On Sunday, January 13, 2013 7:40:28 PM UTC+4, lojbab wrote:

la gleki wrote:
> Every Lojbanist understands that gismu denote predicates that = are highly
> practical.
> e.g. {pilno} includes a goal as pilno3. Indeed, how can we ima= gine using
> something without a goal?
>
> My question is who collected those definitions?

Me.

> Was it JCB?

=C2=A0> How was this gimste formed?

JCB set the place structures for the TLI Loglan words. =C2=A0His ge= neral
philosophy of doing so was set forth in his books Loglan 1 and Logl= an 2,
though he didn't always follow his own principles.

I started with JCB's list, but greatly modified it, both adding= and
deleting words. =C2=A0As such, there are half-again as many gismu a= s there
were in TLI Loglan of the time. =C2=A0In very few cases can I tell = you for
certain the specific reason I added certain words, though for the <= br> culture words I made an attempt to be systematic. =C2=A0A large chu= nk was
added in 1988 as a result of Athelstan doing a thorough analysis ba= sed
on Roget's thesaurus, to make sure that we had good coverage of= all
semantic domains.

During the period from about 1990-1994, I subjected all change prop= osals
to the LogFest attendees, representing the community, for approval.= =C2=A0In
the latter two years, a faction emerged favoring the elimination of= some
gismu and thus keeping the total number constant, in the face of ne= w
proposals, if not shrinking. =C2=A0One last group of new ones was a= pproved,
and the list was frozen. =C2=A0Many years passed before any word wa= s proposed
with significant justification, thus suggesting that this decision = was
correct. =C2=A0(If no one has really needed a word in 25 odd years = of use, it
is hard to argue that it is fundamental, even if it might be useful= .)

Place structures started with JCB's general pattern. =C2=A0I at= tempted to
find patterns, and then to make words of similar semantic domain consistent. =C2=A0Thus all plant and animal gismu were to have a sp= ecies
place. =C2=A0I eventually got things fairly systematic, though I ma= de some
mistakes. =C2=A0At that point, pretty much no one besides me was lo= oking that
closely.

I strongly avoided one-place predicates.

But at one point, I realized I was going too far, ascribing to any =
possible tool a purpose, and to any object both material and form <= br> places. =C2=A0I backed off from this somewhat. =C2=A0I thus avoided= >5 place
predicates. =C2=A0At about this point, the current concept of BAI s= tarted to
emerge, and it was realized that a large number of places were
superfluous. =C2=A0I made one last pass, generally reducing many of= the
excess places I had added.

Is there a changelog of modifications to gismu
> definitions starting from the first edition of loglan?

Not hardly. =C2=A0I introduced the concept of configuration managem= ent in the
1988-1994 period, starting to document all changes once a chunk of = the
language was baselined. =C2=A0Before it was baselined, documentatio= n was
rarely attempted, though there are some cases. =C2=A0In only a few = cases do
we even have good copies of the evolving word lists - this was stil= l a
primarily paper and pencil project.

> My particular interest here is with the recent discussion of a= possible
> new gismu meaning "qua". The corresponding word is o= f high frequency in
> Mandarin but in European languages it is often confused with w= ords
> meaning {simsa}.
> e.g.
> "as" means both "like" and "qua"= .
> Russian "=D0=BA=D0=B0=D0=BA" [kak] means both "= like" and "qua".

I have no comment on the merits of this, other than to merely obser= ve
that many of the world's languages seem to do fine without maki= ng a
distinction.

The gismu list is baselined. =C2=A0New gismu are not being consider= ed, and
there is no plan to do so in the future, though this could be revis= ited
AFTER the existing language is fully documented.

> Were Mandarin predicates taken into consideration while constr= ucting
> gismu definitions?

Not that I know of. =C2=A0I did the Mandarin work for Lojban, and I= don't
know Mandarin.

More importantly, almost no consideration of semantics was involved= in
gismu-making. =C2=A0If the basic meaning was generally covered, tha= t was good
enough. =C2=A0It was expected that the meanings and place structure= s would
evolve with usage. =C2=A0(But by 1997, the community was tired of m= y and
other senior Lojbanists changing the language by fiat. =C2=A0The co= mmunity
wanted the language to stop changing in that matter. =C2=A0Complete= ly. =C2=A0I
agreed with them. =C2=A0We don't change the language by fiat an= ymore. =C2=A0The
only exception, adopted for byfy use, is that stuff which is so bro= ken
as to prevent good documentation of the status quo language, could = be
changed so as to allow that documentation. =C2=A0(Since then, senti= ment seems
to have grown against "usage-based change" which is the o= ther
alternative, and one that cannot really be prevented. =C2=A0People = generally
are biased against change in language. =C2=A0They want books that a= re
prescriptive and unchanging, whereas lexicographers strongly consid= er
dictionaries by nature to be descriptive rather than prescriptive.)=

I did use some systematic techniques to try to be sure I was pickin= g the
correct root, and for a brief time, we had a native Mandarin speake= r who
looked over what I had done with approval. (A couple of Mandarin speakers since then have also said that the work I did was more tha= n
adequate, but they were generally comparing us to Esperanto and oth= er
Euroclone languages). I also used 3 different dictionaries in the c= ase
of Mandarin in order to be more certain, since Mandarin has such a = high
weight in Lojban word-making. =C2=A0Still, there are flaws, and I t= hink my
choice for Lojbanization of Mandarin was especially bad, being base= d
solely on the quasi-official Chinese description of the IPA
pronunciation of Chinese particles, and the system I used for mappi= ng
IPA in other languages. =C2=A0As a result, Mandarin inputs had too = many "a"s
representing schwa, and too many fricatives were mapped to s and c,=
leading to Lojban having a "she sells sea shells" quality= that is hard
for some speakers, including me, to speak the language quickly and =
accurately.

But I don't know enough Mandarin grammar to have any clue what = subjects
and objects any given Mandarin word might require (if any) =C2=A0I = did enough
comparative linguistics study to be reasonably confident that my approach was "good enough".

(Arabic is the other language where my word-making rules were syste= matic
but led to a relatively poor result. =C2=A0And since Arabic has the= lowest
weight of the 6 source languages, this meant that Arabic influenced=
relative few words, and its inputs were less useful to Arabic speak= ing
Lojbanists.

JCB may have had some native speaker inputs in the early days, but = my
general observations on his choices for word-making suggest that th= ey
were even more limited and flawed than my efforts. =C2=A0I know tha= t we had
much better dictionaries by 1987 than JCB had in 1955.

lojbab
--
Bob LeChevalier =C2=A0 =C2=A0loj...@lojban.org =C2=A0 =C2=A0= www.lojban.org
President and Founder, The Logical Language Group, Inc.

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