkend=3D"BO"/> to construct a sumti qualifier; see=20 <xref linkend=3D"LAhE"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta na'e blanu zdani That is-a-non- blue house. That is a house which is other than blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhU"/> selma'o NAhU (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Creates a mathematical operator from a selbri. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU"/>. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"VUhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i The-number the-operator tangent (=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">=CF=80</phrase> / 2 ) =3D the-number infinity. tan( <phrase role=3D"IPA">=CF=80</phrase>/2) =3D =E2=88=9E </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhE"/> selma'o NIhE (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-lojban-within-mekso"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Creates a mathematical operand from a selbri, usually a =E2=80= =9Cni=E2=80=9D abstraction. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume. Length =C3=97 Width =C3=97 Depth =3D Volume </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhO"/> selma'o NIhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-niho"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhO"/> selma'o NIhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-nih= o"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Marks the beginning of a new paragraph, and indicates whether it= contains old or new subject matter.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NOI"/> selma'o NOI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-relat= ive-clauses-section-poi"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"NOI"/> selma'o NOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-poi"/= >) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Introduces relative clauses. The following bridi modifies the pr= eceding sumti. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KUhO"/>. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le zdani poi blanu cu cmalu The house which is blue is small. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NU"/> selma'o NU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-abstrac= tions-section-syntax"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"NU"/> selma'o NU (<xref linkend=3D"section-syntax"= />) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Abstractors which, when prefixed to a bridi, create abstraction = selbri. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KEI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] John desires the event-of being-a-soldier. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhA"/> selma'o NUhA (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-other-mekso-uses"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-other-mekso-uses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Creates a selbri from a mathematical operator. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"VUhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5 </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhI"/> selma'o NUhI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"section-termsets"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-quantifier-grouping"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Marks the beginning of a termset, which is used to make simultan= eous claims involving two or more different places of a selbri. Terminated = by=20 <xref linkend=3D"NUhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u] I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house = from-the school. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhU"/> selma'o NUhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-con= nectives-section-termsets"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhU"/> selma'o NUhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-ter= msets"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"NUhI"/>. Marks the end of a termset.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u] I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house = from-the school. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"PA"/> selma'o PA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-mekso-numbers"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Digits and related quantifiers (some, all, many, etc.). Terminat= ed by=20 <xref linkend=3D"BOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi speni re ninmu I am-married-to two women. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhE"/> selma'o PEhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-con= nectives-section-termsets"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhE"/> selma'o PEhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-ter= msets"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Precedes a logical or non-logical connective that joins two term= sets. Termsets (see=20 <xref linkend=3D"CEhE"/>) are used to associate several terms for logi= cal connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in t= enses.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of. I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhO"/> selma'o PEhO (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-forethought"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>An optional signal of forethought mathematical operators, which = precede their operands. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KUhE"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vo du li pe'o su'i reboi re The-number four equals the-number [forethought] sum-of two two. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"PU"/> selma'o PU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-tenses-= section-temporal-tenses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"PU"/> selma'o PU (<xref linkend=3D"section-tempora= l-tenses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither).</pa= ra> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi pu klama le zarci I [past] go-to the market. I went to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"RAhO"/> selma'o RAhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ana= phoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"RAhO"/> selma'o RAhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-ri-= gohi-series"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicit= ly attached to a pro-bridi (see=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOhA"/>) to fit the current context rather than the o= riginal context.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i A: I [future] wash my car. B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A's car). A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i ra'o A: I [future] wash my car. B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B's car). </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ROI"/> selma'o ROI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-tense= s-section-interval-properties"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ROI"/> selma'o ROI (<xref linkend=3D"section-inter= val-properties"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once= , twice, many times).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi reroi klama le zarci I twice go-to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SA"/> selma'o SA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structu= re-section-erasure"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"SA"/> selma'o SA (<xref linkend=3D"section-erasure= "/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama sa do klama le zarci I go, er, you go-to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"SE"/> selma'o SE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-place-conversion"/>,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-SE"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging= the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le zarci cu se klama mi The market is-gone-to by me. </programlisting> =20 <para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</= para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SEI"/> selma'o SEI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-struc= ture-section-parentheses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"SEI"/> selma'o SEI (<xref linkend=3D"section-paren= theses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment o= n the main bridi. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"SEhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la frank. prami sei gleki [se'u] la djein. Frank loves (he is happy) Jane. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SEhU"/> selma'o SEhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-parentheses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"SEhU"/> selma'o SEhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-par= entheses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"SEI"/> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"SOI"/>. Ends metalinguistic insertions.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la frank. prami sei gleki se'u la djein. Frank loves (he is happy) Jane. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SI"/> selma'o SI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structu= re-section-erasure"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"SI"/> selma'o SI (<xref linkend=3D"section-erasure= "/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Erases the previous single word.