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[216.109.114.100]) by gmr-mx.google.com with ESMTPS id x7si4022591qcd.3.2014.06.09.10.54.47 for (version=TLSv1 cipher=RC4-SHA bits=128/128); Mon, 09 Jun 2014 10:54:47 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of kali9putra@yahoo.com designates 216.109.114.100 as permitted sender) client-ip=216.109.114.100; Received: from [66.196.81.162] by nm3.access.bullet.mail.bf1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 09 Jun 2014 17:54:46 -0000 Received: from [66.196.81.132] by tm8.access.bullet.mail.bf1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 09 Jun 2014 17:54:46 -0000 Received: from [127.0.0.1] by omp1008.access.mail.bf1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 09 Jun 2014 17:54:46 -0000 X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: ymail-3 X-Yahoo-Newman-Id: 873467.34243.bm@omp1008.access.mail.bf1.yahoo.com Received: (qmail 53095 invoked by uid 60001); 9 Jun 2014 17:54:45 -0000 X-YMail-OSG: 50KvkPUVM1noqsd8Xba4pg9yv9QpDWZKIqJ9KC64MFOawIT bcm6SJ2N0CieOnmlGIZGuniZYsqHE.yv4otCUn0u9d7JPGrhVBIzuJuOdrpo cs1WSmpyycTTyJmzDjynTn3FRuDba9mnzbVepRmds9jntyCRyJlBksJbZK0u SGTiCNdQkk_tMipQxj7vRYxF9kC7FbrbOZdK.kPfWc7LL9wUL5YMZ_XWLegm TEVG3imKcG5tJ5JllgwJ96t5WglIf8a_9ss2AKIDosuKsYYf5bCYLBcuHZ8W WeVIEI6llBmgtlbseLOcLSU0etsk13JM8N.796eHBf9svxCx2fyRn020zQdj 2OUvLjwLT17Wa3gQBMG546FV7UVoheIlaevyFU7BULaHnfGqcrM2h.JCqCJT f2mW_vMJqpj1yqV2VKB950lGIuAavmk7elvgQMTsR7QXuyqqA70J2QCkvlty Eejguuy7dcJQlDtnhfP69Y3Fcafbx7u.o9OTpCrCxQaHqwa5IvAAfCGurTpW 4AaRGxHwBh8c9MgaWx5EdiQ_hXO8YR5W8kFLuvG6v2fdx6WlhPa_r3RUC9HR XyHQ3cuj.DJjY_wBzjpD.q8LYGRbOdZixD6p0u4Gngtns7ITmcWvwAOvtjgl Q7w5VDIOs5B5rhGKEnYeM5OQWl0Rh0OIqInlpBB2BvsdfqschtldU28q9Fzr ovl9UdkCSLcwos2yv2AD0VIDOIy6O_At25EeKnBk2iWEg8eJ8VzsZCzz8M9s yLeG26sdiRn79pZGOXVUn2Gljj6uSXLC4iN64DUilJgkTeol_uhtDEGtcPye k2yz8YB28Uu1ENiuUsLgYXnMqJ5Q41Rq.P9TFxaRzOIINvUkxuREG2QExKoZ W9x.j9G1lKfPz2uY1Gn5jnLZqDd8qVVBeQMwiko7tcTTbJuYxhNtmmohAJcO 5_6HWE3l6qTnOdkfS9s80IYmMIhO7Z7wPgKIk5CocPpX0IqGObrQ2wIVPNTy G2LHEM8532AysQBIMUZV7UqjTzPvK48NTumxASBL_LRkBEbkpXHFsW0hJPvg EbBsimr0iLfLRYR5PVdELCMeMFb97Pqh9SLS6EpQlVfsn6c0AM67YXH2T2oR NZiF76qmGYqgUd2t8TB.NOfddkxljOnt5M_MccM7.Gz3vefz8VvTTFlmcJHg fJr9LTd0wfFnrstTUaS2S1OWRd2Vnrc0YL4hs3qSVUlFbljoaTMl5X9QZqLN NHPhFtw6Ax074Z6RnOy1a1kJWHd.bBEuDrXvDbUhTPJBt7V4AZkkgoNSX0DX OEEMqmHjhl.fGhjwvW0C6noITFACTOEFsk3eX4w-- Received: from [99.92.109.82] by web181103.mail.ne1.yahoo.com via HTTP; Mon, 09 Jun 2014 10:54:45 PDT X-Rocket-MIMEInfo: 002.001,dmlkOiBMb2piYW4gaXMgbW9ub3BhcnNpbmcgwqBvbiBwY2tpcG8uYmxvZ3Nwb3QuY29tCgoKT24gTW9uZGF5LCBKdW5lIDksIDIwMTQgOToyMCBBTSwgJ0pvaG4gRSBDbGlmZm9yZCcgdmlhIGxvamJhbiA8bG9qYmFuQGdvb2dsZWdyb3Vwcy5jb20.IHdyb3RlOgogCgoKVkVSWSB1bm9mZmljaWFsbHksIHRoZSBnb2FsIG9mIExvamJhbiBpcyB0byBoYXZlIGEgdXNhYmxlIGxhbmd1YWdlIHdoaWNoIGlzIHN5bnRhY3RpY2FsbHkgdW5hbWJpZ3VvdXMsIHRoYXQgaXMsIGlzIHN1Y2ggdGhhdCBldmVyeSBncmFtbWEBMAEBAQE- X-Mailer: YahooMailWebService/0.8.190.668 References: <3854b8c6-4e18-4b76-9039-d1d5cdbcbb16@googlegroups.com> <1402323602.64243.YahooMailNeo@web181105.mail.ne1.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <1402336485.50854.YahooMailNeo@web181103.mail.ne1.yahoo.com> Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 10:54:45 -0700 (PDT) From: "'John E Clifford' via lojban" Reply-To: lojban@googlegroups.com Subject: Re: [lojban] What are the official goals of lojban? To: "lojban@googlegroups.com" In-Reply-To: <1402323602.64243.YahooMailNeo@web181105.mail.ne1.yahoo.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Original-Sender: kali9putra@yahoo.com X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of kali9putra@yahoo.com designates 216.109.114.100 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=kali9putra@yahoo.com; dkim=pass header.i=@yahoo.com; dmarc=pass (p=REJECT dis=NONE) header.from=yahoo.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list lojban@googlegroups.com; contact lojban+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: X-Google-Group-Id: 1004133512417 List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: lojban@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , X-Original-From: John E Clifford Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="-204173969-1176558197-1402336485=:50854" X-Spam-Score: -2.0 (--) X-Spam_score: -2.0 X-Spam_score_int: -19 X-Spam_bar: -- ---204173969-1176558197-1402336485=:50854 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable vid: Lojban is monoparsing =C2=A0on pckipo.blogspot.com On Monday, June 9, 2014 9:20 AM, 'John E Clifford' via lojban wrote: =20 VERY unofficially, the goal of Lojban is to have a usable language which