=A0 Well, I think it's completely pointless to try to = make a one-to-one correspondence between any two languages. =A0They view th= e world differently. =A0So I don't think there's a "need"= to have something just because Ithkuil or English has it. =A0That being sa= id, I've interspersed my thoughts below. =A0-- gejyspa

On Mon, Jan 30, 2012 at 12:04 AM, gleki <gleki.is.my= .name@gmail.com> wrote:

I'm reading The Ithku= il Grammar these days and comparing Ithkuil roots, prefixes, suffixes a= nd affixes with Lojban all the time.

Here is an extract from the boo= k that deals with BIAS suffixes. Their meaning is like of selma'o UI.
Below are numbered paragraphs (in the form of 5.11.1.??), abbreviation = of each suffix (e.g., ASU), it's short name (e.g., ASSURATIVE) and it&#= 39;s full translation with examples.

What I suggest is to find corre= ct cmavo translations to each BIAS suffix.

5.11.1.1 =A0=A0=A0
ASU
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 ASSURATIVE

Thi= s bias indicates certainty or self-assurance on the part of the speaker, tr= anslatable by such phrases as =91of course,=92 =91after all,=92 or =91needl= ess to say.=92 The intensive form adds a sort of self-righteousness quality= conveyed by I told you so! or You see?!

=A0

ju'o

=A0
5.11.1.2 =A0=A0=A0
HPB
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0= =A0 HYPERBOLIC

This bias imparts a sense of hyperbole and exaggerati= on, captured in such colloquial expressions as a prolonged =91so=92 or =91t= otally=92 as in I so don=92t care! or That is totally not what I wanted. Th= e intensive form adds a sense of =93one-upmanship=94 as conveyed by the exp= ression That=92s nothing, wait till you hear this!

=A0ba'u=A0

5.11.1.3 =A0=A0=A0
COI
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0= =A0 COINCIDENTAL

This bias conveys a sense of coincidence or happenstance as conveyed by the= use of =91happen=92 in I happened to run into Jane or It just so happens t= hat I=92m busy. The intensive form adds a sense of serendipity, as conveyed= by expressions such as =91as luck would have it,=92 =91luckily=92 or =91fo= rtunately.=92

The experimental cmavo fu'au

=A0

5.11.1.4 =A0=A0=A0
ACP
= =A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 ACCEPTIVE

This bias indicates a sense of general acceptance, as conveyed by the e= xpression =91it=92s just as well that.=92 The intensive form conveys resign= ation to fate, as expressed by phrases such as =91like it or not=92 or =91= =85and there=92s nothing to be done about it!=92

5.11.1.5 =A0=A0=A0
RAC
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 REACTIVE

This = bias indicates surprise, as conveyed by phrases such as =91my goodness!=92 = or =91it=92s surprising that.=92 The intensive form raises this sense to th= e level of astonishment, as expressed by =91Wow!=92 or =91Amazing!=92

.ue

=A0

5.11.1.6 =A0=A0=A0
STU
=A0=A0=A0 =A0= =A0=A0 STUPEFACTIVE

This bias indicates a mild sense of wonder or reflection, as conveyed b= y the phrase =91it=92s a wonder that=92 as in It=92s a wonder he didn=92t b= reak a bone in that fall. The intensive raises this sense to one of awe, as= conveyed by expressions such as =91Well I=92ll be!=92 or =91Who would=92ve= thought=85.=92

=A0

u'e

=A0

5.11.1.7 =A0=A0=A0
CTV
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 CONTEMPLAT= IVE

This bias expresses puzzlement, as conveyed by phrases such as = =91I wonder how=85,=92 =91that=92s odd=85,=92 =91I don=92t get it=85,=92 or= a quizzical =91hmmmm.=92 The intensive form raises this sense to sudden be= wilderment, as in =91Huh? What do you mean=85?=92

uanai=A0

=A0

5.11.1.8 =A0=A0=A0
DPV
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 DESPERAT= IVE