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi si do klama le zarci I, er, you go to-the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SOI"/> selma'o SOI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-anaph= oric-cmavo-section-voha-series"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"SOI"/> selma'o SOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-voha-= series"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like =E2=80=9Cvice versa=E2= =80=9D in English).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi prami do soi mi I love you [reciprocally] me. I love you and vice versa. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SU"/> selma'o SU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structu= re-section-erasure"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"SU"/> selma'o SU (<xref linkend=3D"section-erasure= "/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Closes and erases the entire previous discourse.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TAhE"/> selma'o TAhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-interval-properties"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"TAhE"/> selma'o TAhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-int= erval-properties"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of ti= me or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le verba ta'e klama le ckule The child habitually goes to-the school. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TEI"/> selma'o TEI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-lette= rals-section-accents"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"TEI"/> selma'o TEI (<xref linkend=3D"section-accen= ts"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Signals the beginning of a compound letter word, which acts gram= matically like a single letter. Compound letter words end with the non-elid= able selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"FOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> tei .ebu .akut. bu foi ( =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D =E2=80=9Cacute=E2=80=9D ) the letter =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D with an acute accent </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"TEhU"/> selma'o TEhU (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-vectors-matrices"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-vectors-matrices"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"JOhI"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"MAhO"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"MOhE"/>,=20 <xref linkend=3D"NAhU"/>, or=20 <xref linkend=3D"NIhE"/>. Marks the end of a mathematical conversion c= onstruct.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du li jo'i voboi xaboi The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals the-number array( four, six). (1,2) + (3,4) =3D (4,6) </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TO"/> selma'o TO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structu= re-section-parentheses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"TO"/> selma'o TO (<xref linkend=3D"section-parenth= eses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Term= inated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TOI"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mla= tu O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you se= e the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TOI"/> selma'o TOI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-struc= ture-section-parentheses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"TOI"/> selma'o TOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-paren= theses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"TO"/>. The right discursive parenthesis.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mla= tu O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you se= e the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhE"/> selma'o TUhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-i"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhE"/> selma'o TUhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-i"/= >) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Groups multiple sentences or paragraphs into a logical unit. Ter= minated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TUhU"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> lo xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi citno .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o [= tu'u] Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old. As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old = [is best]. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-str= ucture-section-i"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-i"/= >) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"TUhE"/>. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.<= /para> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"UI"/> selma'o UI (<xref linkend=3D"section-attitud= inals-introduction"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source= of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .ui la djan. klama [Happiness!] John is-coming. Hurrah! John is coming! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VA"/> selma'o VA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-tenses-= section-spatial-tenses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"VA"/> selma'o VA (<xref linkend=3D"section-spatial= -tenses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).</p= ara> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le nanmu va batci le gerku The man [medium distance] bites the dog. Over there the man is biting the dog. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VAU"/> selma'o VAU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-conne= ctives-section-compound-bridi"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"VAU"/> selma'o VAU (<xref linkend=3D"section-compo= und-bridi"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for a simple bridi, or for each bridi-tail o= f a=20 <xref linkend=3D"GIhA"/> logical connection.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi dunda le cukta [vau] gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do [vau] I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"VEI"/> selma'o VEI (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-simple-infix"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Left mathematical parenthesis: groups mathematical operations. T= erminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"VEhO"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa The-number (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus one) times (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D= plus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times-=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus 1. (n + 1)(n + 1) =3D n <superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhA"/> selma'o VEhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-interval-sizes"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhA"/> selma'o VEhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-int= erval-sizes"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, mediu= m, or short).</para> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhO"/> selma'o VEhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-que= stions-and-answers"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"VEI"/>: right mathematical parenthesis.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa The-number (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus one) times (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D= plus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times-=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus 1. (n + 1)(n + 1) =3D n <superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VIhA"/> selma'o VIhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-dimensionality"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"VIhA"/> selma'o VIhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-dim= ensionality"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense indicating dimensionality in space (line, plane, volume,= or space-time interval).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice. In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"VUhO"/> selma'o VUhO (=20 @@ -1223,21 +1223,21 @@ </bridgehead> =20 <para>Attaches relative clauses or phrases to a whole (possibly connec= ted) sumti, rather than simply to the leftmost portion of the sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la frank. ce la djordj. vu'o noi gidva cu zvati le kumfa Frank [in-set-with] George, which are-guides, are-in the room. Frank and George, who are guides, are in the room. </programlisting> <bridgehead> <anchor xml:id=3D"VUhU"/> selma'o VUhU (=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>) + <xref linkend=3D"section-simple-infix"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Mathematical operators (e.g. +, =E2=88=92). See=20 <xref linkend=3D"MAhO"/>.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li mu vu'u re du li ci The-number 5 minus 2 equals the-number 3. 5 =E2=88=92 2 =3D 3 </programlisting> <bridgehead> @@ -1246,99 +1246,99 @@ </bridgehead> =20 <para>The subscript marker: the following number or lerfu string is a = subscript for whatever precedes it.