is= syntactically unambiguous, that is, is such that every grammatical utteran= ce has a unique and correct parse (monoparsing, for short). =C2=A0If it is = not meeting this goal, Lojban is unduly complex for meeting whatever other = goals it may have (all of which are met more efficiently by other construct= ed languages, most by even, say, toki pona). =C2=A0Lojban has some reason t= o claim that it meets this goal, at least that it has a grammar that gives = a unique parse to each grammatical sentence. What is less clearly demonstra= ted is that this parse is always correct in the sense that it maps directly= onto a unique formula of symbolic logic, though this appears likely, given= the care which has been devoted to details that such a mapping would invol= ve=C2=A0 On Monday, June 9, 2014 8:54 AM, Andrew Browne wrote: =20 What are the official goals of lojban? It is important to have an understanding of the goals for ongoing work (fin= ishing BPFK sections, etc.), otherwise we will end up with stuff that is in= consistent. I think many people involved have an implicit understanding of the goals, d= ue to having been around much longer, and/or closely involved in BPFK. I am after an official clear statement of goals for lojban (or reference to= one), for the benefit of those of us who have not been around for so long = (and clarification for everyone else). The best source I can find is the CLL: https://dag.github.io/cll/1/1/ The goals for the language were first described in the open literature in t= he article =E2=80=9CLoglan=E2=80=9D, published in Scientific American, June= , 1960. =C2=A0 The following are the main features of Lojban: >Lojban is designed to be used by people in communication with each other, = and possibly in the future with computers. >Lojban is designed to be neutral between cultures. >Lojban grammar is based on the principles of predicate logic. >Lojban has an unambiguous yet flexible grammar. >Lojban has phonetic spelling, and unambiguously resolves its sounds into w= ords. >Lojban is simple compared to natural languages; it is easy to learn. >Lojban=E2=80=99s 1300 root words can be easily combined to form a vocabula= ry of millions of words. >Lojban is regular; the rules of the language are without exceptions. >Lojban attempts to remove restrictions on creative and clear thought and c= ommunication. >Lojban has a variety of uses, ranging from the creative to the scientific,= from the theoretical to the practical. >Lojban has been demonstrated in translation and in original works of prose and poetry. I also found some other materials with similar lists of features, and a sim= ilar reference to the goals of TLI Loglan: http://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=3DLojban_Introductory_Brochure http://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=3Dralju_papri http://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=3DFrom_Wikibooks:_Lojban/Introduction_= to_Lojban#Lojban There has also been some discussion of goals on this list: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/lojban/goals/lojban/jDRfYun5Rs4/= o8LqJicWwyUJ Several of these sources have referenced the goals of TLI Loglan. So what are the goals of TLI Loglan? Note; I'm quoting the bits I think are possibly relevant to my question of = goals, trying to provide a helpful summary. Please read more of these documents to get more context or to add anything = else I missed. First, lets look in that 1960 Scientific American Article mentioned earlier= : http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Scientific+American+article http://members.home.nl/w.dijkhuis/loglan_jcb/Brown_JC_loglan.html http://www.dersaidin.net/lojban/reference/LoglanScientificAmerican1960/ =C2= =A0(mirror) It was to supply an instrument for experimental investigation of the Leibni= z-Whorf hypothesis that we undertook our work on Loglan in 1955. >Loglan was to be an artificial language, but one especially designed to te= st the thesis that the structure of language determines the forms of thought. >It was to have a small, easily learned vocabulary derived from the word st= ock of as many of the major natural languages as proved feasible (though it= was not intended to be an auxiliary international language). >Its rules of grammar and syntax were to be as few and regular as possible. >It was to utilize a short list of speech sounds (phonemes) common to the n= atural languages [see table on opposite page], and it was to be phoneticall= y spelled. > =C2=A0 But most important, Loglan was to incorporate as many of the notational dev= ices of modern logic and mathematics as could be adapted to its use.