This bias conveys a sense of dread or the conveyance of bad news= , as expressed by =91I don=92t know how to say this, but=85=92 or =91I=92m = afraid that=85.=92 The intensive form raises this to the level of outright = despair, as in =91Oh, God=85=92 or =91Oh, no!=85.=92

a'onai=A0

=A0=

5.11.1.9 =A0=A0=A0
RVL
=A0=A0= =A0 =A0=A0=A0 REVELATIVE

This bias expresses a sense of discovery, as conveyed by expressions su= ch as =91No wonder=85.=92 or =91So that=92s why=85.=92 The intensive form r= aises this to a sense of surprised revelation, as in =91Aha!=85.=92 or =91W= ell, well, well!=85.=92

=A0.ua

5.11.1.10 =A0=A0=A0
GRT
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 GRAT= IFICATIVE

This bias conveys a sense of pleasantness or mild pleasure= , as conveyed by expressions such as =91It=92s pleasant to=85=92 or =91I li= ke to=85.=92 The intensive raises this to a state of bliss or rapture, as i= n =91Oh, there=92s nothing like=85.=92 or =91(Sigh) What bliss it is to=85.= =92

.ui or .o'u

=A0

5.11.1.11 =A0=A0=A0
SOL
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 SOLICITIVE=

This bias expresses the Ithkuil equivalent of English =91please.=92= In its intensive form, this transforms into an impatient demand, expressed= in =91C=92mon!,=92 =91What=92re you waiting for?=92 or the phrase =91so=85= already!=92 as in the sentence So dance already!

e'o=A0

=A0

5.11.1.12 =A0=A0=A0
SEL
=A0=A0=A0 = =A0=A0=A0 SELECTIVE

This bias conveys the idea of subjective interpretation, as seen in exp= ressions such as =91Look at it this way=85,=92 =91As I see it,=85,=92 =91Su= bjectively speaking,=85,=92 or =91From one point of view,=85.=92 In its int= ensive form, it conveys a narrow, singleminded interpretation, as conveyed = by expressions such as =91It can only mean one thing=85,=92 =91and that=92s= that!=92 =91and that=92s all there is to it!=92 or =91There=92s no two way= s about it,=85.=92

ju'a or ca'e=A0

5.11.1.13 =A0=A0=A0
IRO=
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 IRONIC

This bias conveys a sense of understatement, as conveyed in many subtle= ways in English such as tone of voice or deliberately undramatic word choi= ces. In its intensive form, this sense is raised to that of blatant irony, = as when saying =91Well! That was fun!=92 after an unpleasant or harrowing e= xperience.

=A0je'unai

5.11.1.14 =A0=A0=A0
EXA
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0= =A0 EXASPERATIVE

This bias conveys a sense of impatient exasperation, as conveyed by exp= ressions such as =91Look, don=92t you get it?=85=92 or =91Look, I=92m tryin= g to tell you=85.=92 In its intensive form, this bias conveys a sense of ou= tright mockery, as expressed by a mocking tone of voice in English, or by a= n deliberate, exasperated echolalia, i.e., the repeating of a person=92s wo= rds back at them in contempt.

.o'onairu'e

=A0

5.11.1.15 =A0=A0=A0
LTL
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 LITERAL=

This bias underscores a distinction between context and literalness= , expressed by the English phrases =91technically speaking=92 or =91Context= aside for a moment,=85=92 as in Technically speaking, that=92s not a polka= (i.e., it=92s a polka version of a non-polka song). In the intensive form,= this bias conveys a sense of total literalness and exactitude, expressed i= n English by phrases such as =91strictly speaking=92 or =91to put it in cli= nical terms=85.=92 as in Strictly speaking, that=92s not a polka (i.e., its= rhythm is not that of a true polka).

