What is this book?

Date: Mon Dec 20 01:03:21 2010 -0800 More missing spaces; hopefully that's all of them. diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml index f36168a..ef96ff2 100644 --- a/todocbook/1.xml +++ b/todocbook/1.xml @@ -56,24 +56,24 @@

What is this book? This book is what is called a reference grammar. It attempts to expound the whole Lojban language, or at least as much of it as is understood at present. Lojban is a rich language with many features, and an attempt has been made to discover the functions of those features. The word reference grammar discover is used advisedly; Lojban was not invented by any one person or committee. Often, grammatical features were introduced into the language long before their usage was fully understood. Sometimes they were introduced for one reason, only to prove more useful for other reasons not recognized at the time. By intention, this book is complete in description but not in explanation. For every rule in the formal Lojban grammar (given in ), there is a bit of explanation and an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit. In essence, - gives a brief overview of the language, - gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available. + gives a brief overview of the language, + gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available. Nevertheless, the publication of this book is, in [...] Content analysis details: (2.5 points, 5.0 required) pts rule name description ---- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- 0.7 TVD_RCVD_IP TVD_RCVD_IP 0.8 BAYES_50 BODY: Bayes spam probability is 40 to 60% [score: 0.5000] 1.0 RDNS_DYNAMIC Delivered to internal network by host with dynamic-looking rDNS X-Original-Sender: www-data@oh-www1.lojban.org X-Original-Authentication-Results: gmr-mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: best guess record for domain of nobody@digitalkingdom.org designates 173.13.139.234 as permitted sender) smtp.mail=nobody@digitalkingdom.org Reply-To: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list bpfk-list@googlegroups.com; contact bpfk-list+owners@googlegroups.com List-ID: List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: Sender: bpfk-list@googlegroups.com List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Length: 1122038 commit cbeadb07a152616d65deb45710745a74695e7ffb Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Mon Dec 20 01:03:21 2010 -0800 More missing spaces; hopefully that's all of them. diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml index f36168a..ef96ff2 100644 --- a/todocbook/1.xml +++ b/todocbook/1.xml @@ -56,24 +56,24 @@

What is this book? This book is what is called a=20 reference grammar. It attempts to expound the whole Loj= ban language, or at least as much of it as is understood at present. Lojban= is a rich language with many features, and an attempt has been made to dis= cover the functions of those features. The word=20 reference grammar discover is used advisedly; Lojban was not=20 invented by any one person or committee. Often, grammat= ical features were introduced into the language long before their usage was= fully understood. Sometimes they were introduced for one reason, only to p= rove more useful for other reasons not recognized at the time. By intention, this book is complete in description but not in ex= planation. For every rule in the formal Lojban grammar (given in=20 ), there is a bit of explanation and= an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit. = In essence,=20 - gives a brief overview of the languag= e,=20 - gives the formal structure of the la= nguage, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bone= s. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even cor= recting) the explanations in this book will become available. + gives a brief overview of the langua= ge,=20 + gives the formal structure of the l= anguage, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bon= es. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even co= rrecting) the explanations in this book will become available. Nevertheless, the publication of this book is, in one sense, the= completion of a long period of language evolution. With the exception of a= possible revision of the language that will not even be considered until f= ive years from publication date, and any revisions of this book needed to c= orrect outright errors, the language described in this book will not be cha= nging by deliberate act of its creators any more. Instead, language change = will take place in the form of new vocabulary - Lojban does not yet have ne= arly the vocabulary it needs to be a fully usable language of the modern wo= rld, as=20 - explains - and through the irregular= natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Tea= ch your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with as= surance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as mos= t other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling by= language-meisters. + explains - and through the irregula= r natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Te= ach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with a= ssurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as mo= st other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling b= y language-meisters. It is probably worth mentioning that this book was written somew= hat piecemeal. Each chapter began life as an explication of a specific Lojb= an topic; only later did these begin to clump together into a larger struct= ure of words and ideas. Therefore, there are perhaps not as many cross-refe= rences as there should be. However, I have attempted to make the index as c= omprehensive as possible. Each chapter has a descriptive title, often involving some play = on words; this is an attempt to make the chapters more memorable. The title= of=20 (which you are now reading), for exam= ple, is an allusion to the book=20 English As We Speak It In Ireland, by P. W. Joyce= , which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiberno-English.=20 reference grammar Lojbanistan is both an imaginary country where Lojban i= s the native language, and a term for the actual community of Lojban-speake= rs, scattered over the world. Why=20 Lojbanistan mangle? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks t= he language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; tha= t is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy. @@ -91,23 +91,23 @@

mi klama le zarci I go-to that-which-I-describe-as-a store. I go to the store.

will become wearisomely familiar before=20 - is reached. This method is deliberat= e; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever p= ossible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of = course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textbo= ok (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rath= er, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be L= ojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the us= ual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language. + is reached. This method is delibera= te; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever = possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of= course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textb= ook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rat= her, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be = Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the u= sual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language. It is useful to talk further about=20 - for what it illustr= ates about examples in this book. Examples usually occupy three lines. The = first of these is in Lojban, the second in a word-by-word literal translati= on of the Lojban into English, and the third in colloquial English. The sec= ond and third lines are sometimes called the=20 + for what it illust= rates about examples in this book. Examples usually occupy three lines. The= first of these is in Lojban, the second in a word-by-word literal translat= ion of the Lojban into English, and the third in colloquial English. The se= cond and third lines are sometimes called the=20 examples in this book literal translation and the=20 colloquial translation respectively. Sometimes, when cl= arity is not sacrificed thereby, one or both are omitted. If there is more = than one Lojban sentence, it generally means that they have the same meanin= g. Words are sometimes surrounded by square brackets. In Lojban tex= ts, these enclose optional grammatical particles that may (in the context o= f the particular example) be either omitted or included. In literal transla= tions, they enclose words that are used as conventional translations of spe= cific Lojban words, but don't have exactly the meanings or uses that the En= glish word would suggest. In=20 square brackets , square brackets surround phonetic r= epresentations in the International Phonetic Alphabet. square brackets @@ -122,33 +122,33 @@ It is necessary to add, alas, that the examples used in this boo= k do not refer to any existing person, place, or institution, and that any = such resemblance is entirely coincidental and unintentional, and not intend= ed to give offense. When definitions and place structures of gismu, and especially o= f lujvo, are given in this book, they may differ from those given in the En= glish-Lojban dictionary (which, as of this writing, is not yet published). = If so, the information given in the dictionary supersedes whatever is given= here.

Acknowledgements and Credits Although the bulk of this book was written for the Logical Langu= age Group (LLG) by John Cowan, who is represented by the occasional authori= al=20 LLG I, certain chapters were first written by others and th= en heavily edited by me to fit into this book. In particular:=20 - is a fusion of originally separate do= cuments, one by Athelstan, and one by Nora Tansky LeChevalier and Bob LeChe= valier;=20 - and=20 - were originally written by Bob LeChev= alier with contributions by Chuck Barton;=20 - was originally written (in much long= er form) by Nick Nicholas; the dialogue near the end of=20 - was contributed by Nora Tansky LeChe= valier;=20 - and parts of=20 - were originally by Bob LeChevalier; = and the YACC grammar in=20 + is a fusion of originally separate d= ocuments, one by Athelstan, and one by Nora Tansky LeChevalier and Bob LeCh= evalier;=20 + and=20 + were originally written by Bob LeChe= valier with contributions by Chuck Barton;=20 + was originally written (in much lon= ger form) by Nick Nicholas; the dialogue near the end of=20 + was contributed by Nora Tansky LeCh= evalier;=20 + and parts of=20 + were originally by Bob LeChevalier;= and the YACC grammar in=20 YACC grammar - is the work of several hands, but is= primarily by Bob LeChevalier and Jeff Taylor. The BNF grammar, which is al= so in=20 + is the work of several hands, but i= s primarily by Bob LeChevalier and Jeff Taylor. The BNF grammar, which is a= lso in=20 , was originally written by me, then= rewritten by Clark Nelson, and finally touched up by me again. The research into natural languages from which parts of=20 - draw their material was performed by Ivan D= erzhanski. LLG acknowledges his kind permission to use the fruits of his re= search. + draw their material was performed by Ivan = Derzhanski. LLG acknowledges his kind permission to use the fruits of his r= esearch. LLG The pictures in this book were drawn by Nora Tansky LeChevalier,= except for the picture appearing in=20 pictures , which is by Sylvia Rutiser Rissell.= The index was made by Nora Tansky LeChevalier. I would like to thank the following people for their detailed re= views, suggestions, comments, and early detection of my embarrassing errors= in Lojban, logic, English, and cross-references: Nick Nicholas, Mark Shoul= son, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, Jorge Llambias, Iain Alexander, Pa= ulo S. L. M. Barreto, Robert J. Chassell, Gale Cowan, Karen Stein, Ivan Der= zhanski, Jim Carter, Irene Gates, Bob LeChevalier, John Parks-Clifford (als= o known as=20 pc), and Nora Tansky LeChevalier. Nick Nicholas (NSN) would like to thank the following Lojbanists= : Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, and Iain Alexander for= their suggestions and comments; John Cowan, for his extensive comments, hi= s exemplary trailblazing of Lojban grammar, and for solving the=20 @@ -163,21 +163,21 @@ Informal Bibliography The founding document for the Loglan Project, of which this book= is one of the products, is=20 Loglan 1: A Logical Language by James Cooke Brown= (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.) The lan= guage described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be c= onsidered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that n= othing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very exist= ence of Lojban is disapproved of by him. Brown The logic of Lojban, such as it is, owes a good deal to the Amer= ican philosopher W. v.O. Quine, especially=20 Word and Object(1960, M.I.T. Press). Much of Quin= e's philosophical writings, especially on observation sentences, reads like= a literal translation from Lojban. observation The theory of negation expounded in=20 - is derived from a reading of Larry H= orn's work=20 + is derived from a reading of Larry = Horn's work=20 The Natural History of Negation. Of course, neither Brown nor Quine nor Horn is in any way respon= sible for the uses or misuses I have made of their works. Brown Depending on just when you are reading this book, there may be t= hree other books about Lojban available: a textbook, a Lojban/English dicti= onary, and a book containing general information about Lojban. You can prob= ably get these books, if they have been published, from the same place wher= e you got this book. In addition, other books not yet foreseen may also exi= st. books about Lojban

Captions to Pictures @@ -518,16 +518,16 @@ no no

Boring Legalities Copyright =C2=A9 1997 by The Logical Language Group, Inc. All Ri= ghts Reserved. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of = this book, either in electronic or in printed form, provided the copyright = notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions o= f this book, provided that the modifications are clearly marked as such, an= d provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the = terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of thi= s book into another language, under the above conditions for modified versi= ons, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation that= has been approved by the Logical Language Group, rather than in English. The contents of=20 - are in the public domain. + are in the public domain. For information, contact: The Logical Language Group, 2904 Beau = Lane, Fairfax VA 22031-1303 USA Telephone 703-385-0273. Electronic address:= =20 llg-board@lojban.org<= /link> World Wide Web:=20 http://www.lojban.org

diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml index 687ceca..70aede3 100644 --- a/todocbook/10.xml +++ b/todocbook/10.xml @@ -101,24 +101,24 @@

mi klama le zarci pu [ku] I go-to the market in-the-past. I went to the market earlier.

- through=20 - are different only= in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as=20 - through=20 - exhibit, adds emph= asis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo=20 + through=20 + are different onl= y in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as=20 + through=20 + exhibit, adds emp= hasis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo=20 pu. Words at either end of the sentence tend to be more= noticeable.

Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

vi VA short distance @@ -279,21 +279,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e3d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section3-example1" />

le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku The man [up] [left] bites the dog.

The proper interpretation of=20 - is that the imagin= ary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, = and then to the left. A translation might read: + is that the imagi= nary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward,= and then to the left. A translation might read: Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog. (Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-= biting is going on at the edge of the street.) manhole In the English translation, the keywords=20 left and=20 above occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This = effect is typical of what happens when we=20 unfold Lojban compound tenses into their English equiva= lents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Loj= ban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents. @@ -351,21 +351,21 @@ le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [wit= hin] bites the dog. Within a place a long distance to the right of a place whic= h is a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of= me, the man bites the dog. Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to= say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter t= he Lojban version of=20 - is than the Englis= h version. + is than the Engli= sh version.

Temporal tenses: PU and ZI The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pu PU past @@ -412,28 +412,28 @@ means that to reach the dog-biting, you must take an imaginary j= ourney through time, moving towards the past an unspecified distance. (Of c= ourse, this journey is even more imaginary than the ones talked about in th= e previous sections, since time-travel is not an available option.) Lojban recognizes three temporal directions:=20 pu for the past,=20 ca for the present, and=20 ba for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from t= he corresponding gismu=20 purci,=20 cabna, and=20 balvi. See=20 - for an explanation of the = exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more sp= atial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative= directions as well as=20 + for an explanation of the= exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more s= patial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relativ= e directions as well as=20 spatial directions direction-like relationships like=20 surrounding,=20 within,=20 touching, etc. (See=20 - for a complete list.) But = there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward = the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o= PU? + for a complete list.) But= there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward= the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'= o PU? The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive sp= ace and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measur= ements. We have a sense of=20 measurements now which includes part of the objective past and part = of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into thr= ee parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a se= parate time-direction cmavo for the=20 zero direction, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for th= e zero space direction:=20 bu'u, which means something like=20 bu'u coinciding. (Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: T= he Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed t= o be a=20 @@ -484,22 +484,22 @@ le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku The man [short] [past] bites the dog. Before a short time from or before now, the man bit or will bi= te the dog. le nanmu zu batci le gerku The man [long] bites the dog. A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the d= og. - and=20 - are perfectly legi= timate, but may not be very much used:=20 + and=20 + are perfectly leg= itimate, but may not be very much used:=20 zi by itself signals an event that happens at a time cl= ose to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the fut= ure. A rough translation might be=20 about now, but not exactly now. Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortabl= e with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction (=20 nearby or=20 far away), but we live only from past to future, and th= e idea of an event which happens=20 nearby in time is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots = of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, = even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limi= tation of English. nearby in time Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial te= nse: @@ -588,21 +588,21 @@

le verba ze'a cadzu le bisli The child [medium time interval] walks-on the ice. For a medium time, the child walks/walked/will walk on the ice= .

Note that with no time direction word,=20 - does not say when = the walking happened: that would be determined by context. It is possible t= o specify both directions or distances and an interval, in which case the i= nterval always comes afterward: + does not say when= the walking happened: that would be determined by context. It is possible = to specify both directions or distances and an interval, in which case the = interval always comes afterward: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section5-example3" />

le verba pu ze'a cadzu le bisli The child [past] [medium time interval] walks-on the ice. For a medium time, the child walked on the ice. The child walked on the ice for a while. @@ -648,21 +648,21 @@ mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal. For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal. I ate my meal for a while.

With=20 ca instead of=20 ba,=20 - becomes=20 + becomes=20 , <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section5-example7" />

mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi I [past] [medium time interval =E2=80=93 present] eat my me= al. For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal. @@ -718,21 +718,21 @@

really means: At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as well, the event=20 I went to the market was in progress. The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the spe= aker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole inter= val is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval dur= ing which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's= present or even future. - points up a fundam= ental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-= tense sentence like=20 + points up a funda= mental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past= -tense sentence like=20 I went to the market generally signifies that the going= -to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete= at the time of speaking. Lojban=20 pu has no such implication. This property of a past tense is sometimes called=20 aorist, in reference to a similar concept in the tense = system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property,= however: tense system aorist @@ -782,37 +782,37 @@ <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho> <description>throughout a space/time interval</description> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> <para>The cmavo of ZEhA are sufficient to express time intervals. One = fundamental difference between space and time, however, is that space is mu= lti-dimensional. Sometimes we want to say not only that something moves ove= r a small interval, but also perhaps that it moves in a line. Lojban allows= for this. I can specify that a motion=20 <quote>in a small space</quote> is more specifically=20 <quote>in a short line</quote>,=20 <quote>in a small area</quote>, or=20 <quote>through a small volume</quote>.</para> <para>What about the child walking on the ice in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section5-example1" />through=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section5-example1" /> through=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section5-example3" />? Given the nature= of ice, probably the area interpretation is most sensible. I can make this= assumption explicit with the appropriate member of selma'o VIhA:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-vKp6"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e7d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section7-example1" />

le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli vi'a The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on = the ice. In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.

Space intervals can contain either VEhA or VIhA or both, but if = both, VEhA must come first, as=20 - shows. + shows. The reader may wish to raise a philosophical point here. (Reader= s who don't wish to, should skip this paragraph.) The ice may be two-dimens= ional, or more accurately its surface may be, but since the child is three-= dimensional, her walking must also be. The subjective nature of Lojban tens= e comes to the rescue here: the action is essentially planar, and the third= dimension of height is simply irrelevant to walking. Even walking on a mou= ntain could be called=20 irrelevant dimension vi'a, because relatively speaking the mountain is assoc= iated with an essentially two-dimensional surface. Motion which is not conf= ined to such a surface (e.g., flying, or walking through a three-dimensiona= l network of tunnels, or climbing among mountains rather than on a single m= ountain) would be properly described with=20 vi'a vi'u. So the cognitive, rather than the physical, dimen= sionality controls the choice of VIhA cmavo. @@ -890,21 +890,21 @@ le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli ma'i vo'a ma'i The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-= frame the-x1-place. The child walks toward her right on the ice. toward her right - is analogous to=20 + is analogous to= =20 . The cmavo=20 ma'i belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in=20 ma'i ), and allows specifying a reference = frame. reference frame Both a regular and a=20 mo'i-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the=20 mo'i construct coming last: @@ -1139,23 +1139,23 @@

le ratcu reroinai citka le cirla The rat [twice-not] eats the cheese. The rat eats the cheese other than twice.

This may mean that the rat eats the cheese fewer times, or more = times, or not at all. It is necessary to be careful with sentences like=20 - and=20 + and=20 , where a quantifi= ed tense appears without an interval. What=20 - really says is tha= t during an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set in= the past, the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example = says nothing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is = often less than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market = once and only once, we can use the cmavo=20 + really says is th= at during an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set i= n the past, the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example= says nothing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is= often less than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market= once and only once, we can use the cmavo=20 only once ze'e which represents the=20 ze'e whole time interval: conceptually, an interval which st= retches from time's beginning to its end: whole time interval @@ -1163,23 +1163,23 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section9-example10" />

mi ze'e paroi klama le zarci ze'e I [whole interval] [once] go-to the market.

Since specifying no ZEhA leaves the interval vague,=20 - might in appropria= te context mean the same as=20 - after all - but= =20 - allows us to be s= pecific when specificity is necessary. + might in appropri= ate context mean the same as=20 + after all - but= =20 + allows us to be = specific when specificity is necessary. specificity A PU cmavo following=20 ze'e has a slightly different meaning from one that fol= lows another ZEhA cmavo. The compound cmavo=20 ze'e ze'epu signifies the interval stretching from the infin= ite past to the reference point (wherever the imaginary journey has taken y= ou);=20 ze'epu ze'eba is the interval stretching from the reference po= int to the infinite future. The remaining form,=20 @@ -1207,21 +1207,21 @@ says nothing about whether I might go in future. The space equivalent of=20 ze'e is=20 ze'e ve'e, and it can be used in the same way with a quantif= ied space tense: see=20 ve'e quantified space - for an explanation of spac= e interval modifiers. + for an explanation of spa= ce interval modifiers.

Event contours: ZAhO and=20 <quote>re'u</quote> re'u The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pu'o @@ -1339,45 +1339,45 @@ The child [perfective] walks-on the ice. The child is finished walking on the ice. finished As discussed in=20 , the simple PU cmavo make = no assumptions about whether the scope of a past, present, or future event = extends into one of the other tenses as well.=20 future event - through=20 - illustrate that t= hese ZAhO cmavo do make such assumptions possible: the event in 10.1 has no= t yet begun, definitively; likewise, the event in 10.3 is definitely over.<= /para> + through=20 + illustrate that = these ZAhO cmavo do make such assumptions possible: the event in 10.1 has n= ot yet begun, definitively; likewise, the event in 10.3 is definitely over.= Note that in=20 - and=20 + and=20 ,=20 pu'o and=20 ba'o may appear to be reversed:=20 pu'o, although etymologically connected with=20 pu, is referring to a future event; whereas=20 future event ba'o, connected with=20 ba, is referring to a past event. This is the natural r= esult of the event-centered view of ZAhO cmavo. The inchoative, or=20 past event pu'o, part of an event, is in the=20 pastward portion of that event, when seen from the pers= pective of the event itself. It is only by inference that we suppose that= =20 pastward - refers to the spe= aker's future: in fact, no PU tense is given, so the inchoative part of the= event need not be coincident with the speaker's present:=20 + refers to the sp= eaker's future: in fact, no PU tense is given, so the inchoative part of th= e event need not be coincident with the speaker's present:=20 pu'o is not necessarily, though in fact often is, the s= ame as=20 ca pu'o. The cmavo in=20 - through=20 - refer to spans of= time. There are also two points of time that can be usefully associated wi= th an event: the beginning, marked by=20 + through=20 + refer to spans o= f time. There are also two points of time that can be usefully associated w= ith an event: the beginning, marked by=20 co'a, and the end, marked by=20 co'u. Specifically,=20 co'a marks the boundary between the=20 pu'o and=20 ca'o parts of an event, and=20 co'u marks the boundary between the=20 ca'o and=20 ba'o parts: @@ -1389,41 +1389,41 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>mi ba co'a citka le mi sanmi</jbo> <gloss>I [future] [initiative] eat my meal.</gloss> <en>I will begin to eat my meal.</en> <jbo>mi pu co'u citka le mi sanmi</jbo> <gloss>I [past] [cessitive] eat my meal.</gloss> <en>I ceased eating my meal.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Compare=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section10-example4" />with:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section10-example4" /> with:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-ChHI"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e10d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section10-example6" />

mi ba di'i co'a bajra di'i I [future] [regularly] [initiative] run. I will regularly begin to run.

which illustrates the combination of a TAhE with a ZAhO. A process can have two end points, one reflecting the=20 natural end(when the process is complete) and the other= reflecting the=20 natural end actual stopping point(whether complete or not).=20 - may be contrasted= with: + may be contraste= d with: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e10d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section10-example7" />

mi pu mo'u citka le mi sanmi I [past] [completitive] eat my meal. I finished eating my meal. @@ -1655,40 +1655,40 @@ mi klama le zarci ca le nu do klama le zdani I go-to the market [present] the event-of you go-to the hou= se. I go to the market when you go to the house.

Here=20 ca does not appear before the selbri, nor with=20 ku; instead, it governs the following sumti, the=20 le nu construct. What=20 - asserts is that t= he action of the main bridi is happening at the same time as the event ment= ioned by that sumti. So=20 + asserts is that = the action of the main bridi is happening at the same time as the event men= tioned by that sumti. So=20 ca, which means=20 now when used with a selbri, means=20 simultaneously-with when used with a sumti. Consider an= other example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section12-example2" />

mi klama le zarci pu le nu do pu klama le zdani I go-to the market [past] the event-of you [past] go-to the ho= use.

The second=20 pu is simply the past tense marker for the event of you= r going to the house, and says that this event is in the speaker's past. Ho= w are we to understand the first=20 pu, the sumti tcita? All of our imaginary journeys so far have started at the speaker= 's location in space and time. Now we are specifying an imaginary journey t= hat starts at a different location, namely at the event of your going to th= e house.=20 - then says that my= going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present = moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.=20 - can therefore be = translated: + then says that m= y going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present= moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.=20 + can therefore be= translated: I had gone to the market before you went to the house. (Other translations are possible, depending on the ever-present = context.) Spatial direction and distance sumti tcita are exactly analogous:= <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section12-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section12-example4" /> @@ -1722,34 +1722,34 @@

mi morsi ba'o le nu mi jmive I am-dead [perfective] the event-of I live. I die in the aftermath of my living. in the aftermath

Here the (point-)event of my being dead is the portion of my liv= ing-process which occurs after the process is complete. Contrast=20 - with: + with: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section12-example7" />

mi morsi ba le nu mi jmive I am-dead [future] the event-of I live.

As explained in=20 ,=20 - does not exclude = the possibility that I died before I ceased to live! + does not exclude= the possibility that I died before I ceased to live! Likewise, we might say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section12-example8" /> mi klama le zarci pu'o le nu mi citka I go-to the store [inchoative] the event-of I eat @@ -1784,21 +1784,21 @@ The boat sailed for too long and beyond the lake. too long boat sailed Probably it sailed up onto the dock. One point of clarification:= although=20 xelklama appears to mean simply=20 is-a-mode-of-transport, it does not - the bridi of=20 - has four omitted= arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as p= art of its meaning. + has four omitte= d arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as = part of its meaning. too long The remaining tense cmavo, which have to do with interval size, = dimension, and continuousness (or lack thereof) are interpreted to let the = sumti specify the particular interval over which the main bridi operates: interval size dimension <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e12d11" /> @@ -1869,38 +1869,38 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo> <gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man bites the dog.<= /gloss> <en>I went to the market. The man bit the dog.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Here the use of=20 <quote>puki</quote> rather than just=20 <quote>pu</quote> ensures that the tense will affect the next sentence= as well. Otherwise, since the second sentence is tenseless, there would be= no way of determining its tense; the event of the second sentence might ha= ppen before, after, or simultaneously with that of the first sentence.</par= a> <para>(The last statement does not apply when the two sentences form p= art of a narrative. See=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section14" />for an explanation of=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section14" /> for an explanation of=20 <quote>story time</quote>, which employs a different set of convention= s.)</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>story time</primary></indexterm> <para>What if the second sentence has a tense anyway?</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-L9GA"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section13-example2" />

mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu pu batci le gerku I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites the d= og.

Here the second=20 pu does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, i= n the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be= the previously set sticky time. So the translation of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section13-example3" /> I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog. had earlier @@ -1925,36 +1925,36 @@ puku mi ba klama le zarci [past] I [future] go-to the market. Earlier, I was going to go to the market. Here there are two tenses in the same bridi, the first floating = free and specified by=20 puku, the second in the usual place and specified by=20 ba. They are considered cumulative in the same way as t= he two tenses in separate sentences of=20 .=20 - is therefore equi= valent in meaning, except for emphasis, to: + is therefore equ= ivalent in meaning, except for emphasis, to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section13-example6" />

mi puba klama le zarci I [past] [future] go-to the market. I was going to go to the market.

Compare=20 - and=20 + and=20 , which have a di= fferent meaning from=20 - and=20 + and=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section13-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e13d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section13-example8" />

mi ba klama le zarci puku @@ -1997,21 +1997,21 @@ mi pu klama le ba'o zarci I [past] go-to the [perfective] market I went to the former market. former market

The significance of the=20 ba'o in=20 - is that the spea= ker's destination is described as being=20 + is that the spe= aker's destination is described as being=20 in the aftermath of being a market; that is, it is a ma= rket no longer. In particular, the time at which it was no longer a market = is in the speaker's past, because the=20 in the aftermath ba'o is interpreted relative to the=20 pu tense of the main bridi. Here is an example involving an abstraction bridi: abstraction bridi @@ -2033,21 +2033,21 @@  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>multiple tenses</primary></indexterm> <quote>ki</quote>. A time made sticky with=20 <quote>kixipa</quote>(ki-sub-1) can be returned to by specifying=20 <quote>kixipa</quote> as a tense by itself. In the case of written exp= ression, the writer's here-and-now is often different from the reader's, an= d a pair of subscripted=20 <quote>ki</quote> tenses could be used to distinguish the two.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section14"> <title>Story time Making strict use of the conventions explained in=20 - would be intolerably awkwa= rd when a story is being told. The time at which a story is told by the nar= rator is usually unimportant to the story. What matters is the flow of time= within the story itself. The term=20 + would be intolerably awkw= ard when a story is being told. The time at which a story is told by the na= rrator is usually unimportant to the story. What matters is the flow of tim= e within the story itself. The term=20 story in this section refers to any series of statement= s related in more-or-less time-sequential order, not just a fictional one.<= /para> Lojban speakers use a different set of conventions, commonly cal= led=20 story time, for inferring tense within a story. It is p= resumed that the event described by each sentence takes place some time mor= e or less after the previous ones. Therefore, tenseless sentences are impli= citly tensed as=20 story time what happens next. In particular, any sticky time setti= ng is advanced by each sentence. The following mini-story illustrates the important features of s= tory time. A sentence-by-sentence explication follows: story time @@ -2095,54 +2095,54 @@ cave .i ko'e lebna lei rectu ko'a It-2 [tenseless] takes the-mass-of flesh from-her-1. It took the meat from her. .i ko'e bartu klama It-2 out ran It ran out. - sets both the tim= e (long ago) and the place (in a cave) using=20 + sets both the ti= me (long ago) and the place (in a cave) using=20 cave ki, just like the sentence sequences in=20 . No further space cmavo a= re used in the rest of the story, so the place is assumed to remain unchang= ed. The English translation of=20 - is marked for pas= t tense also, as the conventions of English storytelling require: consequen= tly, all other English translation sentences are also in the past tense. (W= e don't notice how strange this is; even stories about the future are writt= en in past tense!) This conventional use of past tense is not used in Lojba= n narratives. + is marked for pa= st tense also, as the conventions of English storytelling require: conseque= ntly, all other English translation sentences are also in the past tense. (= We don't notice how strange this is; even stories about the future are writ= ten in past tense!) This conventional use of past tense is not used in Lojb= an narratives. stories - is tenseless. Out= side story time, it would be assumed that its event happens simultaneously = with that of=20 + is tenseless. Ou= tside story time, it would be assumed that its event happens simultaneously= with that of=20 story time , since a sticky = tense is in effect; the rules of story time, however, imply that the event = occurs afterwards, and that the story time has advanced (changing the stick= y time set in=20 story time ). - has an explicit t= ense. This is taken relative to the latest setting of the sticky time; ther= efore, the event of=20 - happens before th= at of=20 + has an explicit = tense. This is taken relative to the latest setting of the sticky time; the= refore, the event of=20 + happens before t= hat of=20 . It cannot be de= termined if=20 - happens before or= after=20 + happens before o= r after=20 . - is again tenseles= s. Story time was not changed by the flashback in=20 + is again tensele= ss. Story time was not changed by the flashback in=20 , so=20 - happens after=20 + happens after=20 . - specifies the fut= ure (relative to=20 + specifies the fu= ture (relative to=20 ) and makes it st= icky. So all further events happen after=20 . - and=20 - are again tensele= ss, and so happen after=20 + and=20 + are again tensel= ess, and so happen after=20 . (Story time is = changed.) So the overall order is 14.1 - 14.3 - 14.2 - 14.4 - (medium inte= rval) - 14.5 - 14.6 - 14.7. It is also possible that 14.3 happens before 14= .1. If no sticky time (or space) is set initially, the story is set = at an unspecified time (or space): the effect is like that of choosing an a= rbitrary reference point and making it sticky. This style is common in stor= ies that are jokes. The same convention may be used if the context specifie= s the sticky time sufficiently. stories jokes

Tenses in subordinate bridi @@ -2162,35 +2162,35 @@

John says that George is going to the market. John says that George went to the market. John said that George went to the market. John said that George had gone to the market.

In=20 - and=20 + and=20 , the tense of th= e main sentence is the present:=20 says. If George goes when John speaks, we get the prese= nt tense=20 is going(=20 goes would be unidiomatic); if George goes before John = speaks, we get the past tense=20 went. But if the tense of the main sentence is the past= , with=20 said, then the tense required in the subordinate clause= is different. If George goes when John speaks, we get the past tense=20 went; if George goes before John speaks, we get the pas= t-perfect tense=20 had gone. The rule of English, therefore, is that both the tense of the ma= in sentence and the tense of the subordinate clause are understood relative= to the speaker of the main sentence (not John, but the person who speaks= =20 - through=20 + through=20 ). Lojban, like Russian and Esperanto, uses a different convention.= A tense in a subordinate bridi is understood to be relative to the tense a= lready set in the main bridi. Thus=20 - through=20 - can be expressed = in Lojban respectively thus: + through=20 + can be expressed= in Lojban respectively thus: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section15-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section15-example6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section15-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e15d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section15-example8" /> @@ -2281,27 +2281,27 @@ </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> <quote>.izu'abo</quote> is a compound cmavo: the=20 <quote>.i</quote> separates the sentences and the=20 <quote>zu'a</quote> is the tense. The=20 <quote>bo</quote> is required to prevent the=20 <quote>zu'a</quote> from gobbling up the following sumti, namely=20 <quote>le verba</quote>.</para> <para>Note that the bridi in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />appear in the rev= erse order from their appearance in=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example2" /> appear in the re= verse order from their appearance in=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example1" />. With=20 <quote>.izu'abo</quote>(and all other afterthought tense connectives) = the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. This is a na= tural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting between t= his form and the sumti tcita form.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>converting</primary></indexterm> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />means the same th= ing as:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example2" /> means the same t= hing as:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-Ne2C"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example3" />

le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu le bisli la'edi'u @@ -2321,37 +2321,37 @@ le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a le verba cu cadzu le bisli= The man bites the dog. [Left] the child [something] walks-o= n the ice. The man bites the dog. To the left of the child, something wal= ks on the ice.

Here the first place of the second sentence is unspecified, beca= use=20 zu'a has absorbed the sumti=20 le verba. Do not confuse either=20 - or=20 - with the followin= g: + or=20 + with the followi= ng: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example5" />

le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'aku le verba cu cadzu le bis= li The man bites the dog. [Left] the child walks-on the ice. The man bites the dog. Left of me, the child walks on the ice.=

In=20 , the origin poin= t is the speaker, as is usual with=20 zu'aku.=20 - makes the origin = point of the tense the event described by the first sentence. + makes the origin= point of the tense the event described by the first sentence. Two sentences may also be connected in forethought by a tense re= lationship. Just like afterthought tense connection, forethought tense conn= ection claims both sentences, and in addition claims that the time or space= relationship specified by the tense holds between the events the two sente= nces describe. @@ -2381,59 +2381,59 @@

mi klama pugi le zarci gi le zdani I go-to [past] the market [,] the house.

Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a ten= se-like relationship between nouns,=20 nouns - cannot be express= ed in English without paraphrasing it either into=20 - or else into=20 + cannot be expres= sed in English without paraphrasing it either into=20 + or else into=20 I go to the house before the market, which is ambiguous= - is the market going? Finally, a third forethought construction expresses a tense rela= tionship between bridi-tails rather than whole bridi. (The construct known = as a=20 bridi-tail is explained fully in=20 ; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, = possibly with following sumti.)=20 - is equivalent in = meaning to=20 - and=20 + is equivalent in= meaning to=20 + and=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e16d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section16-example8" />

mi pugi klama le zarci gi klama le zdani I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house. I, before going to the market, go to the house.