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> xy. xi re x sub 2 x <subscript>2</subscript> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"Y"/> selma'o Y (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structure= -section-hesitation"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"Y"/> selma'o Y (<xref linkend=3D"section-hesitatio= n"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Hesitation noise: content-free, but holds the floor or continues= the conversation. It is different from silence in that silence may be inte= rpreted as having nothing more to say.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi .y. .y. .djan O, uh, uh, John! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZAhO"/> selma'o ZAhO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-event-contours"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZAhO"/> selma'o ZAhO (<xref linkend=3D"section-eve= nt-contours"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginn= ing, ending, continuing).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi pu'o damba I [inchoative] fight. I'm on the verge of fighting. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEI"/> selma'o ZEI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-morph= ology-section-rafsi"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEI"/> selma'o ZEI (<xref linkend=3D"section-rafsi= "/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands b= etween into the equivalent of a lujvo.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta xy. zei kantu kacma That is-an-(X =E2=80=93 ray) camera. That is an X-ray camera. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEhA"/> selma'o ZEhA (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-ten= ses-section-interval-sizes"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEhA"/> selma'o ZEhA (<xref linkend=3D"section-int= erval-sizes"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in time (long, medium= , or short).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi puze'a citka I [past] [short interval] eat. I ate for a little while. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZI"/> selma'o ZI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-tenses-= section-temporal-tenses"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZI"/> selma'o ZI (<xref linkend=3D"section-tempora= l-tenses"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>A tense indicating distance in time (a long, medium or short tim= e ago or in the future).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi puzi citka I [past] [short distance] eat. I ate a little while ago. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZIhE"/> selma'o ZIhE (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-rel= ative-clauses-section-zihe"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZIhE"/> selma'o ZIhE (<xref linkend=3D"section-zih= e"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Joins multiple relative phrases or clauses which apply to the sa= me sumti. Although generally translated with =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, it is n= ot considered a logical connective.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ponse pa gerku ku poi blabi zi'e noi mi prami ke'a I own one dog such-that it-is-white and such-that-incidentally I lov= e it. I own a dog that is white and which, incidentally, I love. I own a white dog, which I love. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZO"/> selma'o ZO (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-structu= re-section-more-quotations"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZO"/> selma'o ZO (<xref linkend=3D"section-more-qu= otations"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Single-word quotation: quotes the following single Lojban word.<= /para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> zo si cu lojbo valsi The-word =E2=80=9Csi=E2=80=9D is-a-Lojbanic word. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOI"/> selma'o ZOI (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-struc= ture-section-more-quotations"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOI"/> selma'o ZOI (<xref linkend=3D"section-more-= quotations"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Non-Lojban quotation: quotes any text using a delimiting word (w= hich can be any single Lojban word) placed before and after the text. The d= elimiting word must not appear in the text, and must be separated from the = text by pauses.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> zoi kuot. Socrates is mortal .kuot. cu glico jufra The-text =E2=80=9CSocrates is mortal=E2=80=9D is-an-English sentence= . </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOhU"/> selma'o ZOhU (<xref linkend=3D"chapter-qua= ntifiers-section-da-and-zohu"/>, <xref linkend=3D"chapter-structure-section= -topic-comments"/>) + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOhU"/> selma'o ZOhU (<xref linkend=3D"section-da-= and-zohu"/>, <xref linkend=3D"section-topic-comments"/>) </bridgehead> =20 <para>Separates a logical prenex from a bridi or group of sentences to= which it applies. Also separates a topic from a comment in topic/comment s= entences.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> su'o da poi remna ro da poi finpe zo'u da prami de For-at-least-one X which is-a-man, for-all Ys which are-fish : X lov= es Y There is a man who loves all fish. </programlisting> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml index 2c512c2..5e8a4e0 100644 --- a/todocbook/3.xml +++ b/todocbook/3.xml @@ -324,21 +324,21 @@ <xref linkend=3D"chapter-morphology"/>. In addition, the apostrophe vi= sually parallels the comma and the period, which are also used (in differen= t ways) to separate syllables.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>unvoiced vowel gl= ide</primary><secondary>apostrophe as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm t= ype=3D"general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>purpose of= </secondary></indexterm> The apostrophe is included in Lojban only to enabl= e a smooth transition between vowels, while joining the vowels within a sin= gle word. In fact, one way to think of the apostrophe is as representing an= unvoiced vowel glide.</para> =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</prima= ry><secondary>variant of</secondary></indexterm> As a permitted variant, an= y unvoiced fricative other than those already used in Lojban may be used to= render the apostrophe: IPA=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">[=CE=B8]</phrase> is one possibility. The conveni= ence of the listener should be regarded as paramount in deciding to use a s= ubstitute for=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">[h]</phrase>.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><s= econdary>representation of in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm ty= pe=3D"general-imported"><primary>glottal stop</primary><secondary>as pause = in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><pr= imary>period</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The = period represents a mandatory pause, with no specified length; a glottal st= op (IPA=20 =20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">[=CA=94]</phrase>) is considered a pause of short= est length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and= in certain cases =E2=80=93 explained in detail in=20 =20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-morphology-section-pauses"/> =E2=80=93 must o= ccur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a = pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</par= a> + <xref linkend=3D"section-pauses"/> =E2=80=93 must occur. In particular= , a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word e= nding in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>period</primary><= secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> Technically, the period is an op= tional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the = rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing perio= d can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as= an aid to the reader.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>period</primary><= secondary>within a word</secondary></indexterm> A period also may be found = apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is n= ot one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a= unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a spac= e between words if a period appears.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><s= econdary>contrasted with syllable break</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm= type=3D"general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>cont= rasted with pause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-impor= ted"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</= secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>comma= </primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The comma is use= d to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obv= ious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indi= cates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. = Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necess= ary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words= . It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA=20 =20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">[h]</phrase>) sound in pronouncing a comma. Howev= er, a comma cannot be pronounced as a pause or glottal stop between the two= letters separated by the comma, because that pronunciation would split the= word into two words.