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    = King that had rung out over the Lincoln Memorial was actually the explosive dream deferred of Langston Hughes poem Harlem. What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? . . . In Newsome Park, there was ddling evidence of the hopefulness that Eric Epps had displayed when he dedicated the developments community center in 1945. The spaceflight revolution had solidified Katherine Johnsons and Dorothy Vaughans positions in the middle class, but the neighborhood they and Eunice Smith and many others left behind was more and more like a poor island, cut off from the jobs and schools that would help them make the same leap the West Computers had made. And that was before getting to pollution, ecological damage, energy shortages, and the arms race, the gremlins of the centurys technological revolution. Instead of creating unifying hope, an expansive space program was salt on the wounds of the countrys more Earthbound concerns, wrote NASA historian Robert Ferguson. As early as 1966, President Johnson, the space programs biggest political champion, began looking at NASA as a big fat money pot that he could drain to ease a budget strapped by social programs and Vietnam. With the Moon landing achieved, the victory over the Soviet Union in hand, there was no urgency to push beyond Project Apollo, whose last two missions narrowly escaped cancellation. The press surrounding the end of the Apollo program was clamorous, but the cancellation of
    waiting for the rest of us to catch up. But perhaps most important, Katherine Johnsons story can be a doorway to the stories of all the other women, black and white, whose contributions have been overlooked. By recognizing the full complement of extraordinary ordinary women who have contributed to the success of NASA, we can change our understanding of their abilities from the exception to the rule. Their goal wasnt to stand out because of their differences; it was to fit in because of their talent. Like the men they worked for, and the men they sent hurtling off into the atmosphere, they were just doing their jobs. I think Katherine would appreciate that. For Mary Jackson, who remained steadfast in her pursuit of the ideals of the Double Vfor African Americans and for womenthe years follog the Moon landing would be a time of change and choice. Rockets, moon shots, spend it on the havenots, Marvin Gaye sang in his 1971 anthem Inner City Blues, addressing the quagmire that was Vietnam, an economy beset by inflation, and most of all, the isolation, anger, and economic despair of blacks living in Detroit, Washington, DC, Watts, and Baltimore. In the 1960s, it had felt possible that the idealism of Camelot, the Great Society, and the civil rights movement, those inheritors of the Double V, might finally wash away the poverty and injustice that had plagued America since its founding. As the decade drew to a close, it became apparent that the dream of Dr.
    = its priority from increasing speed and power to boosting efficiency in subsonic or low supersonic flight. Langley announced a sweeping reorganization in 1970, decreasing its workforce to a total of 3,853 from its peak of 4,485 employees in 1965. For those who lived through the reorganization, announced in the form of a fortysevenpage avocadogreen book that landed on employees desks at the end of September that year, it was in many ways a more jarring time than the period of transition from the NACA to NASA. Waves of RIFs and RIGsReductions in Force and Reductions in Gradehappened so frequently at Langley in the 1970s that they spawned a new verb, as in John got riffed last week. Those who did survive the RIFs felt a sense of betrayal at NASAs significantly reduced ambitions. Not only were the brain busters not heading to Mars and the outer planets, but by December 1972, they had left their final footprints on the Moon. The summit of humanitys knowledge crashed into loworbit reality. The NASA of the 1970s was interested in routine, quickreaction and economical access to space. The agency would never return to the glory of the Apollo years. But despite the downsizing of everythingbudgets, workforce, expectationsthe will to explore the world beyond Earths atmosphere did not, would not, could not go away. Mary Jackson managed to surf Langleys turmoil even as the sections, branches, and divisions around her recombined with greater frequency, the work groups at the bottom of the organization chart transforming like shards in a great NASA kaleidoscope. The names changedCompressibility, AeroThermo, Applied Theory, Large Supersonic Tunnels, Transonic Aerodynamics, HighSpeed Aircraft, SubsonicTransonicbut her partnership with Kazimierz Czarnecki remained a constant. She stayed focused on the research she had pursued since becoming an engineer in 1958:
    another program also garnered headlines. In 1972, the United States decided to cancel its supersonic transport program, the SST, which many aerodynamicists had hoped would give them an Apollo moment, a glorious, highprofile display of their technology. The expensive program raised the hackles of those concerned about its negative impact on the Earths ozone layer, but it was the sonic boom carpet that swept across the landscape as the plane passed overhead that really inflamed public opinion. Reports claimed that shock waves from the highspeed commercial planes were frightening residents, breaking dows, cracking plaster, and setting dogs to barking. Some purported that the invisible menace had even caused the death of pets and the insanity of livestock. Local authorities received complaints of broken dows and traumatized animals, and calls to police surged as citizens reported unidentified blasts that came literally out of the clear blue sky. The supersonic and hypersonic transport machines dreamed up in the 1950s and 1960s would have to wait, although in the 1970s Langley did turn much of its focus back to NASAs first A: aeronautics. In 1969 alone, there were 57 certified American airlines, which carried approximately 164 originating passengers and some 20 revenue tonmiles of freight, NASA revealed in a 1971 publication. The aerodynamicists priorities for the new decade were less glamorous, but a necessary part of solving the problems that were the result of an increasingly mobile society. One of the problems that the center focused on was noise abatement: busy skies were often noisy skies, even without sonic booms. Another issue was efficiency. With increasing fuel prices, the aircraft industry shifted
    = the investigation of the impact of roughness (such as rivets or grooves) on the surface of a moving object on the boundary layer, that thin layer of air that passes most closely over a moving object. Never one to miss an opportunity to continue her education, Mary took FORTRAN classes, teaching herself to program. The computers that had made longdistance spaceflight possible were also revolutionizing aeronautical research, a specialty known as computational fluid dynamics. The engineers now conducted experiments in their beloved d tunnels and then compared the results with simulations on their computers. Just as the electronic machines had taken the place of human computers in aeronautical research, the day would eventually come when the computer would displace the d tunnel itself. Mary Jackson was a tireless promoter of science and engineering as a meaningful and stable career choice. She made so many speeches at local schools that one might have thought she was running for office: Thorpe and Sprately Junior High Schools, Carver and Huntington High Schools, Hampton Institute, ia Wesleyan, a small college in Norfolk. At the King Street Community Center, where Mary had worked as the USO secretary during World War II, she started an afterschool science club for junior and senior high school students. She helped the students build a smoke tunnel and conduct experiments, and taught them how to use the tool they created to observe the airflow over a variety of airfoils. We have to do something like this to get them interested in science, Mary commented in a 1976 article in the employee newsletter
    the investigation of the impact of roughness (such as rivets or grooves) on the surface of a moving object on the boundary layer, that thin layer of air that passes most closely over a moving object. Never one to miss an opportunity to continue her education, Mary took FORTRAN classes, teaching herself to program. The computers that had made longdistance spaceflight possible were also revolutionizing aeronautical research, a specialty known as computational fluid dynamics. The engineers now conducted experiments in their beloved d tunnels and then compared the results with simulations on their computers. Just as the electronic machines had taken the place of human computers in aeronautical research, the day would eventually come when the computer would displace the d tunnel itself. Mary Jackson was a tireless promoter of science and engineering as a meaningful and stable career choice. She made so many speeches at local schools that one might have thought she was running for office: Thorpe and Sprately Junior High Schools, Carver and Huntington High Schools, Hampton Institute, ia Wesleyan, a small college in Norfolk. At the King Street Community Center, where Mary had worked as the USO secretary during World War II, she started an afterschool science club for junior and senior high school students. She helped the students build a smoke tunnel and conduct experiments, and taught them how to use the tool they created to observe the airflow over a variety of airfoils. We have to do something like this to get them interested in science, Mary commented in a 1976 article in the employee newsletter
