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rapidly than those of the larger. This is another example of the principle that has already been noted, that the properties of a small world are not those of a large world divided by a constant factor. It is not possible to conceive a model of the solar system in which all the significant factors should be true to the same scale. If the diameters and distances were all made on a Spot, for all its long duration, is mobile and inconstant, and is therefore no portion of a solid permanent crust. The giant planet Jupiter, therefore, offers us an 131 example of what we may call a semi-sun; a world still bubbling with tremendous energies of its own, still pulsing with its own inherent heat, still without a solid crust; probably without a solid nucleus, liquid or vaporous throughout. Whatever the future may hold for such an orb, it is clearly no world for habitation at present. Full of colour, and movement, and change as it is, it lacks the Earths gloom of iron substance, which is necessary, no less than its veiling by the plant, as a stage for the passion and perishing of mankind. But if Jupiter be a semi-Sun, still a source of heat, perhaps even of light, can it yield the means of life to its satellites For Jupiter is sun-like, not merely in its own condition, but also in that it is the centre and ruler of a system of its own. We know already of eight satellites revolving round it. Of these eight, only four—the four discovered by Galileo, in the first days of his possession of a telescope—need be

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diameter, that range themselves at times along the equatorial regions till they look like the portholes of a ship, evidently rise from depths great even as compared with their size. But it is only by intense heat that the effect of the great mass of Jupiter in constricting its atmosphere within shallow depths can be overcome. 129Again, the extraordinary lightness of the planet, so little above the density of water, points in the same direction. So, not less unmistakably, do the magnitude and rapidity of the atmospheric movements. The clouds and storms of our own atmosphere are worked by solar heat; solar heat it is Jupiter is not to be disputed. The albedo or reflective index of Jupiter has been put by the late Prof. G. Bond, of Harvard College Observatory, as higher than unity; in other words, that it emits more light than it receives. This is now generally regarded as an excessive estimate, but the albedo of the disc as a whole cannot be put lower than 0·72, or about that of white paper. But many of the belts or 128 dark regions are of a dull copper tint, and the polar caps are dusky, so that Bonds estimate that draws up the vapours and provides the chief part of the energy manifested in the speed and strength of the air-current. But solar heat can only give 1⁄27th the amount of that energy at the distance of Jupiter, so that, if they were entirely dependent on solar radiation, the winds of Jupiter should be very feeble. Further, the difference of presentment due to the difference of latitude is a fruitful cause of inequalities of temperature and pressure in the terrestrial atmosphere. But as a degree of latitude on Jupiter is eleven times as wide as on the Earth, such inequalities connected with a given difference in latitude are

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