=A0

sa'e

=A0

<= blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px= #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">5.11.1.16 =A0=A0=A0
CRR
=A0=A0=A0 =A0= =A0=A0 CORRECTIVE

This bias indicates a correction on the part of the speaker, as expressed i= n English by =91that is to say=85,=92 =91What I mean(t) to say is=85=92 or = =91I mean=85.=92 The intensive form indicates a sense of subjective equival= ence, as expressed in English by =91in a manner of speaking,=92 =91so to sp= eak,=92 or =91for all intents and purposes.=92

si/sa/su group

=A0

5.11.1.17 =A0=A0=A0
EUP
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 EUPHEMISTI= C

This bias indicates a rephrasing or substitution of wording for me= ans of clarification, as expressed in English by =91in other words=85=92 or= =91to put it more exactly=85.=92 The intensive form conveys a sense of out= right euphemism, as expressed in English by phrases such as =91Let=92s just= say that=85.=92 or =91Well, let me put it this way=85.=92

=A0

va'i

=A0

5.11.1.18 =A0=A0=A0
SKP
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 SKEPTICA= L

This bias conveys a sense of skepticism, as expressed in English b= y =91It=92s (a little) hard to believe that=85.=94 The intensive form raise= s this sense to that of outright incredulity, as in a derisive =91Oh, yeah!= Suuuure!=92 or a sneering =91Yeah, right!=92

=A0.iacu'i

5.11.1.19 =A0=A0=A0
CYN
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0= =A0 CYNICAL

This bias conveys a sense of incredulous unexpectedness = or cynical surprise, as in =93You mean to tell me=85?=92 or =91You gotta be= kidding me, =85.=92 The intensive form shifts this to outright sarcasm upo= n the discovery, as in =91So! You just had to go and=85=92 or =91Well, woul= dn=92t you know it, =85=92 or =91Oh, nice!=85.=92

.ianai

=A0

5.11.1.20 =A0=A0=A0
CTP
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 CONTEMPTIVE

T= his bias expresses simple disapproval, as conveyed by phrases such as =93I = don=92t like the fact that=85=92 or =91It bothers me that=85.=92 The intens= ive form raises this to all-out contempt or disgust, as conveyed by =91Shit= !=92 or =91What nonsense!=92 or =91What bullshit!=92

=A0.i'anai

5.11.1.21 =A0=A0=A0
DSM
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0= =A0 DISMISSIVE

This bias conveys a sense of downplaying or lowering of expectations, as ex= pressed in English by =93sorry, but=85=92 or =91It=92s nothing. It=92s just= =85=94 as in It=92s just a small cut or Sorry, but it=92s only the mailman.= The intensive form expresses outright dismissal or insignificance, as conv= eyed by such expressions as =91Is that it?=92 =91Big deal!=92 or =91So what= !?=92

ga'inai, possibly?

=A0

5.11.1.22 =A0=A0=A0
IDG
=A0=A0=A0= =A0=A0=A0 INDIGNATIVE

This bias conveys a sense of second-guessing, as expressed in English b= y =91I=92m sorry, what did you say?=92 or =91Say again? You want me to what= ?=92 or =91I beg your pardon?=92 The intensive form shifts this sense to ou= tright indignation, as conveyed by expressions such as =91The nerve!=92 or = =91How dare=85!?=94

=A0

je'enai or ke'o =A0or perhaps k= i'a

5.11.1.23 =A0=A0= =A0
SGS
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 SUGGESTIVE

This bias conveys the sense of sugges= tiveness conveyed in English by such phrases as =91what if=85=92 or =91It c= ould be that=85.=92 The intensive form shifts this to a sense of a formal s= uggestion or proposition, as in =91Consider this: =85=92 or =91Posit the fo= llowing: =85=92 or =91Assume for the sake of argument that=85.=92

=A0

da'i

=A0

5.11.1.24 =A0=A0=A0
PPV
=A0=A0=A0 =A0=A0=A0 PROP= OSITIVE
This bias expresses a proposal or suggested activity, as conveye= d by English phrases such as =91How about,=92 =91We could,=92 or general su= ggestions, as in the sentences How about going for a stroll?, We could meet= the clowns behind the barn if you want, or You can sit on my lap. The inte= nsive form turns this into an ultimatum, as conveyed in English by phrases = such as =91take it or leave it,=92 =91this is your last chance,=92 or =91it= =92s now or never.=92=A0

da'i xu=A0

=A0 =A0 =A0 =A0= =A0 =A0 --gejyspa

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