The four-way division= of events into states, activities, processes and achievements goes back to= Aristotle, who made the distinction on the basis of Greek verb forms and t= heir possible simultaneous or successive truths. The distinction has = been refined a bit since (in terms of English verg forms, say) but still po= ints to the same factors: states involve no change, activities are repetiti= ve, processes have natural beginnings and ends, achievements are instantane= ous -- all roughly speaking. Typically, states are theend products of= processes, achievements are the end points of processes and activities, wh= at are repeated in activities are processes and processes involve a sequenc= e of activities. In general, what an event is depends on what aspects= one wishes to stress, since events generally have some of each.

= From: Ian Johnson <blindbra= vado@gmail.com>
To:= lojban@googlegroups.com
Sent: Sunday, December 9, 2012 3:25 PM
Subject: Re: [lojban] Re: [lojban-beginners] Re: Why n= o "about" brivla?

I completely disagree with your za'i and zu'o des= criptions. zu'o is about repetition, not volition. za'i is about relative "= sharpness" of the boundary of the event; tcini may be sharp or not.

http://dag.github.com/cll/11/3/

mu'o mi'e la latro'a

On Thu, Dec 6, 2012 at 8:52 AM, la gleki <gle= ki.is.my.name@gmail.com> wrote:

On Thursday, December 6, 2012 12:03:35 AM UTC+4, Latro wrote: I don't think the distinction between za'i/zu'o/pu'u can be straightforward= ly achieved from inside, and at any rate trying to make Lojban non-redundan= t is a counterproductive effort. Lojban is deliberately redundant.

Yes, Lojban is = redundant. And I don't say that we should remove synonyms (like {mu'e= =3D nu co'i}). This task cannot be completed as SEMANTICALLY unambiguous l= anguage is not possible.

za'i ~ tcini
zu'o ~ zukte
pu'u ~ pruce

And of course there= is a distinction between du'u and nu because gismu having places with abst= ractions are not semantic primes. They can be further split into tinier mea= nings (some of those meanings are actually du'u and nu) but otherwise I&nbs= p;believe that du'u/nu distinction is embedded into gismu.
If lojban lacks prepositions (which English has) because those prepositions= are inside gismu place structure then why du'u/nu is not there?

I t= hink that everything can be achieved either by

1. fully und= erstanding the meaning of gismu (which in the long run might require rewrit= ing or clarifying such definitions)

2. or by dealing with inner bridi.

mu'o mi'e la latro'a

On Wed, Dec 5, 2012 at 12:23 PM, la = gleki <gleki.is...@gmail= .com> wrote:

On Wednesday, December 5, 2012 7:50:20 PM UT= C+4, aionys wrote:

It took me a bit of searching to find this, but I did manage to find a= discussion that corroborates my statement. The following post is by .xorxe= s.:

Subject: [lojban-beginners] How versatile is "nu"?

On Sat, Mar 13, 2010 at 8:13 AM, Jorge Llamb=C3=ADas <= jjlla...@gmail.com> wrote:
=

On Sat= , Mar 13, 2010 at 9:52 AM, tijlan <jbot...= @gmail.com> wrote:
> Officially, the most generic/nonspecific of NU is "su'u";= but people
> seem to use "nu" more often for the purpose of general abstraction.

The first thing I find odd about NU's is that they are c= alled
"abstractors" instead of something more acurate like "subordinators".
What NU does is take a bridi and convert it into a selbri, so = that it
will not be used as the main proposition but as a subordinate one.
It's true that properties and propositions are abstract object= s (as
are numbers), but for me there is nothing abstract about event= s.
Something that can be seen cannot be very abstract.

As for "su'u" as general subordinator, it was never used that way,
whatever its definition says. We can only speculate as to the reasons.
One reason could be that Loglan had the equivalents of nu/ka/n= i but
nothing like "su'u", and people just went on with that. Also, "nu" and
"ka" being just one syllable, and with such distinct functions, there
wasn't much incentive to merge them. CLL lists "su'u" among the "minor
abstraction types", which already suggests it was never though= t of as
the "general abstractor".