</para> =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><s= econdary>optional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-impor= ted"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>main use of</secondary></indexterm>= Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabi= c=20 <jbophrase role=3D"letteral">l</jbophrase>,=20 <jbophrase role=3D"letteral">m</jbophrase>,=20 <jbophrase role=3D"letteral">n</jbophrase>, or=20 @@ -617,21 +617,21 @@ <member><jbophrase>y'e</jbophrase></member> <member><jbophrase>y'i</jbophrase></member> <member><jbophrase>y'o</jbophrase></member> <member><jbophrase>y'u</jbophrase></member> <member><jbophrase>y'y</jbophrase></member> </simplelist> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</prim= ary><secondary>involving y</secondary></indexterm> Vowel pairs involving=20 <jbophrase role=3D"letteral">y</jbophrase> appear only in Lojbanized n= ames. They could appear in cmavo (structure words), but only=20 =20 <jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase> is so used =E2=80=93 it is the Lojban nam= e of the apostrophe letter (see=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-liste"/>).</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-lerfu-liste"/>).</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</prim= ary><secondary>grouping of</secondary></indexterm> When more than two vowel= s occur together in Lojban, the normal pronunciation pairs vowels from the = left into syllables, as in the Lojbanized name:</para> <example role=3D"pronunciation-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-id-Rx= tI"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e5d1"/> meiin. mei,in. @@ -1302,21 +1302,21 @@ bisydja BI,sy,dja BI,syd,ja This word is a compound word, or lujvo, built from the two affix= es=20 bis and=20 dja. When they are joined, an im= permissible consonant pair results:=20 sd. In acco= rdance with the algorithm for making lujvo, explained in=20 - , a=20 + , a=20 y is inserted to separate the= impermissible consonant pair; the=20 y is not counted as a syllabl= e for purposes of stress determination. <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e9d12"/> da'udja da'UD,ja da'U,dja diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 4aa7257..0d12d15 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -105,21 +105,21 @@ ml mr pl pr sf sk sl sm sn sp sr st tc tr ts vl vr=20 xl xr zb zd zg zm zv - C/C stringas a symbol for a permissible consonant pair<= /indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of = the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial cons= onant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in . In brief, any consonant pair is = permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voic= ed (excluding r, l, m, n) and an unvoiced consonant, or is = one of certain specified forbidden pairs. + C/C stringas a symbol for a permissible consonant pair<= /indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of = the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial cons= onant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in . In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless= it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding r, l, m, n) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain speci= fied forbidden pairs. C/CC stringas a symbol for a consonant triple C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must consti= tute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitute = a permissible initial consonant pair. brivla<= secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes cmeneas one o= f the 3 basic word classes cmavoas one of the 3 basic word= classes parts of speech word classes Lojban has three basic wo= rd classes =E2=80=93 parts of speech =E2=80=93 in contrast to the eight tha= t are traditional in English. These three classes are called cmavo, brivla,= and cmene. Each of these classes has uniquely identifying properties =E2= =80=93 an arrangement of letters that allows the word to be uniquely and un= ambiguously recognized as a separate word in a string of Lojban, upon eithe= r reading or hearing, and as belonging to a specific word-class. =20 =20 They are also functionally different: cmavo are the structure wo= rds, corresponding to English words like=20 @@ -1083,21 +1083,21 @@ quark,=20 =20 integral, or=20 =20 iambic pentameter). These words are in effect names for= concepts, and the names were invented by speakers of another language. The= vast majority of words referring to plants, animals, foods, and scientific= terminology cannot be easily expressed as tanru. They thus must be borrowe= d (actually=20 =20 copied) into Lojban from the original language. borrowingsStage 1 borrowingsusing foreign-language name= bor= rowingfour stages of There are= four stages of borrowing in Lojban, as words become more and more modified= (but shorter and easier to use). Stage 1 is the use of a foreign name quot= ed with the cmavo=20 =20 la'o (explained in full in=20 - ): + ): <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d1"/> me la'o ly. spaghetti .ly. =20 spaghetti is a predicate with the place structure=20 @@ -1645,21 +1645,21 @@ =20 do'i, respectively. scientific names<= /primary>rules for Linnaean namesrules for There are some additional rules for Lojbanizing the sci= entific names (technically known as=20 =20 Linnaean binomials after their inventor) which are inte= rnationally applied to each species of animal or plant. Where precision is = essential, these names need not be Lojbanized, but can be directly inserted= into Lojban text using the cmavo=20 =20 =20 la'o, explained in=20 - . Using t= his cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables= longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following sugg= estions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to = valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean = binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The te= rm=20 + . Using this cmavo makes th= e already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, = and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though in= complete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names= . They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other= words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term=20 =20 =20 =20 back vowel in the following list refers to any of the l= etters=20 a,=20 o, or=20 u; the term=20 front vowel correspondingly refers to any of the letter= s=20 e,=20 i, or=20 @@ -1914,40 +1914,40 @@ pauseand final-syllable stress final syllable stressrules for pause after stressfinal syllablerules for pause after If the last syllable o= f a word bears the stress, and a brivla follows, the two must be separated = by a pause, to prevent confusion with the primary stress of the brivla. In = this case, the first word must be either a cmavo or a cmene with unusual st= ress (which already ends with a pause, of course). pauseand Cy-form cmavo cmavorules for pause after = Cy-form Cy-form cmavorules for pause after A cmavo of the form=20 Cy must be followed by a pause unless another=20 Cy-form cmavo follows. non-Lojban te= xtrules for pause with pauseand non-L= ojban text When non-Lojban text is embedded in Lojb= an, it must be preceded and followed by pauses. (How to embed non-Lojban te= xt is explained in=20 =20 - .) + .)
Considerations for making lujvo Given a tanru which expresses an idea to be used frequently, it = can be turned into a lujvo by following the lujvo-making algorithm which is= given in=20 . In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu wit= h a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attache= d together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognize= d as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way. There are three other complications; only one is serious. rafsimultiple for each gismu The first is that = there is usually more than one rafsi that can be used for each gismu. The o= ne to be used is simply whichever one sounds or looks best to the speaker o= r writer. There are usually many valid combinations of possible rafsi. They= all are equally valid, and all of them mean exactly the same thing. (The s= coring algorithm given in=20 is used to choose the standa= rd form of the lujvo =E2=80=93 the version which would be entered into a di= ctionary.) linguistic drift = in Lojbanpossible source of <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">lujvocons= ideration in choosing meaning for lujvounambiguity of The second complication is the serious one. Remember t= hat a tanru is ambiguous =E2=80=93 it has several possible meanings. A lujv= o, or at least one that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single= meaning. Like a gismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area o= f the semantic universe, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chos= en is the most useful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of= linguistic drift in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concep= t that seems the most useful one may change. =20 =20 za'euse to avoid lujvo misunderstandings lujvomeaning d= rift of You must also be aware of the possibility o= f some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for post= erity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that is = in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a diff= erent place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily ba= d. