5.2.2

SUB

The Subjunctive

The S= UBJUNCTIVE mood indicates that the factuality of an explicit or implicit pr= esupposition underlying the statement is certain, but the factuality of the= speaker=92s statement itself is questionable or uncertain, the specific nu= ance of factuality intended being subject to the particular Bias and Valida= tion associated with the verb. Corresponds roughly with English =91may,=92 = =91maybe=92 or =91might,=92 with the added distinction that an explicit or = implicit (i.e., underlying) presupposition is true. Examples:

Maybe his kids are ill. [i.e., it is known that he has kids but= it is not known whether they are ill]

{lo sei fatci panzi be do = ku bilma sei cumki}

5.2.3

ASM

The Assump= tive

The ASSUMPTIVE mood functions identically to the FACTUAL exc= ept that the factuality of an underlying presupposition is unknown. It ther= efore conveys an act, state, or event whose factuality is dependent on whet= her something else is factual, thus corresponding to certain usages of Engl= ish =91maybe=92 and =91will=92 (where =91will=92 primarily conveys possibil= ity, not future tense). As with all moods, the specific translation is subj= ect to the particular Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Example= s:

His kids=92ll be ill OR If he has kids, they ar= e ill. [i.e., it is unknown whether he has kids, but if he does, they are c= ertainly ill.]

{lo sei cumki panzi be do ku bilma sei fatci}

5.2.4

SPC

The Speculative

The SPECULATIVE mood indicates that the factuality of both the presu= pposition and the statement itself are unknown. Its translation into Englis= h is dependent on the specific context, sometimes corresponding to =91may,= =92 =91maybe=92 or =91might,=92 and at other times corresponding to the aux= iliary =91would.=92 Compare the examples below to those above:

Maybe his kids are ill [i.e., it is unknown if he has kids but= if he does, they may be ill].

{lo panzi be do ku bilma sei cumki= }

5.2.5

COU

The Counterfactive

The COUNTERFACTIVE mood indicates that the factuality of the underlying pr= esupposition is false or unreal but that the factuality of the statement wo= uld otherwise be true. It thus corresponds to the English construction of a= uxiliary =91would=92 or =91would have=92 in its use to show counterfactuali= ty (i.e., what would have been if a false presupposition had been true). Ag= ain, the specific translation is subject to the particular Bias and Validat= ion associated with the verb. Compare the examples below to those above.

His kids would be (would have been) ill [i.e., if he= had kids they would be ill, but he doesn=92t].

{lo sei na fatci = panzi be do ku bilma sei fatci}

5.2.6

HYP

<= div>The Hypothetical

The HYPOTHETICAL mood indicates that the fac= tuality of the underlying presupposition is false or unreal and that the fa= ctuality of the statement itself is uncertain. It thus corresponds to the E= nglish construction of auxiliary =91might have=92 in its use to show possib= le counterfactuality (i.e., what might have been if a false presupposition = had been true). Again, the specific translation is subject to the particula= r Bias and Validation associated with the verb. Compare the examples below = to those above.

His kids might=92ve been ill [if h= e had kids, but he doesn=92t, so we=92ll never know].

{lo sei na = fatci panzi be do ku bilma sei cumki}

5.2.7

IPL

The Implicative

The IMPLICATIVE mood indicates that the f= actuality of the underlying presupposition determines the factuality of the= statement and that the relationship between the two need not necessarily b= e a direct cause-and-effect, but merely an indirect chain of events from wh= ich the speaker infers the statement from the underlying presupposition. In= grammatical analysis, this is referred to as an =93epistemic conditional.= =94 Examples are shown below.

His kids are (must b= e) ill [i.e., as implied by some other fact such as his staying home from w= ork].

{lo panzi be do ku bilma sei se sinxa}

{lo panzi = be do ku bilma sei se ve djuno}

5.2.8

ASC

<= div>The Ascriptive

The ASCRIPTIVE mood functions identically to t= he IMPLICATIVE immediately above, except that the factuality of the inferen= ce derived from the underlying presupposition is uncertain. Examples:

His kids may be ill [i.e., as implied by some other fac= t such as his staying home from work].

{lo panzi be do ku bilma s= ei se sinxa sei cumki}

{lo panzi be do ku bilma sei se ve djuno s= ei cumki}

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