In both=20 - and=20 + and=20 , the underlying = sentences=20 mi klama le zarci and=20 mi klama le zdani are not claimed; only the relationshi= p in time between them is claimed. Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are appropriate = with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equivalent forms = are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cmavo): subordinate: X TENSE le nu Y afterthought coordinate: Y .i+TENSE+bo X forethought coordinate: TENSE+gi X gi Y

Tensed logical connectives The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connec= tive system. That system is a separate topic, explained in=20 tense system - and touched on only in summary here.= By the rules of the logical connective system,=20 - through 17.3 are = equivalent in meaning: + and touched on only in summary here= . By the rules of the logical connective system,=20 + through 17.3 are= equivalent in meaning: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example3" />

@@ -2462,43 +2462,43 @@ ijebabo Terry strokes the cat. And then Terry strokes the rabbit. la teris. satre le mlatu gi'ebabo satre le ractu Terry strokes the cat, and then strokes the rabbit. la teris. satre le mlatu .ebabo le ractu Terry strokes the cat and then the rabbit.

- through 17.6 are = equivalent in meaning. They are also analogous to=20 - through=20 - respectively. The= =20 + through 17.6 are= equivalent in meaning. They are also analogous to=20 + through=20 + respectively. Th= e=20 bo is required for the same reason as in=20 : to prevent the= =20 ba from functioning as a sumti tcita for the following = sumti (or, in=20 , from being atta= ched to the following selbri). In addition to the=20 bo construction of=20 - through=20 + through=20 , there is also a= form of tensed logical connective with=20 tensed logical connective tensed logical connective tensed logical connective tensed logical connective ke ... ke'e(=20 tu'e ... tu'u for sentences). The logical connective sy= stem makes=20 - through=20 - equivalent in mea= ning: + through=20 + equivalent in me= aning: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example9" />

@@ -2508,21 +2508,21 @@ mi bevri le dakli gi'eke bevri le gerku gi'a bevri le mlatu I carry the sack and (carry the dog and/or carry the cat).<= /gloss> I carry the sack, and also carry the dog or carry the cat or c= arry both. mi bevri le dakli .eke le gerku .a le mlatu I carry the sack and (the dog or the cat). I carry the sack and also the dog or the cat or both.

Note the uniformity of the Lojban, as contrasted with the variet= y of ways in which the English provides for the correct grouping. In all ca= ses, the meaning is that I carry the sack in any case, and either the cat o= r the dog or both. To express that I carry the sack first (earlier in time), and th= en the dog or the cat or both simultaneously, I can insert tenses to form= =20 - through=20 + through=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e17d12" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section17-example12" /> @@ -2535,42 +2535,42 @@ or I will carry both at once. mi bevri le dakli gi'ebake bevri le gerku gi'acabo bevri le m= latu I carry the sack and [future] (carry the dog and/or [presen= t] carry the cat). I carry the sack and then will carry the dog or carry the cat = or carry both at once. mi bevri le dakli .ebake le gerku .acabo le mlatu I carry the sack and [future] (the cat and/or [present] the= dog). I carry the sack, and then the cat or the dog or both at once.= - through=20 - are equivalent i= n meaning to each other, and correspond to the tenseless=20 - through=20 - respectively. + through=20 + are equivalent = in meaning to each other, and correspond to the tenseless=20 + through=20 + respectively.

Tense negation Any bridi which involves tenses of selma'o PU, FAhA, or ZAhO can= be contradicted by a=20 -nai suffixed to the tense cmavo. Some examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example1" />

mi punai klama le zarci I [past] [not] go-to the market. I didn't go to the market.

As a contradictory negation,=20 - implies that the = bridi as a whole is false without saying anything about what is true. When = the negated tense is a sumti tcita,=20 + implies that the= bridi as a whole is false without saying anything about what is true. When= the negated tense is a sumti tcita,=20 -nai negation indicates that the stated relationship do= es not hold: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example4" /> @@ -2580,21 +2580,21 @@ It is not true that I went to the market at the same time that= you went to the house. le nanmu batci le gerku ne'inai le kumfa The man bites the dog [within] [not] the room. The man didn't bite the dog inside the room. mi morsi ca'onai le nu mi jmive I am-dead [continuitive - negated] the event-of I live. It is false that I am dead during my life. It is also possible to perform scalar negation of whole tense co= nstructs by placing a member of NAhE before them. Unlike contradictory nega= tion, scalar negation asserts a truth: that the bridi is true with some ten= se other than that specified. The following examples are scalar negation an= alogues of=20 - to=20 + to=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section18-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e18d8" /> @@ -2694,39 +2694,39 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e19d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section19-example2" />

ro datka ca flulimna All ducks [present] are-float-swimmers. All ducks are now swimming by floating.

the resulting=20 - might still be co= nsidered a truth, even though the colloquial English seems even more likely= to be false. All ducks have the potential of swimming even if they are not= exercising that potential at present. To get the full flavor of=20 + might still be c= onsidered a truth, even though the colloquial English seems even more likel= y to be false. All ducks have the potential of swimming even if they are no= t exercising that potential at present. To get the full flavor of=20 All ducks are now swimming, we must append a marker fro= m selma'o CAhA to the tense, and say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e19d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section19-example3" />

ro datka ca ca'a flulimna ca'a All ducks [present] [actual] are-float-swimmers. All ducks are now actually swimming by floating.

A CAhA cmavo is always placed after any other tense cmavo, wheth= er for time or for space. However, a CAhA cmavo comes before=20 ki, so that a CAhA condition can be made sticky. - is false in both = Lojban and English, since it claims that the swimming is an actual, present= fact, true of every duck that exists, whereas in fact there is at least on= e duck that is not swimming now. + is false in both= Lojban and English, since it claims that the swimming is an actual, presen= t fact, true of every duck that exists, whereas in fact there is at least o= ne duck that is not swimming now. Furthermore, some ducks are dead (and therefore sink); some duck= s have just hatched (and do not know how to swim yet), and some ducks have = been eaten by predators (and have ceased to exist as separate objects at al= l). Nevertheless, all these ducks have the innate capability of swimming - = it is part of the nature of duckhood. The cmavo=20 innate capability ka'e expresses this notion of innate capability: ka'e innate capability @@ -2958,21 +2958,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e20d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section20-example3" />

mi punai je canai je ba klama le zarci I [past] [not] and [present] [not] and [future] go-to the m= arket. I haven't yet gone to the market, but I will in future.

- is far more speci= fic than + is far more spec= ific than <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e20d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section20-example4" />

mi ba klama le zarci I [future] go-to the market.

@@ -3231,21 +3231,21 @@ mi nelci do ba le nu do nelci mi I like you after the event-of you like me. I like you after you like me. places the=20 le nu sumti in the x2 place of the gismu=20 balvi(which underlies the tense=20 ba), namely the point of reference for the future tense= . Paraphrases of=20 - and=20 + and=20 , employing the b= rivla=20 mukti and=20 balvi explicitly, would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section23-example3" />

le nu do nelci mi cu mukti le nu mi nelci do @@ -3259,25 +3259,25 @@

le nu mi nelci do cu balvi le nu do nelci mi The event-of I like you is after the event of you like me.<= /gloss> My liking you follows (in time) your liking me.

(Note that the paraphrase is not perfect due to the difference i= n what is claimed;=20 - and=20 - claim only the ca= usal and temporal relationships between the events, not the existence of th= e events themselves.) + and=20 + claim only the c= ausal and temporal relationships between the events, not the existence of t= he events themselves.) As a result, the afterthought sentence-connective forms of=20 - and=20 - are, respectively= : + and=20 + are, respectivel= y: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section23-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section23-example6" />

mi nelci do .imu'ibo do nelci mi I like you. [That is] Because you like me. @@ -3291,22 +3291,22 @@ do nelci mi is the same as in=20 . In=20 , however, the or= der is reversed: the origin point=20 do nelci mi physically appears before the future-time e= vent=20 mi nelci do. In both cases, the bridi characterizing th= e event in the x2 place appears before the bridi characterizing the event i= n the x1 place of=20 mukti or=20 balvi. In forethought connections, however, the asymmetry between modal= s and tenses is not found. The forethought equivalents of=20 forethought connections - and=20 - are + and=20 + are <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section23-example7" />

mu'igi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do Because you like me, I like you.

@@ -3378,21 +3378,21 @@

le nanmu cu'e batci le gerku The man [what tense?] bites the dog. When/Where/How does the man bite the dog?

Possible answers to=20 - might be: + might be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section24-example4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section24-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section24-example6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section24-example7" /> @@ -3447,33 +3447,33 @@

la .artr. pu je'i ba nolraitru je'i Arthur [past] [which?] [future] is-a-king Was Arthur a king or will he be?

Answers to=20 - would be logical= connectives such as=20 + would be logica= l connectives such as=20 je, meaning=20 both,=20 naje meaning=20 the latter, or=20 jenai meaning=20 the former.

Explicit magnitudes It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitu= des that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large.= In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban= construction called a=20 termset is employed. (Termsets are explained further in= =20 - and=20 + and=20 .) It is grammatical for a termset t= o be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows bo= th the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. He= re is an example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e25d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section25-example1" />

la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u] Frank stands [left] [start termset] George @@ -3492,21 +3492,21 @@ zu'a It is not necessary to have both an origin point and an explicit= magnitude: a termset may have only a single term in it. A less precise ver= sion of=20 magnitude magnitude explicit magnitude magnitude - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e25d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter10-section25-example2" />

la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u lo mitre be li mu Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5. diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml index dbdf31e..356a190 100644 --- a/todocbook/11.xml +++ b/todocbook/11.xml @@ -62,40 +62,40 @@ la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.

We will most often use descriptions containing abstraction eithe= r at the end of a bridi, or just before the main selbri with its=20 cu; in either of these circumstances,=20 kei can normally be elided. The place structure of an abstraction selbri depends on the part= icular abstractor, and will be explained individually in the following sect= ions. Note: In glosses of bridi within abstractions, the grammatical f= orm used in the English changes. Thus, in the gloss of=20 - we see=20 + we see=20 my going-to the store rather than=20 I go-to the store; likewise, in the glosses of=20 - and=20 - we see=20 + and=20 + we see=20 being-a-soldier rather than=20 is-a-soldier. This procedure reflects the desire for mo= re understandable glosses, and does not indicate any change in the Lojban f= orm. A bridi is a bridi, and undergoes no change when it is used as part of= an abstraction selbri.

Event abstraction The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

nu NU event abstractor

The examples in=20 - made use of=20 + made use of=20 nu as the abstractor, and it is certainly the most comm= on abstractor in Lojban text. Its purpose is to capture the event or state = of the bridi considered as a whole. Do not confuse the=20 common abstractor le description built on a=20 nu abstraction with ordinary descriptions based on=20 le alone. The following sumti are quite distinct: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e2d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example1" /> @@ -123,24 +123,24 @@  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm> <en>the route</en> <jbo>le xe klama</jbo> <en>the means of transportation</en> <jbo>le nu klama</jbo> <en>the event of someone coming to somewhere from somewhere by som= e route using some means</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example1" />through=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example5" />are descriptions t= hat isolate the five individual sumti places of the selbri=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example1" /> through=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example5" /> are descriptions = that isolate the five individual sumti places of the selbri=20 <quote>klama</quote>.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example6" />describes somethin= g associated with the bridi as a whole: the event of it.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example6" /> describes somethi= ng associated with the bridi as a whole: the event of it.</para> <para>In Lojban, the term=20 <quote>event</quote> is divorced from its ordinary English sense of so= mething that happens over a short period of time. The description:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-mxAt"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e2d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example7" />

le nu mi vasxu the event-of my breathing @@ -162,22 +162,22 @@

is relatively brief by comparison (again, under normal circumsta= nces). normal circumstances comparison We can see from=20 can see - through=20 - that ellipsis of s= umti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main bridi= of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able to= figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recogni= ze that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for=20 + through=20 + that ellipsis of = sumti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main brid= i of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able t= o figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recogn= ize that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for=20 ellipsis nu abstractions in descriptions to have the x1 place el= lipsized: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e2d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example9" />

mi nelci le nu limna @@ -190,21 +190,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e2d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example10" />

mi nelci le nu mi limna I like the event-of I swim.

In the proper context, of course,=20 - could refer to the= event of somebody else swimming. Its English equivalent,=20 + could refer to th= e event of somebody else swimming. Its English equivalent,=20 I like swimming, can't be interpreted as=20 I like Frank's swimming; this is a fundamental distinct= ion between English and Lojban. In Lojban, an omitted sumti can mean whatev= er the context indicates that it should mean. Note that the lack of an explicit NU cmavo in a sumti can someti= mes hide an implicit abstraction. In the context of=20 , the appearance = of=20 le se nelci(=20 that which is liked) is in effect an abstraction: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e2d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section2-example11" /> @@ -373,22 +373,22 @@ <jbo>le za'i mi jmive cu ckape do</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>za'i</primary></indexterm> <gloss>The state-of (I am-alive) is-dangerous-to you.</gloss> <en>My being alive is dangerous to you.</en>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>being alive</primary></indexterm> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>The abstractors in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section3-example1" />through=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section3-example4" />could all have bee= n replaced by=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section3-example1" /> through=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section3-example4" /> could all have be= en replaced by=20 <quote>nu</quote>, with some loss of precision. Note that Lojban allow= s every sort of event to be viewed in any of these four ways:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>the=20 <quote>state of running</quote> begins when the runner starts and = ends when the runner stops;</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>the=20 <quote>activity of running</quote> consists of the cycle=20 <quote>lift leg, step forward, drop leg, lift other leg...</quote>= (each such cycle is a process, but the activity consists in the repetition = of the cycle);</para> @@ -528,22 +528,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example4" />

le ka do xunre [kei] cu cnino mi The property-of your being-red is-new to me. Your redness is new to me.

It would be suitable to use=20 - and=20 - to someone who has= returned from the beach with a sunburn. + and=20 + to someone who ha= s returned from the beach with a sunburn. sunburn beach There are several different properties that can be extracted fro= m a bridi, depending on which place of the bridi is=20 understood as being specified externally. Thus: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example5" /> @@ -558,63 +558,63 @@ <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example6" />

ka [zo'e] prami mi [kei] a-property-of something-unspecified loving me

In particular, sentences like=20 - and=20 - are quite differen= t in meaning: + and=20 + are quite differe= nt in meaning: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example8" />

la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami John exceeds George in-the property-of (I love X) I love John more than I love George. la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka prami mi John exceeds George in the property of (X loves me). John loves me more than George loves me.

The=20 X used in the glosses of=20 - through=20 - as a place-holder = cannot be represented only by ellipsis in Lojban, because ellipsis means th= at there must be a specific value that can fill the ellipsis, as mentioned = in=20 + through=20 + as a place-holder= cannot be represented only by ellipsis in Lojban, because ellipsis means t= hat there must be a specific value that can fill the ellipsis, as mentioned= in=20 ellipsis . Instead, the cmavo=20 ce'u of selma'o KOhA is employed when an explicit sumti= is wanted. (The form=20 X will be used in literal translations.) Therefore, an explicit equivalent of=20 , with no ellipsis= , is: ellipsis <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example9" />

la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami ce'u John exceeds George in-the property-of (I love X).

and of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e4d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section4-example10" />

la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka ce'u prami mi John exceeds George in-the property-of (X loves me).

@@ -775,39 +775,39 @@

le pixra cu cenba le ni ce'u blanu [kei] The picture varies in-the amount-of (X is blue). The picture varies in how blue it is. The picture varies in blueness.

- conveys that the b= lueness comes and goes, whereas=20 - conveys that its q= uantity changes over time. + conveys that the = blueness comes and goes, whereas=20 + conveys that its = quantity changes over time. Whenever we talk of measurement of an amount, there is some sort= of scale, and so the place structure of=20 ni abstraction selbri is: ni: x1 is the amount of (the bridi) on scale x2 Note: the best way to express the x2 places of abstract sumti is= to use something like=20 le ni ... kei be. See=20 - for the use of thi= s construction. + for the use of th= is construction.

Truth-value abstraction:=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>value abstraction</primary></indexter= m> <quote>jei</quote> The=20 blueness of the picture discussed in=20 - refers to the measurable am= ount of blue pigment (or other source of blueness), not to the degree of tr= uth of the claim that blueness is present. That abstraction is expressed in= Lojban using=20 + refers to the measurable a= mount of blue pigment (or other source of blueness), not to the degree of t= ruth of the claim that blueness is present. That abstraction is expressed i= n Lojban using=20 jei, which is closely related semantically to=20 ni. In the simplest cases,=20 le jei produces not a number but a truth value: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e6d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section6-example1" />

le jei li re su'i re du li vo [kei] @@ -839,21 +839,21 @@ mi ba jdice le jei la djordj. cu zekri gasnu [kei] I [future] decide the truth-value of (George being-a-(crime doer)). I will decide whether George is a criminal.

- does not imply tha= t George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal syste= m I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,=20 + does not imply th= at George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal syst= em I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,=20 legal system jei requires an x2 place analogous to that of=20 ni: jei: x1 is the truth value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2 Abstractions using=20 jei are the mechanism for fuzzy logic in Lojban; the=20 jei abstraction refers to a number between 0 and 1 incl= usive (as distinct from=20 @@ -894,65 +894,65 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section7-example2" />

mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the event of Frank being a fool.

Not quite right. Events are actually or potentially physical, an= d can't be contained inside one's mind, except for events of thinking, feel= ing, and the like;=20 - comes close to cla= iming that Frank's being-a-fool is purely a mental activity on the part of = the speaker. (In fact,=20 + comes close to cl= aiming that Frank's being-a-fool is purely a mental activity on the part of= the speaker. (In fact,=20 mental activity - is an instance of = improperly marked=20 + is an instance of= improperly marked=20 sumti raising, a concept discussed further in=20 sumti raising ). Try again: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section7-example3" />

mi djuno le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool.

Closer.=20 - says that I know w= hether or not Frank is a fool, but doesn't say that he is one, as=20 + says that I know = whether or not Frank is a fool, but doesn't say that he is one, as=20 Frank is a fool - does. To catch tha= t nuance, we must say: + does. To catch th= at nuance, we must say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section7-example4" />

mi djuno le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the predication that Frank is a fool. Frank is a fool

Now we have it. Note that the implied assertion=20 Frank is a fool is not a property of=20 Frank is a fool le du'u abstraction, but of=20 djuno; we can only know what is in fact true. (As a res= ult,=20 djuno like=20 jei has a place for epistemology, which specifies how w= e know.)=20 - has no such implie= d assertion: + has no such impli= ed assertion: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section7-example5" />

mi kucli le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei] I am curious about whether Frank is a fool. Frank is a fool @@ -991,42 +991,42 @@

la djan. cusku le se du'u la djordj. klama le zarci [kei] John expresses the sentence-expressing-that George goes-to = the store John says that George goes to the store.

- differs from + differs from <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section7-example8" />

la djan cusku lu la djordj. klama le zarci li'u John expresses, quote, George goes to the store, unquote. John says=20 George goes to the store.

because=20 - claims that John a= ctually said the quoted words, whereas=20 - claims only that h= e said some words or other which were to the same purpose. + claims that John = actually said the quoted words, whereas=20 + claims only that = he said some words or other which were to the same purpose. le se du'u is much the same as=20 lu'e le du'u, a symbol for the predication, but=20 se du'u can be used as a selbri, whereas=20 lu'e is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See=20 - for a discussion of=20 + for a discussion of=20 lu'e.)

Indirect questions The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

kau kau @@ -1057,37 +1057,37 @@ I know who went to the store. know who This form is called an=20 indirect question in English because the embedded Engli= sh sentence is a question:=20 indirect question Who went to the store? A person who says=20 - is claiming to kno= w the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other= English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as= know who went to the store. + is claiming to kn= ow the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many othe= r English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well a= s know who went to the store. verbs know who To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a=20 kau indirect questions le du'u abstraction, but rather than using a question w= ord like=20 who(=20 ma in Lojban), we use any word that will fit grammatica= lly and mark it with the suffix particle=20 kau. This cmavo belongs to selma'o UI, so grammatically= it can appear anywhere. The simplest Lojban translation of=20 kau - is therefore: + is therefore: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e8d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section8-example3" />

mi djuno le du'u makau pu klama le zarci I know the predication-of X [indirect question] [past] going to the store. @@ -1196,21 +1196,21 @@ I [future] observe the predication-of/fact-that John [connective indirect question] George indirect question is-at the park. I will see whether John or George (or both) is at the park.

In addition,=20 - is only a loose pa= raphrase of=20 + is only a loose p= araphrase of=20 , because it is le= ft to the listener's insight to realize that what is known about the goer-t= o-the-store is his identity rather than some other of his attributes.

Minor abstraction types The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

li'i li'i @@ -1418,79 +1418,79 @@

I try the door. try the door

where it is understood that what I try is actually not the door = itself, but the act of opening it. The same simplification can be done in L= ojban, but it must be marked explicitly using a cmavo. The relevant cmavo i= s=20 tu'a, which belongs to selma'o LAhE. The Lojban equival= ent of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section10-example4" />

mi troci tu'a le vorme I try some-action-to-do-with the door.

The term=20 sumti-raising, as in the title of this section, signifi= es that a sumti which logically belongs within an abstraction (or even with= in an abstraction which is itself inside an intermediate abstraction) is=20 intermediate abstraction raised to the main bridi level. This transformation fro= m=20 - to=20 - loses information= : nothing except convention tells us what the abstraction was. + to=20 + loses informatio= n: nothing except convention tells us what the abstraction was. Using=20 tu'a is a kind of laziness: it makes speaking easier at= the possible expense of clarity for the listener. The speaker must be prep= ared for the listener to respond something like: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section10-example5" />

tu'a le vorme lu'u ki'a lu'u something-to-do-with the door [terminator] [confusion!]

which indicates that=20 tu'a le vorme cannot be understood. (The terminator for= =20 tu'a is=20 lu'u, and is used in=20 lu'u - to make clear jus= t what is being questioned: the sumti-raising, rather than the word=20 + to make clear ju= st what is being questioned: the sumti-raising, rather than the word=20 vorme as such.) An example of a confusing raised sumti = might be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section10-example6" />

tu'a la djan. cu cafne something-to-do-with John frequently-occurs

This must mean that something which John does, or which happens = to John, occurs frequently: but without more context there is no way to fig= ure out what. Note that without the=20 tu'a,=20 - would mean that J= ohn considered as an event frequently occurs - in other words, that John ha= s some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as = events in English, but the x1 place of=20 + would mean that = John considered as an event frequently occurs - in other words, that John h= as some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as= events in English, but the x1 place of=20 cafne is an event, and if something that does not seem = to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe= it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that=20 djan. is the name of a person, and not the name of some= event.) Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to=20 tu'a which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete= one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo=20 jai(of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one funct= ion, discussed in=20 - and=20 + and=20 ; for the purposes of this chapter, = it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE= . This conversion changes <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section10-example7" />

tu'a mi rinka le nu do morsi something-to-do-with me causes @@ -1506,23 +1506,23 @@ mi jai rinka le nu do morsi I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death. I cause your death.

In English, the subject of=20 cause can either be the actual cause (an event), or els= e the agent of the cause (a person, typically); not so in Lojban, where the= x1 of=20 rinka is always an event.=20 - and=20 - look equally conv= enient (or inconvenient), but in making descriptions,=20 - can be altered to= : + and=20 + look equally con= venient (or inconvenient), but in making descriptions,=20 + can be altered t= o: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section10-example9" />

le jai rinka be le nu do morsi that-which-is associated-with causing (the event-of your death) @@ -1547,21 +1547,21 @@ that-which-is agent-in causing (the event-of your death)

Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses This section is a logical continuation of=20 . There exists a relationship between the four types of events exp= lained in=20 - and the event contour tense= cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually i= nterdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU even= t types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in=20 + and the event contour tens= e cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually = interdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU eve= nt types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in=20 event types , and only summarized here. The purpose of ZAhO cmavo is to represent the natural portions o= f an event, such as the beginning, the middle, and the end. They fall into = several groups: The cmavo=20 pu'o,=20 ca'o, and=20 ba'o represent spans of time: before an event begin= s, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively. @@ -1655,22 +1655,22 @@ co'i Note that the parts of events are themselves events, and may be = treated as such. The points in time may be seen as=20 mu'e point-events; the spans of time may constitute pro= cesses or activities. Therefore, Lojban allows us to refer to processes wit= hin processes, activities within states, and many other complicated abstrac= t things. mu'e

Abstractor connection An abstractor may be replaced by two or more abstractors joined = by logical or non-logical connectives. Connectives are explained in detail = in=20 . The connection can be expanded to = one between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker.=20 - and=20 - are equivalent in= meaning: + and=20 + are equivalent i= n meaning: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e12d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section12-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e12d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter11-section12-example2" />

le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali .ije le ni la frank. ciska cu xlali diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml index 8f825f0..f724651 100644 --- a/todocbook/12.xml +++ b/todocbook/12.xml @@ -174,21 +174,21 @@ la blabi zdani cu gerku be fa la spot. bei la sankt. berNARD.= be'o zdani la bil. klinton. The White House is-a-dog (namely Spot of-breed Saint Bernar= d) type-of-house-for Bill Clinton. Bill Clinton

Not the most elegant sentence ever written in either Lojban or E= nglish. Yet if there is any relation at all between Spot and the White Hous= e,=20 - is arguably true. = If we concentrate on just one type of relation in interpreting the tanru=20 + is arguably true.= If we concentrate on just one type of relation in interpreting the tanru= =20 gerku zdani, then the meaning of=20 gerku zdani changes. So if we understand=20 gerku zdani as having the same meaning as the English w= ord=20 doghouse, the White House would no longer be a=20 gerku zdani with respect to Spot, because as far as we = know Spot does not actually live in the White House, and the White House is= not a doghouse (derogatory terms for incumbents notwithstanding). derogatory terms

The meaning of lujvo @@ -209,21 +209,21 @@ le gerku, the most obvious relation to pick is the very= relation named by the tertau,=20 zdani: the relation between a home and its dweller. As = a result, the object which fills the first place of=20 gerku(the dog) also fills the second place of=20 zdani(the house-dweller). The seltau-tertau relationship in the veljvo is expressed by the= seltau or tertau predicate itself. Therefore, at least one of the seltau p= laces is going to be equivalent to a tertau place. This place is thus redun= dant, and can be dropped from the place structure of the lujvo. As a coroll= ary, the precise relationship between the veljvo components can be implicit= ly determined by finding one or more places to overlap in this way. So what is the place structure of=20 gerzda? We're left with three places, since the dweller= , the=20 se zdani, turned out to be identical to the dog, the=20 gerku. We can proceed as follows: (The notation introduced casually in=20 - will be useful in the rest = of this chapter. Rather than using the regular x1, x2, etc. to represent pl= aces, we'll use the first letter of the relevant gismu in place of the=20 + will be useful in the rest= of this chapter. Rather than using the regular x1, x2, etc. to represent p= laces, we'll use the first letter of the relevant gismu in place of the=20 x, or more than one letter where necessary to resolve a= mbiguities. Thus, z1 is the first place of=20 zdani, and g2 is the second place of=20 gerku.) The place structure of=20 zdani is given as=20 , but is repeated = here using the new notation: new notation @@ -686,21 +686,21 @@

This is a prayer to Dong Dong

We could resolve such problems on a case-by-case basis for each = lujvo (=20 basis - discusses when this is act= ually necessary), but case-by-case resolution for run-of-the-mill lujvo mak= es the task of learning lujvo place structures unmanageable. People need co= nsistent patterns to make sense of what they learn. Such patterns can be fo= und across gismu place structures (see=20 + discusses when this is ac= tually necessary), but case-by-case resolution for run-of-the-mill lujvo ma= kes the task of learning lujvo place structures unmanageable. People need c= onsistent patterns to make sense of what they learn. Such patterns can be f= ound across gismu place structures (see=20 ), and are even more neces= sary in lujvo place structures. Case-by-case consideration is still necessa= ry; lujvo creation is a subtle art, after all. But it is helpful to take ad= vantage of any available regularities. multiple SE lujvo creation We use two different ordering rules: one for symmetrical lujvo a= nd one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lujvo like=20 balsoi(from=20 ) has the places of its ter= tau followed by whatever places of the seltau survive the elimination proce= ss. For=20 elimination process @@ -1089,21 +1089,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e11d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter12-section11-example4" />

[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama (crime inside) go

doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go = into a place where it is criminal to be inside - an interpretation almost i= dentical with=20 - anyway?) + anyway?) There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can = produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example,=20 xaskemcakcurnu means=20 oceanic shellfish, and has the veljvo shellfish <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e11d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter12-section11-example5" /> @@ -1624,21 +1624,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter12-section14-example2" />

s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 in medium s4

Now it is easy to see that the l2 and s2 places are equivalent: = the believer in the religion (l2) is the one who expresses the prayer (s2).= This is not one of the cases for which a place ordering rule has been give= n in=20 - or=20 + or=20 ; therefore, for lack of a= better rule, we put the tertau places first and the remaining seltau place= s after them, leading to the place structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter12-section14-example3" /> s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=3Dl2 to audience s3 in medium = s4 pertaining to religion l1 @@ -1940,21 +1940,21 @@ klamau: z1, more than z2, goes to k2 from k3 via k4= by means of k5 selklamau: z1, more than z2, is gone to by k1 from = k3 via k4 by means of k5 terklamau: z1, more than z2, is an origin point fro= m destination k2 for k1's going via k4 by means of k5 (See=20 - for the way in which this problem is= resolved when lujvo aren't used.) + for the way in which this problem i= s resolved when lujvo aren't used.) The ordering rule places the things being compared first, and th= e other seltau places following. Unfortunately the z4 place, which expresse= s by how much one entity exceeds the other, is displaced into a lujvo place= whose number is different for each lujvo. For example, while=20 nelcymau has z4 as its fourth place,=20 klamau has it as its sixth place. In any sentence where= a difficulty arises, this amount-place can be redundantly tagged with=20 vemau(for=20 zmadu) or=20 veme'a(for=20 mleca) to help make the speaker's intention clear. It is important to realize that such comparative lujvo do not pr= esuppose their seltau. Just as in English, saying someone is younger than s= omeone else doesn't imply that they're young in the first place: an octogen= arian, after all, is still younger than a nonagenarian. Rather, the 80-year= -old has a greater=20 younger diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml index ce13bb4..d726986 100644 --- a/todocbook/13.xml +++ b/todocbook/13.xml @@ -83,21 +83,21 @@ .io,=20 .iu,=20 .ua,=20 .ue,=20 ue .ui,=20 .uo, and=20 .uu). Note that each of these cmavo has a period before= it, marking the pause that is mandatory before every word beginning with a= vowel. Attitudinals, like most of the other kinds of indicators described = in this chapter, belong to selma'o UI. Attitudinals can also be compound cmavo, of the types explained = in Sections 4-8;=20 - illustrates one su= ch possibility, the compound attitudinal=20 + illustrates one s= uch possibility, the compound attitudinal=20 .ianai. In attitudinals,=20 ianai -nai indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simp= le attitudinal without the=20 -nai. Thus, as you might suppose,=20 .ia expresses belief, since=20 .ianai expresses disbelief. ianai In addition to the attitudinals, there are other classes of indi= cators: intensity markers, emotion categories, attitudinal modifiers, obser= vationals, and discursives. All of them are grammatically equivalent, which= is why they are treated together in this chapter. @@ -232,23 +232,23 @@ .uecu'i la djan. klama [Ho hum.] John comes. .uenai la djan. klama [Expected!] John comes. In=20 , John's coming ha= s been anticipated by the speaker. In=20 anticipated - and=20 + and=20 , no such anticipa= tion has been made, but in=20 - the lack-of-antici= pation goes no further - in=20 + the lack-of-antic= ipation goes no further - in=20 , it amounts to ac= tual surprise. It is not possible to firmly distinguish the pure emotion words = beginning with=20 o or=20 i from those beginning with=20 u, but in general they represent more complex, more amb= ivalent, or more difficult emotions. .o'a pride modesty shame=20 .o'e closeness detachment distance .oi complaint/pain doing OK pleasure @@ -312,33 +312,33 @@ o'ecu'i [Detachment!] John is coming. .o'u la djan. klama o'u [Phew!] John is coming. In=20 - and=20 + and=20 , John's arrival = is no problem: in the former example, the speaker feels emotional distance = from the situation; in the latter example, John's coming is actually a reli= ef of some kind. The pure emotion indicators beginning with=20 i are those which could not be fitted into the=20 u or=20 o groups because there was a lack of room, so they are = a mixed lot.=20 .ia,=20 .i'a,=20 .ie, and=20 .i'e do not appear here, as they belong in=20 i'e - instead. + instead. .ii fear nervousness security=20 .i'i togetherness privacy .io respect disrespect .i'o appreciation envy .iu love no love lost hatred .i'u familiarity mystery Here are some examples: @@ -357,41 +357,41 @@ Eek! A mouse! la djan. .iu klama John [love!] is coming. la djan. .ionai klama ionai John [disrespect!] is coming. - shows an attitude= -colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by t= he observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaki= ng toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like=20 + shows an attitud= e-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by = the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speak= ing toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like=20 observative - a lot. + a lot. - and=20 - use attitudinals = that follow=20 + and=20 + use attitudinals= that follow=20 la djan. rather than being at the beginning of the sent= ence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the= event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. C= ompare: <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e2d18" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter13-section2-example18" />

la djan. klama .iu John is-coming [love!]

where it is specifically the coming of John that inspires the fe= eling. - is a compact way = of swearing at John: you could translate it as=20 + is a compact way= of swearing at John: you could translate it as=20 That good-for-nothing John is coming.