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a mea= ning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the dic= tionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo=20 =20 za'e (explained in=20 =20 - ) before a newly coi= ned lujvo to indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning. + ) before a newly coined lujvo to indic= ate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning. lujvoultimate guideline for choice of meaning/place-structure The essential nature of human communication is that if the l= istener understands, then all is well. Let this be the ultimate guideline f= or choosing meanings and place structures for invented lujvo. lujvodropping elements of Zipf's Law The third compli= cation is also simple, but tends to scare new Lojbanists with its implicati= ons. It is based on Zipf's Law, which says that the length of words is inve= rsely proportional to their usage. The shortest words are those which are u= sed more; the longest ones are used less. Conversely, commonly used concept= s will be tend to be abbreviated. In English, we have abbreviations and acr= onyms and jargon, all of which represent complex ideas that are used often = by small groups of people, so they shortened them to convey more informatio= n more rapidly. =20 =20 =20 Therefore, given a complicated tanru with grouping markers, abst= raction markers, and other cmavo in it to make it syntactically unambiguous= , the psychological basis of Zipf's Law may compel the lujvo-maker to drop = some of the cmavo to make a shorter (technically incorrect) tanru, and then= use that tanru to make the lujvo. =20 =20 lujvobased on multiple tanru This doesn't lead = to ambiguity, as it might seem to. A given lujvo still has exactly one mean= ing and place structure. It is just that more than one tanru is competing f= or the same lujvo. But more than one meaning for the tanru was already comp= eting for the=20 right to define the meaning of the lujvo. Someone has t= o use judgment in deciding which one meaning is to be chosen over the other= s. diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index 4f0ff93..6275b38 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -1083,21 +1083,21 @@ is simply that of=20 ckule. (The sole exception to this rule is disc= ussed in=20 .) FA selma'o FA tags = and linked sumti linked sumti and FA tags It is possible to= precede linked sumti by the place structure ordering tags=20 =20 fe,=20 fi,=20 fo, and=20 fu (of selma'o FA, discussed further in=20 - ), which serve to ex= plicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the = place following the=20 + ), which serve to explicitly specify the= x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the= =20 be is the x2 place and the other places follow = in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be ac= complished as follows: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d7"/> ti xamgu be fi mi bei fe do [be'o] zdani This is-a-good ( by-standard me for you ) house. @@ -1523,21 +1523,21 @@ mi jimpe tu'a loi nu'a su'i nabmi I understand something-about the-mass-of is-the-sum-of prob= lems. I understand addition problems. =20 MOI selma'o More usefully, it is possible to combine a mathemati= cal expression with a cmavo of selma'o MOI to create one of various numeric= al selbri. Details are available in=20 =20 - . Here are a few= tanru: + . Here are a few tanru: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d6"/> la prim. palvr. pamoi cusku Preem Palver is-the-1-th speaker. =20 Preem Palver is the first speaker. =20 @@ -1688,25 +1688,25 @@ =20 That is a Chrysler car. =20 logical connect= ivesrelative precedence with me'u me'urelative precedence with logical connectives elidability of me'u The elidable terminator=20 me'u can usually be omitted. It is absolutely r= equired only if the=20 me selbri is being used in an indefinite descri= ption (a type of sumti explained in=20 =20 =20 - ), an= d if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained= in=20 + ), and if the indef= inite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in=20 =20 =20 ) or a sumti logical conne= ctive (explained in=20 - ). Wit= hout a=20 + ). Without a=20 me'u, the relative clause or logical connective= would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the=20 me expression. Here is a contrasting pair of se= ntences: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d8"/> re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi Two of the group=20 the three kings and John are white. @@ -1780,21 +1780,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e11d2"/> do se prami mi You [swap x1 and x2] love me. You are loved by me. Conversion is fully explained in=20 - . For the purposes o= f this chapter, the important point about conversion is that it applies onl= y to the following simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore= , it is necessary to be careful! Consider=20 + . For the purposes of this chapter, the = important point about conversion is that it applies only to the following s= imple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is necessary to= be careful! Consider=20 : <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>walk to market</prim= ary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e11d3"/> la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market. Alice walkingly goes to the market. diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml index dd92890..e16c8ea 100644 --- a/todocbook/6.xml +++ b/todocbook/6.xml @@ -326,21 +326,21 @@ Some human beings wrote the story. locontrasted with le in implications lecontrasted with= lo in implications=20 says who the author of the = story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind.= If the topic of conversation is the story, then=20 identifies the author as so= meone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas = if the topic is a person, then=20 le remna is in effect a shorthand reference to = that person.=20 merely says that the author= is human. kuuses of = cueffect on elidability of ku kueffect of following selbri on elidability of <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">kuas elid= able terminator for descriptions The elidable termi= nator for all descriptions is=20 ku. It can almost always be omitted with no dan= ger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative claus= es, which are discussed in=20 - , and = in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latt= er case, using an explicit=20 + , and in the case of a descript= ion immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explici= t=20 cu before the selbri makes the=20 ku unnecessary. There are also a few other uses= of=20 ku: in the compound negator=20 naku (discussed in=20 ) and to terminate place-struct= ure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in= =20 and=20 ).
Individuals and masses @@ -1356,21 +1356,21 @@ mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book. which is equivalent to=20 , but longer. sequence= contrasted with set vu'iuse for creating sequen= ce t= u'ause for forming abstractions vu'ie= ffect of on meaning lu'oeffect of on meaning lu'ieffect of on meaning lu'aeffect of on meaning tu'aeffect of on meaning The other sum= ti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo=20 tu'a is used in forming abstractions, and is ex= plained more fully in=20 - . = The triplet=20 + . The triplet=20 lu'a,=20 =20 lu'i, and=20 =20 lu'o convert between individuals, sets, and mas= ses;=20 =20 vu'i belongs to this group as well, but creates= a sequence, which is similar to a set but has a definite order. (The set o= f John and Charles is the same as the set of Charles and John, but the sequ= ences are different.) Here are some examples: =20 @@ -1380,21 +1380,21 @@ <jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo> <gloss>I try some-abstraction-about the door.</gloss> <en>I try (to open) the door.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><se= condary>as being deliberately vague</secondary></indexterm>=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-ioCu"/> might mean that I try to do= something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para> <para>Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo=20 <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means= =20 <quote>the thing last mentioned</quote>; it is equivalent to repeating= the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explai= ned in more detail in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</p= ara> + <xref linkend=3D"section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para> <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-qLbv" role=3D"interlinear-gloss-e= xample"> <title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three e= xamples --> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d7"/> lo'i ratcu cu barda .iku'i lu'a ri cmalu =20 The-set-of rats is-large. But some-members-of it-last-menti= oned is-small. The set of rats is large, but some of its members are small. @@ -1455,23 +1455,23 @@ =20 (In=20 , the sumti=20 ra refers to some previously mentioned sumti ot= her than that referred to by=20 ri. We cannot use=20 ri here, because it would signify=20 la djein., that being the most recent sumti ava= ilable to=20 ri. See more detailed explanations in=20 - .) + .)