=C2=A0 The other good source I found on TLI Loglan is this book, Loglan1 (which ap= pears to me to be the TLI Loglan equivalent of CLL): https://ia700400.us.archive.org/11/items/Loglan1/Loglan1.pdf http://www.dersaidin.net/lojban/reference/Loglan1.pdf =C2=A0 =C2=A0(mirror) In chapter 1, there are sections 1 through 9 that cover a different goal (o= r maybe feature/viewpoint). 1.1 The Scientific Strategy Loglan is a language which was originally devised to test the Sapir-Whorf h= ypothesis >that the structure of language determines the boundaries of human thought. The most promising way to create such a difference, it seemed to me, was to= exaggerate some=C2=A0 >natural function of human language, that is, to increase the functional ad= equacy of some complex=C2=A0 >of linguistic structures in a way that would have a strong independent lik= elihood of enhancing=C2=A0 >the measurable performance of its learners on some specified set of tasks.= Besides, in its original=C2=A0 >formulation the Whorf hypothesis is a negative one: language limits though= t. One way of=C2=A0 >disclosing such phenomena is to take the suspected limits off, more precis= ely, to push them=C2=A0 >outward in some direction in which removing limits would have predictable = effects. So it was=C2=A0 >settled. The diminutive language should also be a functionally extreme one= in some known or=C2=A0 >presumable way: an extremely poetic one, say, or an extremely efficient on= e, or extremely=C2=A0 >logical. 1.2 Loglan as a Logical Language But the claim invested in this metaphor is in fact narrower than the wide= =C2=A0 >word 'logical' suggests. Loglan is logical only in the sense of purporting= to facilitate certain=C2=A0 >limited kinds of thought: namely those kinds which proceed by the transfor= mation of sentences=C2=A0 >into other sentences in such a way that if the first are true so also are = the second. We might >also expect it to minimize, or help prevent, the errors that are usually m= ade in performing such=C2=A0 >deductive operations. But these are fairly modest senses of the word 'logi= cal'. We might have=C2=A0 >meant to convey by it the much stronger claim that Loglan is a deductive s= ystem, in the sense=C2=A0 >that geometry and formal logic are. To support such a claim we would have = had to show that=C2=A0 >Loglan had a set of elementary notions and elementary operations from whic= h all its complex=C2=A0 >notions and complex operations had been rigorously derived. But we do not = make this claim. 1.3 Loglan as a Laboratory Instrument Apart from the thought-facilitating functions of Loglan, the language is al= so meant to be a=C2=A0 >manageable laboratory instrument: teachable, measurable, controllable; its= structure transparently=C2=A0 >observable both at the moment of introduction into any experiment and in c= ontinuous change But Loglan does seem to be easily learned,11 and on every formal parameter = it is agreeably small. >The number of its grammar rules is an order of magnitude less than has com= e to be expected of natural grammars from recent work. While the size of a language is not the only factor that determines the spe= ed with which it is learned, it is=C2=A0 >undoubtedly an important one; and all my early teaching trials have sugges= ted that Loglan is indeed very rapidly learned. Another feature of the language that reflects its intended use as a laborat= ory instrument is its cultural neutrality. 1.4 Loglan in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Loglan grammar is not only known but already written in a machine-parsable = code. So it is itself the beginning of an AI program. Besides, if the partial grammars now in hand are any indication,=C2=A0 >when a complete grammar of a natural human language is finally written, it= will be far too large=C2=A0 >for programmatic manipulation in the AI lab. Natural languages are very large = affairs. Thus, more than anything else it is the small size, formal completeness and= machine parsability=C2=A0 >of Loglan grammar that seem to suit it for manipulation in the artificial = intelligence laboratory.