Propositional attitude indicators As mentioned at the beginning of=20 , attitudinals may be divid= ed into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, = and a contrasting group which may be called the=20 propositional attitude indicators. These indicators est= ablish an internal, hypothetical world which the speaker is reacting to, di= stinct from the world as it really is. Thus we may be expressing our attitu= de towards=20 real world @@ -606,27 +606,27 @@ .i'enai do .i'e zukte i'enai i'e [disapproval] you [approval] act I don't approve of what you did, but I approve of you. - illustrates the u= se of a propositional attitude indicator,=20 + illustrates the = use of a propositional attitude indicator,=20 i'e, in both the usual sense (at the beginning of the b= ridi) and as a pure emotion (attached to=20 i'e do). The event expressed by the main bridi is disapprov= ed of by the speaker, but the referent of the sumti in the x1 place (namely= the listener) is approved of. To indicate that an attitudinal discussed in this section is not= meant to indicate a propositional attitude, the simplest expedient is to s= plit the attitudinal off into a separate sentence. Thus, a version of=20 - which actually cla= imed that the listener was or would be driving the car might be: + which actually cl= aimed that the listener was or would be driving the car might be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e3d17" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter13-section3-example17" />

do sazri le karce .i .e'a e'a You drive the car. [Permission]. @@ -754,21 +754,21 @@

The space of emotions Each of the attitude scales constitutes an axis in a multi-dimen= sional space. In effect, given our total so far of 39 scales, we have a 39-= dimensional space. At any given time, our emotions and attitudes are repres= ented by a point in this 39-dimensional space, with the intensity indicator= s serving as coordinates along each dimension. A complete attitudinal inven= tory, should one decide to express it, would consist of reading off each of= the scale values for each of the emotions, with the vector sum serving as = a distinct single point, which is our attitude. dimension Now no one is going to ever utter a string of 100-odd attitudina= ls to express their emotions. If asked, we normally do not recognize more t= han one or two emotions at a time - usually the ones that are strongest or = which most recently changed in some significant way. But the scale system p= rovides some useful insights into a possible theory of emotion (which might= be testable using Lojban), and incidentally explains how Lojbanists expres= s compound emotions when they do recognize them. compound emotions The existence of 39 scales highlights the complexity of emotion.= We also aren't bound to the 39. There are modifiers described in=20 - that multiply the set of sc= ales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale,= which might be expressed by=20 + that multiply the set of s= cales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale= , which might be expressed by=20 magnitude feelings cu'i, but could also be expressed by using both the=20 cu'i positive and=20 negative scale emotions at once. One expression of=20 fortitude might be=20 @@ -903,21 +903,21 @@ be'u lack/need presence satiation be'u need satisfaction =20 se'a [sevzi] self-sufficiency dependency se'a It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categori= es, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tende= d to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be though= t of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to= be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the= attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand thes= e modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudi= nals found in=20 - and=20 + and=20 , and see what emotional pi= ctures you can build: pictures The cmavo=20 ga'i expresses the scale used to indicate condescension= or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is=20 ga'i deference @@ -1045,22 +1045,22 @@ .ause'i [desire] [self] I want it! .ause'inai [desire] [other] I want you to have it! In both cases, the English=20 it is vague, reflecting the absence of a bridi.=20 - and=20 - are pure expressio= ns of attitude. Analogously,=20 + and=20 + are pure expressi= ons of attitude. Analogously,=20 .uuse'i is self-pity, whereas=20 .uuse'inai is pity for someone else. uuse'inai The modifier=20 ri'e indicates emotional release versus emotional contr= ol.=20 ri'e I will not let him know how angry I am, you say to your= self before entering the room. The Lojban is much shorter: @@ -1078,21 +1078,21 @@ On the other hand,=20 ri'e can be used by itself to signal an emotional outbu= rst. ri'e The cmavo=20 fu'i may express a reason for feeling the way we do, as= opposed to a feeling in itself; but it is a reason that is more emotionall= y determined than most. For example, it could show the difference between t= he mental discomfort mentioned in=20 mental discomfort fu'i - when it is felt on an easy = test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, = you could use=20 + when it is felt on an easy= test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage,= you could use=20 .o'ufu'i to show appreciation for the assistance in you= r comfort. The cmavo=20 be'u expresses, roughly speaking, whether the emotion i= t modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, something = you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more or less t= he attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo=20 be'u mo'a,=20 mo'a rau, and=20 @@ -1155,21 +1155,21 @@ .e'ese'anai [I can!] [dependent] I can do it if you help me. from the same child would indicate a (hopefully temporary) loss = of self-confidence. It is also possible to negate the=20 .e'e in=20 e'e - and=20 + and=20 , leading to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e7d12" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter13-section7-example12" />

.e'enaise'a [I can't!] [self-sufficient] I can't do it if you insist on=20 @@ -1355,21 +1355,21 @@ Do you agree? .iare'epei [belief] [spiritual] [question] Are you a Believer? .aipei [intention] [question] Are you going to do it?

- might appear at t= he end of a command, to which the response + might appear at = the end of a command, to which the response <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e10d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter13-section10-example4" />

.aicai [intention] [maximal]

@@ -1496,35 +1496,35 @@ [Anger!] [start emotion] I'm getting angry! .iu bu'onai .uinai bu'onai [Love!] [end emotion] [unhappiness!] I don't love you any more; I'm sad. Note the difference in effect between=20 - and: + and: <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e10d13" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter13-section10-example13" />

mi ca ba'o prami do ja'e le nu mi badri I [present] [cessitive] love you with-result the event-of (= I am-sad). I no longer love you; therefore, I am sad.

which is a straightforward bridi claim.=20 - states that you = have (or have had) certain emotions;=20 - expresses those = emotions directly. + states that you= have (or have had) certain emotions;=20 + expresses those= emotions directly.

Evidentials The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ja'o [jalge] I conclude=20 ca'e I define ca'e @@ -2185,21 +2185,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e12d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter13-section12-example7" />

is the equivalent of either=20 - or=20 + or=20 .)

Miscellaneous indicators Some indicators do not fall neatly into the categories of attitu= dinal, evidential, or discursive. This section discusses the following misc= ellaneous indicators: ki'a metalinguistic confusion=20 na'i metalinguistic negator jo'a metalinguistic affirmer @@ -2335,21 +2335,21 @@ I see the blue [figurative] house. I see the=20 blue house. Here the house is not blue in the sense of color, but in some ot= her sense, whose meaning is entirely culturally dependent. The use of=20 pe'a unambiguously marks a cultural reference:=20 pe'a blanu in=20 - could mean=20 + could mean=20 sad(as in English) or something completely different. The negated form,=20 pe'anai, indicates that what has been said is to be int= erpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition= is to be ignored. pe'anai Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,=20 pe'a has a rafsi, namely=20 pe'a pev. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (cultural= ly dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the= place structure of the components. Thus=20 @@ -2398,21 +2398,21 @@ bi'unai need not be made, as the listener can infer the= right referent. However, if a different man were referred to still later i= n the story,=20 bi'unai le bi'u nanmu would clearly show that this man was diff= erent from the previous one. bi'u Finally, the indicator=20 ge'e has been discussed in=20 ge'e - and=20 + and=20 . It is used to express an= attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing = any attitude. Another use for=20 ge'e is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on= a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:=20 ge'e .iige'e means roughly=20 I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not. kau indirect question diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml index be5da90..c6bcc0c 100644 --- a/todocbook/14.xml +++ b/todocbook/14.xml @@ -264,21 +264,21 @@ giheks There also exist giks, joiks, ijoiks, and joigiks, which are not= logical connectives, but are other kinds of compound cmavo which will be i= ntroduced later. joigiks giks

Logical connection of bridi Now we are ready to express=20 - in Lojban! The kin= d of logical connective which is placed between two Lojban bridi to connect= them logically is an ijek: + in Lojban! The ki= nd of logical connective which is placed between two Lojban bridi to connec= t them logically is an ijek: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e4d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section4-example1" />

la djan. nanmu .ija la djeimyz. ninmu John is-a-man or James is-a-woman.

@@ -327,22 +327,22 @@

la djan. nanmu .inajo la djeimyz. ninmu John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman. la djan. nanmu .ijonai la djeimyz. ninmu John is a man if-and-only-if James is-not-a-woman

The meaning of both=20 - and=20 - is the same as tha= t of: + and=20 + is the same as th= at of: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e4d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section4-example7" />

John is a man or James is a woman, but not both.

Here is another example: @@ -351,31 +351,31 @@

la djan. nanmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu John is-a-man or James is-not-a-woman. John is a man if James is a woman.

How's that again? Are those two English sentences in=20 - really equivalent?= In English, no. The Lojban TTFT truth function can be glossed=20 + really equivalent= ? In English, no. The Lojban TTFT truth function can be glossed=20 A if B, but the=20 if does not quite have its English sense.=20 - is true so long as= John is a man, even if James is not a woman; likewise, it is true just bec= ause James is not a woman, regardless of John's gender. This kind of=20 + is true so long a= s John is a man, even if James is not a woman; likewise, it is true just be= cause James is not a woman, regardless of John's gender. This kind of=20 if-then is technically known as a=20 material conditional. Since James is not a woman (by our assertions in=20 ), the English sentence=20 John is a man if James is a woman seems to be neither t= rue nor false, since it assumes something which is not true. It turns out t= o be most convenient to treat this=20 if as TTFT, which on investigation means that=20 - is true.=20 + is true.=20 , however, is equa= lly true: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e4d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section4-example9" /> la djan. ninmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu John is a woman if James is a woman. @@ -383,21 +383,21 @@ This can be thought of as a principle of consistency, and may be= paraphrased as follows:=20 principle of consistency If a false statement is true, any statement follows from it. All uses of English=20 false statement if must be considered very carefully when translating i= nto Lojban to see if they really fit this Lojban mold. , which uses the = TFTT truth function, is subject to the same rules: the stated gloss of TFTT= as=20 only if works naturally only when the right-hand bridi = is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false. T= he last gloss of=20 - illustrates the u= se of=20 + illustrates the = use of=20 if ... then as a more natural substitute for=20 if ... then only if. <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e4d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section4-example10" />

@@ -434,21 +434,21 @@

Forethought bridi connection imperatives bridi connection Many concepts in Lojban are expressible in two different ways, g= enerally referred to as=20 afterthought and=20 forethought.=20 - discussed what is called=20 + discussed what is called= =20 afterthought bridi logical connection. The word=20 bridi logical connection afterthought is used because the connective cmavo and t= he second bridi were added, as it were, afterwards and without changing the= form of the first bridi. This form might be used by someone who makes a st= atement and then wishes to add or qualify that statement after it has been = completed. Thus, <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section5-example1" />

@@ -509,21 +509,21 @@

ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu (It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman. gu la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu It is true that John is a man, whether or not James is a woman= .

It is worth emphasizing that=20 - does not assert th= at James is (or is not) a woman. The=20 + does not assert t= hat James is (or is not) a woman. The=20 gu which indicates that=20 la djeimyz. ninmu may be true or false is unfortunately= rather remote from the bridi thus affected. Perhaps the most important of the truth functions commonly expre= ssed in forethought is TFTT, which can be paraphrased as=20 if ... then ...: if ... then <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section5-example6" /> @@ -560,22 +560,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section5-example7" />

le nu do cidja dunda fi le xarju cu rinka le nu ri ba banro The event-of (you food-give to the pig) causes the event-of (i= t will grow).

Causality is discussed in far more detail in=20 . - and=20 - illustrates a trut= h function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second brid= i. We already understand how to negate the first bridi: + and=20 + illustrates a tru= th function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bri= di. We already understand how to negate the first bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section5-example8" /> gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman, Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both. @@ -650,21 +650,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e6d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section6-example2" />

la djan .e la .alis. klama le zarci John and Alice go-to the market.

- means exactly the = same thing as=20 + means exactly the= same thing as=20 : one may be rigor= ously transformed into the other without any change of logical meaning. Thi= s rule is true in general for every different kind of logical connection in= Lojban; all of them, with one exception (see=20 ), can always be transform= ed into a logical connection between sentences that expresses the same trut= h function. The afterthought logical connectives between sumti are eks, whic= h contain a connective cmavo of selma'o A. If ijeks were used in=20 , the meaning woul= d be changed: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e6d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section6-example3" />

@@ -679,21 +679,21 @@

la djan. .o la .alis. klama le zarci John if-and-only-if Alice goes-to the market. John goes to the market if, and only if, Alice does.

The second line of=20 - is highly stilted = English, but the first line (of which it is a literal translation) is excel= lent Lojban. + is highly stilted= English, but the first line (of which it is a literal translation) is exce= llent Lojban. What about forethought sumti connection? As is the case for brid= i connection, geks are appropriate. They are not the only selma'o of foreth= ought logical-connectives, but are the most commonly used ones. sumti connection imperatives bridi connection <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e6d5" /> @@ -764,29 +764,29 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section7-example3" />

mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu .ijo mi nanmu I am-German. If-and-only-if I am-rich. If-and-only-if I am-a-man.

shows that=20 - does not mean that= either I am all three of these things or none of them; instead, an accurat= e translation would be: + does not mean tha= t either I am all three of these things or none of them; instead, an accura= te translation would be: Of the three properties - German-ness, wealth, and manhood - I poss= ess either exactly one or else all three. Because of the counterintuitiveness of this outcome, it is safes= t to avoid=20 O with more than two sentences= . Likewise, the connectives which involve negation also have unexpected tru= th values when used with more than two sentences. In fact, no combination of logical connectives can produce the= =20 all or none interpretation intended (but not achieved) = by=20 - without repeating = one of the bridi. See=20 + without repeating= one of the bridi. See=20 . There is an additional difficulty with the use of more than two = sentences. What is the meaning of: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e7d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section7-example4" />

mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ija mi nelci la m= eris. I like John. And I like Martha. Or I like Mary. @@ -806,21 +806,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e7d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section7-example6" />

Either I like John and I like Martha, or I like Mary, or both= .

- is the correct tra= nslation of=20 + is the correct tr= anslation of=20 . The reason is th= at Lojban logical connectives pair off from the left, like many constructs = in the language. This rule, called the left-grouping rule, is easy to forge= t, especially when intuition pulls the other way. Forethought connectives a= re not subject to this problem: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e7d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section7-example7" /> ga ge mi nelci la djan. gi mi nelci la martas. gi mi nelci la= meris. Either (Both I like John and I like Martha) or I like Mary. @@ -837,44 +837,44 @@ Both I like John and (Either I like Martha or I like Mary).

is not equivalent to=20 , but is instead a= valid translation into Lojban, using forethought, of=20 .

Grouping of afterthought connectives There are several ways in Lojban to render=20 - using afterthought= only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo=20 + using afterthough= t only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo=20 bo(of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in = Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In p= articular, if=20 bo is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatical= ly distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Co= nnections marked with=20 bo are interpreted before connections not so marked.=20 - is equivalent in m= eaning to=20 + is equivalent in = meaning to=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example1" />

mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ijabo mi nelci la= meris. I like John, and I like Martha or I like Mary.

The English translation feebly indicates with a comma what the L= ojban marks far more clearly: the=20 I like Martha and=20 I like Mary sentences are joined by=20 .ija first, before the result is joined to=20 I like John by=20 .ije. Eks can have=20 bo attached in exactly the same way, so that=20 - is equivalent in m= eaning to Example 8.1: + is equivalent in = meaning to Example 8.1: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example2" />

mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris.

Forethought connectives, however, never can be suffixed with=20 @@ -887,53 +887,53 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example3" />

mi nelci la djan. .ebo la martas. .abo la meris.

Does this wind up meaning the same as=20 - and=20 + and=20 ? Not at all. A se= cond rule relating to=20 bo is that where several=20 bo-marked connectives are used in succession, the norma= l Lojban left-grouping rule is replaced by a right-grouping rule. As a resu= lt,=20 right-grouping rule - in fact means the = same as=20 - and=20 + in fact means the= same as=20 + and=20 . This rule may be= occasionally exploited for special effects, but is tricky to keep straight= ; in writing intended to be easy to understand, multiple consecutive connec= tives marked with=20 bo should be avoided. The use of=20 bo, therefore, gets tricky in complex connections of mo= re than three sentences. Looking back at the English translations of=20 - and=20 + and=20 , parentheses were= used to clarify the grouping. These parentheses have their Lojban equivale= nts, two sets of them actually.=20 tu'e and=20 tu'u are used with ijeks, and=20 ke and=20 ke'e with eks and other connectives to be discussed lat= er. (=20 ke and=20 ke'e are also used in other roles in the language, but = always as grouping markers). Consider the English sentence: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example4" />

I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.

where the semantics tells us that the instances of=20 and are meant to have higher precedence than that of=20 if. If we wish to express=20 - in afterthought, w= e can say: + in afterthought, = we can say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example5" />

mi cinba do .ije[bo] do cinba mi .ijanai mi prami do .ijebo d= o prami mi I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.

@@ -949,21 +949,21 @@ tu'e mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi tu'u .ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u] ( I kiss you and you kiss me ) if ( I love you and you love me ). where the=20 tu'e ... tu'u pairs set off the structure. The cmavo=20 tu'u is an elidable terminator, and its second occurren= ce in=20 - is bracketed, beca= use all terminators may be elided at the end of a text. + is bracketed, bec= ause all terminators may be elided at the end of a text. In addition, parentheses are a general solution: multiple parent= heses may be nested inside one another, and additional afterthought materia= l may be added without upsetting the existing structure. Neither of these t= wo advantages apply to=20 bo grouping. In general, afterthought constructions tra= de generality for simplicity. Because of the left-grouping rule, the first set of=20 tu'e ... tu'u parentheses may actually be left off alto= gether, producing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example7" />

@@ -997,21 +997,21 @@ mi dzukla le zarci .e le zdani .a ke le ckule .e le briju [ke= 'e] I walk-to the market and the house or ( the school and the off= ice ).

If sumti were allowed to begin with=20 ke, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so=20 ke grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logic= al connective. This rule does not apply to=20 tu'e grouping of bridi, as=20 - shows. + shows. Now we have enough facilities to handle the problem of=20 :=20 I am German, rich, and a man - or else none of these. T= he following paraphrase has the correct meaning: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section8-example10" />

[tu'e] mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu [tu'u] @@ -1055,21 +1055,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e9d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section9-example2" />

mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan. I go-to the market and like John.

As=20 - indicates, giheks = are used in afterthought to create compound bridi;=20 + indicates, giheks= are used in afterthought to create compound bridi;=20 giheks compound bridi gi'e is the gihek corresponding to=20 and. The actual phrases=20 klama le zarci and=20 nelci la djan. that the gihek connects are known as=20 bridi-tails, because they represent (in this use) the= =20 tail end of a bridi, including the selbri and any follo= wing sumti, but excluding any sumti that precede the selbri: @@ -1093,37 +1093,37 @@

mi dunda le cukta do .ije mi lebna lo rupnu do I give the book to-you, and I take some currency-units from-yo= u.

In=20 , the first and la= st sumti of each bridi are identical; the selbri and the second sumti are d= ifferent. By moving the final sumti to the beginning, a form analogous to= =20 - can be achieved: + can be achieved:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e9d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section9-example5" />

fi do fa mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu to/from you I give the book and take some currency-units.

where the=20 fi does not have an exact English translation because i= t merely places=20 do in the third place of both=20 lebna and=20 dunda. However, a form that preserves natural sumti ord= er also exists in Lojban. Giheks connect two bridi-tails, but also allow su= mti to be added following the bridi-tail. These sumti are known as tail-ter= ms, and apply to both bridi. The straightforward gihek version of=20 - therefore is: + therefore is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e9d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section9-example6" />

mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you.<= /en>

@@ -1138,33 +1138,33 @@

mi klama le zarci [vau] I go-to the market.

has a single elided=20 vau, and=20 - is equivalent to:<= /para> + is equivalent to:= <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e9d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section9-example8" />

mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la djan. [vau] [vau]

where the double=20 vau at the end of=20 - terminates both th= e right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms. + terminates both t= he right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms. A final use of giheks is to combine bridi-tails used as complete= sentences, the Lojban observative: observative giheks <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e9d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section9-example9" /> @@ -1222,41 +1222,41 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e10d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section10-example1" />

mi nelci la djan. gi'e nelci la martas. gi'abo nelci la meris= . I like John and ( like Martha or like Mary ).

is equivalent in meaning to=20 - and=20 + and=20 . Likewise,=20 ke ... ke'e grouping can be used after giheks: giheks <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e10d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section10-example2" />

mi dzukla le zarci gi'e dzukla le zdani gi'a ke dzukla le ckule gi'e dzukla le briju [ke'e] I walk-to the market and walk-to the house, or walk-to the school and walk-to the office.

is the gihek version of=20 . The same rule ab= out using=20 ke ... ke'e bracketing only just after a connective app= lies to bridi-tails as to sumti, so the first two bridi-tails in=20 - cannot be explici= tly grouped; implicit left-grouping suffices to associate them. + cannot be explic= itly grouped; implicit left-grouping suffices to associate them. Each of the pairs of bridi-tails joined by multiple giheks can h= ave its own set of tail-terms: giheks <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e10d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section10-example3" />

mi dejni lo rupnu la djan. .inaja mi dunda le cukta la djan.<= /jbo> @@ -1270,21 +1270,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e10d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section10-example4" />

mi dejni lo rupnu nagi'a dunda gi'abo lebna vau le cukta vau = la djan. [If] I owe some currency-units then (give or take) a book to/f= rom John.

The literal English translation in=20 - is almost unintel= ligible, but the Lojban is perfectly grammatical.=20 + is almost uninte= lligible, but the Lojban is perfectly grammatical.=20 mi fills the x1 place of all three selbri;=20 lo rupnu is the x2 of=20 dejni, whereas=20 le cukta is a tail-term shared between=20 dunda and=20 lebna;=20 la djan. is a tail-term shared by=20 dejni and by=20 dunda gi'abo lebna. In this case, greater clarity is pr= obably achieved by moving=20 la djan. to the beginning of the sentence, as in=20 @@ -1331,21 +1331,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e10d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section10-example8" />

mi na ge klama le zarci gi dzukla le zdani [False!] I both go to the market and walk to the house.

Since a pair of sentences joined by geks is the equivalent of a = bridi-tail, it may be followed by tail terms. The forethought equivalent of= =20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e10d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section10-example9" />

mi ge dunda le cukta gi lebna lo rupnu vau do I both ( give the book ) and ( take some currency-units ) to/f= rom you.

@@ -1390,21 +1390,21 @@

I go to the market from the office and to the house from the = school. to the market from the office

The Lojban version of=20 - requires two term= sets joined by a logical connective. A=20 + requires two ter= msets joined by a logical connective. A=20 term is either a sumti or a sumti preceded by a tense o= r modal tag such as=20 pu or=20 bai. Afterthought termsets are formed by linking terms = together by inserting the cmavo=20 ce'e(of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermore= , the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo=20 pe'e(of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combinati= on of=20 pe'e pe'e and a jek as a=20 pe'e @@ -1463,21 +1463,21 @@ mi klama le briju .ija do le zarci cu klama le briju I go to-the office, or you to-the market go from-the office. So=20 le briju is your origin but my destination, and thus fa= lls in the x2 and x3 places of=20 klama simultaneously! This is legal because even though= there is only one selbri,=20 klama, there are two distinct bridi expressed here. In = addition,=20 mi in=20 - is serving as a t= ermset containing only one term. An analogous paradox applies to compound b= ridi with tail-terms and unequal numbers of sumti within the connected brid= i-tails: + is serving as a = termset containing only one term. An analogous paradox applies to compound = bridi with tail-terms and unequal numbers of sumti within the connected bri= di-tails: compound bridi <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e11d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section11-example6" />

mi klama le zarci gi'e dzukla vau le briju I ( go to-the market and walk ) to/from-the office. @@ -1502,66 +1502,66 @@ mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u] I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].

Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one= =20 nu'i is used. The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical con= nectives are explained in=20 - and=20 + and=20 .

Logical connection within tanru As noted at the beginning of=20 , there is no logical conne= ctive in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is po= ssible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru= that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru=20 blanu zdani, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ba= ll, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue= and a ball. And indeed, instead of=20 blanu bolci, Lojbanists can say=20 blanu je bolci, using a jek connective within the tanru= . (We saw jeks used in=20 - also, but there they were = always prefixed by=20 + also, but there they were= always prefixed by=20 pe'e; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a p= air of examples: pe'e <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example2" />

ti blanu zdani This is-a-blue type-of house. ti blanu je zdani This is-blue and a-house.

But of course=20 - and=20 - are not necessari= ly equivalent in meaning! It is the most elementary point about Lojban tanr= u that=20 - might just as wel= l mean + and=20 + are not necessar= ily equivalent in meaning! It is the most elementary point about Lojban tan= ru that=20 + might just as we= ll mean <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example3" />

This is a house for blue inhabitants.

and=20 - certainly is not = equivalent in meaning to=20 + certainly is not= equivalent in meaning to=20 . A full explanation of logical connection within tanru belongs ra= ther to a discussion of selbri structure than to logical connectives in gen= eral. Why? Because although=20 - happens to mean t= he same as + happens to mean = the same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example4" />

ti blanu gi'e zdani

and therefore as @@ -1713,21 +1713,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d14" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example14" />

mi viska pa nanmu je ninmu I see a man and woman.

But=20 - means that you s= ee one thing which is both a man and a woman simultaneously! A=20 + means that you = see one thing which is both a man and a woman simultaneously! A=20 nanmu je ninmu is a manwoman, a presumably non-existent= creature who is both a=20 nanmu and a=20 ninmu.

Truth questions and connective questions connective questions So far we have addressed only sentences which are statements. Lo= jban, like all human languages, needs also to deal with sentences which are= questions. There are many ways of asking questions in Lojban, but some of = these (like questions about quantity, tense, and emotion) are discussed in = other chapters. The simplest kind of question is of the type=20 @@ -1753,22 +1753,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example2" />

xu la faidon. gerku Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog?

- and=20 - are equivalent in= meaning. + and=20 + are equivalent i= n meaning. A truth question can be answered=20 yes or=20 no, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of= the underlying statement. The standard way of saying=20 yes in Lojban is=20 go'i and of saying=20 no is=20 nago'i. (The reasons for this rule are explained in=20 nago'i .) In answer to=20 @@ -1800,51 +1800,51 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example5" />

Is Fido a dog or a cat?

Superficially,=20 - seems like a trut= h question with the underlying statement: + seems like a tru= th question with the underlying statement: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example6" />

Fido is a dog or a cat.

By translating=20 - into Lojban and p= refixing=20 + into Lojban and = prefixing=20 xu to signal a truth question, we get: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example7" />

xu la faidon. gerku gi'onai mlatu Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog or is-a-cat (but not both)?

Given that Fido really is either a dog or a cat, the appropriate= answer would be=20 go'i; if Fido were a fish, the appropriate answer would= be=20 nago'i. nago'i But that is not what an English-speaker who utters=20 - is asking! The tr= ue significance of=20 - is that the speak= er desires to know the truth value of either of the two underlying bridi (i= t is presupposed that only one is true). + is asking! The t= rue significance of=20 + is that the spea= ker desires to know the truth value of either of the two underlying bridi (= it is presupposed that only one is true). Lojban has an elegant mechanism for rendering this kind of quest= ion which is very unlike that used in English. Instead of asking about the = truth value of the connected bridi, Lojban users ask about the truth functi= on which connects them. This is done by using a special question cmavo: the= re is one of these for each of the logical connective selma'o, as shown by = the following table:

ge'i ge'i GA forethought connective question forethought connective @@ -1876,21 +1876,21 @@ ji A sumti connective question

(This list unfortunately departs from the pretty regularity of t= he other cmavo for logical connection. The two-syllable selma'o, GIhA and G= UhA, make use of the cmavo ending in=20 -i which is not used for a truth function, but=20 gi and=20 .i were not available, and different cmavo had to be ch= osen. This table must simply be memorized, like most other non-connective c= mavo assignments.) One correct translation of=20 - employs a questio= n gihek: + employs a questi= on gihek: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example8" />

la .alis gerku gi'i mlatu gi'i Alice is-a-dog [truth function?] is-a-cat? @@ -1914,21 +1914,21 @@ gi'enai Alice is a dog and is not a cat. nagi'enai Alice is not a dog and is not a cat. nagi'o gi'onai Alice is a dog or is a cat but not both (I'm not saying which)= .

- is correct but u= ncooperative. + is correct but = uncooperative. As usual, Lojban questions are answered by filling in the blank = left by the question. Here the blank is a logical connective, and therefore= it is grammatical in Lojban to utter a bare logical connective without any= thing for it to connect. The answer=20 gi'e, meaning that Alice is a dog and is a cat, is impo= ssible in the real world, but for: real world <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d13" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example13" /> @@ -1946,21 +1946,21 @@ .e, meaning that I want both, is perfectly plausible, i= f not necessarily polite. The forethought questions=20 ge'i and=20 ge'i gu'i are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids th= e use of isolated forethought connectives as answers - they sound like the = start of forethought-connected bridi. So although=20 gu'i forethought connectives - is the forethoug= ht version of=20 + is the forethou= ght version of=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e13d14" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section13-example14" />

do djica tu'a ge'i loi ckafi @@ -2068,21 +2068,21 @@

la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno John massed-with Alice carry the piano. carry the piano

- covers the case m= entioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that Jo= hn did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility aris= es because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, w= hich can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is lar= ge, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed = in=20 + covers the case = mentioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that J= ohn did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility ari= ses because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, = which can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is la= rge, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed= in=20 supervising . Grammatically,=20 joi can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or betwee= n two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in t= he form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section14-example4" /> @@ -2172,21 +2172,21 @@ mi cuxna la .alis. la frank. ce la .alis. ce la djeimyz. I choose Alice from Frank and-member Alice and-member James= . I choose Alice from among Frank, Alice, and James. The x3 place of=20 cuxna is a set from which the choice is being made. A s= et is an abstract object which is determined by specifying its members. Unl= ike those of a mass, the properties of a set are unrelated to its members' = properties: the set of all rats is large (since many rats exist), but the r= ats themselves are small. This chapter does not attempt to explain set theo= ry (the mathematical study of sets) in detail: explaining propositional log= ic is quite enough for one chapter! set of all rats In=20 - we specify that s= et by listing the members with=20 + we specify that = set by listing the members with=20 ce joining them. <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section14-example7" />

ti liste mi ce'o do ce'o la djan. ce'o @@ -2235,21 +2235,21 @@ la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna James and George is-a-brother.

since that expands to two bridi and means that James is a brothe= r and so is George, but not necessarily of each other. If the=20 .e is changed to=20 jo'u, however, the meaning of=20 jo'u - is preserved: + is preserved: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section14-example10" />

la djeimyz. jo'u la djordj. cu remei bruna jo'u James in-common-with George are-a-twosome type-of-brothers. @@ -2311,21 +2311,21 @@ la djeimyz. prami la meris. .ije la djordj. prami la meris. .ije la djeimyz. prami la martas. .ije la djordj. prami la = martas. James loves Mary, and George loves Mary, and James loves Martha, and George loves Martha.

which represents quite a different state of affairs from=20 . The meaning of= =20 - can also be conv= eyed by a termset: + can also be con= veyed by a termset: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d15" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section14-example15" />

la djeimyz. ce'e la meris. pe'e .e la djordj. ce'e la martas.= prami pe'e James [plus] Mary [joint] and George [plus] Martha loves. @@ -2392,22 +2392,22 @@ union lo'i ricfu ku ku'a lo'i dotco cu cmalu ku'a The set-of rich-things intersection the-set-of German-things i= s small. intersection

There is a parallelism between logic and set theory that makes= =20 - and=20 - equivalent respec= tively to: + and=20 + equivalent respe= ctively to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e15d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section15-example3" />

lo'i ricfu ja dotco cu barda The-set-of rich-or-German-things is large.

@@ -2474,22 +2474,22 @@ mi ce'e bau la lojban. pe'e joi do ce'e bau la gliban. nu'u casnu pe'e ( I [plus] in-language Lojban massed-with you [plus] in-language English ) discuss. Like all non-logical connectives, the usage shown in=20 - cannot be mechani= cally converted into a non-logical connective placed at another location in= the bridi. The forethought equivalent of=20 - is: + cannot be mechan= ically converted into a non-logical connective placed at another location i= n the bridi. The forethought equivalent of=20 + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e15d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section15-example8" />

nu'i joigi mi bau la lojban gi do bau la gliban. nu'u casnu

Non-logical forethought termsets are also useful when the things= to be non-logically connected are sumti preceded with tense or modal (BAI)= tags: @@ -2502,21 +2502,21 @@ la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. nu'u fa'u bai tu'a la djordj. [nu'u] John respectively-with Frank express [start termset] in-lan= guage Lojban [joint] respectively-with under-compulsion-by George. John and Frank speak in Lojban and under George's compulsion, = respectively. - associates speaki= ng in Lojban with John, and speaking under George's compulsion with Frank. = We do not know what language Frank uses, or whether John speaks under anyon= e's compulsion. + associates speak= ing in Lojban with John, and speaking under George's compulsion with Frank.= We do not know what language Frank uses, or whether John speaks under anyo= ne's compulsion. anyone Joiks may be prefixed with=20 .i to produce ijoiks, which serve to non-logically conn= ect sentences. The ijoik=20 ijoik .ice'o indicates that the event of the second bridi fol= lows that of the first bridi in some way other than a time relationship (wh= ich is handled with a tense): ice'o @@ -2543,21 +2543,21 @@ ( Compute the quantity of taxes. And-then wash the car. And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. ) List of things to do: Figure taxes. Wash car. Walk dog. - represents a lis= t of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the= need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time = order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of=20 + represents a li= st of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence th= e need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time= order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of=20 tu'e and=20 tu'u as general brackets around the whole list. This is= related to, but distinct from, their use in=20 , because there is no logic= al connective between the introductory phrase=20 mi ba gasnu la'edi'e and the rest. The brackets effecti= vely show how large an utterance the word=20 di'e, which means=20 di'e the following utterance, refers to. Similarly,=20 .ijoi is used to connect sentences that represent the c= omponents of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of= =20 @@ -2606,21 +2606,21 @@ Both as a mass (i.e, mixed together). Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisairo'o.)

Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</ti= tle>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></ind= exterm> <para>In addition to the non-logical connectives of selma'o JOI explai= ned in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section14" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section14" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section15" />, there are three other co= nnectives which can appear in joiks:=20 <quote>bi'i</quote>,=20 <quote>bi'o</quote>, and=20 <quote>mi'i</quote>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo are used= to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. The cmavo= =20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <quote>bi'i</quote> is correct if the endpoints are independent of ord= er, whereas=20 <quote>bi'o</quote> or=20 <quote>sebi'o</quote> are used when order matters.</para>  @@ -2659,21 +2659,21 @@ <jbo>mi cadzu ca la pacac. bi'o la recac.</jbo> <gloss>I walk simultaneous-with First-hour [ordered-interval] Seco= nd-hour.</gloss> <en>I walk from one o'clock to two o'clock.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section16-example2" />, on the other ha= nd, it is essential that=20 <quote>la pacac.</quote> comes before=20 <quote>la recac.</quote>; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) in= terval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the who= le interval is probably intended, or at least most of it.</para> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section16-example2" />is equivalent to:= </para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section16-example2" /> is equivalent to= :</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-qqIr"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e16d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section16-example3" />

mi cadzu ca la recac. sebi'o la pacac. sebi'o I walk simultaneous-with Second-hour [reverse] [ordered] First= -hour. @@ -2786,40 +2786,40 @@ joigiks joigik [se] JOI [nai] GI [se] BIhI [nai] GI GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO GI Joigiks may be used to non-logically connect bridi, sumti, and b= ridi-tails; and also in termsets. - in forethought be= comes: + in forethought b= ecomes: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e16d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section16-example10" />

joigi la djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno [Together] John and Alice carry the piano. carry the piano

The first=20 gi is part of the joigik; the second=20 joigik gi is the regular gik that separates the two things bei= ng connected in all forethought forms. - can be expressed = in forethought as: + can be expressed= in forethought as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e16d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section16-example11" /> mi ca sanli ke'i bi'i ga'o gi la drezdn. gi la frankfurt. I [present] stand [exclusive] between [inclusive] Dresden a= nd Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclu= sive). @@ -2839,67 +2839,67 @@ guheks bo are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is = no accident. In addition, eks with=20 bo and with=20 ke ... ke'e are allowed for grouping logically connecte= d operands, and=20 ke ... ke'e is allowed for grouping logically connected= operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators. Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be giv= en. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it = is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connec= tive scheme of things. These examples are drawn from=20 , and contain many mekso features no= t explained in this chapter. - exhibits aftertho= ught logical connection between operands: + exhibits afterth= ought logical connection between operands: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e17d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section17-example1" />

vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci ( Three or four ) people go-to the market.