-
+
The syntax of vocative phrases vocative phrases<= /primary>as a free modifier Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter becaus= e their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative = phrase is one of the so-called=20 =20 free modifiers of Lojban, along with subscripts, parent= heses, and various other constructs explained in=20 =20 . They can be placed after many, = but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable t= erminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and= ends of sentences, and in many other places. DOI selma'o COI= selma'o vocative phrasepurpose of T= he purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or t= o indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative = phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explaine= d in more detail in=20 =20 . Sometimes that is all the= re is to the phrase: @@ -1576,21 +1576,21 @@ doi la djan. The-one-named John! DOhU selma'o<= /primary> vocati= ve phrase terminatorelidability of vocative phraseelidable terminator for Finally, the e= lidable terminator for vocative phrases is=20 do'u (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed = except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi= . It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its= relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called=20 =20 free modifiers (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordina= ls =E2=80=93 see=20 =E2=80=93 metalinguistic comments = =E2=80=93 see=20 - =E2=80=93 or= reciprocals =E2=80=93 see + =E2=80=93 or reciprocals =E2= =80=93 see ) which must be properly separate= d. vocative phraseeffect of position on meaning Th= e meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by= its position in the sentence: thus=20 =20 and=20 mean the same thing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d10"/> @@ -1623,21 +1623,21 @@ djan. meris. djein. .alis. John. Mary. Jane. Alice. (Note that=20 .alis. begins as well as ends with a pause, bec= ause all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. S= ee=20 for more information.) nameswith LA descriptor namesin vocative phrase namesuses of Names of this kind have two= basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see=20 =20 - ) they indicate who the listener = is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely=20 + ) they indicate who the lis= tener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely=20 la,=20 lai, or=20 la'i, they form sumti which refer to the person= s or things known by the name. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d2"/> la djonz. klama le zarci Jones goes to-the store. @@ -1712,21 +1712,21 @@ doi djan. pol. djonz. le bloti cu klama fi la niuport. niuz.<= /jbo> John Paul Jones, the boat comes (to somewhere) from Newport Ne= ws. =20 =20 name-wordspermissible consonant combinations A n= ame may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban wor= ds generally: the=20 impermissible consonant clusters of Lojban morphology (= explained in=20 =20 =20 - ). Thus=20 + ). Thus=20 djeimz. is not a valid version = of=20 James (because=20 mz is inval= id):=20 djeimyz will suffice. Similarly,=20 la may be replaced by=20 ly,=20 lai by=20 ly'i,=20 doi by=20 do'i or=20 diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index 2911024..34d180a 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -296,21 +296,21 @@ le ti bloti the this boat =20 thisadjective expression with vi vias adjective express= ion for English this does not mean=20 this boat but rather=20 =20 this one's boat,=20 the boat associated with this thing, as explained in=20 - .= A correct Lojban translation of=20 + . A correct Lojban transla= tion of=20 is <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e3d2"/> le vi bloti the here boat the nearby boat @@ -476,21 +476,21 @@ The cmavo of the di'u-series have a meaning that is relative to = the context. The referent of=20 dei in the current utterance is the same as the= referent of=20 di'u in the next utterance. The term=20 utterance is used rather than=20 sentence because the amount of speech or written text r= eferred to by any of these words is vague. Often, a single bridi is intende= d, but longer utterances may be thus referred to. la'edi'u LAhE s= elma'o la'e Note one very common construction with=20 di'u and the cmavo=20 la'e (of selma'o LAhE; see=20 - ) which prec= edes a sumti and means=20 + ) which precedes a sumti a= nd means=20 the thing referred to by (the sumti): <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d6"/> mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.= I love Jane, and I like that. @@ -755,21 +755,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d7"/> broda ke brode brodi a thing-1 type of (thing-2 type-of thing-3) represents an abstract pattern, a certain kind of tanru. (Histor= ically, this use was the original one.) lerfu as pro-sumt= iimplicit assignment of antecedent ko'a-series pro-sumticontrasted with lerfu as pro-sumti in explicit assignmen= t of lerfu as pro-sumticontrasted with ko'a-series in expl= icit assignment of pro-sumtilerfu as lerfuas assignable pro-sumti As is explained in=20 - , the wor= ds for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o,= are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between lette= r pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explici= t assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or descrip= tion sumti beginning with the same letter: + , the words for Lojban lett= ers, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable a= s assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko= 'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, lett= ers are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginni= ng with the same letter: =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d8"/> @@ -1087,21 +1087,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d10"/> A: mi ba klama le zarci B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i A: do go'= e =20 A: I [future] go-to the store. B: I like the concept-of I [= repeat last bridi]. A: You [repeat last bridi but one]. A: I am going to the store. B: I like the idea of my going. A:= You'll go, too. - Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained i= n ):=20 + Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained i= n ):=20 le si'o mi go'i means=20 le si'o mi klama le zarci. Why must B use the w= ord=20 mi explicitly to replace the x1 of=20 mi klama le zarci, even though it looks like=20 mi is replacing=20 mi? Because B's=20 mi refers to B, whereas A's=20 mi refers to A. If B said: @@ -1422,21 +1422,21 @@ =20 </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>The English version means, and the Lojban version probably means= , that I try to open the door, but the relationship of opening is not actua= lly specified; the Lojbanic listener must guess it from context. Lojban, un= like English, makes it clear that there is an implicit action that is not b= eing expressed.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>co'e</primary><se= condary>rationale for word form</secondary></indexterm> The form of=20 <jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase> was chosen to resemble=20 =20 <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; the cmavo=20 <jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase> of selma'o BAI (see=20 =20 - <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>) also belongs to t= he same group of cmavo.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"section-BAI"/>) also belongs to the same group of cma= vo.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series</prim= ary><secondary>compared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></inde= xterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>do'i</primary><second= ary>compared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexter= m> Note that=20 <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of ind= efinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to refer= ring only to an utterance.</para> =20 </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-voha-series"> <title>Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series =20 =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: @@ -1720,21 +1720,21 @@ =20 ri cannot be used in place of=20 ke'a in=20 and=20 , because the relativized su= mti is not yet complete when the=20 =20 ke'a appears. subscriptson ke'a for nested relative clauses = ke'asubs= cripting for nested relative clauses ke'aand abstract desc= riptions Note that=20 ke'a is used only with relative clauses, and no= t with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of r= elative clauses within relative clauses,=20 ke'a may be subscripted to make the difference = clear (see=20 - ). + ).
