Received: from mail-yx0-f189.google.com ([209.85.213.189]:55824) by stodi.digitalkingdom.org with esmtps (TLSv1:RC4-SHA:128) (Exim 4.76) (envelope-from ) id 1RUcyn-0005QG-Mm; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:33:10 -0800 Received: by yenm9 with SMTP id m9sf4386898yen.16 for ; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:58 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=googlegroups.com; s=beta; h=x-beenthere:received-spf:mime-version:sender:date:message-id :subject:from:to:x-original-sender:x-original-authentication-results :reply-to:precedence:mailing-list:list-id:x-google-group-id :list-post:list-help:list-archive:list-subscribe:list-unsubscribe :content-type; bh=abp7BlvmN3o22vOepwnJ/B5aibW4U4KRpBZ1ogTPLNI=; b=0rNg7JzSiccxenRG3710eggH7Uw7VdG0GRpz/46Bb5kvBN589XgfE5sKfcZVyS48S3 C8TwvA1G3gTIzfQOZhLAsLoSNBAAN329DhYU/9b2Ifm1zKam6D89deKJsItD7kAcjXIN 5+fY+QPV44npD1o1o2JrYBUYhUbcMrWwQZHwg= Received: by 10.236.129.142 with SMTP id h14mr8218600yhi.1.1322393576532; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:56 -0800 (PST) X-BeenThere: lojban@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.101.212.35 with SMTP id o35ls15407979anq.2.gmail; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.236.190.68 with SMTP id d44mr68634077yhn.1.1322393575684; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.236.190.68 with SMTP id d44mr68634076yhn.1.1322393575672; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) Received: from mail-gx0-f170.google.com (mail-gx0-f170.google.com [209.85.161.170]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id v44si10613994yhd.1.2011.11.27.03.32.55 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=OTHER); Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of paskios@gmail.com designates 209.85.161.170 as permitted sender) client-ip=209.85.161.170; Received: by ggnk1 with SMTP id k1so8819413ggn.1 for ; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 Received: by 10.182.227.41 with SMTP id rx9mr11718033obc.12.1322393575549; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) Sender: lojban@googlegroups.com Received: by 10.182.57.228 with HTTP; Sun, 27 Nov 2011 03:32:55 -0800 (PST) Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2011 11:32:55 +0000 Message-ID: Subject: [lojban] ru'a From: tijlan To: lojban@googlegroups.com X-Original-Sender: paskios@gmail.com X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of paskios@gmail.com designates 209.85.161.170 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=paskios@gmail.com; dkim=pass (test mode) header.i=@gmail.com Reply-To: lojban@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list lojban@googlegroups.com; contact lojban+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: X-Google-Group-Id: 1004133512417 List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Spam-Score: -0.7 (/) X-Spam_score: -0.7 X-Spam_score_int: -6 X-Spam_bar: / The BPFK defines "ru'a" as follows: Evidential. Used to express postulate/assumption/presumption as the source of information or idea. Examples: ru'a no le prenu cu nanca lo zmadu be li 25 Presumably, none of the people are more than 25 years old. .i ru'a mi milxe leka bilma I am slightly ill, I assume. These "ru'a" seem to be replaceable by other UI. The OED defines the keywords as follows: postulate -- a statement that is accepted as true, that forms the basis of a theory, etc. presumption -- something that is thought to be true or probable -- (law) the act of supposing that something is true, although it has not yet been proved or is not certain assumption -- a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof Then I wonder how exactly we should think "ru'a" differs from bare instances or derivatives of ".ia", "la'a", "pe'i", "da'i", "ju'a", "ju'o", "za'a", "ti'e", "je'u", "se'o", "ka'u", "li'a", etc. Does "ru'a" really have a unique meaning? And, if so, is it truly and exclusively evidential as opposed to, say, discursive? mu'o -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "lojban" group. To post to this group, send email to lojban@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to lojban+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/lojban?hl=en.