- is equivalent in = meaning, but uses forethought connection: + is equivalent in= meaning, but uses forethought connection: observatives forethought connection <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e17d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section17-example2" />

vei ga ci gi vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci ( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.

Note that the mekso in=20 - and=20 - are being used as= quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be = enclosed in=20 + and=20 + are being used a= s quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be= enclosed in=20 vei and=20 ve'o parentheses when used as a quantifier. The right p= arenthesis mark,=20 ve'o, is an elidable terminator. Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard= to come by. A contrived example is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e17d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section17-example3" />

li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo The-number 2 plus and times 2 equals the-number 4. 2 + 2 =3D 4 and 2 x 2 =3D 4.

The forethought form of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e17d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section17-example4" /> li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo The-number two both plus and times two equals the-number fo= ur. Both 2 + 2 =3D 4 and 2 x 2 =3D 4. @@ -2941,21 +2941,21 @@ ce'o x sub (=20 b sequence=20 d) x

Note that the=20 boi in=20 - is not elidable, = because the=20 + is not elidable,= because the=20 xi subscript needs something to attach to.

Tenses, modals, and logical connection The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical = connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, = so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with e= mphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapte= r, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI = are represented by the simple time cmavo=20 pu,=20 ca, and=20 ba(of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, a= nd the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time = when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses);= preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, = simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generall= y a=20 le nu abstraction; see=20 ). @@ -2983,22 +2983,22 @@

la .artr. pu je ba nolraitru Arthur [past] and [future] is-a-noblest-governor. Arthur was and will be king.

- and=20 - are equivalent in= meaning; neither says anything about whether Arthur is king now. + and=20 + are equivalent i= n meaning; neither says anything about whether Arthur is king now. Non-logical connection with joiks is also possible between tense= s: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e18d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section18-example3" />

mi pu bi'o ba vasxu I [past] from ... to [future] breathe. @@ -3161,30 +3161,30 @@

mi mikce jebabo ricfu I-am-a doctor and [later] rich I am a doctor and future rich person.

As can be seen from=20 - and=20 + and=20 , the choice bet= ween=20 bo and=20 ke(or=20 tu'e) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be= connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neithe= r would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always= be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following=20 bo,=20 ke, or=20 tu'e that requires the use of one of these grouping cma= vo in=20 - and=20 - through=20 + and=20 + through=20 . Non-logical connectives with=20 bo and=20 ke can include tense information in exactly the same wa= y as logical connectives. Forethought connectives, however (except as noted= below) are unable to do so, as are termsets or tense connectives. Mathemat= ical operands and operators can also include tense information in their log= ical connectives as a result of their close parallelism with sumti and tanr= u components respectively: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e18d14" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section18-example14" />

@@ -3203,32 +3203,32 @@ mi pu ge klama le zarci gi tervecnu lo cidja pu ge I [past] both go-to the market and buy some food I went to the market and bought some food.

- is similar to=20 + is similar to= =20 . There is no tim= e relationship specified between the going and the buying; both are simply = set in the past.

Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions</title= > <para>Last and (as a matter of fact) least: a logical connective is al= lowed between abstraction markers of selma'o NU. As usual, the connection c= an be expanded to a bridi connection between two bridi which differ only in= abstraction marker. Jeks are the appropriate connective.=20   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>imperatives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>bridi connection</primary></indexterm= > - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section19-example1" />and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section19-example2" />are equivalent in= meaning:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section19-example1" /> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section19-example2" /> are equivalent i= n meaning:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-C7PL"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e19d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section19-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e19d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section19-example2" />

le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali .ije le ni la frank. ciska cu = xlali The quality-of Frank's writing is bad, and the quantity of Fra= nk's writing is bad. diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml index 4813384..d304d24 100644 --- a/todocbook/15.xml +++ b/todocbook/15.xml @@ -17,32 +17,32 @@

John goes to the store

John is the subject, and=20 goes to the store is the predicate. Negating=20 - to produce + to produce <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example2" />

John doesn't go to the store.

has the effect of declaring that the predicate does not hold for= the subject.=20 - says nothing about= whether John goes somewhere else, or whether someone else besides John goe= s to the store. + says nothing abou= t whether John goes somewhere else, or whether someone else besides John go= es to the store. We will call this kind of negation=20 natural language negation. This kind of negation is dif= ficult to manipulate by the tools of logic, because it doesn't always follo= w the rules of logic. Logical negation is bi-polar: either a statement is t= rue, or it is false. If a statement is false, then its negation must be tru= e. Such negation is termed contradictory negation. Let's look at some examples of how natural language negation can= violate the rules of contradictory negation. <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example4" /> @@ -58,46 +58,46 @@

I mustn't go to the dance. I must go to the dance.

At first thought,=20 - negates=20 + negates=20 . Thinking further= , we realize that there is an intermediate state wherein I am permitted to = go to the dance, but not obligated to do so. Thus, it is possible that both= statements are false. Sometimes order is significant: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example8" />

The falling rock didn't kill Sam. Sam wasn't killed by the falling rock.

Our minds play tricks on us with this one. Because=20 - is written in what= is called the=20 + is written in wha= t is called the=20 active voice, we immediately get confused about whether= =20 the falling rock is a suitable subject for the predicat= e=20 did kill Sam.=20 Kill implies volition to us, and rocks do not have voli= tion. This confusion is employed by opponents of gun control who use the ar= gument=20 Guns don't kill people; people kill people. Somehow, we don't have the same problem with=20 . The subject is S= am, and we determine the truth or falsity of the statement by whether he wa= s or wasn't killed by the falling rock. - also helps us focu= s on the fact that there are at least two questionable facts implicit in th= is sentence: whether Sam was killed, and if so, whether the falling rock ki= lled him. If Sam wasn't killed, the question of what killed him is moot. + also helps us foc= us on the fact that there are at least two questionable facts implicit in t= his sentence: whether Sam was killed, and if so, whether the falling rock k= illed him. If Sam wasn't killed, the question of what killed him is moot. This type of problem becomes more evident when the subject of th= e sentence turns out not to exist: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e1d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section1-example10" />

The King of Mexico didn't come to dinner. @@ -245,21 +245,21 @@

mi nelci lo na ca nolraitru be le frasygu'e I am-fond-of one-who-is ([false] the current king of the Fr= ench-country). I am fond of one who isn't the current king of France.

The claim of=20 - could apply to an= yone except a person who is fond of no one at all, since the relation withi= n the description is false for everyone. You cannot readily express these s= ituations in colloquial English. + could apply to a= nyone except a person who is fond of no one at all, since the relation with= in the description is false for everyone. You cannot readily express these = situations in colloquial English. anyone Negation with=20 na applies to an entire bridi, and not to just part of = a selbri. Therefore, you won't likely have reason to put=20 na inside a tanru. In fact, the grammar currently does = not allow you to do so (except in a lujvo and in elaborate constructs invol= ving GUhA, the forethought connector for selbri). Any situation where you m= ight want to do so can be expressed in a less-compressed non-tanru form. Th= is grammatical restriction helps ensure that bridi negation is kept separat= e from other forms of negation. connector The grammar of=20 na allows multiple adjacent negations, which cancel out= , as in normal logic: @@ -325,21 +325,21 @@ mi na klama le zarci ki'u lenu le karce cu spofu ki'u I [false] go-to the market because the car is broken. It is false that:=20 I go to the market because the car is broken.

you end up negating too much. Such mistranslations result from the ambiguity of English compou= nded by the messiness of natural language negation. A correct translation o= f the normal interpretation of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e2d16" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section2-example16" />

lenu mi na klama le zarci cu se krinu lenu le karce cu spofu The event-of (my [false] going-to the market) is justified = by the event-of (the car being broken). @@ -477,21 +477,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e3d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section3-example9" />

John didn't go to Paris from Rome.

Might=20 - imply that John we= nt to Paris from somewhere else? Or did he go somewhere else from Rome? Or = perhaps he didn't go anywhere at all: maybe someone else did, or maybe ther= e was no event of going whatsoever. One can devise circumstances where any = one, two or all three of these statements might be inferred by a listener.<= /para> + imply that John w= ent to Paris from somewhere else? Or did he go somewhere else from Rome? Or= perhaps he didn't go anywhere at all: maybe someone else did, or maybe the= re was no event of going whatsoever. One can devise circumstances where any= one, two or all three of these statements might be inferred by a listener.= In English, we have a clear way of distinguishing scalar negatio= n from predicate negation that can be used in many situations. We can use t= he partial word=20 non- as a prefix. But this is not always considered goo= d usage, even though it would render many statements much clearer. For exam= ple, we can clearly distinguish <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e3d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section3-example10" /> That is a non-blue house. @@ -500,22 +500,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e3d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section3-example11" />

That is a blue non-house.

- and=20 - have the advantag= e that, while they contain a negative indication, they are in fact positive= assertions. They say what is true by excluding the false; they do not say = what is false. + and=20 + have the advanta= ge that, while they contain a negative indication, they are in fact positiv= e assertions. They say what is true by excluding the false; they do not say= what is false. We can't always use=20 non- though, because of the peculiarities of English's = grammar. It would sound strange to say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e3d12" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section3-example12" /> John went to non-Paris from Rome. @@ -540,21 +540,21 @@

John is moral John is immoral

To be immoral is much more than to just be not moral: it implies= the opposite condition. Statements like=20 - are strong negati= ons which not only deny the truth of a statement, but assert its opposite. = Since,=20 + are strong negat= ions which not only deny the truth of a statement, but assert its opposite.= Since,=20 opposite implies a scale, polar negations are a special= variety of scalar negations. To examine this concept more closely, let us draw a linear scale= , showing two examples of how the scale is used:

All Most Some Few None

Excellent Good Fair @@ -584,21 +584,21 @@ il-, and=20 im-. Just which form and permissible values are implied= by a scalar negation is dependent on the semantics of the word or concept = which is being negated, and on the context. Much confusion in English resul= ts from the uncontrolled variations in meaning of these phrases and prefixe= s. In the examples of=20 , we will translate the gen= eral case of scalar negation using the general formula=20 other than when a phrase is scalar-negated, and=20 non- when a single word is scalar-negated.

selbri and tanru negation All the scalar negations illustrated in=20 - are expressed in Lojban usi= ng the cmavo=20 + are expressed in Lojban us= ing the cmavo=20 na'e(of selma'o NAhE). The most common use of=20 na'e is as a prefix to the selbri: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e4d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section4-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e4d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section4-example2" />

@@ -610,29 +610,29 @@

Comparing these two, we see that the negation operator being use= d in=20 subtraction operator subtraction operator negative sign negation operator - is=20 + is=20 na'e. But what exactly does=20 na'e negate? Does the negation include only the gismu= =20 klama, which is the entire selbri in this case, or does= it include the=20 le zarci as well? In Lojban, the answer is unambiguousl= y=20 only the gismu. The cmavo=20 na'e always applies only to what follows it. - looks as if it wer= e parallel to: + looks as if it we= re parallel to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e4d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section4-example3" />

mi na klama le zarci I [false] go-to the market.

@@ -665,25 +665,25 @@ mi na'e cadzu klama le zarci I (other-than-walkingly)-go-to the market. mi cadzu na'e klama le zarci I walkingly-(other-than-go-to) the market. These negations show the default scope of=20 na'e is close-binding on an individual brivla in a tanr= u.=20 close-binding - says that I am goi= ng to the market, but in some kind of a non-walking manner. (As with most t= anru, there are a few other possible interpretations, but we'll assume this= one - see=20 - for a discussion of tanru meaning). + says that I am go= ing to the market, but in some kind of a non-walking manner. (As with most = tanru, there are a few other possible interpretations, but we'll assume thi= s one - see=20 + for a discussion of tanru meaning). In neither=20 - nor=20 - does the=20 + nor=20 + does the=20 na'e negate the entire selbri. While both sentences con= tain negations that deny a particular relationship between the sumti, they = also have a component which makes a positive claim about such a relationshi= p. This is clearer in=20 , which says that = I am going, but in a non-walking manner. In=20 , we have claimed = that the relationship between me and the market in some way involves walkin= g, but is not one of=20 going to(perhaps we are walking around the market, or w= alking-in-place while at the market). The=20 scale, or actually the=20 set, implied in Lojban tanru negations is anything whic= h plausibly can be substituted into the tanru. (Plausibility here is interp= reted in the same way that answers to a=20 mo question must be plausible - the result must not onl= y have the right number of places and have sumti values appropriate to the = place structure, it must also be appropriate or relevant to the context.) T= his minimal condition allows a speaker to be intentionally vague, while sti= ll communicating meaningful information. The speaker who uses selbri negati= on is denying one relationship, while minimally asserting a different relat= ionship. We also need a scalar negation form that has a scope longer than= a single brivla. There exists such a longer-scope selbri negation form, as= exemplified by (each Lojban sentence in the next several examples is given= twice, with parentheses in the second copy showing the scope of the=20 na'e): @@ -728,40 +728,40 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e4d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section4-example9" />

mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be le mi birka ke'e klama le zarci I other-than-(quickly walking-on-my-arms-ly) go-to the market.=

Note that=20 - and=20 - do not express th= e same thing: + and=20 + do not express t= he same thing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e4d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section4-example10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e4d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section4-example11" />

mi na'eke sutra cadzu [ke'e] lemi birka mi na'e (ke sutra cadzu [ke'e]) lemi birka I other-than-(quickly-walk-on) my-arms. mi na'eke sutra cadzu be lemi birka [ke'e] mi na'e (ke sutra cadzu be lemi birka [ke'e]) I other-than-(quickly-walk-on my-arms).

The translations show that the negation in=20 - is more restricte= d in scope; i.e. less of the sentence is negated with respect to x1 (=20 + is more restrict= ed in scope; i.e. less of the sentence is negated with respect to x1 (=20 mi). Logical scope being an important factor in Lojban's claims to be= unambiguous, let us indicate the relative precedence of=20 na'e as an operator. Grouping with=20 ke and=20 ke'e, of course, has an overt scope, which is its advan= tage.=20 na'e is very close binding to its brivla. Internal bind= ing of tanru, with=20 bo, is not as tightly bound as=20 na'e.=20 co, the tanru inversion operator has a scope that is lo= nger than all other tanru constructs. @@ -855,22 +855,22 @@

lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu nalkrecau An-actual currently noblest-governor of the French country = is-non-hair-without. The current King of France is a non-bald-one.

- and=20 - express the predi= cate negation forms using a negation word (=20 + and=20 + express the pred= icate negation forms using a negation word (=20 na'e) or rafsi (=20 -nal-); yet they make positive assertions about the cur= rent King of France; ie., that he is other-than-bald or non-bald. This foll= ows from the close binding of=20 na'e to the brivla. The lujvo form makes this overt by = absorbing the negative marker into the word. y-hyphen r-hyphen @@ -930,21 +930,21 @@ le stizu cu na'e xunre skari The chair is of a non-(red)-color (as perceived by something u= nder some conditions). We might also have reduced the pragmatic ambiguity by making the= two trailing sumti values explicit (the=20 as perceived by and=20 under conditions places have been added to the place st= ructure of=20 xunre). But assume we have a really stubborn listener (= an artificially semi-intelligent computer?) who will find a way to misinter= pret=20 - even with three sp= ecific sumti provided. + even with three s= pecific sumti provided. In this case, we use a sumti tagged with the sumti tcita=20 ci'u, which translates roughly as=20 ci'u on a scale of X, where=20 X is the sumti. For maximal clarity, the tagged sumti c= an be bound into the negated selbri with=20 be. To clarify=20 , we might say: @@ -955,21 +955,21 @@ <jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be ci'u loka skari</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ci'u</primary></indexterm> <en>The chair is a non-(red on-a-scale-of-colorness)-thing.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>We can alternately use the sumti tcita=20 <quote>teci'e</quote>, based on=20 <quote>ciste</quote>, which translates roughly as=20 <quote>of a system of components X</quote>, for universes of discourse= ; in this case, we would express=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter15-section5-example3" />as:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter15-section5-example3" /> as:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-I0eV"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e5d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section5-example5" />

le stizu cu na'e xunre be teci'e le skari The chair is a non-(red of-a-system-with-components-the-colors= )-thing.

@@ -1047,22 +1047,22 @@ That is ugly/very ugly/repulsive. The cmavo=20 to'e has the assigned rafsi=20 -tol- and=20 -to'e-; the cmavo=20 no'e has the assigned rafsi=20 -nor- and=20 -no'e-. The selbri in=20 - through=20 - could be replaced= by the lujvo=20 + through=20 + could be replace= d by the lujvo=20 nalmle,=20 normle, and=20 tolmle respectively. This large variety of scalar negations is provided because diffe= rent scales have different properties. Some scales are open-ended in both d= irections: there is no=20 ultimately ugly or=20 ultimately beautiful. Other scales, like temperature, a= re open at one end and closed at the other: there is a minimum temperature = (so-called=20 absolute zero) but no maximum temperature. Still other = scales are closed at both ends. Correspondingly, some selbri have no obvious=20 to'e- what is the opposite of a dog? - while others hav= e more than one, and need=20 ci'u to specify which opposite is meant. @@ -1084,40 +1084,40 @@

no lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau Zero of those who are currently noblest-governors of the Fr= ench country are-hair-without. No current king of France is bald.

Is=20 - true? Yes, because= it merely claims that of the current Kings of France, however many there m= ay be, none are bald, which is plainly true, since there are no such curren= t Kings of France. + true? Yes, becaus= e it merely claims that of the current Kings of France, however many there = may be, none are bald, which is plainly true, since there are no such curre= nt Kings of France. Now let us look at the same sentence using=20 na'ebo negation: na'ebo <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e6d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section6-example2" />

na'ebo lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau na'ebo [Something] other-than-(the-current-noblest-governor of the= French country) is-hair-without. Something other than the current King of France is bald.

- is true provided t= hat something reasonably describable as=20 + is true provided = that something reasonably describable as=20 other than a current King of France, such as the King o= f Saudi Arabia, or a former King of France, is in fact bald. In place of=20 na'ebo, you may also use=20 na'ebo no'ebo and=20 to'ebo, to be more specific about the sumti which would= be appropriate in place of the stated sumti. Good examples are hard to com= e by, but here's a valiant try: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e6d3" /> @@ -1183,21 +1183,21 @@ <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e7d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section7-example3" />

mi paroinai dansu le bisli I [once] [not] dance-on the ice

means that I dance on the ice either zero or else two or more ti= mes within the relevant time interval described by the bridi.=20 - is very different = from the English use of=20 + is very different= from the English use of=20 not once, which is an emphatic way of saying=20 never- that is, exactly zero times. In indicators and attitudinals of selma'o UI or CAI,=20 nai denotes a polar negation. As discussed in=20 , most indicators have an implicit s= cale, and=20 nai changes the indicator to refer to the opposite end = of the scale. Thus=20 .uinai expresses unhappiness, and=20 .ienai expresses disagreement (not ambivalence, which i= s expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as=20 .iecu'i). Vocative cmavo of selma'o COI are considered a kind of indicator= , but one which identifies the listener. Semantically, we could dispense wi= th about half of the COI selma'o words based on the scalar paradigm. For ex= ample,=20 @@ -1212,21 +1212,21 @@ protocol nai: negative acknowledgement, which is=20 je'enai(=20 I didn't get that). Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant = in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, i= n a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only=20 protocol attitudinal indicators nai, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledge= ment and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.=20 - provides more detail on this topic.<= /para> + provides more detail on this topic.= The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses a= nd modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstract= ions connected by logical connectives:=20 su'ujeninai, which corresponds to=20 su'u jenai ni just as=20 punai je ca corresponds to=20 pu naje ca. It is not clear how much use logically conn= ected abstractors will be: see=20 . A=20 nai attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JO= I or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the= specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical = connectives are discussed in=20 .

@@ -1315,23 +1315,23 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e8d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section8-example7" />

la djan. [cu] ba na klama la paris. .e la rom. John later-will [false] go-to [both] Paris and Rome.

We stated in=20 - that sentences like=20 - and=20 - appear to be seman= tically identical, but that subtle semantic distinctions may eventually be = found. + that sentences like=20 + and=20 + appear to be sema= ntically identical, but that subtle semantic distinctions may eventually be= found. You can also use a scalar negation with=20 na'e, in which case, it is equivalent to putting a=20 na'eke immediately after any tense: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e8d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section8-example8" />

na'e go'i @@ -1391,35 +1391,35 @@

go'i [repeat previous]

A plain=20 go'i does not mean=20 Yes it is; it merely abbreviates repeating the previous= statement unmodified, including any negators present; and=20 - actually states th= at it is false that John went to both Paris and Rome. + actually states t= hat it is false that John went to both Paris and Rome. When considering: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e9d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter15-section9-example4" />

na go'i [false] [repeat previous]

as a response to a negative question like=20 , Lojban designers= had to choose between two equally plausible interpretations with opposite = effects. Does=20 - create a double ne= gative in the sentence by adding a new=20 + create a double n= egative in the sentence by adding a new=20 na to the one already there (forming a double negative = and hence a positive statement), or does the=20 na replace the previous one, leaving the sentence uncha= nged? It was decided that substitution, the latter alternative, is the= preferable choice, since it is then clear whether we intend a positive or = a negative sentence without performing any manipulations. This is the way E= nglish usually works, but not all languages work this way - Russian, Japane= se, and Navajo all interpret a negative reply to a negative question as pos= itive. Navajo The positive assertion cmavo of selma'o NA, which is "ja'a", can= also replace the=20 na in the context, giving: <anchor xml:id=3D"c15e9d5" /> @@ -1560,21 +1560,21 @@ <quote>na'i</quote> the grammar of UI. The inclusion of=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>inclusion</primary></indexterm> <quote>na'i</quote> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-assertion, a= nd suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para> <para>Let us briefly indicate how the above-mentioned metalinguistic e= rrors can be identified. Other metalinguistic problems can then be marked b= y devising analogies to these examples:</para> <para>Existential failure can be marked by attaching=20 <quote>na'i</quote> to the descriptor=20 <quote>lo</quote> or the=20 <quote>poi</quote> in a=20 <quote>da poi</quote>-form sumti. (See Chapter 6 and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter16" />for details on these constructions.)= Remember that if a=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter16" /> for details on these constructions.= ) Remember that if a=20 <quote>le</quote> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent referent, you= may not understand what the speaker has in mind - the appropriate response= is then=20 <quote>ki'a</quote>, asking for clarification.</para> <para>Presupposition failure can be marked directly if the presupposit= ion is overt; if not, one can insert a=20 <quote>mock presupposition</quote> to question with the sumti tcita (s= elma'o BAI) word=20 <quote>ji'u</quote>;=20 <quote>ji'uku</quote> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed assumpt= ion, and=20 <quote>ji'una'iku</quote> metalinguistically says that something is wr= ong with that assumption. (See=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10" />.)</para> <para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with= selma'o BAI.=20 <quote>le'a</quote> has meaning=20 @@ -1600,21 +1600,21 @@ <para>This mutual independence of gismu is only an ideal. Pragmaticall= y, people will categorize things based on their world-views. We will write = dictionary definitions that will relate gismu, unfortunately including some= of these world-view assumptions. Lojbanists should try to minimize these a= ssumptions, but this seems a likely area where logical rules will break dow= n (or where Sapir-Whorf effects will be made evident). In terms of negation= , however, it is vital that we clearly preserve the capability of denying a= presumably obvious scale or category assumption.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>Sapir-Whorf effects</primary></indext= erm> <para>Solecisms, grammatical and spelling errors will be marked by mar= king the offending word or phrase with=20 <quote>na'i</quote>(in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). In this se= nse,=20 <quote>na'i</quote> becomes equivalent to the English metalinguistic m= arker=20 <quote>[sic]</quote>. Purists may choose to use ZOI or LOhU/LEhU quote= s or=20 <quote>sa'a</quote>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a truly unpa= rsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/text. See= =20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>sa'a</primary></indexterm> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19" />for explanations of these usages.</p= ara> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19" /> for explanations of these usages.</= para> <para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form= of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more=20 <quote>na'i</quote> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been m= ade, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previ= ous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.= =20 <quote>na'i</quote> at the beginning of a statement merely says that s= omething is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>specificity</primary></indexterm> <para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected= statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible= to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without corr= ecting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguist= ic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, meta= linguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseles= s expression.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm> <para>Note that metalinguistic negation gives us another kind of legit= imate negative answer to a=20  diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml index 17731c7..89bb209 100644 --- a/todocbook/16.xml +++ b/todocbook/16.xml @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ <chapter xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16"> <title>Chapter 16=20 <quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</t= itle> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section1"> <title>What's wrong with this picture? The following brief dialogue is from=20 - of=20 + of=20 Through The Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll. <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e1d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section1-example1" /> Who did you pass on the road? the King went on, hol= ding out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay. @@ -124,44 +124,44 @@ [zo'e] viska mi Something-unspecified sees me. The cmavo=20 zo'e indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, e= ven=20 zo'e itself can be omitted in this case, as explained i= n=20 ) and the listener must fill in the c= orrect value from context. In other words,=20 - means=20 + means=20 =E2=80=98You-know-what' sees me. However,=20 - is just as likely = to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct= translation is: + is just as likely= to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correc= t translation is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section2-example3" />

da zo'u da viska mi There-is-an-X such-that X sees me.

- does not presuppos= e that the listener knows who sees the speaker, but simply tells the listen= er that there is someone who sees the speaker. Statements of this kind are = called=20 + does not presuppo= se that the listener knows who sees the speaker, but simply tells the liste= ner that there is someone who sees the speaker. Statements of this kind are= called=20 existential claims. (Formally, the one doing the seeing= is not restricted to being a person; it could be an animal or - in princip= le - an inanimate object. We will see in=20 existential claims existential - how to represent such restr= ictions.) + how to represent such rest= rictions.) - has a two-part str= ucture: there is the part=20 + has a two-part st= ructure: there is the part=20 da zo'u, called the prenex, and the part=20 da viska mi, the main bridi. Almost any Lojban bridi ca= n be preceded by a prenex, which syntactically is any number of sumti follo= wed by the cmavo=20 zo'u(of selma'o ZOhU). For the moment, the sumti will c= onsist of one or more of the cmavo=20 da,=20 de, and=20 di(of selma'o KOhA), glossed in the literal translation= s as=20 X,=20 Y, and=20 Z respectively. By analogy to the terminology of symbol= ic logic, these cmavo are called=20 variables. @@ -176,41 +176,41 @@ There-is-an-X there-is-a-Y such that X loves Y. Somebody loves somebody. In=20 , the literal inte= rpretation of the two variables=20 da and=20 de as=20 there-is-an-X and=20 there-is-a-Y tells us that there are two things which s= tand in the relationship that one loves the other. It might be the case tha= t the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself;= nothing in the Lojban version of=20 - rules out that int= erpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say=20 + rules out that in= terpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say=20 Somebody loves somebody else. The things referred to by= different variables may be different or the same. (We use=20 somebody here rather than=20 something for naturalness; lovers and beloveds are usua= lly persons, though the Lojban does not say so.) It is perfectly all right for the variables to appear more than = once in the main bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section2-example5" />

da zo'u da prami da da prami da There-is-an-X such that X loves X Somebody loves himself/herself.

What=20 - claims is fundamen= tally different from what=20 - claims, because=20 + claims is fundame= ntally different from what=20 + claims, because= =20 da prami da is not structurally the same as=20 da prami da da prami de. However, <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section2-example6" />

@@ -262,53 +262,53 @@

Everything sees me.

Of course, this example is false, because there are many things = which do not see the speaker. It is not easy to find simple truthful exampl= es of so-called universal claims (those which are about everything), so bea= r with us for a while. (Indeed, some Lojbanists tend to avoid universal cla= ims even in other languages, since they are so rarely true in Lojban.) universal claims The Lojban translation of=20 - is + is <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e3d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section3-example2" />

ro da zo'u da viska mi For-every X : X sees me.

When the variable cmavo=20 da is preceded by=20 ro, the combination means=20 For every X rather than=20 There is an X. Superficially, these English formulation= s look totally unrelated:=20 - will bring them within a co= mmon viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of=20 + will bring them within a c= ommon viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of=20 ro da for=20 everything on faith. Here is a universal claim with two variables: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e3d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section3-example3" />

ro da ro de zo'u da prami de For-every X, for-every Y : X loves Y. Everything loves everything.

Again, X and Y can represent the same thing, so=20 - does not mean=20 + does not mean=20 Everything loves everything else. Furthermore, because = the claim is universal, it is about every thing, not merely every person, s= o we cannot use=20 everyone or=20 everybody in the translation. Note that=20 ro appears before both=20 da and=20 de. If=20 ro is omitted before either variable, we get a mixed cl= aim, partly existential like those of=20 existential @@ -323,40 +323,40 @@ ro da de zo'u da viska de For-every X, there-is-a-Y : X sees Y. Everything sees something. da ro de zo'u da viska de There-is-an-X such-that-for-every-Y : X sees Y. Something sees everything. - and=20 - mean completely di= fferent things.=20 - says that for ever= ything, there is something which it sees, not necessarily the same thing se= en for every seer.=20 + and=20 + mean completely d= ifferent things.=20 + says that for eve= rything, there is something which it sees, not necessarily the same thing s= een for every seer.=20 , on the other han= d, says that there is a particular thing which can see everything that ther= e is (including itself). Both of these are fairly silly, but they are diffe= rent kinds of silliness. can see There are various possible translations of universal claims in E= nglish: sometimes we use=20 universal claims anybody/anything rather than=20 everybody/everything. Often it makes no difference whic= h of these is used: when it does make a difference, it is a rather subtle o= ne which is explained in=20 .

Restricted claims:=20 <quote>da poi</quote> The universal claims of=20 universal claims - are not only false but absu= rd: there is really very little to be said that is both true and non-trivia= l about every object whatsoever. Furthermore, we have been glossing over th= e distinction between=20 + are not only false but abs= urd: there is really very little to be said that is both true and non-trivi= al about every object whatsoever. Furthermore, we have been glossing over t= he distinction between=20 everything and=20 everybody and the other pairs ending in=20 -thing and=20 -body. It is time to bring up the most useful feature o= f Lojban variables: the ability to restrict their ranges. In Lojban, a variable=20 da,=20 de, or=20 di may be followed by a=20 poi relative clause in order to restrict the range of t= hings that the variable describes. Relative clauses are described in detail= in=20 , but the kind we will need at presen= t consist of=20 @@ -389,22 +389,22 @@ In=20 , the variable=20 da can refer to any object whatever; there are no restr= ictions on it. In=20 ,=20 da is restricted by the=20 poi prenu relative clause to persons only, and so=20 da poi prenu translates as=20 someone.(The difference between=20 someone and=20 somebody is a matter of English style, with no real cou= nterpart in Lojban.) If=20 - is true, then=20 - must be true, but = not necessarily vice versa. + is true, then=20 + must be true, but= not necessarily vice versa. Universal claims benefit even more from the existence of relativ= e clauses. Consider <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e4d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section4-example3" />

ro da zo'u da vasxu For-every X : X breathes Everything breathes @@ -424,22 +424,22 @@ dog breathes Each dog breathes. dog breathes All dogs breathe. breathe

- is a silly falseho= od, but=20 - is an important tr= uth (at least if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see=20 + is a silly falseh= ood, but=20 + is an important t= ruth (at least if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see=20 ). Note the various colloquial trans= lations=20 every dog,=20 each dog, and=20 all dogs. They all come to the same thing in Lojban, si= nce what is true of every dog is true of all dogs.=20 All dogs is treated as an English plural and the others= as singular, but Lojban makes no distinction. plural If we make an existential claim about dogs rather than a univers= al one, we get: existential @@ -455,34 +455,34 @@ dog breathes

Dropping the prenex It isn't really necessary for every Lojban bridi involving varia= bles to have a prenex on the front. In fact, none of the examples we've see= n so far required prenexes at all! The rule for dropping the prenex is simp= le: if the variables appear in the same order within the bridi as they did = in the prenex, then the prenex is superfluous. However, any=20 ro or=20 poi appearing in the prenex must be transferred to the = first occurrence of the variable in the main part of the bridi. Thus,=20 - becomes just: + becomes just: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e5d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section5-example1" />

da viska mi There-is-an-X-which sees me. Something sees me.

and=20 - becomes: + becomes: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e5d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section5-example2" />

ro da poi gerku cu vasxu For-every X which is-a-dog, it-breathes. Every dog breathes. @@ -494,21 +494,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e5d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section5-example3" />

ro da poi prenu ku'o de poi gerku ku'o zo'u de batci da For-every X which is-a-person, there-is-a-Y which is-a-dog: Y = bites X.

The prenex of=20 - is like that of=20 + is like that of= =20 (but with relative= clauses): it notes that the following bridi is true of every person with r= espect to some dog, not necessarily the same dog for each. But in the main = bridi part, the=20 de appears before the=20 da. Therefore, the true translation is <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e5d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section5-example4" />

Every person is bitten by some dog (or other). @@ -522,53 +522,53 @@

de poi gerku cu batci ro da poi prenu There-is-a-Y which is-a-dog which-bites every X which is-a-= person Some dog bites everyone.

which has the structure of=20 : it says that the= re is a dog (call him Fido) who bites, has bitten, or will bite every perso= n that has ever existed! We can safely rule out Fido's existence, and say t= hat=20 - is false, while ag= reeing to=20 + is false, while a= greeing to=20 . Even so,=20 - is most probably f= alse, since some people never experience dogbite. Examples like 5.3 and 4.4= (might there be some dogs which never have breathed, because they died as = embryos?) indicate the danger in Lojban of universal claims even when restr= icted. In English we are prone to say that=20 + is most probably = false, since some people never experience dogbite. Examples like 5.3 and 4.= 4 (might there be some dogs which never have breathed, because they died as= embryos?) indicate the danger in Lojban of universal claims even when rest= ricted. In English we are prone to say that=20 universal claims pro-sumti for we English we Everyone says or that=20 Everybody does or that=20 Everything is when in fact there are obvious counterexa= mples which we are ignoring for the sake of making a rhetorical point. Such= statements are plain falsehoods in Lojban, unless saved by a context (such= as tense) which implicitly restricts them. How can we express=20 - in Lojban without = a prenex? Since it is the order in which variables appear that matters, we = can say: + in Lojban without= a prenex? Since it is the order in which variables appear that matters, we= can say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e5d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section5-example6" />

ro da poi prenu cu se batci de poi gerku Every-X which is-a-person is-bitten-by some-Y which is-a-dog.<= /en>

using the conversion operator=20 se(explained in=20 ) to change the selbri=20 batci(=20 bites) into=20 se batci(=20 is bitten by). The translation given in=20 - uses the correspon= ding strategy in English, since English does not have prenexes (except in s= trained=20 + uses the correspo= nding strategy in English, since English does not have prenexes (except in = strained=20 logician's English). This implies that a sentence with = both a universal and an existential variable can't be freely converted with= =20 existential variable existential se; one must be careful to preserve the order of the va= riables. If a variable occurs more than once, then any=20 ro or=20 poi decorations are moved only to the first occurrence = of the variable when the prenex is dropped. For example, @@ -607,21 +607,21 @@ ro prenu all persons, just as=20 all persons re prenu means=20 two persons. In fact, unadorned=20 da is also taken to have an implicit number in front of= it, namely=20 su'o, which means=20 at least one. Why is this? Consider=20 - again, this time w= ith an explicit=20 + again, this time = with an explicit=20 su'o: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e6d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section6-example1" />

su'o da zo'u da viska mi For-at-least-one X : X sees me. Something sees me. @@ -660,22 +660,22 @@

which would be false if nothing, or only one thing, saw the spea= ker, but not otherwise. We note the=20 su'o here meaning=20 at least;=20 su'o by itself is short for=20 su'opa where=20 pa means=20 one, as is explained in=20 . The prenex may be removed from=20 - and=20 - as from the others= , leading to: + and=20 + as from the other= s, leading to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e6d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section6-example4" />

re da viska mi Two Xes see me.