    = its priority from increasing speed and power to boosting efficiency in subsonic or low supersonic flight. Langley announced a sweeping reorganization in 1970, decreasing its workforce to a total of 3,853 from its peak of 4,485 employees in 1965. For those who lived through the reorganization, announced in the form of a fortysevenpage avocadogreen book that landed on employees desks at the end of September that year, it was in many ways a more jarring time than the period of transition from the NACA to NASA. Waves of RIFs and RIGsReductions in Force and Reductions in Gradehappened so frequently at Langley in the 1970s that they spawned a new verb, as in John got riffed last week. Those who did survive the RIFs felt a sense of betrayal at NASAs significantly reduced ambitions. Not only were the brain busters not heading to Mars and the outer planets, but by December 1972, they had left their final footprints on the Moon. The summit of humanitys knowledge crashed into loworbit reality. The NASA of the 1970s was interested in routine, quickreaction and economical access to space. The agency would never return to the glory of the Apollo years. But despite the downsizing of everythingbudgets, workforce, expectationsthe will to explore the world beyond Earths atmosphere did not, would not, could not go away. Mary Jackson managed to surf Langleys turmoil even as the sections, branches, and divisions around her recombined with greater frequency, the work groups at the bottom of the organization chart transforming like shards in a great NASA kaleidoscope. The names changedCompressibility, AeroThermo, Applied Theory, Large Supersonic Tunnels, Transonic Aerodynamics, HighSpeed Aircraft, SubsonicTransonicbut her partnership with Kazimierz Czarnecki remained a constant. She stayed focused on the research she had pursued since becoming an engineer in 1958:
    office that I first had an inkling of just how many black women might have worked at Langley. I first heard Dorothy Vaughans name from Katherine, and no onenot even the brainy fellasmerited more of Katherines admiration than Dot Vaughan. Of Margery Hannah, West Computings first supervisor, who eventually joined Katherines branch, she said, She was extremely smart, and she didnt get half the credit she deserved. She enjoyed bragging about Christine Dardens accomplishments more than she wanted to talk about her own work. I never go into a school without mentioning Christine, she told me. She is generous in her appreciation of other peoples talents in the way of someone who is in full command of her own gifts. As much as Katherine Johnsons technical brilliance, its her personal story and her character that shine on us like a beacon. What could be more American than the story of a gifted little who counted her way from White Sulphur Springs, West ia, to the stars? That along the way she equaled the prowess of an electronic computer, becoming a brainy, female John Henry, only served to burnish her myth. She is charismatic and selfpossessed, cool under pressure, independentminded, charming, and gracious. Her unencumbered embrace of equality, applying it to herself without insecurity and to others with the full expectation of reciprocity, is a reflection of the America we want to be. She has been standing in the future for years,
    = Langley Researcher, which profiled her for being honored as the centers Volunteer of the Year. Many times, when children enter school they shun mathematics and science during the years when they should be learning the basics. In 1979, Mary Jackson organized the retirement party for Kazimierz Czarnecki, who was leaving government service after forty years. Two years prior, the facility that had been the bedrock of most of their workthe fourbyfourfoot Supersonic Pressure Tunnel, the third member of Mary and Kazs partnershiphad come to the end of its service at Langley as well. In 1977, the tunnel that had been stateoftheart technology when it began operations in 1947 was razed to make way for the National Transonic Facility, a 1.2 Mach, 85 tunnel that was powered by cryogenic nitrogen. It was a moment for Mary to reflect on her career. She traveled regularly to make presentations at industry conferences, and by the end of the 1970s she had twelve authored or coauthored papers to her name. She had progressed from computer to mathematician to engineer, and in 1968 had been promoted to the level of GS12. The budget cuts and RIFs of the 1970s made promotions harder to come by, however, and the next rung on the ladder for Mary JacksonGS13was starting to look distant. GS13 was a significant threshold, with few women in Langley at that grade in the mid1970s. This was a contrast with Goddard, where both Dorothy Hoover and Melba Roy had hit the GS13 mark by 1962. In 1972, NASAs agencywide goal was to place a woman in at least one of out of every five vacancies filled at levels GS13 through GS15. The numbers of women, professional and administrative, had grown along with Langleys general level of employment, but women were still a scarcity in highlevel technical positions and in management. Even seemingly small barriers conspired to keep larger numbers of women from advancing: until 1967, the Langley Field golf courseas in other workplaces,

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