> Personally, I wouldn't find it particularly odd if someone use "= nu"
> for a terbri which the gimste defines as "du'u" or other specific
> types of abstraction. For example:
>
> mi jinvi lo du'u broda (I think that the proposition "broda" is = true)
> mi jinvi lo nu broda (I think that the event "broda= " is true)
>
> "jinvi"s x2 is officially to take "du'u". Is "nu" for suc= h objects of
> mental activity / logical operation discouraged? If so, why?

I suppose it's mainly tradition. One subordinator would probably be all that is needed, but the nu/ka/du'u split is very entrenche= d. "ka"
is used for incomplete propositions, where you need to keep one (and
in a couple of cases more than one) argument slot open. "du'u" is used
mainly with propositional attitude predicates. It's a relatively short
list, maybe twenty or so gismu. In most other cases you can use "nu".

Notice that the choice between nu/ka/du'u is dictated by the o= uter
bridi, the one that contains this one as an argument, whereas the
choice between the four types of nu: za'i/pu'u/zu'o/mu'e is di= ctated
by the subordinate bridi itself.
<= div>
This part makes perfect sense.
du'u/nu distinc= tion is dictated by the outer bridi.
But za'i/pu'u/zu'= o/mu'e distinction can be achieved using other methods inside the inner bri= di

(e.g. {mu'e =3D nu co'i} as tsani said in one of his audio lessons).
This completely ruins the idea of the necessity of du'u/nu distinc= tion (after all many languages including even guaspi don't have such distin= ction).

mu'o mi'e xorxes

On Wed, Dec 5, 2012 at 8:31 AM, Jonathan Jones &l= t;eye...@gmail.com> wrote:

On Wed, Dec 5, 2012 at 7:= 13 AM, selpa'i <m...@pla= smatix.com> wrote:
la'o gy. Jonathan Jones .gy cu cusku di'e

Hey, I'm just telling you how it is. I'm not saying that {nu} should be
the default, it just happens to be that it IS.

No, it's not. You're wrong. Why can't you accept that even after several pe= ople have shown you that you're wrong? You're providing the beginners that = this list is dedicated to with misinformation.

{nu} is not the default, so it's *not* always right. You can't djuno a nu, = nor can you zenba a nu.

As I said, I'm not s= aying that I agree with it, nor am I saying I think it's correct. What I AM= saying is that that is how it is, regardless of whether it makes sense, re= gardless of what the definitions of the various NU are, and regardless of w= hether it should be something else.

That said, I do happen to agree with you. That, however, is not my poin= t. This is not my opinion, it is the current state of the language. And I a= m not the first nor the last to find things about this language that could = - or indeed, should- be changed for the better.

mu'o mi'e la selpa'i

--
pilno zo le xu .i lo dei bangu cu se cmene zo lojbo je nai zo lejbo

do=E1=BB=8B m=C3=A8lbi mlen=C3=AC'u
.i do c=C3=A0tlu ki'u
ma fe la x=C3=A0mpre =C5=ADu
.i do t=C3=ACnsa c=C3=A0rmi
gi je s=C3=ACrji se t=C3=A0rmi
.i ta=E1=BB=8B bo da'i pu c=C3=ACtka lo gr=C3=A0na ku

.

.

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--
mu'o mi'e .aionys.

.i.e'ucai ko cmima lo pilno be de= npa bu .i doi.luk. mi patfu do zo'o
(Come to the Dot Side! Luke, I am yo= ur father. :D )

--
= mu'o mi'e .aionys.

.i.e'ucai ko cmima lo pilno be denpa bu .i doi.lu= k. mi patfu do zo'o
(Come to the Dot Side! Luke, I am your father. :D )<= br>

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