@@ -759,22 +759,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e7d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section7-example1" />

ci gerku cu batci re nanmu Three dogs bite two men.

The question raised by=20 - is, does each of t= he dogs bite the same two men, or is it possible that there are two differe= nt men per dog, for six men altogether? If the former interpretation is tak= en, the number of men involved is fixed at two; but if the latter, then the= speaker has to be taken as saying that there might be any number of men be= tween two and six inclusive. Let us transform=20 - step by step as we= did with=20 + is, does each of = the dogs bite the same two men, or is it possible that there are two differ= ent men per dog, for six men altogether? If the former interpretation is ta= ken, the number of men involved is fixed at two; but if the latter, then th= e speaker has to be taken as saying that there might be any number of men b= etween two and six inclusive. Let us transform=20 + step by step as w= e did with=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e7d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section7-example2" /> ci da poi gerku cu batci re de poi nanmu Three Xes which are-dogs bite two Ys which are-men. @@ -808,21 +808,21 @@ re de poi nanmu ku'o ci da poi gerku zo'u da batci de For-two Ys which are-men, for-three Xes which are-dogs, X bite= s Y for although we have now limited the number of men to exactly tw= o, we end up with an indeterminate number of dogs, from three to six. The d= istinction is called a=20 scope distinction: in=20 ,=20 ci gerku is said to have wider scope than=20 re nanmu, and therefore precedes it in the prenex. In= =20 - the reverse is tru= e. + the reverse is tr= ue. The solution is to use a termset, which is a group of terms eith= er joined by=20 ce'e(of selma'o CEhE) between each term, or else surrou= nded by=20 nu'i(of selma'o NUhI) on the front and=20 nu'u(of selma'o NUhU) on the rear. Terms (which are eit= her sumti or sumti prefixed by tense or modal tags) that are grouped into a= termset are understood to have equal scope: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e7d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section7-example5" />

@@ -875,23 +875,23 @@

ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi All X such-that-it goes-to the store walks-on the field. Everyone who goes to the store walks across the field.

But there is a subtle difference between=20 - and=20 + and=20 .=20 - tells us that, in = fact, there are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the f= ield. A sumti of the type=20 + tells us that, in= fact, there are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the = field. A sumti of the type=20 ro da poi klama requires that there are things which=20 klama: Lojban universal claims always imply the corresp= onding existential claims as well.=20 universal claims existential claims existential , on the other han= d, does not require that there are any people who go to the store: it simpl= y states, conditionally, that if there is anyone who goes to the store, he = or she walks across the field as well. This conditional form mirrors the tr= ue Lojban translation of=20 @@ -903,40 +903,40 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section8-example3" />

ro da zo'u ganai da klama le zarci gi cadzu le foldi For-every X: if X is-a-goer-to the store then X is-a-walker-on= the field.

Although=20 - is a universal cla= im as well, its universality only implies that there are objects of some so= rt or another in the universe of discourse. Because the claim is conditiona= l, nothing is implied about the existence of goers-to-the-store or of walke= rs-on-the-field, merely that any entity which is one is also the other. + is a universal cl= aim as well, its universality only implies that there are objects of some s= ort or another in the universe of discourse. Because the claim is condition= al, nothing is implied about the existence of goers-to-the-store or of walk= ers-on-the-field, merely that any entity which is one is also the other. There is another use of=20 any in English that is not universal but existential. C= onsider existential <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section8-example4" />

I need any box that is bigger than this one. need any box any box

- does not at all me= an that I need every box bigger than this one, for indeed I do not; I requi= re only one box. But the naive translation + does not at all m= ean that I need every box bigger than this one, for indeed I do not; I requ= ire only one box. But the naive translation <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section8-example5" />

mi nitcu da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti I need some-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one

@@ -946,33 +946,33 @@

da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu da There-is-an-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this : I need = X.

What to do? Well, the x2 place of=20 nitcu can be filled with an event as well as an object,= and in fact=20 - can also be paraph= rased as: + can also be parap= hrased as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section8-example7" />

mi nitcu lo nu mi ponse lo tanxe poi bramau ti I need an event-of I possess some box(es) which-are bigger-tha= n this-one.

Rewritten using variables,=20 - becomes + becomes <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section8-example8" />

mi nitcu lo nu da zo'u da se ponse mi gi'e tanxe gi'e bramau ti I need an event-of there-being an-X such-that : X is-possessed-by me and is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-thin= g. @@ -985,47 +985,47 @@

da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu le nu mi ponse da There-is-an-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one su= ch-that : I need the event-of my possessing X.

But what are the implications of=20 - and=20 + and=20 ? The main differe= nce is that in=20 , the=20 da is said to exist in the real world of the outer brid= i; but in=20 real world , the existence is= only within the inner bridi, which is a mere event that need not necessari= ly come to pass. So=20 - means + means <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section8-example10" />

There's a box, bigger than this one, that I need

which is what=20 - says, whereas=20 - turns out to be an= effective translation of our original=20 + says, whereas=20 + turns out to be a= n effective translation of our original=20 . So uses of=20 any that aren't universal end up being reflected by var= iables bound in the prenex of a subordinate bridi.

Negation boundaries This section, as well as=20 - through=20 + through=20 , are in effect a continua= tion of=20 , introducing features of Lojban neg= ation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the examp= les below,=20 there is a Y and the like must be understood as=20 there is a Y there is at least one Y, possibly more. As explained in=20 , the negation of a bridi is usually= accomplished by inserting=20 na at the beginning of the selbri: @@ -1052,21 +1052,21 @@ naku at the left end of the prenex. This form is called= =20 external bridi negation, as opposed to=20 internal bridi negation external bridi negation internal bridi negation using=20 internal bridi negation na. The prenex version of=20 - is + is <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e9d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section9-example2" /> naku zo'u la djan. klama It is not the case that: John comes. It is false that: John comes. @@ -1154,22 +1154,22 @@ It is false that: there is at least one thing that is loved= by everybody. There isn't any one thing that everybody loves. the negation of=20 . The rules of formal logic require that, to move a negation bound= ary within a prenex, you must=20 invert any quantifier that the negation boundary passes= across. Inverting a quantifier means that any=20 ro(all) is changed to=20 su'o(at least one) and vice versa. Thus,=20 - and=20 - can be restated as= , respectively: + and=20 + can be restated a= s, respectively: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e9d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section9-example9" />

su'oda naku su'ode zo'u da prami de For some X, it is false that: there is a Y such that: X lov= es Y. there is a Y @@ -1206,21 +1206,21 @@

rode su'oda naku zo'u da prami de For every Y, there is an X, such that it is false that: X l= oves Y. For each thing there is someone who doesn't love it.

Investigation will show that, indeed, each transformation preser= ves the meanings of=20 - and=20 + and=20 . The quantifier=20 no(meaning=20 zero of) also involves a negation boundary. To transfor= m a bridi containing a variable quantified with=20 no, we must first expand it. Consider <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e9d13" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section9-example13" /> @@ -1240,21 +1240,21 @@ naku noda rode zo'u da prami de noda It is false that: there is no X that, for every Y, X loves = Y. It is false that there is nobody who loves everything. We can simplify=20 - by transforming t= he prenex. To move the negation phrase within the prenex, we must first exp= and the=20 + by transforming = the prenex. To move the negation phrase within the prenex, we must first ex= pand the=20 no quantifier. Thus=20 for no x means the same thing as=20 it is false for some x, and the corresponding Lojban=20 noda can be replaced by=20 noda naku su'oda. Making this substitution, we get: noda @@ -1480,21 +1480,21 @@ naku zo'u su'oda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule It is false that some which are children go-to some which a= re schools. All children don't go to some school (not just some children).= Lojban provides a negation form which more closely emulates natu= ral language negation. This involves putting=20 naku before the selbri, instead of a=20 na.=20 naku is clearly a contradictory negation, given its par= allel with prenex bridi negation. Using=20 naku,=20 - can be expressed = as: + can be expressed= as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e11d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section11-example4" /> su'oda poi verba naku klama su'ode poi ckule Some which-are children don't go-to some which-are schools.= Some children don't go to a school. @@ -1522,43 +1522,43 @@ For some children, for every school, they don't go to it. su'oda poi verba cu klama naku su'ode poi ckule Some children don't go to (some) school(s). naku roda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule It is false that all children go to some school(s). In=20 , we moved the ne= gation boundary rightward across the quantifier of=20 de, forcing us to invert it. In=20 - we moved the nega= tion boundary across the quantifier of=20 + we moved the neg= ation boundary across the quantifier of=20 da, forcing us to invert it instead.=20 - merely switched t= he selbri and the negation boundary, with no effect on the quantifiers. + merely switched = the selbri and the negation boundary, with no effect on the quantifiers. The same rules apply if you rearrange the sentence so that the q= uantifier crosses an otherwise fixed negation. You can't just convert the s= elbri of=20 - and rearrange the= sumti to produce + and rearrange th= e sumti to produce <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e11d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section11-example8" />

su'ode poi ckule ku'o naku se klama roda poi verba Some schools aren't gone-to-by every child.

or rather,=20 - means something c= ompletely different from=20 + means something = completely different from=20 . Conversion with= =20 se under=20 naku negation is not symmetric; not all sumti are treat= ed identically, and some sumti are not invariant under conversion. Thus, in= ternal negation with=20 naku is considered an advanced technique, used to achie= ve stylistic compatibility with natural languages. It isn't always easy to see which quantifiers have to be inverte= d in a sentence.=20 - is identical in m= eaning to: + is identical in = meaning to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e11d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section11-example9" />

su'o verba naku klama su'o ckule Some children don't go-to some school.

@@ -1569,21 +1569,21 @@ It is trivial to export an internal bridi negation expressed wit= h=20 internal bridi negation na to the prenex, as we saw in=20 ; you just move it to the l= eft end of the prenex. In comparison, it is non-trivial to export a=20 comparison naku to the prenex because of the quantifiers. The rule= s for exporting=20 naku require that you export all of the quantified vari= ables (implicit or explicit) along with=20 naku, and you must export them from left to right, in t= he same order that they appear in the sentence. Thus=20 - goes into prenex = form as: + goes into prenex= form as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e11d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section11-example10" />

su'oda poi verba ku'o naku su'ode poi ckule zo'u da klama de For some X which is a child, it is not the case that there is a Y which is a school such that: X goes to Y. @@ -1725,41 +1725,41 @@ nai to negate the bridi or sumti that follows. We have defined=20 na and=20 naku zo'u as, respectively, internal and external bridi= negation. These forms being identical, the negation boundary always remain= s at the left end of the prenex. Thus, exporting or importing negation betw= een external and internal bridi negation forms never requires DeMorgan's La= w to be applied.=20 internal bridi negation internal bridi negation external bridi negation - and=20 - are exactly equiv= alent: + and=20 + are exactly equi= valent: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e12d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section12-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e12d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section12-example2" />

la djan. na klama ga la paris. gi la rom. John [false] goes-to either Paris or Rome. naku zo'u la djan. klama ga la paris. gi la rom. It-is-false that: John goes-to either Paris or Rome.

It is not an acceptable logical manipulation to move a negator f= rom the bridi level to one or more sumti. However,=20 - and related examp= les are not sumti negations, but rather expand to form two logically connec= ted sentences. In such a situation, DeMorgan's Law must be applied. For ins= tance,=20 + and related exam= ples are not sumti negations, but rather expand to form two logically conne= cted sentences. In such a situation, DeMorgan's Law must be applied. For in= stance,=20 logically connected sentences - expands to: + expands to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e12d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section12-example3" />

ge la djan. la paris. na klama gi la djan. la rom. na klama [It is true that] both John, to-Paris, [false] goes, and John, to-Rome, [false] goes. @@ -1787,25 +1787,25 @@ la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla Jane to-the market [false] both walks and runs. la djein. le zarci ganai dzukla ginai bajrykla Jane to-the market either [false] walks or [false] runs. Jane to-the market if walks then ([false] runs).

(Placing=20 le zarci before the selbri makes sure that it is proper= ly associated with both parts of the logical connection. Otherwise, it is e= asy to erroneously leave it off one of the two sentences.) It is wise, before freely doing transformations such as the one = from=20 - to=20 + to=20 , that you become= familiar with expanding logical connectives to separate sentences, transfo= rming the sentences, and then recondensing. Thus, you would prove the trans= formation correct by the following steps. By moving its=20 na to the beginning of the prenex as a=20 naku,=20 - becomes: + becomes: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e12d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section12-example6" />

naku zo'u la djein. le zarci ge dzukla gi bajrykla It is false that : Jane to-the market (both walks and runs).

@@ -1862,22 +1862,22 @@

ga la paris. gi la rom. naku se klama la djan. (Either Paris or Rome) is-not gone-to-by John. la djan. naku klama ge la paris. gi la rom. John doesn't go-to both Paris and Rome.

That=20 - and=20 - mean the same sh= ould become evident by studying the English. It is a good exercise to work = through the Lojban and prove that they are the same. + and=20 + mean the same s= hould become evident by studying the English. It is a good exercise to work= through the Lojban and prove that they are the same.

selbri variables selbri variables In addition to the variables=20 da,=20 de, and=20 di that we have seen so far, which function as sumti an= d belong to selma'o KOhA, there are three corresponding variables=20 bu'a,=20 @@ -1905,24 +1905,24 @@ su'o bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan. For-at-least-one relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationshi= p-F to-John. There's some relationship between Jim and John. some relationship The translations of=20 - show how unidioma= tic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like=20 + show how unidiom= atic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like=20 selbri variables - need to be totall= y reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the p= renex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as=20 + need to be total= ly reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the = prenex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as=20 su'o; it is ungrammatical to just say=20 bu'a zo'u. This rule is necessary because only sumti ca= n appear in the prenex, and=20 su'o bu'a is technically a sumti - in fact, it is an in= definite description like=20 brothers - is palpably false= , however; if Jim and John were related by every possible relationship, the= n they would have to be both brothers and father-and-son, which is impossib= le. + is palpably fals= e, however; if Jim and John were related by every possible relationship, th= en they would have to be both brothers and father-and-son, which is impossi= ble. brothers

A few notes on variables A variable may have a quantifier placed in front of it even thou= gh it has already been quantified explicitly or implicitly by a previous ap= pearance, as in: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e14d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter16-section14-example1" />

ci da poi mlatu cu blabi .ije re da cu barda Three Xs which-are cats are white, and two Xs are big.

What does=20 - mean? The appeara= nce of=20 + mean? The appear= ance of=20 ci da quantifies=20 da as referring to three things, which are restricted b= y the relative clause to be cats. When=20 re da appears later, it refers to two of those three th= ings - there is no saying which ones. Further uses of=20 da alone, if there were any, would refer once more to t= he three cats, so the requantification of=20 da is purely local. In general, the scope of a prenex that precedes a sentence exten= ds to following sentences that are joined by ijeks (explained in=20 ) such as the=20 .ije in=20 . Theoretically, = a bare=20 .i terminates the scope of the prenex. Informally, howe= ver, variables may persist for a while even after an=20 @@ -2011,21 +2011,21 @@

ci da poi prenu cu se ralju pa da Three Xs which are-persons are-led-by one-of X Three people are led by one of them.

The=20 pa da in=20 - does not specify = the number of things to which=20 + does not specify= the number of things to which=20 da refers, as the preceding=20 ci da does. Instead, it selects one of them for use in = this sumti only. The number of referents of=20 da remains three, but a single one (there is no way of = knowing which one) is selected to be the leader.

Conclusion This chapter is incomplete. There are many more aspects of logic= that I neither fully understand nor feel competent to explain, neither in = abstract nor in their Lojban realization. Lojban was designed to be a langu= age that makes predicate logic speakable, and achieving that goal completel= y will need to wait for someone who understands both logic and Lojban bette= r than I do. I can only hope to have pointed out the areas that are well-un= derstood (and by implication, those that are not). logic and Lojban

diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml index 8a1a58d..f4d3b1d 100644 --- a/todocbook/17.xml +++ b/todocbook/17.xml @@ -152,21 +152,21 @@ fail and=20 vale sound similar, but just hearing the first lerfu wo= rd of either, namely=20 eff or=20 vee, is enough to discriminate easily between them - an= d even if the first lerfu word were somehow confused, neither=20 vail nor=20 fale is a word of ordinary English, so the rest of the = spelling determines which word is meant. Still, the capability of spelling = out words does exist in Lojban. spelling out words Note that the lerfu words ending in=20 y were written (in=20 - and=20 + and=20 ) with pauses afte= r them. It is not strictly necessary to pause after such lerfu words, but f= ailure to do so can in some cases lead to ambiguities: <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e2d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section2-example3" />

mi cy. claxu I lerfu-=20 c without @@ -248,21 +248,21 @@ ga'e i [upper] V A N [lower]

The cmavo and compound cmavo of this type will be called=20 shift words. How long does a shift word last? Theoretically, until the next s= hift word that contradicts it or until the end of text. In practice, it is = common to presume that a shift word is only in effect until the next word o= ther than a lerfu word is found. It is often convenient to shift just a single letter to upper ca= se. The cmavo=20 tau, of selma'o LAU, is useful for the purpose. A LAU c= mavo must always be immediately followed by a BY cmavo or its equivalent: t= he combination is grammatically equivalent to a single BY. (See=20 - for details.) + for details.) A likely use of=20 tau is in the internationally standardized symbols for = the chemical elements. Each element is represented using either a single up= per-case lerfu or one upper-case lerfu followed by one lower-case lerfu: upper-case lower-case single-letter shift @@ -625,36 +625,36 @@ (=20 e acute )=20 t( acute=20 e) and it does not matter whether=20 akut. bu appears before or after=20 .ebu; the=20 tei ... foi grouping guarantees that the acute accent i= s associated with the correct lerfu. Of course, the level of precision repr= esented by=20 - would rarely be re= quired: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French w= ord for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know Fren= ch. + would rarely be r= equired: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French = word for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know Fre= nch. This system breaks down in languages which use more than one acc= ent mark on a single lerfu; some other convention must be used for showing = which accent marks are written where in that case. The obvious convention i= s to represent the mark nearest the basic lerfu by the lerfu word closest t= o the word representing the basic lerfu. Any remaining ambiguities must be = resolved by further conventions not yet established. accent marks accent mark Some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, consider certain accen= ted lerfu to be completely distinct from their unaccented equivalents, but = Lojban does not make a formal distinction, since the printed characters loo= k the same whether they are reckoned as separate letters or not. In additio= n, some languages consider certain 2-letter combinations (like=20 ll and=20 ch in Spanish) to be letters; this may be represented b= y enclosing the combination in=20 tei ... foi. In addition, when discussing a specific language, it is permissi= ble to make up new lerfu words, as long as they are either explained locall= y or well understood from context: thus Spanish=20 ll or Croatian=20 lj could be called=20 libu, but that usage would not necessarily be universal= ly understood. - contains a table of propos= ed lerfu words for some common accent marks. + contains a table of propo= sed lerfu words for some common accent marks. accent marks

Punctuation marks Lojban does not have punctuation marks as such: the denpa bu and= the slaka bu are really a part of the alphabet. Other languages, however, = use punctuation marks extensively. As yet, Lojban does not have any words f= or these punctuation marks, but a mechanism exists for devising them: the c= mavo=20 punctuation marks lau of selma'o LAU.=20 @@ -838,21 +838,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e9d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section9-example2" />

le gerku goi gy. cu xekri .i gy. klama le zdani The dog, or G, is black. G goes to the house.

There is a special rule that sometimes makes lerfu strings more = advantageous than the regular pro-sumti cmavo. If no assignment can be foun= d for a lerfu string (especially a single lerfu word), it can be assumed to= refer to the most recent sumti whose name or description begins in Lojban = with that lerfu. So=20 - can be rephrased:<= /para> + can be rephrased:= <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e9d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section9-example3" />

le gerku cu xekri. .i gy. klama le zdani The dog is black. G goes to the house.

@@ -927,21 +927,21 @@ requires the first=20 boi to separate the lerfu string=20 xy. from the digit string=20 digit string ro.

References to lerfu The rules of=20 - make it impossible to use u= nmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence: + make it impossible to use = unmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence: <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e10d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section10-example1" />

.abu. cu lerfu A is-a-letteral.

@@ -954,58 +954,58 @@

me'o .abu cu lerfu The-expression=20 a is-a-letteral.

Now we can translate=20 - into Lojban: + into Lojban: <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e10d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section10-example3" />

dei vasru vo lerfu po'u me'o .ebu this-sentence contains four letterals which-are the-expression=20 e. This sentence contains four=20 e s.

Since the Lojban sentence has only four=20 e lerfu rather than fourteen, the translation is not a = literal one - but=20 - is a Lojban truth= just as=20 - is an English trut= h. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of=20 - is also true! + is a Lojban trut= h just as=20 + is an English tru= th. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of=20 + is also true! The reader might be tempted to use quotation with=20 lu ... li'u instead of=20 me'o, producing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e10d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section10-example4" />

lu .abu li'u cu lerfu [quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.

(The single-word quote=20 zo cannot be used, because=20 .abu is a compound cmavo.) But=20 - is false, because= it says: + is false, becaus= e it says: <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e10d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter17-section10-example5" />

The word=20 .abu is a letteral

@@ -1314,21 +1314,21 @@

la cribe cu ciska That-named=20 Bear writes. Bear is a writer.

- does not of cours= e refer to a bear (=20 + does not of cour= se refer to a bear (=20 le cribe or=20 lo cribe) but to something else, probably a person, nam= ed=20 Bear. Similarly,=20 me dy ny. .abu is a predicate which can be used as a na= me, producing a kind of acronym which can have pauses between the individua= l lerfu words. acronym

Computerized character codes @@ -1364,21 +1364,21 @@ ASCII American dollars $ represents American dollars. American dollars Understanding=20 - depends on knowin= g the value in the ASCII character set (one of the simplest and oldest) of = the=20 + depends on knowi= ng the value in the ASCII character set (one of the simplest and oldest) of= the=20 ASCII $ character. Therefore, the=20 se'e convention is only intelligible to those who know = the underlying character set. For precisely specifying a particular charact= er, however, it has the advantages of unambiguity and (relative) cultural n= eutrality, and therefore Lojban provides a means for those with access to d= escriptions of such character sets to take advantage of them. se'e As another example, the Unicode character set (also known as ISO= 10646) represents the international symbol of peace, an inverted trident i= n a circle, using the base-16 value 262E. In a suitable context, a Lojbanis= t may say: Unicode diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml index 9f54ff0..e53ec8f 100644 --- a/todocbook/18.xml +++ b/todocbook/18.xml @@ -36,21 +36,21 @@ 3x + 2y contains omitted multiplication operators, but there are other p= ossible interpretations for the strings=20 multiplication 3x and=20 2y than as mathematical multiplication. Therefore, the = Lojban verbal (spoken and written) form of=20 multiplication - must not omit the = multiplication operators. + must not omit the= multiplication operators. multiplication The remainder of this chapter explains (in as much detail as is = currently possible) the mekso system. This chapter is by intention complete= as regards mekso components, but only suggestive about uses of those compo= nents - as of now, there has been no really comprehensive use made of mekso= facilities, and many matters must await the test of usage to be fully clar= ified.

Lojban numbers The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pa @@ -237,21 +237,21 @@ re fi'u ze fi'u two fraction seven 2/7 - is the name of the= number two-sevenths; it is not the same as=20 + is the name of th= e number two-sevenths; it is not the same as=20 the result of 2 divided by 7 in Lojban, although numeri= cally these two are equal. If the denominator of the fraction is present bu= t the numerator is not, the numerator is taken to be 1, thus expressing the= reciprocal of the following number: reciprocal <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e3d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section3-example4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e3d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section3-example5" /> @@ -362,85 +362,85 @@ te'o PA exponential e (approx 2.71828...) fi'u PA golden ratio,=20 fi'u =CE=A6, phi, (1 + sqrt(5))/2 (approx. 1.6180= 3...) The last cmavo is the same as the fraction sign cmavo: a fractio= n sign with neither numerator nor denominator represents the golden ratio.<= /para> Numbers can have any of these digit, punctuation, and special-nu= mber cmavo of Sections 2, 3, and 4 in any combination: -4.1) ma'u ci'i + 4.1) ma'u ci'i ci'i + =E2=88=9E -4.2) ci ka'o re + 4.2) ci ka'o re ka'o 3i2 (a complex number equivalent to=20 3 + 2i) Note that=20 ka'o is both a special number (meaning=20 ka'o i) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real a= nd the imaginary parts of a complex number). -4.3) ci'i no + 4.3) ci'i no ci'i infinity zero infinity =20 =E2=84=B5 0 (a transfinite cardinal) transfinite cardinal The special numbers=20 pai and=20 te'o are mathematically important, which is why they ar= e given their own cmavo: -4.4) pai + 4.4) pai pi,=20 =CF=80 -4.5) te'o + 4.5) te'o e However, many combinations are as yet undefined: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e4d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section4-example6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e4d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section4-example7" />

pa pi re pi ci 1.2.3 pa ni'u re 1 negative-sign 2

- is not=20 + is not=20 1 minus 2, which is represented by a different cmavo se= quence altogether. It is a single number which has not been assigned a mean= ing. There are many such numbers which have no well-defined meaning; they m= ay be used for experimental purposes or for future expansion of the Lojban = number system. It is possible, of course, that some of these=20 oddities do have a meaningful use in some restricted ar= ea of mathematics. A mathematician appropriating these structures for speci= alized use needs to consider whether some other branch of mathematics would= use the structure differently. More information on numbers may be found in=20 - to=20 + to=20 .

Simple infix expressions and equations infix expressions The following cmavo are discussed in this section: du GOhA equals su'i VUhU plus @@ -506,21 +506,21 @@ This fly has a mass of 3 grams. requires=20 li because=20 ci is being used as a sumti. Note that this is the way = in which measurements are stated in Lojban: all the predicates for units of= length, mass, temperature, and so on have the measured object as the first= place and a number as the second place. Using=20 measurements li for=20 le in=20 - would produce + would produce <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e5d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section5-example4" />

li ci prenu The-number 3 is-a-person.

@@ -580,21 +580,21 @@

li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li reci The-number three plus four times five equals the-number two= -three. 3 + 4 =C3=97 5 =3D 23

Is the Lojban version of=20 - true? No!=20 + true? No!=20 3 + 4 =C3=97 5 is indeed 23, because the usual conventi= ons of mathematics state that multiplication takes precedence over addition= ; that is, the multiplication=20 multiplication 4 =C3=97 5 is done first, giving 20, and only then the = addition=20 3 + 20. But VUhU operators by default are done left to = right, like other Lojban grouping, and so a truthful bridi would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e5d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section5-example8" /> @@ -674,21 +674,21 @@ a =C3=97 b =C3=97 c. (Of course, a local convention cou= ld state that the value of a variable like=20 abc, with a multi-lerfu name, was equal to the values o= f the variables=20 a,=20 b, and=20 c multiplied together.) The explicit operator=20 pi'i is required in the Lojban verbal form whereas mult= iplication is implicit in the symbolic form. Note that=20 multiplication ve'o(the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: = the first use of it in=20 - is required, but = the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, t= he first=20 + is required, but= the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, = the first=20 square brackets bi'e(also marked by square brackets) is not necessary t= o get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the ot= her one. square brackets bi'e

Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions) @@ -808,21 +808,21 @@ ma'o can be generalized from lerfu strings to any mekso= operand: see=20 .) When using forethought mekso, the optional marker=20 pe'o may be placed in front of the operator. This usage= can help avoid confusion by providing clearly marked=20 pe'o pe'o and=20 pe'o ku'e pairs to delimit the operand list.=20 - to=20 + to=20 , respectively, wi= th explicit=20 pe'o and=20 pe'o ku'e: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e6d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section6-example4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e6d5" /> @@ -840,21 +840,21 @@ <jbo>li zy du li pe'o ma'o fy.boi xy. ku'e</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Note: When using forethought mekso, be sure that the operands re= ally are operands: they cannot contain regular infix expressions unless par= enthesized with=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexter= m> <quote>vei</quote> and=20 <quote>ve'o</quote>. An earlier version of the complex=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example6" />came to grief bec= ause I forgot this rule.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example6" /> came to grief be= cause I forgot this rule.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section7"> <title>Other useful selbri for mekso bridi So far our examples have been isolated mekso (it is legal to hav= e a bare mekso as a sentence in Lojban) and equation bridi involving=20 du. What about inequalities such as=20 x < 5? The answer is to use a bridi with an appropri= ate selbri, thus: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e7d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section7-example1" /> @@ -1029,22 +1029,22 @@ <en>I look-at one person</en> <jbo>mi catlu ro prenu</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm> <en>I look-at all persons</en>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>all persons</primary></indexterm> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example1" />might be true, whe= reas=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example2" />is almost certainl= y false.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example1" /> might be true, wh= ereas=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example2" /> is almost certain= ly false.</para> <para>The cmavo=20 <quote>so'a</quote>,=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>so'a</primary></indexterm> <quote>so'e</quote>,=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>so'e</primary></indexterm> <quote>so'i</quote>,=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>so'i</primary></indexterm> @@ -1125,21 +1125,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>mi citka piro lei nanba</jbo> <en>I eat the-whole-of the-mass-of bread</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Similarly,=20 <quote>piso'a</quote> means=20 <quote>almost the whole of</quote>; and so on down to=20 <quote>piso'u</quote>,=20 <quote>a tiny part of</quote>. These numbers are particularly appropri= ate with masses, which are usually measured rather than counted, as=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example8" />shows.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example8" /> shows.</para> <para>In addition to these cmavo, there is=20 <quote>no'o</quote>, meaning=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>no'o</primary></indexterm> <quote>the typical value</quote>, and=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>typical value</primary></indexterm> <quote>pino'o</quote>, meaning=20 <quote>the typical portion</quote>: Sometimes=20 <quote>no'o</quote> can be translated=20 @@ -1175,21 +1175,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>mi catlu da'a re prenu</jbo> <en>I look-at all-but two persons</en> <jbo>mi catlu da'a so'u prenu</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>so'u</primary></indexterm> <en>I look-at all-but a-few persons</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example12" />is similar in mea= ning to=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example12" /> is similar in me= aning to=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example3" />.</para> <para>If no number follows=20 <quote>da'a</quote>, then=20 <quote>pa</quote> is assumed;=20 <quote>da'a</quote> by itself means=20 <quote>all but one</quote>, or in ordinal contexts=20 <quote>all but the last</quote>:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-3z2U"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e8d13" /> @@ -1198,21 +1198,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>ro ratcu ka'e citka da'a ratcu</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ka'e</primary></indexterm> <gloss>All rats can eat all-but-one rats.</gloss> <en>All rats can eat all other rats.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>(The use of=20 <quote>da'a</quote> means that=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example13" />does not require = that all rats can eat themselves, but does allow it. Each rat has one rat i= t cannot eat, but that one might be some rat other than itself. Context oft= en dictates that=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example13" /> does not require= that all rats can eat themselves, but does allow it. Each rat has one rat = it cannot eat, but that one might be some rat other than itself. Context of= ten dictates that=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>eat themselves</primary></indexterm> <quote>itself</quote> is, indeed, the=20 <quote>other</quote> rat.)</para> <para>As mentioned in=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section3" />,=20 <quote>ma'u</quote> and=20 <quote>ni'u</quote> are also legal numbers, and they mean=20 <quote>some positive number</quote> and=20 <quote>some negative number</quote> respectively.</para> @@ -1296,21 +1296,21 @@ <en>I saw both dogs.</en>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>both dogs</primary></indexterm> <jbo>mi speni so'ici prenu</jbo> <gloss>I am-married-to many/three persons.</gloss> <en>I am married to three persons (which is=20 <quote>many</quote> in the circumstances).</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example19" />assumes a mostly = monogamous culture by stating that three is=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section8-example19" /> assumes a mostly= monogamous culture by stating that three is=20 <quote>many</quote>.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section9"> <title>Approximation and inexact numbers The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ji'i PA approximately su'e PA at most su'e @@ -1381,22 +1381,22 @@ rounded up re pi ze pa ji'i ni'u two point seven one approximation negative-sign 2.71 (rounded down) rounded down - through=20 - are all approximat= ions to=20 + through=20 + are all approxima= tions to=20 te'o(exponential e).=20 ji'i can also appear by itself, in which case it means= =20 approximately the typical value in this context. typical value The four cmavo=20 su'e,=20 su'e su'o,=20 @@ -1428,24 +1428,24 @@ me'i I look-at less-than two persons mi catlu za'u re prenu za'u I look-at more-than two persons Each of these is a subtly different claim:=20 - is true of two or = any greater number, whereas=20 - requires three per= sons or more. Likewise,=20 - refers to zero, on= e, or two;=20 - to zero or one. (O= f course, when the context allows numbers other than non-negative integers,= =20 + is true of two or= any greater number, whereas=20 + requires three pe= rsons or more. Likewise,=20 + refers to zero, o= ne, or two;=20 + to zero or one. (= Of course, when the context allows numbers other than non-negative integers= ,=20 me'i re can be any number less than 2, and likewise wit= h the other cases.) The exact quantifier,=20 me'i exactly 2, neither more nor less is just=20 re. Note that=20 su'ore is the exact Lojban equivalent of English plural= s. If no number follows one of these cmavo,=20 pa is understood: therefore, @@ -1602,22 +1602,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e10d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section10-example6" />

li ci pi'e rere pi'e vono su'i pi'e ci pi'e cici du li ci pi'= e rexa pi'e paci The-number 3:22:40 plus :3:33 equals the-number 3:26:13. 3:22:40 + 0:3:33 =3D 3:26:13

Of course, only context tells you that the first part of the num= bers in=20 - and=20 - is hours, the sec= ond minutes, and the third seconds. + and=20 + is hours, the se= cond minutes, and the third seconds. hours The same mechanism using=20 pi'e can be used to express numbers which have a base l= arger than 16. For example, base-20 Mayan mathematics might use digits from= =20 Mayan mathematics no to=20 paso, each separated by=20 pi'e: @@ -1862,21 +1862,21 @@ mi raumoi le velskina porsi I am-enough-th-in the movie-audience sequence enough-th I am enough-th in the movie line. enough-th - means, in the app= ropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front= that I will get a seat for the movie. + means, in the ap= propriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the fron= t that I will get a seat for the movie. The cmavo=20 si'e creates portion selbri. The place structure is: si'e portion selbri x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 Some examples: @@ -2031,42 +2031,42 @@ stereotypical I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king. snowball's chance Note: the elidable terminator=20 boi is not used between a number and a member of MOI. A= s a result, the=20 me'u in=20 - could also be re= placed by a=20 + could also be r= eplaced by a=20 boi, which would serve the same function of preventing = the=20 pa and=20 moi from joining into a compound.