=C2=A0 1.5 Loglan at the Machine-Man interface ...to make the machine-man interface truly comfortable for humans and yet c= ontinue to be instructive >for machines, we need a language in which the requirements of both humans = and machines are met. Loglan may be such a language. We have seen that it is utterly unequivocal = grammatically. One=C2=A0 >consequence is that we humans become aware of what we are actually saying = when we talk=C2=A0 >Loglan. So a Loglan-speaking human is much less likely to say one thing wh= ile meaning another,=C2=A0 >thus misinforming his or her machine. Also, as we shall see in the next ch= apter, Loglan words=C2=A0 >resolve uniquely from the speech-stream; no 'I scream'/'Ice cream' phenome= na exist in it. So even=C2=A0 >spoken instructions are unequivocal in Loglan. This is true of no other la= nguage. Being able to=C2=A0 >speak freely composed instructions spontaneously would add immeasurably to= the speed and=C2=A0 >comfort of the interaction for humans, and yet, because it's Loglan, its being spoken would not=C2=A0 >diminish its precision for machines.=C2=A0 What do we human partners in this high-powered interaction require? That we= be permitted to=C2=A0 >express our thoughts fully, freely and spontaneously without the risk of s= eriously misinforming=C2=A0 >our machines. That we be able to understand most of the machine's word-cho= ices and all its=C2=A0 >utterance-forms immediately, and be able to clarify by interrogation whate= ver part of the=C2=A0 >computer's responses to us we do not immediately understand. 1.6 Loglan as a Translation Medium Consider the problem. An original document, say a French article on galacti= c evolution, is to be=C2=A0 >translated into a dozen other languages, from Chinese to Swahili. As this = project would be=C2=A0 >implemented now, it would turn into a dozen separate translation tasks, ea= ch performed by its=C2=A0 >own bilingual expert, or team of experts, if as many as a dozen could be f= ound. But with Loglan=C2=A0 >as the translation medium, the project would be transformed into essential= ly one task: translation=C2=A0 >of the French document into Loglan. Admittedly this would require human ef= fort aided by=C2=A0 >whatever computer algorithms the agency had developed for this purpose. Bu= t the resulting=C2=A0 >Loglan document could then be more or less instantly retranslated into alm= ost any number of=C2=A0 >other natural tongues, and this second step could in principle be performed, and so eventually in=C2=A0 >practice, by machines.=C2=A0 1.7 Loglan in Information Storage and Retrieval Another not quite so incidental by-product of using Loglan as a translation= medium would be=C2=A0 >that the Loglan texts so created would be well-adapted for the machine sto= rage and retrieval of=C2=A0 >the information they contained. For one of the same reasons that Loglan Is= suitable at the=C2=A0 >interface, namely that knowledge stored in the predicate notation is appar= ently usable by both=C2=A0 >machines and humans, texts translated into Loglan and stored on some elect= ronic medium could=C2=A0 >later be searched and even studied by machines. The studying Machines woul= d be computers=C2=A0 >"trained", i.e., programmed in the AI style, in the human art of scholarly= reading. Although key=C2=A0 >words and Phrases can be searched for now, and in texts written in any lan= guage, natural=C2=A0 >language texts cannot yet be understood by computers in this way.=C2=A0 >Once again Loglan yields a special benefit because its grammar is transpar= ent and its meanings=C2=A0 >clear. 1.8 Loglan as a Planetary Second Language Although Loglan was not designed for this bright future, it may nevertheles= s have attributes that fit it for the job. 1.9 Loglan as a Linguistic Toy This is the perspective from which Loglan is seen by many individuals, not = as a=C2=A0 >research tool, not as contribution to the machine-man interface, not as a = candidate for the=C2=A0 >international auxiliary, but as a delightful and very human toy. So out of all this, what are officially the goals of lojban? Thanks --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= lojban" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e= mail to lojban+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to lojban@googlegroups.com. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/lojban. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= lojban" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e= mail to lojban+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to lojban@googlegroups.com. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/lojban. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= lojban" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e= mail to lojban+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to lojban@googlegroups.com. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/lojban. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. ---204173969-1176558197-1402336485=:50854 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
vid: Lojban is monoparsing  on pckipo.blogspo= t.com