Abstraction focus pro-sumti:=20 <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ce'u KOhA abstraction focus @@ -1842,37 +1842,37 @@ =20 DAhO cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi pro-bridi assignm= entstability of pro-sumti assignments= tability of How long does a pro-sumti or pro-bridi = remain stable? In other words, once we know the referent of a pro-sumti or = pro-bridi, how long can we be sure that future uses of the same cmavo have = the same referent? The answer to this question depends on which series the = cmavo belongs to. cei= goi bound variabl= e pro-sumtistability of assignable pro-sumtiexplicit cancellation of by rebinding assignable pro-sumtistability of personal pro-sumtistability of personal pr= o-sumtiimplicit cancellation of by change of speaker/l= istener Personal pro-sumti are stable until there i= s a change of speaker or listener, possibly signaled by a vocative. Assigna= ble pro-sumti and pro-bridi last indefinitely or until rebound with=20 goi or=20 cei. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi als= o generally last until re-bound; details are available in=20 =20 - . + . anaphoric pro-bri= distability of anaphoric pro-sumtista= bility of ke'astability of reflexive pro-sumtistability of utterance pro-sumtistability of Utterance pro-sumti are stable only within the utterance in= which they appear; similarly, reflexive pro-sumti are stable only within t= he bridi in which they appear; and=20 =20 ke'a is stable only within its relative clause.= Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits dep= ending on the rules for the particular cmavo. indefinite pro-br= idistability of indefinite pro-sumtis= tability of <= primary>demonstrative pro-sumtistability of Demonstrative pro-sumti, indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi, = and sumti and bridi questions potentially change referents every time they = are used. =20 =20 DAhO selma'o<= /primary> da= 'o da'= osyntax of da'ofor cancellation of pr= o-sumti/pro-bridi assignment cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignmentwith da'o pro-bridi assignmentexplicit ca= ncellation of with da'o pro-sumti assignmentexplicit cance= llation of with da'o However, there are ways to can= cel all pro-sumti and pro-bridi, so that none of them have known referents.= (Some, such as=20 mi, will acquire the same referent as soon as t= hey are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel ever= ything is with the cmavo=20 da'o of selma'o DAhO, which is used solely for = this purpose; it may appear anywhere, and has no effect on the grammar of t= exts containing it. One use of=20 =20 da'o is when entering a conversation, to indica= te that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments= already made by other participants in the conversation. =20 pro-bridi assignm= entno'i effect on pro-sumti assignmentno'i effect on no'ieffect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignme= nts = ni'oeffect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments In addition, the cmavo=20 ni'o and=20 no'i of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily = to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumt= i and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. Mor= e explanations of NIhO can be found in=20 - . + .
The identity predicate: du =20 The following cmavo is discussed in this section: du GOhA identity diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml index 798d4c9..0ddc1d6 100644 --- a/todocbook/8.xml +++ b/todocbook/8.xml @@ -628,21 +628,21 @@ le nanmu cu punji le xance le daski The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket. hands in pockets<= /primary>example is very natural. Of cou= rse, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or ano= ther's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified. GEhU selma'o<= /primary> goirationale for non-inclusion in relative clause chapter ge'ueffect of following logical connective on elidability logica= l connectiveseffect on elidability of ge'u from preced= ing relative phrase ge'uelidability of from relative phras= es Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmavo i= s=20 ge'u of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never requir= ed. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified b= y a relative phrase, then an explicit=20 ge'u is needed to allow the connective to affec= t the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What= about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in=20 =20 - ,= as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, alt= hough the syntax is the same.) + , as it is not semantical= ly akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the = same.)