Number questions The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

xo xo PA number question

The cmavo=20 xo, a member of selma'o PA, is used to ask questions wh= ose answers are numbers. Like most Lojban question words, it fills the blan= k where the answer should go. (See=20 xo - for more on Lojban questions.) + for more on Lojban questions.) <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e12d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section12-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e12d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section12-example2" />

li re su'i re du li xo @@ -2156,21 +2156,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e13d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section13-example5" />

xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo x

See=20 - for the standard= method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object. + for the standar= d method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object. More information on the uses of subscripts may be found in=20 .

Infix operators revisited The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

tu'o @@ -2535,33 +2535,33 @@ logical language . Operands are connected in aftertho= ught with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Op= erators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought wi= th selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no acciden= t. In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping l= ogically connected operands, and=20 ke ... ke'e is allowed for grouping logically connected= operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators. Despite the large number of rules required to support this featu= re, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.=20 - exhibits aftertho= ught logical connection between operands: + exhibits afterth= ought logical connection between operands: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e17d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example1" />

vei ci .a vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci ( Three or four ) people go-to the market.

- is equivalent in = meaning, but uses forethought connection: + is equivalent in= meaning, but uses forethought connection: observatives forethought connection <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e17d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example2" />

@@ -2603,38 +2603,38 @@

li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo The-number two plus and times two equals the-number four. 2 + 2 =3D 4 and 2 =C3=97 2 =3D 4.

The forethought-connection form of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e17d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example5" />

li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo the-number two both plus and times two equals the-number four. Both 2 + 2 =3D 4 and 2 =C3=97 2 =3D 4.

Here is a classic example of operand logical connection: -17.6) go li .abu bi= 'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy. + 17.6) go li .abu b= i'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy. te'a su'i cy. du li no gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve= 'o [ku'e] ve'o fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu If-and-only-if the-number=20 a-times-(=20 x power two ) plus=20 b-times- @@ -2660,21 +2660,21 @@ Note the mixture of styles in=20 : the negation of= b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the opera= tor precedence by prefixed=20 operator precedence bi'e, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group= the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be= removed here in favor of simple=20 bi'e fe'a and=20 ku'e bracketing, because infix operators are present in= the operand. Getting=20 - to parse perfectl= y using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would d= ispense with most of the=20 + to parse perfect= ly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would = dispense with most of the=20 bi'e cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules b= e understood. bi'e Non-logical connection with JOI and BIhI is also permitted betwe= en operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect= operands with=20 bi'o to create intervals: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e17d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example7" /> @@ -2711,21 +2711,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e17d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section17-example9" />

li pimu su'i ni'upimu bi'o ma'upimu the-number 0.5 plus [-0.5 from-to +0.5]

Here we have the sum of a number and an interval, which produces= another interval centered on the number. As=20 - shows, non-logica= l (or logical) connection of operands has higher precedence than any mekso = operator. + shows, non-logic= al (or logical) connection of operands has higher precedence than any mekso= operator. connection of operands You can also combine two operands with=20 ce'o, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a= compound subscript: compound subscript ce'o @@ -2773,21 +2773,21 @@ <description>terminator for all three</description> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> <para>One of the mekso design goals requires the ability to make use o= f Lojban's vocabulary resources within mekso to extend the built-in cmavo f= or operands and operators. There are three relevant constructs: all three s= hare the elidable terminator=20 <quote>te'u</quote>(which is also used to terminate vectors marked wit= h=20 <quote>jo'i</quote>)</para> <para>The cmavo=20 <quote>na'u</quote> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the f= irst place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the othe= r unfilled places specify the operands:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e18d1" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section18-example1" />18.1) li na'u tanjo= te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section18-example1" /> 18.1) li na'u tanj= o te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm> The-number the-operator tangent (=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">=CF=80</phrase> / 2 ) =3D the-number infinity.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>infinity</primary></indexterm> tan( <phrase role=3D"IPA">=CF=80</phrase>/2) =3D=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">=E2=88=9E</phrase> </programlisting> @@ -2961,46 +2961,46 @@ <en>The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>uses=20 <quote>nu'a</quote> to make the operator=20 <quote>va'a</quote> into a two-place bridi</para> <para>Used together,=20 <quote>nu'a</quote> and=20 <quote>na'u</quote> make it possible to ask questions about mekso oper= ators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor= is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section19-example4" />, to which=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section19-example5" />is one correct an= swer:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section19-example5" /> is one correct a= nswer:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-4zCy"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e19d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section19-example4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e19d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section19-example5" />

li re na'u mo re du li vo The-number two what-operator? two equals the-number four. 2 ? 2 =3D 4 nu'a su'i plus

In=20 ,=20 na'u mo is an operator question, because=20 mo is the selbri question cmavo and=20 na'u makes the selbri into an operator.=20 - makes the true an= swer=20 + makes the true a= nswer=20 su'i into a selbri (which is a legal utterance) with th= e inverse cmavo=20 nu'a. Mechanically speaking, inserting=20 - into=20 - produces: + into=20 + produces: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e19d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section19-example6" />

li re na'u nu'a su'i re du li vo The-number two (the-operator the-selbri plus) two equals the-n= umber four.

@@ -3044,21 +3044,21 @@ nineteenthly (higher order) The difference between=20 mai and=20 mo'o is that=20 mo'o enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each=20 mo'o subdivision can then be divided into pieces and in= ternally numbered with=20 mai. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each = section would be numbered with=20 mo'o. (See=20 - for more on these words.) + for more on these words.) A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string wit= h=20 digit string roi. This usage generates tenses corresponding to Engli= sh=20 roi once,=20 twice, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed disc= ussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in=20 . Note: the elidable terminator=20 @@ -3255,34 +3255,34 @@

li bize eight seven 87

- is mathematically= correct, but sacrifices the spirit of the English words, which are intende= d to be complex and formal. + is mathematicall= y correct, but sacrifices the spirit of the English words, which are intend= ed to be complex and formal. <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e22d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section22-example2" />

li vo pi'i reno su'i ze four times twenty plus seven 4 =C3=97 20 + 7

- is also mathemati= cally correct, but still misses something.=20 + is also mathemat= ically correct, but still misses something.=20 Score is not a word for 20 in the same way that=20 ten is a word for 10: it contains the implication of 20= objects. The original may be taken as short for=20 Four score years and seven years ago. Thinking of a sco= re as a twentysome rather than as 20 leads to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e22d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter18-section22-example3" />

li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze @@ -3313,24 +3313,24 @@

li vo pi'e ze ju'u reno four ; seven base 20 47

Overall,=20 - probably captures= the flavor of the English best.=20 - and=20 - are too simple, a= nd=20 - is too tricky. Ne= vertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these example= s illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all= , can probably be said in more than one way. + probably capture= s the flavor of the English best.=20 + and=20 + are too simple, = and=20 + is too tricky. N= evertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these exampl= es illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at al= l, can probably be said in more than one way.

mekso selma'o summary Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo. BOI elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings BY lerfu for variables and functions (see=20 ) FUhA reverse-Polish flag GOhA includes=20 diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml index 35d9320..3391b2d 100644 --- a/todocbook/19.xml +++ b/todocbook/19.xml @@ -111,21 +111,21 @@ ni'o is a mere discursive indicator of a new subject, w= hereas=20 discursive indicator ni'oni'o marks a change in the context. In this situati= on,=20 ni'oni'o implicitly cancels the definitions of all pro-= sumti of selma'o KOhA as well as pro-bridi of selma'o GOhA. (Explicit cance= lling is expressed by the cmavo=20 da'o of selma'o DAhO, which has the free grammar of an = indicator =E2=80=93 it can appear almost anywhere.) The use of=20 da'o ni'oni'o does not affect indicators (of selma'o UI) or = tense references, but=20 ni'oni'oni'o, indicating a drastic change of topic, wou= ld serve to reset both indicators and tenses. (See=20 - for a discussion of indicat= or scope.) + for a discussion of indica= tor scope.) indicator scope In spoken text, which is inherently less structured, these level= s are reduced by one, with=20 ni'o indicating a change in context sufficient to cance= l pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignment. On the other hand, in a book, or in s= tories within stories such as=20 stories The Arabian Nights, further levels may be expressed by = extending the=20 Arabian Nights ni'o string as needed. Normally, a written text will be= gin with the number of=20 @@ -177,71 +177,71 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section4-example2" />

zhe

The wide space in the first two versions of=20 - separate the topic= (=20 + separate the topi= c (=20 this news) from the comment (=20 news I know already). Lojban uses the cmavo=20 zo'u(of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from = comment (a bridi): <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section4-example3" />

le nuzba zo'u mi ba'o djuno The news : I [perfective] know. news

- is the literal Loj= ban translation of=20 + is the literal Lo= jban translation of=20 . Of course, the t= opic-comment structure can be changed to a straightforward bridi structure:= topic-comment <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section4-example4" />

mi ba'o djuno le nuzba I [perfective] know the news. news

- means the same as= =20 + means the same as= =20 , and it is simple= r. However, often the position of the topic in the place structure of the s= elbri within the comment is vague: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section4-example5" />

le finpe zo'u citka the fish : eat

Is the fish eating or being eaten? The sentence doesn't say. The= Chinese equivalent of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section4-example6" />

which is vague in exactly the same way. @@ -292,21 +292,21 @@ loi jdini zo'u tu'e do ponse .inaja do djica [tu'u] The-mass-of money : ( [if] you possess, then you want ) Money: if you have it, you want it. Note: In Lojban, you do not=20 want money; you=20 want to have money or something of the sort, as the x2 = place of=20 djica demands an event. As a result, the straightforwar= d rendering of=20 - without a topic is= not: + without a topic i= s not: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section4-example10" />

do ponse loi jdini .inaja do djica ri You possess money only-if you desire its-mere-existence.

@@ -322,24 +322,24 @@ do ponse loi jdini .inaja do djica tu'a ri You possess money only-if you desire something-about it. namely, the possession of money. But topic-comment sentences lik= e=20 topic-comment sentences topic-comment - are inherently vag= ue, and this difference between=20 + are inherently va= gue, and this difference between=20 ponse(which expects a physical object in x2) and=20 djica is ignored. See=20 - for another topic/= comment sentence. + for another topic= /comment sentence. The subject of an English sentence is often the topic as well, b= ut in Lojban the sumti in the x1 place is not necessarily the topic, especi= ally if it is the normal (unconverted) x1 for the selbri. Thus Lojban sente= nces don't necessarily have a=20 subject in the English sense.

Questions and answers The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

xu UI @@ -528,22 +528,22 @@ la djan. la marcas. le zarci le briju John, Marsha, the store, the office. Marsha John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively.<= /en> Marsha (Note: A mechanical substitution of=20 - into=20 - produces an ungram= matical result, because=20 + into=20 + produces an ungra= mmatical result, because=20 * ... le zarci fa'u le briju is ungrammatical Lojban: t= he first=20 le zarci has to be closed with its proper terminator=20 ku, for reasons explained in=20 . This effect is not important: Lojb= an behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question= and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is gr= ammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.) Questions to be answered with a selbri are expressed with=20 mo of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e5d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section5-example9" /> @@ -603,27 +603,27 @@  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ijoik</primary></indexterm> <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14" />; attitudes (using=20 <quote>pei</quote> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) -= see=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13" />; place structures (using=20 <quote>fi'a</quote> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) -= see=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fi'a</primary></indexterm> <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9" />; tenses and modals (using=20 <quote>cu'e</quote> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as a= n answer) - see=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10" />.</para> <para>Questions can be marked by placing=20 <quote>pau</quote>(of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pau</primary></indexterm> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13" />for details.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13" /> for details.</para> <para>The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to que= stions is:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>any number of sumti (with elidable terminator=20 <quote>vau</quote>, see=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6" />)</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14" />)</para> @@ -721,44 +721,44 @@ <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e6d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section6-example3" />

fo le dargu fi le zdani fa mi fe le zarci fu le karce cu klam= a Via the road, from the house, I, to the market, using-the car,= go.

- to=20 - all mean the same = thing. But consider the lujvo=20 + to=20 + all mean the same= thing. But consider the lujvo=20 nunkla, formed by applying the abstraction operator=20 nu to=20 klama: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e6d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section6-example4" />

la'edi'u cu nunkla la'edi'u mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going<= /gloss> by-me to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.=

- shows that=20 + shows that=20 nunkla has six places: the five places of=20 klama plus a new one (placed first) for the event itsel= f. Performing transformations similar to that of=20 - requires an additi= onal conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is = to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (see Chapter 19): + requires an addit= ional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is= to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (see Chapter 19): <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e6d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section6-example5" />

le karce cu sexixa nunkla mi le zarci le zdani le dargu la'edi'u la'edi'u @@ -775,22 +775,22 @@ fu le dargu fo le zdani fe mi fa la'edi'u la'edi'u fi le zarci faxixa le karce cu nunkla Via the road, from the house, by me, the-referent-of-the-la= st-sentence, to the market, using the car, is-an-event-of-going.

- to=20 - also all mean the = same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, d= espite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other m= ember of SE or FA could be substituted into=20 + to=20 + also all mean the= same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, = despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other = member of SE or FA could be substituted into=20 sexixa and=20 faxixa without change of meaning:=20 vexixa means the same thing as=20 sexixa. Lojban provides two groups of pro-sumti, both belonging to selma= 'o KOhA. The ko'a-series cmavo are used to refer to explicitly specified su= mti to which they have been bound using=20 goi. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentiall= y or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more f= ully in=20 .) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo a= nd 3 da-series cmavo available. If more are required, any cmavo of the ko'a-series or the da-ser= ies can be subscripted: @@ -1125,21 +1125,21 @@ <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e9d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section9-example2" />

lo'u mi du do du la djan. le'u na tergerna la lojban. [quote] mi du do du la djan. [unquote] is-not a-grammatical-st= ructure in Lojban.

- is grammatical eve= n though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,=20 + is grammatical ev= en though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,=20 embedded quotation lo'u quotation can quote fragments of a text which them= selves do not constitute grammatical utterances: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e9d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section9-example3" />

lu le mlatu cu viska le finpe li'u zo'u lo'u viska le le'u @@ -1290,22 +1290,22 @@ zoi itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word sugges= ting the topic of the quotation. Within written text, the Lojban written word used as a delimitin= g word may not appear, whereas within spoken text, the sound of the delimit= ing word may not be uttered. This leads to occasional breakdowns of audio-v= isual isomorphism:=20 isomorphism isomorphism audio-visual isomorphism isomorphism - is fine in speech= but ungrammatical as written, whereas=20 - is correct when w= ritten but ungrammatical in speech. + is fine in speec= h but ungrammatical as written, whereas=20 + is correct when = written but ungrammatical in speech. <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e10d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section10-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e10d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section10-example4" />

?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi gy. gyrations .gy. I know about the word which-is=20 @@ -1374,36 +1374,36 @@ zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab. The-word=20 Bob is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word=20 Bob. lu'e la bab. cmene la bab. A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.

- through=20 - all mean approxim= ately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.=20 - is different: + through=20 + all mean approxi= mately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.=20 + is different: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e10d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section10-example9" />

la bab. cmene la bab. Bob is the name of Bob.

and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlik= ely situation. People are not names. (In=20 - through=20 + through=20 , the name=20 bab. was separated from a preceding=20 zo by a pause, thus:=20 zo .bab.. The reason for this extra pause is that all L= ojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than= =20 la,=20 lai,=20 la'i(all of selma'o LA) and=20 doi(of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo tha= t may precede a name: of these,=20 zo is one of the most common.) The cmavo=20 @@ -1604,21 +1604,21 @@

doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska= le mlatu O Lisa, I desire the event-of (O Frank, [imperative] stop!)= you see the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.

- implicitly redefi= nes=20 + implicitly redef= ines=20 do within the parentheses: the listener is changed by= =20 doi frank. When the context sentence resumes, however, = the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored. There is another cmavo of selma'o TO:=20 to'i. The difference between=20 to and=20 to'i is the difference between parentheses and square b= rackets in English prose. Remarks within=20 square brackets to ... toi cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, wh= ereas remarks within=20 to'i ... toi are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an= editor: @@ -1938,21 +1938,21 @@ mi viska le sa .i mi cusku zo .djan. I see the ... I say the-word=20 John. Since the word following=20 sa is=20 .i, the sentence separator, its effect is to erase the = preceding sentence. So=20 sentence separator - is equivalent to:= + is equivalent to= : <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter19-section13-example8" />

mi cusku zo .djan.

Another example, erasing a partial description rather than a par= tial sentence: diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml index 486a270..c0c312d 100644 --- a/todocbook/2.xml +++ b/todocbook/2.xml @@ -212,21 +212,21 @@ ti,=20 ta, and=20 tu refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and sh= ould not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.= Names may also be used as sumti, provided they are preceded with= the word=20 la: la meris. the one/ones named Mary la djan. the one/ones named John Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other= languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojba= n names: see=20 - for more information. + for more information.

Some words used to indicate selbri relations Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in thi= s chapter: vecnu x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price) tavla x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in languag= e x4 sutra x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action) blari'o x1 (object/light source) is blue-green melbi x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3 @@ -242,22 +242,22 @@ kanro x1 is healthy by standard x2 healthy stali x1 stays/remains with x2 zarci x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3= (storekeeper) Each selbri (relation) has a specific rule that defines the role= of each sumti in the bridi, based on its position. In the table above, tha= t order was expressed by labeling the sumti positions as x1, x2, x3, x4, an= d x5. Like the table in=20 , this table is far from com= plete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new word= s to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the = existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference betw= een Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and Englis= h; in English, most people are very leery of using words that=20 aren't in the dictionary. Lojbanists are encouraged to = invent new words; doing so is a major way of participating in the developme= nt of the language.=20 - explains how to make new words, and= =20 - explains how to give them appropriat= e meanings. + explains how to make new words, and= =20 + explains how to give them appropria= te meanings.

Some simple Lojban bridi Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the = gismu=20 tavla is <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e5d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section5-example1" /> @@ -294,151 +294,151 @@ Talking is going on, with speaker John and listener Sam and subject matter engineering engineering and language Lojban. The Lojban bridi corresponding to=20 - will have the form<= /para> + will have the form= -5.4) =20 + 5.4) =20 x1 [cu]=20 tavla=20 x2=20 x3=20 x4 The word=20 cu serves as a separator between any preceding sumti an= d the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples. -5.5) =20 + 5.5) =20 mi=20 tavla=20 do=20 zo'e=20 zo'e I talk to you about something in some language. =20 -5.6) =20 + 5.6) =20 do=20 tavla=20 mi=20 ta=20 zo'e You talk to me about that thing in a language. =20 -5.7) =20 + 5.7) =20 mi=20 tavla=20 zo'e=20 tu=20 ti I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language. (=20 - is a bit unusual, a= s there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of= this book, and hope the meaning gets across!) + is a bit unusual, = as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy o= f this book, and hope the meaning gets across!) When there are one or more occurrences of the cmavo=20 zo'e at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a proc= ess called=20 ellipsis.=20 ellipsis - and=20 - may be expressed th= us: + and=20 + may be expressed t= hus: -5.8) =20 + 5.8) =20 mi=20 tavla=20 do I talk to you (about something in some language). =20 -5.9) =20 + 5.9) =20 do=20 tavla=20 mi=20 ta You talk to me about that thing (in some language). Note that=20 - is not subject to e= llipsis by this direct method, as the=20 + is not subject to = ellipsis by this direct method, as the=20 ellipsis zo'e in it is not at the end of the bridi.

Variant bridi structure Consider the sentence -6.1) =20 + 6.1) =20 mi [cu]=20 vecnu ti ta zo'e seller-x1 sells goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 price-x4 I sell this to that for some price. I sell this-thing/these-things to that-buyer/those-buyers. (The price is obvious or unimportant.) - has one sumti (the = x1) before the selbri. It is also possible to put more than one sumti befor= e the selbri, without changing the order of sumti: + has one sumti (the= x1) before the selbri. It is also possible to put more than one sumti befo= re the selbri, without changing the order of sumti: -6.2) =20 + 6.2) =20 mi ti [cu]=20 vecnu ta seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 sells buyer-x3 I this sell to that. (translates as stilted or poetic English) I this thing do sell to that buyer. =20 -6.3) =20 + 6.3) =20 mi ti ta [cu]=20 vecnu seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 sells I this to that sell. (translates as stilted or poetic English) I this thing to that buyer do sell. - through=20 - mean the same thing= . Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style = or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal positi= on. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such orders= .) + through=20 + mean the same thin= g. Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style= or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal posit= ion. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such order= s.) If there are no sumti before the selbri, then it is understood t= hat the x1 sumti value is equivalent to=20 zo'e; i.e. unimportant or obvious, and therefore not gi= ven. Any sumti after the selbri start counting from x2. -6.4) =20 + 6.4) =20 ta [cu]=20 melbi object/idea-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard) That/Those is/are beautiful. That is beautiful. Those are beautiful. when the x1 is omitted, becomes: -6.5) =20 + 6.5) =20 ________ [cu]= =20 melbi unspecified-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard) Beautiful! It's beautiful! Omitting the x1 adds emphasis to the selbri relation, which has = become first in the sentence. This kind of sentence is termed an observativ= e, because it is often used when someone first observes or takes note of th= e relationship, and wishes to quickly communicate it to someone else. Commo= nly understood English observatives include=20 observatives @@ -456,69 +456,69 @@ cu is not permitted. Short words like=20 cu which serve grammatical functions are called=20 cmavo in Lojban.

Varying the order of sumti For one reason or another you may want to change the order, plac= ing one particular sumti at the front of the bridi. The cmavo=20 se, when placed before the last word of the selbri, wil= l switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So -7.1) =20 + 7.1) =20 mi tavla do ti I talk to you about this. has the same meaning as -7.2) =20 + 7.2) =20 do se tavla mi ti You are talked to by me about this. The cmavo=20 te, when used in the same location, switches the meanin= gs of the first and the third sumti places. -7.3) =20 + 7.3) =20 mi tavla do ti I talk to you about this. has the same meaning as -7.4) =20 + 7.4) =20 ti te tavla do mi This is talked about to you by me. Note that only the first and third sumti have switched places; t= he second sumti has remained in the second place. The cmavo=20 ve and=20 xe switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the fi= rst and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of pla= ces are known as=20 conversions, and the=20 se,=20 te,=20 ve, and=20 xe cmavo are said to convert the selbri. More than one of these operators may be used on a given selbri a= t one time, and in such a case they are evaluated from left to right. Howev= er, in practice they are used one at a time, as there are better tools for = complex manipulation of the sumti places. See=20 - for details. + for details. The effect is similar to what in English is called the=20 passive voice. In Lojban, the converted selbri has a ne= w place structure that is renumbered to reflect the place reversal, thus ha= ving effects when such a conversion is used in combination with other const= ructs such as=20 passive voice converted selbri le selbri [ku](see=20 ).

@@ -634,94 +634,94 @@ must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of t= he family=20 Lepidoptera. Lepidoptera The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final compo= nent of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of=20 klama: -9.8) =20 + 9.8) =20 mi [cu]=20 sutra klama la meris. I quickly-go to Mary. With the conversion=20 se klama as the final component of the tanru, the place= structure of the entire selbri is that of=20 se klama: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 p= lace is the one who goes: the destination -9.9) =20 + 9.9) =20 mi [cu]=20 sutra se klama la meris. I quickly am-gone-to by Mary. The following example shows that there is more to conversion tha= n merely switching places, though: -9.10) =20 + 9.10) =20 la tam. [cu]=20 melbi tavla la meris. Tom beautifully-talks to Mary. Tom is a beautiful-talker to Mary. has the place structure of=20 tavla, but note the two distinct interpretations. Now, using conversion, we can modify the place structure order:<= /para> place structure order -9.11) =20 + 9.11) =20 la meris. [cu]=20 melbi se tavla la tam. Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom. Mary is a beautiful-audience for Tom. and we see that the modification has been changed so as to focus= on Mary's role in the bridi relationship, leading to a different set of po= ssible interpretations. Note that there is no place structure change if the modifying te= rm is converted, and so less drastic variation in possible meanings: -9.12) =20 + 9.12) =20 la tam. [cu]=20 tavla melbi la meris. Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary. =20 -9.13) =20 + 9.13) =20 la tam. [cu]=20 se tavla melbi la meris. Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary. and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by = Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, th= e observer of beauty.

Description sumti Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the l= istener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker= other than=20 mi. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into = the first place of=20 tavla. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls= this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a=20 description sumti. The description sumti=20 le tavla ku means=20 the talker, and may be used wherever any sumti may be u= sed. For example, -10.1) =20 + 10.1) =20 mi tavla do le tavla ku means the same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example2" /> @@ -737,21 +737,21 @@ <quote>the fast talker</quote>, and=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fast talker</primary></indexterm> <quote>le sutra te tavla ku</quote> is=20 <quote>the fast subject of talk</quote> or=20 <quote>the subject of fast talk</quote>. Which of these related meanin= gs is understood will depend on the context in which the expression is used= . The most plausible interpretation within the context will generally be as= sumed by a listener to be the intended one.</para> <para>In many cases the word=20 <quote>ku</quote> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary= in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d3" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example3" />10.3) =20 +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example3" /> 10.3) =20 <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">mi</jbophrase> <jbophrase role=3D"selbri">tavla</jbophrase> <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">do</jbophrase> <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> I talk-to you about-the talker </programlisting> <para>means exactly the same thing as=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example1" />.</para> <para>There is a problem when we want to say=20 <quote>The fast one is talking.</quote> The=20 @@ -760,47 +760,47 @@ <quote>the fast talker</quote>, and has no selbri at all. To solve thi= s problem we can use the word=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fast talker</primary></indexterm> <quote>cu</quote>, which so far has always been optional, in front of = the selbri.</para> <para>The word=20 <quote>cu</quote> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginnin= g of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It c= omes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like=20 <quote>se</quote> or=20 <quote>te</quote>. Thus:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d4" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example4" />10.4) =20 +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example4" /> 10.4) =20 <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le sutra tavla</jbophrase> The fast talker  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fast talker</primary></indexterm> =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d5" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example5" />10.5) =20 +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example5" /> 10.5) =20 <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu=20 <jbophrase role=3D"selbri">tavla</jbophrase> The fast one is talking. =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d6" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example6" />10.6) =20 +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example6" /> 10.6) =20 <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le sutra se tavla</jbophrase> The fast talked-to one =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d7" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example7" />10.7) =20 +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example7" /> 10.7) =20 <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu=20 <jbophrase role=3D"selbri">se tavla</jbophrase> The fast one is talked to. </programlisting> <para>Consider the following more complex example, with two descriptio= n sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e10d8" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example8" />10.8) =20 +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section10-example8" /> 10.8) =20 <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]=20 <jbophrase role=3D"selbri">tavla</jbophrase> <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le vecnu [ku]</jbophrase> <jbophrase role=3D"sumti">le blari'o [ku]</jbophrase> I talk-to the seller about the blue-green-thing. </programlisting> <para>The sumti=20 <quote>le vecnu</quote> contains the selbri=20 <quote>vecnu</quote>, which has the=20 <quote>seller</quote> in the x1 place, and uses it in this sentence to= describe a particular=20 @@ -814,128 +814,128 @@ </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section11"> <title>Examples of brivla The simplest form of selbri is an individual word. A word which = may by itself express a selbri relation is called a=20 brivla. The three types of brivla are gismu (root words= ), lujvo (compounds), and fu'ivla (borrowings from other languages). All ha= ve identical grammatical uses. So far, most of our selbri have been gismu o= r tanru built from gismu. borrowings gismu: -11.1) =20 + 11.1) =20 mi [cu]=20 klama ti zo'e zo'e ta Go-er goes destination origin route means. I go here (to this) using that means (from somewhere via some route= ). lujvo: -11.2) =20 + 11.2) =20 ta [cu]=20 blari'o That is-blue-green. fu'ivla: -11.3) =20 + 11.3) =20 ti [cu]=20 djarspageti This is-spaghetti. spaghetti Some cmavo may also serve as selbri, acting as variables that st= and for another selbri. The most commonly used of these is=20 go'i, which represents the main bridi of the previous L= ojban sentence, with any new sumti or other sentence features being express= ed replacing the previously expressed ones. Thus, in this context: -11.4) =20 + 11.4) =20 ta [cu]=20 go'i That too/same-as-last selbri. That (is spaghetti), too. spaghetti

The sumti=20 <quote>di'u</quote> and=20 <quote>la'e di'u</quote> In English, I might say=20 The dog is beautiful, and you might reply=20 This pleases me. How do you know what=20 pleases this refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to co= nvey the possible meanings of the English: -12.1) =20 + 12.1) =20 le gerku [ku] cu=20 melbi The dog is beautiful. The following three sentences all might translate as=20 This pleases me. pleases -12.2) =20 + 12.2) =20 ti [cu]=20 pluka mi This (the dog) pleases me. pleases -12.3) =20 + 12.3) =20 di'u [cu]=20 pluka mi This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammati= cal or sounds nice). pleases -12.4) =20 + 12.4) =20 la'e di'u [cu]=20 pluka mi This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beauti= ful) pleases me. pleases - uses one sumti to = point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write=20 + uses one sumti to= point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write=20 la'edi'u as a single word; it is used more often than= =20 la'edi'u di'u by itself.

Possession Possession refers to the concept of specifying an objec= t by saying who it belongs to (or with). A full explanation of Lojban posse= ssion is given in=20 . A simple means of expressing posses= sion, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object = within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, betwe= en the=20 le and the selbri of the description: -13.1) =20 + 13.1) =20 le mi gerku cu=20 sutra The of-me dog is fast. My dog is fast. In Lojban, possession doesn't necessarily mean ownership: one ma= y=20 possess a chair simply by sitting on it, even though it= actually belongs to someone else. English uses possession casually in the = same way, but also uses it to refer to actual ownership or even more intima= te relationships:=20 my arm doesn't mean=20 some arm I own but rather=20 the arm that is part of my body. Lojban has methods of = specifying all these different kinds of possession precisely and easily. @@ -953,21 +953,21 @@ doi djan. means=20 Oh, John, I'm talking to you. It also has the effect of= setting the value of=20 do;=20 do now refers to=20 John until it is changed in some way in the conversatio= n. Note that=20 - is not a bridi, bu= t it is a legitimate Lojban sentence nevertheless; it is known as a=20 + is not a bridi, b= ut it is a legitimate Lojban sentence nevertheless; it is known as a=20 vocative phrase. vocative phrase Other cmavo can be used instead of=20 doi in a vocative phrase, with a different significance= . For example, the cmavo=20 vocative phrase coi means=20 hello and=20 co'o means=20 @@ -983,262 +983,262 @@ coi. djan. Hello, John. co'o. djan. Good-bye, John. Commands are expressed in Lojban by a simple variation of the ma= in bridi structure. If you say -14.4) =20 + 14.4) =20 do tavla You are-talking. you are simply making a statement of fact. In order to issue a c= ommand in Lojban, substitute the word=20 ko for=20 do. The bridi -14.5) =20 + 14.5) =20 ko tavla instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make=20 - true; it means=20 + true; it means=20 Talk! Other examples: -14.6) =20 + 14.6) =20 ko sutra Be fast! The=20 ko need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur an= ywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are ver= y unlike English commands: commands -14.7) =20 + 14.7) =20 mi tavla ko Be talked to by me Let me talk to you. The cmavo=20 ko can fill any appropriate sumti place, and can be use= d as often as is appropriate for the selbri: -14.8) =20 + 14.8) =20 ko kurji ko and -14.9) =20 + 14.9) =20 ko ko kurji both mean=20 You take care of you and=20 Be taken care of by you, or to put it colloquially,=20 Take care of yourself.

Questions There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations a= ppear in=20 - and in various other chapters throug= hout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questi= ons, selbri questions, and yes/no questions. + and in various other chapters throu= ghout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti quest= ions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions. sumti questions selbri questions The cmavo=20 ma is used to create a sumti question: it indicates tha= t the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the locati= on of the=20 ma to make the bridi true. It can be translated as=20 Who? or=20 What? in most cases, but also serves for=20 When?,=20 Where?, and=20 Why? when used in sumti places that express time, locat= ion, or cause. For example: -15.1) =20 + 15.1) =20 ma tavla do mi Who? talks to-you about-me. Who is talking to you about me? The listener can reply by simply stating a sumti: -15.2) =20 + 15.2) =20 la djan. John (is talking to you about me). Like=20 ko,=20 ma can occur in any position where a sumti is allowed, = not just in the first position: -15.3) =20 + 15.3) =20 do [cu]=20 tavla ma You talk to what/whom? A=20 ma can also appear in multiple sumti positions in one s= entence, in effect asking several questions at once. -15.4) =20 + 15.4) =20 ma [cu] =20 tavla ma What/Who talks to what/whom? The two separate=20 ma positions ask two separate questions, and can theref= ore be answered with different values in each sumti place. separate questions The cmavo=20 mo is the selbri analogue of=20 ma. It asks the respondent to provide a selbri that wou= ld be a true relation if inserted in place of the=20 mo: -15.5) =20 + 15.5) =20 do [cu]=20 mo You are-what/do-what? A=20 mo may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might.= Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,=20 mo is a very non-specific question. The response to the= question in=20 - could be: + could be: -15.6) =20 + 15.6) =20 mi [cu]=20 melbi I am beautiful. or: -15.7) =20 + 15.7) =20 mi [cu]=20 tavla I talk. Clearly,=20 mo requires some cooperation between the speaker and th= e respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If contex= t doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the quest= ion more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (se= e=20 ). It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other = unspecified places in responding to a=20 mo question. Thus, the respondent in=20 - could have also sp= ecified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response. + could have also s= pecified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response. Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered=20 Yes or=20 No, such as <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e15d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section15-example8" />

Are you talking to me?

Like all yes-or-no questions in English,=20 - may be reformulate= d as + may be reformulat= ed as <anchor xml:id=3D"c2e15d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter2-section15-example9" />

Is it true that you are talking to me?