On Monday, June 9, 2014 9:20 A= M, 'John E Clifford' via lojban <lojban@googlegroups.com> wrote:
=


VERY unofficially, the g= oal of Lojban is to have a usable language which is syntactically unambiguo= us, that is, is such that every grammatical utterance has a unique and corr= ect parse (monoparsing, for short).  If it is not meeting this goal, L= ojban is unduly complex for meeting whatever other goals it may have (all o= f which are met more efficiently by other constructed languages, most by ev= en, say, toki pona).  Lojban has some reason to claim that it meets th= is goal, at least that it has a grammar that gives a unique parse to each g= rammatical sentence. What is less clearly demonstrated is that this parse i= s always correct in the sense that it maps directly onto a unique formula o= f symbolic logic, though this appears likely, given the care which has been= devoted to details that such a mapping would involve 


On Monday, June 9,= 2014 8:54 AM, Andrew Browne <dersaidin@gmail.com> wrote:



What are the official goals of lojban?=


It i= s important to have an understanding of the goals for ongoing work (finishing BPFK sections, etc.), otherwise w= e will end up with stuff that is inconsistent.
I think many peopl= e involved have an implicit understanding of the goals, due to having been around much longer, and/or closely involved in BPFK.
<= div>
I am after an official clear statement of= goals for lojban (or reference to one), for the benefit of those of us who= have not been around for so long (and clarification for everyone else).



The best source I can find is the CLL:
htt= ps://dag.github.io/cll/1/1/

The goals for the language were first described in the= open literature in the article =E2=80=9CLoglan=E2=80=9D, published in Scie= ntific American, June, 1960.
 
The following are the main features of L= ojban:
Lojban is designed to be used by people in communi= cation with each other, and possibly in the future with computers.
Lojban is designed to be neutral between cultures.
Lojban grammar is based on the principles of predicate logic.
Lojban has an unambiguous yet flexible grammar.
Lojban has phonetic spelling, and unambiguously resolves its sounds into w= ords.
Lojban is simple compared to natural languages; it = is easy to learn.
Lojban=E2=80=99s 1300 root words can be= easily combined to form a vocabulary of millions of words.
Lojban is regular; the rules of the language are without exceptions.
Lojban attempts to remove restrictions on creative and clear= thought and communication.
Lojban has a variety of uses, ranging fro= m the creative to the scientific, from the theoretical to the practical.Lojban has been demonstrated in translation and in original works of prose and poetry.