Multiple relative clauses:=20 <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase> zi'e ZIhE relative clause joiner @@ -845,21 +845,21 @@ will seem most natural to= speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses aft= er the noun phrases they are attached to;=20 , on the other hand, may s= eem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative claus= e first. Note that in=20 , the elidable terminator= =20 ku'o must appear, or the selbri of the relati= ve clause (=20 blabi) will merge with the selbri of the desc= ription (=20 gerku), resulting in an ungrammatical sentenc= e. The purpose of the form appearing in=20 will be apparent shortly. As is explained in detail in=20 - , two= different numbers (known as the=20 + , two different num= bers (known as the=20 inner quantifier and the=20 outer quantifier) can be attached to a description. The= inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it ap= pears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifi= er appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things refe= rred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the fol= lowing example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d4"/> re le mu prenu cu klama le zarci Two-of the five persons go to-the market. Two of the five people [that I have in mind] are going to the = market. @@ -912,21 +912,21 @@ ku, then the relative clause is understood to a= pply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to. What about=20 ? By convention, it means th= e same as=20 , and it requires no=20 ku, but it does typically require a=20 ku'o instead. Note that the relative clause com= es before the inner quantifier. When=20 le is the descriptor being used, and the sumti = has no explicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood t= o be=20 ro (meaning=20 all), as is explained in=20 - . Thu= s=20 + . Thus=20 le gerku is taken to mean=20 all of the things I refer to as dogs, possibly all one = of them. In that case, there is no difference between a relative clause aft= er the=20 ku or before it. However, if the descriptor is= =20 lo, the difference is quite important: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d8"/> lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci @@ -1166,21 +1166,21 @@ lu mi klama le zarci li'u noi mi cusku ke'a cu jufra [quote] I go to-the market [unquote] incidentally-which-(I = express IT) is-a-sentence. I'm going to the market, which I'd said, is a sente= nce. which may serve to identify the author of the quotation or some = other relevant, but subsidiary, fact about it. All such relative clauses ap= pear only after the simple sumti, never before it. =20 NAhE selma'o<= /primary> LA= hE selma'o NAhE selma'oeffect of relative clause placement w= ith = LAhE selma'oeffect of relative clause placement with relat= ive clauses and NAhEplacement considerations relative clau= sesimpact of NAhE on placement= relative clauses and LAhEplacement considerations relative clausesimpact of LAhE on placement In addition, sumti wi= th attached sumti qualifiers of selma'o LAhE or NAhE+BO (which are explaine= d in detail in=20 =20 - ) can have a= relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sum= ti, as in: + ) can have a relative clau= se appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d3"/> la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le v= u kumfa A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [u= nquote] is-at the [far distance] room. An old=20 The Red Pony is in the far room. =20 @@ -1418,21 +1418,21 @@ le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa poi ke'a = goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno The man who (IT =3D it1 : it1 is-in the room which (IT =3D = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow. is more verbose than=20 , but may be clearer, sinc= e it explicitly spells out the two=20 ke'a cmavo, each on its own level, and assign= s them to the assignable cmavo=20 ko'a and=20 ko'e (explained in Chapter=20 - )= . + ).
Index of relative clause cmavo relative clauses<= /primary>list of cmavo for Relative clau= se introducers (selma'o NOI): noi incidental clauses diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml index 66294ca..e10064e 100644 --- a/todocbook/9.xml +++ b/todocbook/9.xml @@ -900,21 +900,21 @@ A man of the north came to the city. modal placeon description = selbri "of"in Englishcompa= red with do'e = do'ecompared with English "of" Here=20 le berti is provided as a modal place of the se= lbri=20 nanmu, but its exact significance is vague, and= is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English prepositi= on=20 of.=20 also illustrates a modal pl= ace bound into a selbri with=20 be. This construction is useful when the selbri= of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of=20 be are more fully explained in=20 - . + .
Modal sentence connection: the causals =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ni'i mu'i ki'u ri'a= FIXME: TAG SPOT ri'a BAI @@ -1190,21 +1190,21 @@ mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water. means exactly the same as= =20 through=20 , but there is no idiomatic = English translation that will distinguish it from them. termset modal con= nection modalstermset connection If = the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti, then a termse= t may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in=20 - , but are esse= ntially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simulta= neously. + , but are essentially a mechanism = for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d5"/> mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini = mi I gave the book to John. Motivated-by John gave the-mass-of= money to-me. I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me. @@ -1215,21 +1215,21 @@ nu'i mu'igi la djan. lei jdini mi gi mi le cukta la djan. nu'= u dunda [start] because John, the-mass-of money, me; I, the book, J= ohn [end] gives. Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because = the two bridi share only their selbri. bridi-tail modal = connection modal bridi-tail connection modal connection of selbriu= sing bridi-tail modal connection There is no modal = connection between selbri as such: bridi which differ only in the selbri ca= n be modally connected using bridi-tail modal connection. The bridi-tail co= nstruct is more fully explained in=20 =20 - , but es= sentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.=20 + , but essentially it consist= s of a selbri with optional sumti following it.=20 is suitable for bridi-tail = connection, and could be shortened to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d7"/> mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta I, because saw the book, took the book. @@ -1240,21 +1240,21 @@ mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta I because saw, therefore took, the book. where=20 le cukta is set off by the non-elidable=20 vau and is made to belong to both bridi-tails = =E2=80=93 see=20 - for mor= e explanations. + for more explanations. shared bridi-tail= sumtiavoiding vau for shared bridi-tail sumtiavoiding Since this is a chapter on rearra= nging sumti, it is worth pointing out that=20 can be further rearranged t= o: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d9"/> mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna I, the book, because saw, therefore took. @@ -1407,21 +1407,21 @@ Here the=20 bai is spread over both=20 klama le zarci and=20 cadzu le bisli, and the=20 ge ... gi represents the logical connection=20 both-and between the two. modalsexpanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e=E2=80=A6tu'u Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentenc= es that have been combined with=20 tu'e and=20 tu'u, which are explained in more detail in=20 - : + : <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d9"/> bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u] Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the = ice [end]. means the same thing as=20 @@ -1837,21 +1837,21 @@ fai behaves like=20 fi'a; it does not affect the numbering of the o= ther places around it. =20 modal conversions= in descriptions Like SE conver= sions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may re= fer to=20 the language of an expression as=20 le jai bau cusku, for example. modal conversion<= /primary>with no modal specified jai without modalmeaning In addition, it is grammatical to use=20 jai without a following modal. This usage is no= t related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of= =20 jai by itself is to send the x1 place, which sh= ould be an abstraction, into the=20 fai position, and to raise one of the sumti fro= m the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature = is discussed in more detail in=20 - . The fo= llowing two examples mean the same thing: + . The following two examples = mean the same thing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e12d3"/> le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of= (I see the book). My taking the book is justified by my seeing it. --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.