In Lojban we have a word that asks precisely that question in pr= ecisely the same way. The cmavo=20 xu, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that = bridi is true as stated. So -15.10) xu = =20 + 15.10) xu = =20 do tavla mi Is-it-true-that you are-talking to-me? is the Lojban translation of=20 . The answer=20 Yes may be given by simply restating the bridi without = the=20 xu question word. Lojban has a shorthand for doing this= with the word=20 go'i, mentioned in=20 . Instead of a negative ans= wer, the bridi may be restated in such a way as to make it true. If this ca= n be done by substituting sumti, it may be done with=20 negative answer go'i as well. For example: -15.11) xu=20 + 15.11) xu=20 do kanro Are you healthy? healthy can be answered with -15.12)=20 + 15.12)=20 mi kanro I am healthy. healthy or -15.13)=20 + 15.13)=20 go'i I am healthy. healthy =20 (Note that=20 do to the questioner is=20 mi to the respondent.) or -15.14)=20 + 15.14)=20 le tavla cu=20 kanro The talker is healthy. healthy or -15.15)=20 + 15.15)=20 le tavla cu=20 go'i The talker is healthy. healthy A general negative answer may be given by=20 negative answer na go'i.=20 @@ -1251,73 +1251,73 @@ Indicators Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety= of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written langu= age. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. A= ha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to cul= ture. interjections Lojban has a group of cmavo known as=20 attitudinal indicators which specifically covers this t= ype of commentary on spoken statements. They are both written and spoken, b= ut require no specific intonation or gestures. Grammatically they are very = simple: one or more attitudinals at the beginning of a bridi apply to the e= ntire bridi; anywhere else in the bridi they apply to the word immediately = to the left. For example: attitudinal indicators -16.1) .ie=20 + 16.1) .ie=20 mi [cu]=20 klama Agreement! I go. Yep! I'll go. =20 -16.2) .ei=20 + 16.2) .ei=20 mi [cu]=20 klama Obligation! I go. I should go. =20 -16.3) =20 + 16.3) =20 mi [cu]=20 klama le melbi .ui [ku] I go to the beautiful-thing (and I am happy because it is the beaut= iful thing I'm going to). Not all indicators indicate attitudes. Discursives, another grou= p of cmavo with the same grammatical rules as attitudinal indicators, allow= free expression of certain kinds of commentary about the main utterances. = Using discursives allows a clear separation of these so-called=20 attitudinal indicators metalinguistic features from the underlying statements = and logical structure. By comparison, the English words=20 comparison but and=20 also, which discursively indicate contrast or an added = weight of example, are logically equivalent to=20 and, which does not have a discursive content. The aver= age English-speaker does not think about, and may not even realize, the par= adoxical idea that=20 but basically means=20 and. -16.4) =20 + 16.4) =20 mi [cu]=20 klama .i=20 do [cu]=20 stali I go. You stay. =20 -16.5) =20 + 16.5) =20 mi [cu]=20 klama .i ji'a=20 ji'a do [cu]=20 stali I go. In addition, you stay. (added weight) =20 -16.6) =20 + 16.6) =20 mi [cu]=20 klama .i ku'i=20 ku'i do [cu]=20 stali I go. However, you stay. (contrast) Another group of indicators are called=20 evidentials. Evidentials show the speaker's relationshi= p to the statement, specifically how the speaker came to make the statement= . These include=20 @@ -1329,29 +1329,29 @@ za'a pe'i(I believe that the relationship holds),=20 pe'i ru'a(I postulate the relationship), and others. Many Am= erican Indian languages use this kind of words. ru'a -16.7) pe'i=20 + 16.7) pe'i=20 pe'i do [cu]=20 melbi I opine! You are beautiful. =20 -16.8) za'a=20 + 16.8) za'a=20 za'a do [cu]=20 melbi I directly observe! You are beautiful.

Tenses In English, every verb is tagged for the grammatical category ca= lled tense: past, present, or future. The sentence @@ -1371,116 +1371,116 @@

John is going to the store

is necessarily happening right now. The Lojban sentence -17.3) =20 + 17.3) =20 la djan. [cu]=20 klama le zarci John goes/went/will-go to-the store serves as a translation of either=20 - or=20 + or=20 , and of many othe= r possible English sentences as well. It is not marked for tense, and can r= efer to an event in the past, the present or the future. This rule does not= mean that Lojban has no way of representing the time of an event. A close = translation of=20 - would be: + would be: -17.4) =20 + 17.4) =20 la djan. pu klama le zarci John [past] goes to-the store where the tag=20 pu forces the sentence to refer to a time in the past. = Similarly, -17.5) =20 + 17.5) =20 la djan. ca klama le zarci John [present] goes to-the store necessarily refers to the present, because of the tag=20 ca. Tags used in this way always appear at the very beg= inning of the selbri, just after the=20 cu, and they may make a=20 cu unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanr= u. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojba= n, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriat= e tense is picked up from context. adverbs Lojban also extends the notion of=20 tense to refer not only to time but to space. The follo= wing example uses the tag=20 vu to specify that the event it describes happens far a= way from the speaker: -17.6) =20 + 17.6) =20 do vu vecnu zo'e You yonder sell something-unspecified. In addition, tense tags (either for time or space) can be prefix= ed to the selbri of a description, producing a tensed sumti: -17.7) =20 + 17.7) =20 le pu bajra [ku] cu =20 tavla The earlier/former/past runner talked/talks. (Since Lojban tense is optional, we don't know when he or she ta= lks.) Tensed sumti with space tags correspond roughly to the English u= se of=20 this or=20 that as adjectives, as in the following example, which = uses the tag=20 adjectives vi meaning=20 nearby: -17.8) =20 + 17.8) =20 le vi bajra [ku] cu=20 tavla The nearby runner talks. This runner talks. Do not confuse the use of=20 vi in=20 - with the cmavo=20 + with the cmavo=20 ti, which also means=20 this, but in the sense of=20 this thing. Furthermore, a tense tag can appear both on the selbri and withi= n a description, as in the following example (where=20 ba is the tag for future time): -17.9) =20 + 17.9) =20 le vi tavla [ku] cu=20 ba klama The here talker [future] goes. The talker who is here will go. This talker will go.

Lojban grammatical terms grammatical terms Here is a review of the Lojban grammatical terms used in this ch= apter, plus some others used throughout this book. Only terms that are them= selves Lojban words are included: there are of course many expressions like= =20 grammatical terms indicator in=20 - that are not explained here. See the= Index for further help with these. + that are not explained here. See th= e Index for further help with these. bridi: predication; the basic unit of Lojban expression; the main= kind of Lojban sentence; a claim that some objects stand in some relations= hip, or that some single object has some property. some relationship @@ -1518,21 +1518,21 @@ gismu: a root word; a kind of brivla; has associated rafsi. See= =20 . lujvo: a compound word; a kind of brivla; may or may not appear i= n a dictionary; does not have associated rafsi. See=20 - and=20 + and=20 . fu'ivla: a borrowed word; a kind of brivla; may or may not appear i= n a dictionary; copied in a modified form from some non-Lojban language; us= ually refers to some aspect of culture or the natural world; does not have = associated rafsi. See=20 aspect . diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml index c1b1922..7b4b018 100644 --- a/todocbook/20.xml +++ b/todocbook/20.xml @@ -3,992 +3,992 @@