I a= lso found some other materials with similar lists of features, and a simila= r reference to the goals of TLI Loglan:
http://mw.lojban.org/inde= x.php?title=3DLojban_Introductory_Brochure
http://mw.lojban.org/i= ndex.php?title=3Dralju_papri
http://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title= =3DFrom_Wikibooks:_Lojban/Introduction_to_Lojban#Lojban


There has also been some= discussion of goals on this list:
https://groups.google.com/foru= m/#!searchin/lojban/goals/lojban/jDRfYun5Rs4/o8LqJicWwyUJ






Several of these sources have referenced the goals o= f TLI Loglan.
So what are the goals of TLI Loglan?

Note; I'm quoting the bits I think are possibly releva= nt to my question of goals, trying to provide a helpful summary.
Please read more of = these documents to get more context or to add anything else I missed.
=



First, lets look in that 1960 Scientific American Arti= cle mentioned earlier:
http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Scientific+Amer= ican+article
http://members.home.nl/w.dijkhuis/loglan_jcb/Brown_J= C_loglan.html
http://www.dersaidin.net/lojban/reference/LoglanSci= entificAmerican1960/  (mirror)

It was to supply an instrument for experimenta= l investigation of the Leibniz-Whorf hypothesis that we undertook our work = on Loglan in 1955.
Loglan was to be an artificial languag= e, but one especially designed to test the thesis that the structure of language determines the forms of thought.
It was to have= a small, easily learned vocabulary derived from the word stock of as many = of the major natural languages as proved feasible (though it was not intend= ed to be an auxiliary international language).
Its rules = of grammar and syntax were to be as few and regular as possible.
It was to utilize a short list of speech sounds (phonemes) common= to the natural languages [see table on opposite page], and it was to be ph= onetically spelled.
 
But most important, Loglan was to incorporate as = many of the notational devices of modern logic and mathematics as could be = adapted to its use. 



The other good source I found on TLI Loglan is this book, Loglan1 (which appears to me to be the TLI Log= lan equivalent of CLL):
https://ia700400.us.archive.org/11/items/= Loglan1/Loglan1.pdf
http://www.dersaidin.net/lojban/reference/Log= lan1.pdf    (mirror)

In c= hapter 1, there are sections 1 through 9 that cover a different goal (or ma= ybe feature/viewpoint).

1.1 The = Scientific Strategy
Loglan is a l= anguage which was originally devised to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
that the structure of language determines the boundaries of = human thought.

The most promising way to create such a = difference, it seemed to me, was to exaggerate some 
natural function of human language, that is, to increase the functional ad= equacy of some complex 
of linguistic structures in = a way that would have a strong independent likelihood of enhancing the measurable performance of its learners on some specifie= d set of tasks. Besides, in its original 
formulatio= n the Whorf hypothesis is a negative one: language limits thought. One way = of 
disclosing such phenomena is to take the suspect= ed limits off, more precisely, to push them 
outward= in some direction in which removing limits would have predictable effects.= So it was 
settled. The diminutive language should = also be a functionally extreme one in some known or 
presum= able way: an extremely poetic one, say, or an extremely efficient one, or extremely 
logical.

1.2 Loglan as a Logical Language
But the claim invested in this metaphor is in fact narro= wer than the wide 
word 'logical' suggests. Loglan i= s logical only in the sense of purporting to facilitate certain 
limited kinds of thought: namely those kinds which proceed by = the transformation of sentences 
into other sentence= s in such a way that if the first are true so also are the second. We might=
also expect it to minimize, or help prevent, the errors = that are usually made in performing such 
deductive = operations. But these are fairly modest senses of the word 'logical'. We mi= ght have 
meant to convey by it the much stronger claim= that Loglan is a deductive system, in the sense 
that geometry and formal logic are. To s= upport such a claim we would have had to show that 
= Loglan had a set of elementary notions and elementary operations from which= all its complex 
notions and complex operations had= been rigorously derived. But we do not make this claim.
<= br clear=3D"none">
1.3 Loglan as a Laboratory Instrument
Apart from the thought-facilitating fu= nctions of Loglan, the language is also meant to be a 
manageable laboratory instrument: teachable, measurable, controllable; i= ts structure transparently 
observable both at the m= oment of introduction into any experiment and in continuous change

But Loglan does seem to be easily learned,11 and on every formal pa= rameter it is agreeably small.
The number of its grammar = rules is an order of magnitude less than has come to be expected of natural= grammars from recent work.

While the size of a language is not the only fa= ctor that determines the speed with which it is learned, it is 
undoubtedly an important one; and all my early teaching trials = have suggested that Loglan is indeed very rapidly learned.
Another feature of= the language that reflects its intended use as a laboratory instrument is = its cultural neutrality.

= 1.4 Loglan in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Loglan grammar is not only known but already written in= a machine-parsable code. So it is itself the beginning of an AI program.

B= esides, if the partial grammars now in hand are any indication, 
when a complete grammar of a natural human language is finally written, = it will be far too large 
for programmatic manipulation in the AI lab. Natural languages are very large = affairs.

Thus, more than anything else it is the small size, formal complet= eness and machine parsability 
of Loglan grammar tha= t seem to suit it for manipulation in the artificial intelligence laborator= y. 

1.5 Loglan at th= e Machine-Man interface
...to mak= e the machine-man interface truly comfortable for humans and yet continue t= o be instructive
for machines, we need a language in whic= h the requirements of both humans and machines are met.

Loglan may be such a language. We have seen that it is utterly unequi= vocal grammatically. One 
consequence is that we hum= ans become aware of what we are actually saying when we talk 
Loglan. So a Loglan-speaking human is much less likely to say one= thing while meaning another, 
thus misinforming his= or her machine. Also, as we shall see in the next chapter, Loglan words&nb= sp;
resolve uniquely from the speech-stream; no 'I scream= '/'Ice cream' phenomena exist in it. So even 
spoken= instructions are unequivocal in Loglan. This is true of no other language.= Being able to 
speak freely composed instructions spontaneously would add immeasurably to the speed and 
comfort of the interaction for humans, and yet, because it's Loglan, its being spoken would not 
diminish its precision for machines. 

What do we human partners= in this high-powered interaction require? That we be permitted to express our thoughts fully, freely and spontaneously withou= t the risk of seriously misinforming 
our machines. = That we be able to understand most of the machine's word-choices and all it= s 
utterance-forms immediately, and be able to clari= fy by interrogation whatever part of the 
computer's= responses to us we do not immediately understand.

1.6 Loglan as a Translation Medium
Consider the problem. An original document, say a Fre= nch article on galactic evolution, is to be 
transla= ted into a dozen other languages, from Chinese to Swahili. As this project = would be 
implemented now, it would turn into a doze= n separate translation tasks, each performed by its 
own bilingual expert, or team of experts, if as many as a dozen could be f= ound. But with Loglan 
as the translation medium, th= e project would be transformed into essentially one task: translation =
of the French document into Loglan. Admittedly this woul= d require human effort aided by 
whatever computer a= lgorithms the agency had developed for this purpose. But the resulting = ;
Loglan document could then be more or less instantly retran= slated into almost any number of 
other natural tong= ues, and this second step could in principle be performed, and so eventually in 
practice, by machines. 

=
1.7 Loglan in Information Storage and Retrieval
Another not quite so incidental by-product of = using Loglan as a translation medium would be 
that = the Loglan texts so created would be well-adapted for the machine storage a= nd retrieval of 
the information they contained. For= one of the same reasons that Loglan Is suitable at the 
interface, namely that knowledge stored in the predicate notation is a= pparently usable by both 
machines and humans, texts= translated into Loglan and stored on some electronic medium could 
later be searched and even studied by machines. The studyin= g Machines would be computers 
"trained", i.e., programmed in the AI st= yle, in the human art of scholarly reading. Although key 
words and Phrases can be searched for now, and in texts written in an= y language, natural 
language texts cannot yet be un= derstood by computers in this way. 
Once again Logla= n yields a special benefit because its grammar is transparent and its meani= ngs 
clear.

1.8 Loglan as a Planetary Second Language
Although Loglan was not designed for this bright future,= it may nevertheless have attributes that fit it for the job.
<= div>
1.9 Loglan as a Linguistic Toy
This is the perspective from= which Loglan is seen by many individuals, not as a 
research tool, not as contribution to the machine-man interface, not as a = candidate for the 
international auxiliary, but as a= delightful and very human toy.

<= div>

So out of a= ll this, what are officially the goals of lojban?

Thanks
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