<para>The following paragraphs list all the selma'o of Lojban, with a = brief explanation of what each one is about, and reference to the chapter n= umber where each is explained more fully. As usual, all selma'o names are g= iven in capital letters (with =E2=80=9Ch=E2=80=9D serving as the capital of= =E2=80=9C'=E2=80=9D) and are the names of a representative cmavo, often th= e most important or the first in alphabetical order. One example is given o= f each selma'o: for selma'o which have several uses, the most common use is= shown.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>capital letters</primary></indexterm> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"A" />selma'o A (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"A" /> selma'o A (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cor=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif=E2=80=9D), usually between sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. .a la djein. klama le zarci John and/or Jane goes to the store. </programlisting> <para>Also used to create vowel lerfu words when followed with =E2=80= =9Cbu=E2=80=9D.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BAI" />selma'o BAI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BAI" /> selma'o BAI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not o= therwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a s= ingle place of some other selbri.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi tavla bau la lojban. I speak in-language Lojban. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BAhE" />selma'o BAhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BAhE" /> selma'o BAhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section11" />)</bridgehead> <para>Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (on= e invented for the occasion).</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>nonce word</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la ba'e .djordj. klama le zarci =20 <emphasis>George</emphasis> goes to the store. It is George who goes to the store. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BE" />selma'o BE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BE" /> selma'o BE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Attaches sumti which fill the place structure of a single unit m= aking up a tanru. Unless otherwise indicated, the sumti fill the x2, x3, an= d successive places in that order.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"BE" />is most useful in descriptions formed with=20 + <xref linkend=3D"BE" /> is most useful in descriptions formed with=20 <xref linkend=3D"LE" />. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"BEI" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"BEhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama be ta troci I am-a-(goer to-that) type-of-trier. I try to go to that place.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BEI" />selma'o BEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BEI" /> selma'o BEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Separates multiple sumti attached by=20 - <xref linkend=3D"BE" />to a tanru unit.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"BE" /> to a tanru unit.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci I am-a-(goer to-the store from-the home) type-of-trier. I try to go from the home to the market.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BEhO" />selma'o BEhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BEhO" /> selma'o BEhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"BE" />. Terminates sumti that are attached to a tanru= unit.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama be le zarci be'o troci I am-a-(goer to-the market) type-of-trier. I try to go to the market.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhE" />selma'o BIhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhE" /> selma'o BIhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Prefixed to a mathematical operator to mark it as higher priorit= y than other mathematical operators, binding its operands more closely.</pa= ra>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></ind= exterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li ci bi'e pi'u vo su'i mu du li paze  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm> The-number 3 [priority] times 4 plus 5 equals the-number 17. 3 =C3=97 4 + 5 =3D 17 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhI" />selma'o BIhI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BIhI" /> selma'o BIhI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section16" />)</bridgehead> <para>Joins sumti or tanru units (as well as some other things) to for= m intervals. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GAhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt. I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primar= y></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BO" />selma'o BO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BO" /> selma'o BO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"three-part-tanru" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter15-section6" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section17" />)</bridgehead> <para>Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to b= ind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"BO" />is always high precedence and right-grouping.</= para> + <xref linkend=3D"BO" /> is always high precedence and right-grouping.<= /para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta cmalu nixli bo ckule That is-a-small type-of (girl type-of school). That is a small school for girls. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BOI" />selma'o BOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BOI" /> selma'o BOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 - <xref linkend=3D"PA" />or=20 + <xref linkend=3D"PA" /> or=20 <xref linkend=3D"BY" />. Used to terminate a number (string of numeric= cmavo) or lerfu string (string of letter words) when another string immedi= ately follows.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li re du li vu'u voboi re The-number two equals the-number the-difference-of four-and two. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BU" />selma'o BU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BU" /> selma'o BU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter17-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>A suffix which can be attached to any word, typically a word rep= resenting a letter of the alphabet or else a name, to make a word for a sym= bol or a different letter of the alphabet. In particular, attached to singl= e-vowel cmavo to make words for vowel letters.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .abu .ebu .ibu .obu .ubu .ybu a, e, i, o, u, y. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"BY" />selma'o BY (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"BY" /> selma'o BY (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter17-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Words representing the letters of the Lojban alphabet, plus vari= ous shift words which alter the interpretation of other letter words. Termi= nated by BOI.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>Lojban alphabet</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .abu tavla .by le la .ibymym. skami A talks-to B about-the of-IBM computers.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm> A talks to B about IBM computers.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CAI" />selma'o CAI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CAI" /> selma'o CAI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates the intensity of an emotion: maximum, strong, weak, or= not at all. Typically follows another particle which specifies the emotion= .</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .ei cai mi klama le zarci  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm> [Obligation!] [Intense!] I go-to the market. I must go to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CAhA" />selma'o CAhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CAhA" /> selma'o CAhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section19" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential = (achieved or not), or merely an innate capability.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>innate capability</primary></indexter= m> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ro datka ka'e flulimna  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ka'e</primary></indexterm> All ducks [capability] are-float-swimmers. All ducks have the capability of swimming by floating. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CEI" />selma'o CEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CEI" /> selma'o CEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: = =E2=80=9Cbroda=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cbrode=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cbrodi=E2=80=9D, = =E2=80=9Cbrodo=E2=80=9D, or =E2=80=9Cbrodu=E2=80=9D, for later use.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>thingy</primary></indexterm> The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>thingy</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CEhE" />selma'o CEhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CEhE" /> selma'o CEhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section11" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter16-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associ= ate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or f= or special constructs in tenses.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>quantifier scope</primary></indexterm= > <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm> I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of. I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CO" />selma'o CO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CO" /> selma'o CO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section8" />)</bridgehead> <para>When inserted between the components of a tanru, inverts it, so = that the following tanru unit modifies the previous one.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house). I try to go to the market from the house.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"COI" />selma'o COI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"COI" /> selma'o COI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section11" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13-section14" />)</bridgehead> <para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocat= ive: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). = Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewel= l, and radio communication. Terminated by=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>radio communication</primary></indext= erm> <xref linkend=3D"DOhU" />. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"DOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> coi .djan. Greetings, John. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CU" />selma'o CU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CU" /> selma'o CU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Separates the selbri of a bridi from any sumti which precede it.= Never strictly necessary, but often useful to eliminate various elidable t= erminators.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>elidable terminators</primary></index= term> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le gerku cu klama le zarci The dog goes to-the store. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"CUhE" />selma'o CUhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"CUhE" /> selma'o CUhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section24" />)</bridgehead> <para>Forms a question which asks when, where, or in what mode the res= t of the bridi is true. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"PU" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"CAhA" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"TAhE" />, and=20 <xref linkend=3D"BAI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> do cu'e klama le zarci You [When/Where?] go to-the store? When are you going to the store? </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"DAhO" />selma'o DAhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"DAhO" /> selma'o DAhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section13" />)</bridgehead> <para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o= =20 <xref linkend=3D"KOhA" />) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOhA" />).</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"DOI" />selma'o DOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"DOI" /> selma'o DOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13-section14" />)</bridgehead> <para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without= =20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>vocative indicator</primary></indexte= rm> <xref linkend=3D"COI" />. No pause is required between =E2=80=9Cdoi=E2= =80=9D and a following name. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"DOhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi frank. mi tavla do O Frank, I speak-to you. Frank, I=E2=80=99m talking to you. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"DOhU" />selma'o DOhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"DOhU" /> selma'o DOhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13-section14" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 - <xref linkend=3D"COI" />or=20 + <xref linkend=3D"COI" /> or=20 <xref linkend=3D"DOI" />. Signals the end of a vocative.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> coi do'u  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm> Greetings [terminator] Greetings, O unspecified one! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FA" />selma'o FA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FA" /> selma'o FA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Prefix for a sumti, indicating which numbered place in the place= structure the sumti belongs in; overrides word order.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> fa mi cu klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce x1=3D I go x3=3D Atlanta x2=3D Boston x4=3D the road x5=3D the car. I go from Atlanta to Boston via the road using the car. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhA" />selma'o FAhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhA" /> selma'o FAhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies the direction in which, or toward which (when marked w= ith=20 <xref linkend=3D"MOhI" />) or along which (when prefixed by=20 - <xref linkend=3D"VEhA" />or=20 + <xref linkend=3D"VEhA" /> or=20 <xref linkend=3D"VIhA" />) the action of the bridi takes place.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku The man [left] bites the dog. To my left, the man bites the dog. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhO" />selma'o FAhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FAhO" /> selma'o FAhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section15" />)</bridgehead> <para>A mechanical signal, outside the grammar, indicating that there = is no more text. Useful in talking to computers.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhE" />selma'o FEhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhE" /> selma'o FEhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section11" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates that the following interval modifier (using=20 <xref linkend=3D"TAhE" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"ROI" />, or=20 <xref linkend=3D"ZAhO" />) refers to space rather than time.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm> You-imperative [1-dimensional] [space] [regularly] sow the grain. Sow the grain in a line and evenly! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhU" />selma'o FEhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FEhU" /> selma'o FEhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"FIhO" />. Indicates the end of an ad hoc modal tag: t= he tagged sumti immediately follows.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing I see you with the left eye. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FIhO" />selma'o FIhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FIhO" /> selma'o FIhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal = tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"BAI" />. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"FEhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska do fi'o kanla le zunle I see you with eye the left-thing I see you with my left eye. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FOI" />selma'o FOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FOI" /> selma'o FOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter17-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>Signals the end of a compound alphabet letter word that begins w= ith=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEI" />. Not an elidable terminator.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> tei .ebu .akut. bu foi ( =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D =E2=80=9Cacute=E2=80=9D ) the letter =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D with an acute accent </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhA" />selma'o FUhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhA" /> selma'o FUhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section16" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates that the following mathematical expression is to be in= terpreted as reverse Polish (RP), a mode in which mathematical operators fo= llow their operands.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></ind= exterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li fu'a reboi re[boi] su'i du li vo  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fu'a</primary></indexterm> the-number [RP!] two, two, plus equals the-number four 2 + 2 =3D 4 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhE" />selma'o FUhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhE" /> selma'o FUhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section8" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates that the following indicator(s) of selma'o=20 - <xref linkend=3D"UI" />affect not the preceding word, as usual, but ra= ther all following words until a=20 + <xref linkend=3D"UI" /> affect not the preceding word, as usual, but r= ather all following words until a=20 <xref linkend=3D"FUhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fu'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fu'e</primary></indexterm> I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor I see the owner of a blue house, or what I believe to be one. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhO" />selma'o FUhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"FUhO" /> selma'o FUhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section8" />)</bridgehead> <para>Cancels all indicators of selma'o=20 - <xref linkend=3D"UI" />which are in effect.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"UI" /> which are in effect.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fu'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fu'e</primary></indexterm> I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor. I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GA" />selma'o GA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GA" /> selma'o GA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected sumti, bridi-= tails, or various other things. Logical connections include =E2=80=9Cboth .= .. and=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ceither ... or=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif ... then=E2= =80=9D, and so on. See=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>if ... then</primary></indexterm> <xref linkend=3D"GI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both). </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GAhO" />selma'o GAhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GAhO" /> selma'o GAhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section16" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies whether an interval specified by=20 - <xref linkend=3D"BIhI" />includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in p= airs before and after the=20 - <xref linkend=3D"BIhI" />cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left= - and the right-hand endpoints.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"BIhI" /> includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in = pairs before and after the=20 + <xref linkend=3D"BIhI" /> cmavo, to specify the nature of both the lef= t- and the right-hand endpoints.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt. I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt= . I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primar= y></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GEhU" />selma'o GEhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GEhU" /> selma'o GEhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOI" />. Marks the end of a relative phrase. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"KUhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu John (referred to as it-1) is-blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GI" />selma'o GI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GI" /> selma'o GI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Separates two logically or non-logically connected sumti, tanru = units, bridi-tails, or other things, when the prefix is a forethought conne= ctive involving=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>forethought connective</primary></ind= exterm> <xref linkend=3D"GA" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"GUhA" />, or=20 <xref linkend=3D"JOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu (It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GIhA" />selma'o GIhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GIhA" /> selma'o GIhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies a logical connective (e.g. =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cor=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif=E2=80=9D) between two bridi-tails: a bridi-t= ail is a selbri with any associated following sumti, but not including any = preceding sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan. I go-to the market and like John. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GOI" />selma'o GOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GOI" /> selma'o GOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a= subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by= =20 - <xref linkend=3D"GEhU" />See=20 + <xref linkend=3D"GEhU" /> See=20 <xref linkend=3D"NOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu John (referred to as it-1) is blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GOhA" />selma'o GOhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GOhA" /> selma'o GOhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of briv= la. There are several groups of these.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> A: mi klama le zarci B: mi go'i =20 A: I=E2=80=99m going to the market. B: Me, too. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"GUhA" />selma'o GUhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"GUhA" /> selma'o GUhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. = Takes the place of=20 - <xref linkend=3D"GA" />when forming logically-connected tanru. See=20 + <xref linkend=3D"GA" /> when forming logically-connected tanru. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi blanu Alice is both rich and blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"I" />selma'o I (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"I" /> selma'o I (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Separates two sentences from each other.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama le zarci .i mi klama le zdani I go-to the market. I go-to the office. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"JA" />selma'o JA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"JA" /> selma'o JA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2= =80=9Cor=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cif=E2=80=9D) between two tanru units, mathemati= cal operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ti blanu je zdani This is-blue and a-house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"JAI" />selma'o JAI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"JAI" /> selma'o JAI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section12" />)</bridgehead> <para>When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator= attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1 place o= f the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging the x1 place = of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with one of the places of= the abstracted-over bridi.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi jai gau galfi le bitmu skari I am-the-actor-in modifying the wall color. I act so as to modify the wall color. I change the color of the wall. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"JOI" />selma'o JOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"JOI" /> selma'o JOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section14" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies a non-logical connection (e.g. together-with-as-mass, = -set, or -sequence) between two sumti, tanru units, or various other things= . When immediately followed by=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></ind= exterm> <xref linkend=3D"GI" />, provides forethought non-logical connection a= nalogous to=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></ind= exterm> <xref linkend=3D"GA" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno John massed-with Alice carry the piano.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>carry the piano</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"JOhI" />selma'o JOhI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"JOhI" /> selma'o JOhI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section15" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates that the following mathematical operands (a list termi= nated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU" />) form a mathematical vector (one-dimensional= array).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du li jo'i voboi xaboi The-number array( one, two ) plus array( three, four) equals the-number array (four, six). (1,2) + (3,4) =3D (4,6) </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KE" />selma'o KE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KE" /> selma'o KE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Groups everything between itself and a following=20 - <xref linkend=3D"KEhE" />for purposes of logical connection, tanru con= struction, or other purposes.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"KE" />and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"KEhE" />are not used for mathematical (see=20 - <xref linkend=3D"VEI" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"KEhE" /> for purposes of logical connection, tanru co= nstruction, or other purposes.=20 + <xref linkend=3D"KE" /> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"KEhE" /> are not used for mathematical (see=20 + <xref linkend=3D"VEI" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"VEhO" />) or discursive (see=20 - <xref linkend=3D"TO" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"TO" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"TOI" />) purposes.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school. That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KEI" />selma'o KEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KEI" /> selma'o KEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"NU" />. Marks the end of an abstraction bridi.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>abstraction bridi</primary></indexter= m> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer. John wants to be a soldier. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KEhE" />selma'o KEhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KEhE" /> selma'o KEhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"KE" />. Marks the end of a grouping.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school. That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KI" />selma'o KI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KI" /> selma'o KI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section13" />)</bridgehead> <para>When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it =E2=80=9Csticky=E2= =80=9D, so that it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appe= arance of=20 <xref linkend=3D"KI" />. When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.</pa= ra> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KOhA" />selma'o KOhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KOhA" /> selma'o KOhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute = for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than= this-thing. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KU" />selma'o KU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KU" /> selma'o KU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 - <xref linkend=3D"LE" />and some uses of=20 + <xref linkend=3D"LE" /> and some uses of=20 <xref linkend=3D"LA" />. Indicates the end of a description sumti. Als= o used after a tense or modal to indicate that no sumti follows, and in the= compound=20 <xref linkend=3D"NA" />+=20 - <xref linkend=3D"KU" />to indicate natural language-style negation.</p= ara> + <xref linkend=3D"KU" /> to indicate natural language-style negation.</= para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le prenu ku le zdani ku klama The person, to-the house, goes. The person goes to the house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhE" />selma'o KUhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhE" /> selma'o KUhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"PEhO" />: indicates the end of a forethought mathemat= ical expression (one in which the operator precedes the operands).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li pe'o su'i reboi reboi re[boi] ku'e du li xa  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm> The number [forethought] the-sum-of two two two [end] equals the-numbe= r six. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhO" />selma'o KUhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"KUhO" /> selma'o KUhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"NOI" />. Indicates the end of a relative clause.</par= a> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le zdani poi blanu ku'o barda The house which is-blue is-big. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LA" />selma'o LA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LA" /> selma'o LA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which= identify people or things by name. Similar to=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>name words</primary></indexterm> <xref linkend=3D"LE" />. May be terminated with=20 - <xref linkend=3D"KU" />if followed by a description selbri.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"KU" /> if followed by a description selbri.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la kikeros. du la tulis. Cicero is Tully. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LAU" />selma'o LAU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LAU" /> selma'o LAU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter17-section14" />)</bridgehead> <para>Combines with the following alphabetic letter to represent a sin= gle marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font, punctuation, e= tc.)</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>font</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> tau sy. .ibu [single-shift] =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D =E2=80=9Ci=E2=80=9D Si (chemical symbol for silicon) </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LAhE" />selma'o LAhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LAhE" /> selma'o LAhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section10" />)</bridgehead> <para>Qualifiers which, when prefixed to a sumti, change it into anoth= er sumti with related meaning. Qualifiers can also consist of a cmavo from = selma'o=20 - <xref linkend=3D"NAhE" />plus=20 + <xref linkend=3D"NAhE" /> plus=20 <xref linkend=3D"BO" />. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"LUhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi viska la'e zoi kuot. A Tale of Two Cities .kuot I see that-represented-by the-text =E2=80=9CA Tale of Two Cities=E2=80= =9D. I see the book =E2=80=9CA Tale of Two Cities=E2=80=9D. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LE" />selma'o LE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LE" /> selma'o LE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or speci= fy things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KU" />. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"LA" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le gerku cu klama le zdani The dog goes-to the house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LEhU" />selma'o LEhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LEhU" /> selma'o LEhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section9" />)</bridgehead> <para>Indicates the end of a quotation begun with=20 <xref linkend=3D"LOhU" />. Not an elidable terminator.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> lo'u mi du do du mi le'u cu na lojbo drani [quote] mi du do du mi [unquote] is-not Lojbanically correct. =E2=80=9Cmi du do du mi=E2=80=9D is not correct Lojban. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LI" />selma'o LI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LI" /> selma'o LI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Descriptors which change numbers or other mathematical expressio= ns into sumti which specify numbers or numerical expressions. Terminated by= =20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary></i= ndexterm> <xref linkend=3D"LOhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li re su'u re na du li vo su'i vo The-number 2 minus 2 not equals the-number 4 plus 4. 2 - 2 =E2=89=A0 4 + 4 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"LIhU" />selma'o LIhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"LIhU" /> selma'o LIhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section9" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"LU" />. Indicates the end of a text quotation.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>la'e lu</primary></indexterm> I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref] I saw =E2=80=9CBig Dog=E2=80=9D [not the words, but a book or movie]. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MAI" />selma'o MAI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"MAI" /> selma'o MAI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section19" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a = free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> pamai mi pu klama le zarci 1-thly, I [past] go to-the market. First, I went to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MAhO" />selma'o MAhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"MAhO" /> selma'o MAhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>Produces a mathematical operator from a letter or other operand.= Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU" />. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"VUhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ma'o fy. boi xy. [operator] f x =20 <emphasis>f(x)</emphasis> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ME" />selma'o ME (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ME" /> selma'o ME (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section10" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the t= hings referenced by the sumti. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"MEhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta me la ford. karce That is-a-Ford-type car That=E2=80=99s a Ford car. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MEhU" />selma'o MEhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"MEhU" /> selma'o MEhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section11" />)</bridgehead> <para>The elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"ME" />. Indicates the end of a sumti converted to a t= anru unit.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta me mi me'u zdani That=E2=80=99s a me type of house. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MOI" />selma'o MOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"MOI" /> selma'o MOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section11" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead> <para>Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various n= umerically-based selbri.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. joi la frank. cu bruna remei John in-a-mass-with Frank are-a-brother-type-of twosome. John and Frank are two brothers.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>two brothers</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>brothers</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhE" />selma'o MOhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhE" /> selma'o MOhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead> <para>Produces a mathematical operand from a sumti; used to make dimen= sioned units. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm> The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals. 2 rats + 2 rabbits =3D 4 animals. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhI" />selma'o MOhI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"MOhI" /> selma'o MOhI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section8" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense flag indicating movement in space, in a direction specif= ied by a following=20 - <xref linkend=3D"FAhA" />cmavo.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"FAhA" /> cmavo.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice. The child walks toward my right on the ice.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>toward my right</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NA" />selma'o NA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NA" /> selma'o NA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section3" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter15-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Contradictory negators, asserting that a whole bridi is false (o= r true).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi na klama le zarci It is not true that I go to the market. </programlisting> <para>Also used to construct logical connective compound cmavo.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NAI" />selma'o NAI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NAI" /> selma'o NAI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section3" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter15-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Negates the previous word, but can only be used with certain sel= ma'o as specified by the grammar.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhE" />selma'o NAhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhE" /> selma'o NAhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter15-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>Scalar negators, modifying a selbri or a sumti to a value other = than the one stated, the opposite of the one stated, etc. Also used with fo= llowing=20 - <xref linkend=3D"BO" />to construct a sumti qualifier; see=20 + <xref linkend=3D"BO" /> to construct a sumti qualifier; see=20 <xref linkend=3D"LAhE" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta na'e blanu zdani That is-a-non- blue house. That is a house which is other than blue. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhU" />selma'o NAhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NAhU" /> selma'o NAhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead> <para>Creates a mathematical operator from a selbri. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU" />. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"VUhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm> The-number the-operator tangent (=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">=CF=80</phrase> / 2 ) =3D the-number infinity.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>infinity</primary></indexterm> tan( <phrase role=3D"IPA">=CF=80</phrase>/2) =3D =E2=88=9E </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhE" />selma'o NIhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhE" /> selma'o NIhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead> <para>Creates a mathematical operand from a selbri, usually a =E2=80= =9Cni=E2=80=9D abstraction. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TEhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume. Length =C3=97 Width =C3=97 Depth =3D Volume </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhO" />selma'o NIhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NIhO" /> selma'o NIhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section3" />)</bridgehead> <para>Marks the beginning of a new paragraph, and indicates whether it= contains old or new subject matter.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NOI" />selma'o NOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NOI" /> selma'o NOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Introduces relative clauses. The following bridi modifies the pr= eceding sumti. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KUhO" />. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"GOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le zdani poi blanu cu cmalu The house which is blue is small. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NU" />selma'o NU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NU" /> selma'o NU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter11-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Abstractors which, when prefixed to a bridi, create abstraction = selbri. Terminated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"KEI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei] John desires the event-of being-a-soldier. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhA" />selma'o NUhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhA" /> selma'o NUhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section19" />)</bridgehead> <para>Creates a selbri from a mathematical operator. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"VUhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhI" />selma'o NUhI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhI" /> selma'o NUhI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section11" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter16-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>Marks the beginning of a termset, which is used to make simultan= eous claims involving two or more different places of a selbri. Terminated = by=20 <xref linkend=3D"NUhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u] I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house fr= om-the school. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhU" />selma'o NUhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"NUhU" /> selma'o NUhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section11" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"NUhI" />. Marks the end of a termset.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u] I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house fr= om-the school. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"PA" />selma'o PA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"PA" /> selma'o PA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Digits and related quantifiers (some, all, many, etc.). Terminat= ed by=20 <xref linkend=3D"BOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi speni re ninmu I am-married-to two women. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhE" />selma'o PEhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhE" /> selma'o PEhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section11" />)</bridgehead> <para>Precedes a logical or non-logical connective that joins two term= sets. Termsets (see=20 <xref linkend=3D"CEhE" />) are used to associate several terms for log= ical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in = tenses.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>quantifier scope</primary></indexterm= > <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm> I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of. I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhO" />selma'o PEhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"PEhO" /> selma'o PEhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>An optional signal of forethought mathematical operators, which = precede their operands. Terminated by=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></ind= exterm> <xref linkend=3D"KUhE" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vo du li pe'o su'i reboi re  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm> The-number four equals the-number [forethought] sum-of two two. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"PU" />selma'o PU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"PU" /> selma'o PU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither).</pa= ra> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi pu klama le zarci I [past] go-to the market. I went to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"RAhO" />selma'o RAhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"RAhO" /> selma'o RAhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicit= ly attached to a pro-bridi (see=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pro-bridi update</primary></indexterm= > <xref linkend=3D"GOhA" />) to fit the current context rather than the = original context.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i =20 A: I [future] wash my car. @@ -996,357 +996,357 @@ =20 A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i ra'o  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>go'i ra'o</primary></indexterm> =20 A: I [future] wash my car. B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B=E2=80=99s car). </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ROI" />selma'o ROI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ROI" /> selma'o ROI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section9" />)</bridgehead> <para>When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once= , twice, many times).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi reroi klama le zarci I twice go-to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SA" />selma'o SA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SA" /> selma'o SA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section13" />)</bridgehead> <para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi klama sa do klama le zarci I go, er, you go-to the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SE" />selma'o SE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SE" /> selma'o SE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"brivla" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging= the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le zarci cu se klama mi The market is-gone-to by me. </programlisting> <para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</= para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SEI" />selma'o SEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SEI" /> selma'o SEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead> <para>Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment o= n the main bridi. Terminated by=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>metalinguistic insertions</primary></= indexterm> <xref linkend=3D"SEhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la frank. prami sei gleki [se'u] la djein. Frank loves (he is happy) Jane. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SEhU" />selma'o SEhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SEhU" /> selma'o SEhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 - <xref linkend=3D"SEI" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"SEI" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"SOI" />. Ends metalinguistic insertions.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>metalinguistic insertions</primary></= indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la frank. prami sei gleki se'u la djein. Frank loves (he is happy) Jane. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SI" />selma'o SI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SI" /> selma'o SI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section13" />)</bridgehead> <para>Erases the previous single word.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi si do klama le zarci I, er, you go to-the market. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SOI" />selma'o SOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SOI" /> selma'o SOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section8" />)</bridgehead> <para>Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like =E2=80=9Cvice versa=E2= =80=9D in English).</para>   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>vo'a-series pro-sumti</primary></inde= xterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>reciprocity</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi prami do soi mi I love you [reciprocally] me. I love you and vice versa. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"SU" />selma'o SU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"SU" /> selma'o SU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section13" />)</bridgehead> <para>Closes and erases the entire previous discourse.</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TAhE" />selma'o TAhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TAhE" /> selma'o TAhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section9" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of ti= me or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le verba ta'e klama le ckule  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm> The child habitually goes to-the school. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TEI" />selma'o TEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TEI" /> selma'o TEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter17-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>Signals the beginning of a compound letter word, which acts gram= matically like a single letter. Compound letter words end with the non-elid= able selma'o=20 <xref linkend=3D"FOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> tei .ebu .akut. bu foi ( =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D =E2=80=9Cacute=E2=80=9D ) the letter =E2=80=9Ce=E2=80=9D with an acute accent </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TEhU" />selma'o TEhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TEhU" /> selma'o TEhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section15" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"JOhI" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"MAhO" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"MOhE" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"NAhU" />, or=20 <xref linkend=3D"NIhE" />. Marks the end of a mathematical conversion = construct.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du li jo'i voboi xaboi The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals the-number array( four, six). (1,2) + (3,4) =3D (4,6) </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TO" />selma'o TO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TO" /> selma'o TO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead> <para>Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Term= inated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TOI" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see = the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TOI" />selma'o TOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TOI" /> selma'o TOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"TO" />. The right discursive parenthesis.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see = the cat. Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhE" />selma'o TUhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhE" /> selma'o TUhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Groups multiple sentences or paragraphs into a logical unit. Ter= minated by=20 <xref linkend=3D"TUhU" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> lo xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi citno .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o [tu= 'u] Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old. As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old [i= s best]. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhU" />selma'o TUhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"TUhU" /> selma'o TUhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"TUhE" />. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.= </para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"UI" />selma'o UI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"UI" /> selma'o UI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter13-section1" />)</bridgehead> <para>Particles which indicate the speaker=E2=80=99s emotional state o= r source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> .ui la djan. klama [Happiness!] John is-coming. Hurrah! John is coming! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VA" />selma'o VA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VA" /> selma'o VA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section2" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).</p= ara> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le nanmu va batci le gerku The man [medium distance] bites the dog. Over there the man is biting the dog. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VAU" />selma'o VAU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VAU" /> selma'o VAU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter14-section9" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for a simple bridi, or for each bridi-tail o= f a=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>simple bridi</primary></indexterm> - <xref linkend=3D"GIhA" />logical connection.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"GIhA" /> logical connection.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi dunda le cukta [vau] gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do [vau] I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VEI" />selma'o VEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VEI" /> selma'o VEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Left mathematical parenthesis: groups mathematical operations. T= erminated by=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical parenthesis</primary></i= ndexterm> <xref linkend=3D"VEhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm> The-number (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus one) times (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D p= lus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times-=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus 1. (n + 1)(n + 1) =3D n <superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhA" />selma'o VEhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhA" /> selma'o VEhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, mediu= m, or short).</para> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhO" />selma'o VEhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VEhO" /> selma'o VEhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Elidable terminator for=20 <xref linkend=3D"VEI" />: right mathematical parenthesis.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical parenthesis</primary></i= ndexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm> The-number (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus one) times (=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D p= lus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times-=E2=80=9Cn=E2=80=9D plus 1. (n + 1)(n + 1) =3D n <superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VIhA" />selma'o VIhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VIhA" /> selma'o VIhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section7" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense indicating dimensionality in space (line, plane, volume,= or space-time interval).</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm> The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice. In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VUhO" />selma'o VUhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VUhO" /> selma'o VUhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section8" />)</bridgehead> <para>Attaches relative clauses or phrases to a whole (possibly connec= ted) sumti, rather than simply to the leftmost portion of the sumti.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> la frank. ce la djordj. vu'o noi gidva cu zvati le kumfa Frank [in-set-with] George, which are-guides, are-in the room. Frank and George, who are guides, are in the room. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"VUhU" />selma'o VUhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"VUhU" /> selma'o VUhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>Mathematical operators (e.g. +, =E2=88=92). See=20 <xref linkend=3D"MAhO" />.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> li mu vu'u re du li ci The-number 5 minus 2 equals the-number 3. 5 =E2=88=92 2 =3D 3 </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"XI" />selma'o XI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"XI" /> selma'o XI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18-section13" />)</bridgehead> <para>The subscript marker: the following number or lerfu string is a = subscript for whatever precedes it.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> xy. xi re x sub 2 x <subscript>2</subscript> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"Y" />selma'o Y (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"Y" /> selma'o Y (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section14" />)</bridgehead> <para>Hesitation noise: content-free, but holds the floor or continues= the conversation. It is different from silence in that silence may be inte= rpreted as having nothing more to say.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>continues</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> doi .y. .y. .djan O, uh, uh, John! </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZAhO" />selma'o ZAhO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZAhO" /> selma'o ZAhO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section10" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginn= ing, ending, continuing).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi pu'o damba I [inchoative] fight. I=E2=80=99m on the verge of fighting. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEI" />selma'o ZEI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEI" /> selma'o ZEI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter4-section6" />)</bridgehead> <para>A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands b= etween into the equivalent of a lujvo.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>morphological glue</primary></indexte= rm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> ta xy. zei kantu kacma That is-an-(X - ray) camera. That is an X-ray camera.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>X-ray</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEhA" />selma'o ZEhA (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZEhA" /> selma'o ZEhA (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section5" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in time (long, medium= , or short).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi puze'a citka I [past] [short interval] eat. I ate for a little while. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZI" />selma'o ZI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZI" /> selma'o ZI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter10-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>A tense indicating distance in time (a long, medium or short tim= e ago or in the future).</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi puzi citka I [past] [short distance] eat. I ate a little while ago. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZIhE" />selma'o ZIhE (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZIhE" /> selma'o ZIhE (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>Joins multiple relative phrases or clauses which apply to the sa= me sumti. Although generally translated with =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, it is n= ot considered a logical connective.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> mi ponse pa gerku ku poi blabi zi'e noi mi prami ke'a I own one dog such-that it-is-white and such-that-incidentally I love = it. I own a dog that is white and which, incidentally, I love. I own a white dog, which I love. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZO" />selma'o ZO (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZO" /> selma'o ZO (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section10" />)</bridgehead> <para>Single-word quotation: quotes the following single Lojban word.<= /para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>word quotation</primary></indexterm> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> zo si cu lojbo valsi The-word =E2=80=9Csi=E2=80=9D is-a-Lojbanic word. </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOI" />selma'o ZOI (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOI" /> selma'o ZOI (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section10" />)</bridgehead> <para>Non-Lojban quotation: quotes any text using a delimiting word (w= hich can be any single Lojban word) placed before and after the text. The d= elimiting word must not appear in the text, and must be separated from the = text by pauses.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> zoi kuot. Socrates is mortal .kuot. cu glico jufra  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>Socrates</primary></indexterm> The-text =E2=80=9CSocrates is mortal=E2=80=9D is-an-English sentence.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>Socrates</primary></indexterm> </programlisting> <bridgehead> - <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOhU" />selma'o ZOhU (=20 + <anchor xml:id=3D"ZOhU" /> selma'o ZOhU (=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter16-section2" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter19-section4" />)</bridgehead> <para>Separates a logical prenex from a bridi or group of sentences to= which it applies. Also separates a topic from a comment in topic/comment s= entences.</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> su'o da poi remna ro da poi finpe zo'u da prami de For-at-least-one X which is-a-man, for-all Ys which are-fish : X loves= Y There is a man who loves all fish. </programlisting> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml index b3d90c2..56a4793 100644 --- a/todocbook/21.xml +++ b/todocbook/21.xml @@ -51,529 +51,529 @@ <emphasis>without</emphasis> the strings of defining tokens. Two sets = of lexer tokens are defined in the token set so as to be compatible with ei= ther option.</para> <para>In this step, the strings must be labelled with the appropriate = lexer tokens. Order of inserting lexer tokens=20 <emphasis>IS</emphasis> significant, since some shorter strings that w= ould be marked with a lexer token may be found inside longer strings. If th= e tokens are inserted before or in place of the shorter strings, the longer= strings cannot be identified.</para> <para>If option a. is chosen, the following order of insertion works c= orrectly (it is not the only possible order): A, C, D, B, U, E, H, I, J, K,= M, N, G, O, V, W, F, P, R, T, S, Y, L, Q. This ensures that the longest ru= les will be processed first; a PA+MAI will not be seen as a PA with a dangl= ing MAI at the end, for example.</para> <bridgehead>Step 6 - YACC Parsing</bridgehead> <para>YACC should now be able to parse the Lojban text in accordance w= ith the rule terminals labelled from 1 to 899 under option 5a, or 1 to 1099= under option 5b. Comment out the rules beyond 900 if option 5a is used, an= d comment out the 700-series of lexer-tokens, while restoring the series of= lexer tokens numbered from 900 up.</para> <para>*/</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y501" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #501" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-501" />A_501 = /* eks; basic afterthought logical connectives */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #501" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> A_501 = /* eks; basic afterthought logical connectives */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y502" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #502" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-502" />BAI_502 = /* modal operators */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #502" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-502" /> BAI_502 = /* modal operators */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y503" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #503" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-503" />BAhE_503 = /* next word intensifier */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #503" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-503" /> BAhE_503 = /* next word intensifier */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y504" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #504" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-504" />BE_504 = /* sumti link to attach sumti to a selbri */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #504" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-504" /> BE_504 = /* sumti link to attach sumti to a selbri */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y505" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #505" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-505" />BEI_505 = /* multiple sumti separator between BE, BEI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #505" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-505" /> BEI_505 = /* multiple sumti separator between BE, BEI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y506" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #506" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-506" />BEhO_506 = /* terminates BE/BEI specified descriptors */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #506" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-506" /> BEhO_506 = /* terminates BE/BEI specified descriptors */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y507" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #507" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-507" />BIhI_507 = /* interval component of JOI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #507" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-507" /> BIhI_507 = /* interval component of JOI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y508" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #508" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-508" />BO_508 = /* joins two units with shortest scope */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #508" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> BO_508 = /* joins two units with shortest scope */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y509" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #509" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-509" />BRIVLA_509 = /* any brivla */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #509" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-509" /> BRIVLA_509= /* any brivla */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y511" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #511" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-511" />BU_511 = /* turns any word into a BY lerfu word */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #511" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-511" /> BU_511 = /* turns any word into a BY lerfu word */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y513" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #513" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-513" />BY_513 = /* individual lerfu words */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #513" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-513" /> BY_513 = /* individual lerfu words */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y514" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #514" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-514" />CAhA_514 = /* specifies actuality/potentiality of tense */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #514" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-514" /> CAhA_514 = /* specifies actuality/potentiality of tense */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>actuality</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y515" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #515" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-515" />CAI_515 = /* afterthought intensity marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #515" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-515" /> CAI_515 = /* afterthought intensity marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y516" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #516" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-516" />CEI_516 = /* pro-bridi assignment operator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #516" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-516" /> CEI_516 = /* pro-bridi assignment operator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y517" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #517" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-517" />CEhE_517 = /* afterthought term list connective */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #517" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-517" /> CEhE_517 = /* afterthought term list connective */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y518" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #518" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-518" />CMENE_518 = /* names; require consonant end, then pause no +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #518" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-518" /> CMENE_518 = /* names; require consonant end, then pause no LA or DOI selma'o embedded, pause befor= e if  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> vowel initial and preceded by a vowel *= / %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y519" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #519" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-519" />CO_519 = /* tanru inversion */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #519" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-519" /> CO_519 = /* tanru inversion */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y520" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #520" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-520" />COI_520 = /* vocative marker permitted inside names; must +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #520" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-520" /> COI_520 = /* vocative marker permitted inside names; must always be followed by pause or DOI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y521" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #521" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-521" />CU_521 = /* separator between head sumti and selbri */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #521" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-521" /> CU_521 = /* separator between head sumti and selbri */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y522" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #522" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-522" />CUhE_522 = /* tense/modal question */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #522" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-522" /> CUhE_522 = /* tense/modal question */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y524" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #524" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-524" />DAhO_524 = /* cancel anaphora/cataphora assignments */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #524" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-524" /> DAhO_524 = /* cancel anaphora/cataphora assignments */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>anaphora</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y525" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #525" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-525" />DOI_525 = /* vocative marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #525" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-525" /> DOI_525 = /* vocative marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y526" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #526" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-526" />DOhU_526 = /* terminator for DOI-marked vocatives */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #526" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-526" /> DOhU_526 = /* terminator for DOI-marked vocatives */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y527" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #527" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-527" />FA_527 = /* modifier head generic case tag */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #527" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-527" /> FA_527 = /* modifier head generic case tag */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y528" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #528" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-528" />FAhA_528 = /* superdirections in space */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #528" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-528" /> FAhA_528 = /* superdirections in space */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y529" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #529" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-529" />FAhO_529 = /* normally elided =E2=80=99done pause=E2=80=99 to indicate end +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #529" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-529" /> FAhO_529 = /* normally elided =E2=80=99done pause=E2=80=99 to indicate end of utterance string */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y530" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #530" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-530" />FEhE_530 = /* space interval mod flag */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #530" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-530" /> FEhE_530 = /* space interval mod flag */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y531" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #531" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-531" />FEhU_531 = /* ends bridi to modal conversion */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #531" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-531" /> FEhU_531 = /* ends bridi to modal conversion */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm= > %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y532" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #532" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-532" />FIhO_532 = /* marks bridi to modal conversion */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #532" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-532" /> FIhO_532 = /* marks bridi to modal conversion */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm= > %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y533" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #533" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-533" />FOI_533 = /* end compound lerfu */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #533" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-533" /> FOI_533 = /* end compound lerfu */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y535" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #535" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-535" />FUhE_535 = /* open long scope for indicator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #535" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-535" /> FUhE_535 = /* open long scope for indicator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y536" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #536" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-536" />FUhO_536 = /* close long scope for indicator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #536" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-536" /> FUhO_536 = /* close long scope for indicator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y537" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #537" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-537" />GA_537 = /* geks; forethought logical connectives */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #537" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-537" /> GA_537 = /* geks; forethought logical connectives */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>forethought logical connectives</prim= ary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y538" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #538" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-538" />GEhU_538 = /* marker ending GOI relative clauses */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #538" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-538" /> GEhU_538 = /* marker ending GOI relative clauses */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y539" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #539" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-539" />GI_539 = /* forethought medial marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #539" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-539" /> GI_539 = /* forethought medial marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y541" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #541" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-541" />GIhA_541 = /* logical connectives for bridi-tails */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #541" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> GIhA_541 = /* logical connectives for bridi-tails */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y542" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #542" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-542" />GOI_542 = /* attaches a sumti modifier to a sumti */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #542" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-542" /> GOI_542 = /* attaches a sumti modifier to a sumti */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y543" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #543" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-543" />GOhA_543 = /* pro-bridi */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #543" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-543" /> GOhA_543 = /* pro-bridi */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y544" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #544" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-544" />GUhA_544 = /* GEK for tanru units, corresponds to JEKs */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #544" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-544" /> GUhA_544 = /* GEK for tanru units, corresponds to JEKs */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y545" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #545" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-545" />I_545 = /* sentence link */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #545" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-545" /> I_545 = /* sentence link */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y546" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #546" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-546" />JA_546 = /* jeks; logical connectives within tanru */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #546" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> JA_546 = /* jeks; logical connectives within tanru */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y547" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #547" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-547" />JAI_547 = /* modal conversion flag */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #547" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-547" /> JAI_547 = /* modal conversion flag */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm= > %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y548" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #548" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-548" />JOI_548 = /* non-logical connectives */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #548" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-548" /> JOI_548 = /* non-logical connectives */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y550" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #550" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-550" />KEhE_550 = /* right terminator for KE groups */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #550" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-550" /> KEhE_550 = /* right terminator for KE groups */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y551" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #551" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-551" />KE_551 = /* left long scope marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #551" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> KE_551 = /* left long scope marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y552" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #552" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-552" />KEI_552 = /* right terminator, NU abstractions */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #552" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-552" /> KEI_552 = /* right terminator, NU abstractions */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y554" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #554" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-554" />KI_554 = /* multiple utterance scope for tenses */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #554" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-554" /> KI_554 = /* multiple utterance scope for tenses */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y555" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #555" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-555" />KOhA_555 = /* sumti anaphora */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #555" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-555" /> KOhA_555 = /* sumti anaphora */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>anaphora</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y556" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #556" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-556" />KU_556 = /* right terminator for descriptions, etc. */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #556" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-556" /> KU_556 = /* right terminator for descriptions, etc. */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y557" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #557" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-557" />KUhO_557 = /* right terminator, NOI relative clauses */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #557" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-557" /> KUhO_557 = /* right terminator, NOI relative clauses */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y558" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #558" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-558" />LA_558 = /* name descriptors */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #558" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-558" /> LA_558 = /* name descriptors */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y559" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #559" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-559" />LAU_559 = /* lerfu prefixes */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #559" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-559" /> LAU_559 = /* lerfu prefixes */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y561" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #561" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-561" />LAhE_561 = /* sumti qualifiers */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #561" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-561" /> LAhE_561 = /* sumti qualifiers */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y562" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #562" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-562" />LE_562 = /* sumti descriptors */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #562" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-562" /> LE_562 = /* sumti descriptors */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y565" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #565" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-565" />LEhU_565 = /* possibly ungrammatical text right quote */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #565" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-565" /> LEhU_565 = /* possibly ungrammatical text right quote */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y566" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #566" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-566" />LI_566 = /* convert number to sumti */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #566" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-566" /> LI_566 = /* convert number to sumti */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y567" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #567" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-567" />LIhU_567 = /* grammatical text right quote */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #567" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-567" /> LIhU_567 = /* grammatical text right quote */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y568" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #568" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-568" />LOhO_568 = /* elidable terminator for LI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #568" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-568" /> LOhO_568 = /* elidable terminator for LI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y569" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #569" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-569" />LOhU_569 = /* possibly ungrammatical text left quote */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #569" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-569" /> LOhU_569 = /* possibly ungrammatical text left quote */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y571" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #571" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-571" />LU_571 = /* grammatical text left quote */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #571" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-571" /> LU_571 = /* grammatical text left quote */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y573" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #573" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-573" />LUhU_573 = /* LAhE close delimiter */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #573" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-573" /> LUhU_573 = /* LAhE close delimiter */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y574" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #574" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-574" />ME_574 = /* converts a sumti into a tanru_unit */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #574" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-574" /> ME_574 = /* converts a sumti into a tanru_unit */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y575" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #575" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-575" />MEhU_575 = /* terminator for ME */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #575" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-575" /> MEhU_575 = /* terminator for ME */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y577" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #577" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-577" />MOhI_577 = /* motion tense marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #577" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-577" /> MOhI_577 = /* motion tense marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y578" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #578" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-578" />NA_578 = /* bridi negation */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #578" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> NA_578 = /* bridi negation */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y581" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #581" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-581" />NAI_581 = /* attached to words to negate them */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #581" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> NAI_581 = /* attached to words to negate them */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y583" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #583" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-583" />NAhE_583 = /* scalar negation */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #583" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-583" /> NAhE_583 = /* scalar negation */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y584" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #584" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-584" />NIhO_584 = /* new paragraph; change of subject */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #584" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-584" /> NIhO_584 = /* new paragraph; change of subject */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y585" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #585" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-585" />NOI_585 = /* attaches a subordinate clause to a sumti */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #585" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-585" /> NOI_585 = /* attaches a subordinate clause to a sumti */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y586" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #586" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-586" />NU_586 = /* abstraction */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #586" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-586" /> NU_586 = /* abstraction */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y587" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #587" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-587" />NUhI_587 = /* marks the start of a termset */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #587" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-587" /> NUhI_587 = /* marks the start of a termset */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y588" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #588" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-588" />NUhU_588 = /* marks the middle and end of a termset */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #588" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-588" /> NUhU_588 = /* marks the middle and end of a termset */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y591" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #591" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-591" />PEhE_591 = /* afterthought termset connective prefix */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #591" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-591" /> PEhE_591 = /* afterthought termset connective prefix */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y592" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #592" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-592" />PU_592 = /* directions in time */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #592" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-592" /> PU_592 = /* directions in time */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y593" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #593" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-593" />RAhO_593 = /* flag for modified interpretation of GOhI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #593" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-593" /> RAhO_593 = /* flag for modified interpretation of GOhI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y594" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #594" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-594" />ROI_594 = /* converts number to extensional tense */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #594" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-594" /> ROI_594 = /* converts number to extensional tense */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y595" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #595" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-595" />SA_595 = /* metalinguistic eraser to the beginning of +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #595" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-595" /> SA_595 = /* metalinguistic eraser to the beginning of the current utterance */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y596" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #596" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-596" />SE_596 = /* conversions */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #596" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> SE_596 = /* conversions */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y597" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #597" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-597" />SEI_597 = /* metalinguistic bridi insert marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #597" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-597" /> SEI_597 = /* metalinguistic bridi insert marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y598" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #598" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-598" />SEhU_598 = /* metalinguistic bridi end marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #598" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-598" /> SEhU_598 = /* metalinguistic bridi end marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y601" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #601" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-601" />SI_601 = /* metalinguistic single word eraser */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #601" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-601" /> SI_601 = /* metalinguistic single word eraser */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y602" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #602" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-602" />SOI_602 = /* reciprocal sumti marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #602" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-602" /> SOI_602 = /* reciprocal sumti marker */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>reciprocal</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y603" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #603" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-603" />SU_603 = /* metalinguistic eraser of the entire text */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #603" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-603" /> SU_603 = /* metalinguistic eraser of the entire text */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y604" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #604" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-604" />TAhE_604 = /* tense interval properties */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #604" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-604" /> TAhE_604 = /* tense interval properties */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>interval properties</primary></indext= erm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y605" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #605" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-605" />TEI_605 = /* start compound lerfu */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #605" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-605" /> TEI_605 = /* start compound lerfu */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y606" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #606" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-606" />TO_606 = /* left discursive parenthesis */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #606" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-606" /> TO_606 = /* left discursive parenthesis */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y607" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #607" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-607" />TOI_607 = /* right discursive parenthesis */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #607" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-607" /> TOI_607 = /* right discursive parenthesis */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y610" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #610" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-610" />TUhE_610 = /* multiple utterance scope mark */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #610" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-610" /> TUhE_610 = /* multiple utterance scope mark */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y611" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #611" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-611" />TUhU_611 = /* multiple utterance end scope mark */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #611" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-611" /> TUhU_611 = /* multiple utterance end scope mark */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y612" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #612" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-612" />UI_612 = /* attitudinals, observationals, discursives */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #612" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-612" /> UI_612 = /* attitudinals, observationals, discursives */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y613" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #613" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-613" />VA_613 = /* distance in space-time */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #613" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-613" /> VA_613 = /* distance in space-time */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y614" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #614" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-614" />VAU_614 = /* end simple bridi or bridi-tail */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #614" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-614" /> VAU_614 = /* end simple bridi or bridi-tail */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>simple bridi</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y615" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #615" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-615" />VEhA_615 = /* space-time interval size */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #615" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-615" /> VEhA_615 = /* space-time interval size */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y616" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #616" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-616" />VIhA_616 = /* space-time dimensionality marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #616" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-616" /> VIhA_616 = /* space-time dimensionality marker */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y617" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #617" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-617" />VUhO_617 = /* glue between logically connected sumti +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #617" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-617" /> VUhO_617 = /* glue between logically connected sumti and relative clauses */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y618" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #618" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-618" />XI_618 = /* subscripting operator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #618" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-618" /> XI_618 = /* subscripting operator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y619" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #619" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-619" />Y_619 = /* hesitation */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #619" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-619" /> Y_619 = /* hesitation */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>hesitation</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y621" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #621" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-621" />ZAhO_621 = /* event properties - inchoative, etc. */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #621" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-621" /> ZAhO_621 = /* event properties - inchoative, etc. */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y622" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #622" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-622" />ZEhA_622 = /* time interval size tense */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #622" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-622" /> ZEhA_622 = /* time interval size tense */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y623" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #623" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-623" />ZEI_623 = /* lujvo glue */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #623" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-623" /> ZEI_623 = /* lujvo glue */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y624" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #624" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-624" />ZI_624 = /* time distance tense */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #624" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-624" /> ZI_624 = /* time distance tense */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y625" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #625" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-625" />ZIhE_625 = /* conjoins relative clauses */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #625" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-625" /> ZIhE_625 = /* conjoins relative clauses */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y626" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #626" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-626" />ZO_626 = /* single word metalinguistic quote marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #626" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-626" /> ZO_626 = /* single word metalinguistic quote marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y627" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #627" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-627" />ZOI_627 = /* delimited quote marker */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #627" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-627" /> ZOI_627 = /* delimited quote marker */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y628" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #628" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-628" />ZOhU_628 = /* prenex terminator (not elidable) */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #628" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-628" /> ZOhU_628 = /* prenex terminator (not elidable) */ =20 %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y650" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #650" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-650" />BIhE_650 = /* prefix for high-priority MEX operator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #650" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-650" /> BIhE_650 = /* prefix for high-priority MEX operator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y651" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #651" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-651" />BOI_651 = /* number or lerfu-string terminator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #651" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-651" /> BOI_651 = /* number or lerfu-string terminator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y655" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #655" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-655" />FUhA_655 = /* reverse Polish flag */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #655" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-655" /> FUhA_655 = /* reverse Polish flag */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y656" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #656" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-656" />GAhO_656 = /* open/closed interval markers for BIhI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #656" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-656" /> GAhO_656 = /* open/closed interval markers for BIhI */   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>closed interval</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y657" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #657" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-657" />JOhI_657 = /* flags an array operand */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #657" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-657" /> JOhI_657 = /* flags an array operand */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y658" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #658" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-658" />KUhE_658 = /* MEX forethought delimiter */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #658" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-658" /> KUhE_658 = /* MEX forethought delimiter */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y661" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #661" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-661" />MAI_661 = /* change numbers to utterance ordinals */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #661" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-661" /> MAI_661 = /* change numbers to utterance ordinals */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ordinals</primary></indexterm> %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y662" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #662" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-662" />MAhO_662 = /* change MEX expressions to MEX operators */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #662" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-662" /> MAhO_662 = /* change MEX expressions to MEX operators */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y663" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #663" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-663" />MOI_663 = /* change number to selbri */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #663" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-663" /> MOI_663 = /* change number to selbri */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y664" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #664" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-664" />MOhE_664 = /* change sumti to operand, inverse of LI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #664" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-664" /> MOhE_664 = /* change sumti to operand, inverse of LI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y665" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #665" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-665" />NAhU_665 = /* change a selbri into an operator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #665" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-665" /> NAhU_665 = /* change a selbri into an operator */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y666" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #666" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-666" />NIhE_666 = /* change selbri to operand; inverse of MOI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #666" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-666" /> NIhE_666 = /* change selbri to operand; inverse of MOI */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y667" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #667" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-667" />NUhA_667 = /* change operator to selbri; inverse of MOhE */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #667" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-667" /> NUhA_667 = /* change operator to selbri; inverse of MOhE */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y672" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #672" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-672" />PA_672 = /* numbers and numeric punctuation */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #672" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-672" /> PA_672 = /* numbers and numeric punctuation */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y673" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #673" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-673" />PEhO_673 = /* forethought (Polish) flag */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #673" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-673" /> PEhO_673 = /* forethought (Polish) flag */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y675" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #675" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-675" />TEhU_675 = /* closing gap for MEX constructs */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #675" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-675" /> TEhU_675 = /* closing gap for MEX constructs */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y677" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #677" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-677" />VEI_677 = /* left MEX bracket */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #677" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-677" /> VEI_677 = /* left MEX bracket */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y678" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #678" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-678" />VEhO_678 = /* right MEX bracket */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #678" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-678" /> VEhO_678 = /* right MEX bracket */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y679" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #679" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-679" />VUhU_679 = /* MEX operator */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #679" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-679" /> VUhU_679 = /* MEX operator */ =20 %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y697" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #697" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-697" />any_words_6= 97 /* a string of lexable Lojban words */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #697" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-697" /> any_words_= 697 /* a string of lexable Lojban words */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y698" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #698" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-698" />any_word_69= 8 /* any single lexable Lojban words */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #698" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> any_word_6= 98 /* any single lexable Lojban words */ %token=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y699" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #699" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-699" />anything_69= 9 /* a possibly unlexable phoneme string */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #699" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-699" /> anything_6= 99 /* a possibly unlexable phoneme string */ =20 =20 /* The following tokens are the actual lexer tokens. The _900 series tokens are duplicates that allow limited testing of lexer rules in the context of the total grammar. They are used in the actual parser, where the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ =20 %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y701" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #701" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-701" />A_701 = /* flags a MAI utterance ordinal */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #701" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-701" /> A_701 = /* flags a MAI utterance ordinal */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>utterance ordinal</primary></indexter= m> %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y702" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #702" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-702" />B_702 = /* flags an EK unless EK_BO, EK_KE */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #702" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-702" /> B_702 = /* flags an EK unless EK_BO, EK_KE */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y703" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #703" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-703" />C_703 = /* flags an EK_BO */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #703" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-703" /> C_703 = /* flags an EK_BO */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y704" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #704" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-704" />D_704 = /* flags an EK_KE */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #704" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-704" /> D_704 = /* flags an EK_KE */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y705" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #705" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-705" />E_705 = /* flags a JEK */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #705" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-705" /> E_705 = /* flags a JEK */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y706" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #706" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-706" />F_706 = /* flags a JOIK */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #706" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-706" /> F_706 = /* flags a JOIK */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y707" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #707" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-707" />G_707 = /* flags a GEK */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #707" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-707" /> G_707 = /* flags a GEK */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y708" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #708" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-708" />H_708 = /* flags a GUhEK */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #708" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-708" /> H_708 = /* flags a GUhEK */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y709" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #709" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-709" />I_709 = /* flags a NAhE_BO */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #709" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-709" /> I_709 = /* flags a NAhE_BO */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y710" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #710" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-710" />J_710 = /* flags a NA_KU */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #710" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-710" /> J_710 = /* flags a NA_KU */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y711" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #711" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-711" />K_711 = /* flags an I_BO (option. JOIK/JEK lexer tags)*/ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #711" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-711" /> K_711 = /* flags an I_BO (option. JOIK/JEK lexer tags)*/ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y712" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #712" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-712" />L_712 = /* flags a PA, unless MAI (then lexer A) */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #712" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-712" /> L_712 = /* flags a PA, unless MAI (then lexer A) */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y713" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #713" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-713" />M_713 = /* flags a GIhEK_BO */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #713" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-713" /> M_713 = /* flags a GIhEK_BO */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y714" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #714" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-714" />N_714 = /* flags a GIhEK_KE */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #714" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-714" /> N_714 = /* flags a GIhEK_KE */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y715" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #715" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-715" />O_715 = /* flags a modal operator BAI or compound */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #715" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-715" /> O_715 = /* flags a modal operator BAI or compound */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y716" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #716" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-716" />P_716 = /* flags a GIK */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #716" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-716" /> P_716 = /* flags a GIK */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y717" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #717" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-717" />Q_717 = /* flags a lerfu_string unless MAI (then lexer_A)*/ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #717" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-717" /> Q_717 = /* flags a lerfu_string unless MAI (then lexer_A)*/ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y718" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #718" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-718" />R_718 = /* flags a GIhEK, not BO or KE */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #718" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-718" /> R_718 = /* flags a GIhEK, not BO or KE */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y719" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #719" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-719" />S_719 = /* flags simple I */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #719" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-719" /> S_719 = /* flags simple I */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y720" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #720" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-720" />T_720 = /* flags I_JEK */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #720" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-720" /> T_720 = /* flags I_JEK */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y721" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #721" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-721" />U_721 = /* flags a JEK_BO */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #721" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-721" /> U_721 = /* flags a JEK_BO */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y722" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #722" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-722" />V_722 = /* flags a JOIK_BO */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #722" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-722" /> V_722 = /* flags a JOIK_BO */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y723" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #723" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-723" />W_723 = /* flags a JOIK_KE */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #723" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-723" /> W_723 = /* flags a JOIK_KE */ /* %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y724" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #724" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-724" />X_724 /* = null */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #724" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-724" /> X_724 /*= null */ %token lexer_ <anchor xml:id=3D"y725" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #725" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-725" />Y_725 = /* flags a PA_MOI */ +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #725" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-725" /> Y_725 = /* flags a PA_MOI */ =20 =20 /* %token lexer_A_905 /* : lexer_A_701 utt_ordinal_root_906 */ /* %token lexer_B_910 /* : lexer_B_702 EK_root_911 */ /* %token lexer_C_915 /* : lexer_C_703 EK_root_911 BO_508 */ /* %token lexer_D_916 /* : lexer_D_704 EK_root_911 KE_551 */ /* %token lexer_E_925 /* : lexer_E_705 JEK_root_926 */ /* %token lexer_F_930 /* : lexer_F_706 JOIK_root_931 */ /* %token lexer_G_935 /* : lexer_G_707 GA_537 */ /* %token lexer_H_940 /* : lexer_H_708 GUhA_544 */ @@ -595,166 +595,166 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ /* %token lexer_X_1020 /* null */ /* %token lexer_Y_1025 /* : lexer_Y_725 number_root_961 MOI_663 */ =20 =20 %start=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-0" /> =20 %% =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y0" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #0" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-0" />text_0 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #0" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-0" /> text_0 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-411" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-404" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-411" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-0" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1" />text_A_1 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1" /> text_A_1 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> /* incomplete JOIK_JEK without preceding I */ /* compare note on=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y2" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #2" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-2" />text_B_2 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #2" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> text_B_2 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-819" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-820" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-811" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-410" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-3" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-3" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y3" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #3" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-3" />text_C_3 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #3" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-3" /> text_C_3 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-4" /> /* Only indicators which follow certain selma'o: cmene,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-607" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-571" />, and the lexer_K and lexer_S I_roots and= compounds, and at the start of text(_0), will survive the lexer; all other valid = ones will be absorbed. The only strings for which indicators generate a potential ambiguity are those which contain NAI. An indicator cannot = be inserted in between a token and its negating NAI, else you can=E2=80= =99t tell whether it is the indicator or the original token being negated. */ | /* empty */ /* An empty text is legal; formerly this was handled by the explicit appearance of=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-529" />, but this is now absorbed by the prepars= er. */ ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y4" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #4" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-4" />paragraphs_4 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #4" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-4" /> paragraphs_4 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-410" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-4" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y10" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #10" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-10" />paragraph_10 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #10" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> paragraph_10= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-11" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-20" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-819" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-11" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-819" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-20" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-10" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-819" /> /* this last fixes an erroneous start to a sentenc= e, and permits incomplete JOIK_JEK after I, as wel= l in answer to questions on those connectives */ ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y11" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #11" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-11" />statement_11 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #11" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-11" /> statement_11= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-12" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-30" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-11" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y12" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #12" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-12" />statement_A_1= 2 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #12" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-12" /> statement_A_= 12 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-13" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-12" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-820" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-13" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-12" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-820" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y13" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #13" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-13" />statement_B_1= 3 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #13" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-13" /> statement_B_= 13 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-14" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-14" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-811" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-13" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-14" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-811" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y14" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #14" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-14" />statement_C_1= 4 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #14" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-14" /> statement_C_= 14 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-40" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-447" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-454" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-491" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-447" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-454" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y20" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #20" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-20" />fragment_20 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #20" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-20" /> fragment_20 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-802" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-445" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-818" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-456" /> /* answer to ma */ @@ -768,48 +768,48 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-161" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-160" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-30" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y30" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #30" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-30" />prenex_30 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #30" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-30" /> prenex_30 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-492" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y32" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #32" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-32" />free_modifier= _32 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #32" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> free_modifie= r_32 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-33" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-33" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y33" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #33" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-33" />free_modifier= _A_33 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #33" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-33" /> free_modifie= r_A_33 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-35" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-36" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-34" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-486" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-801" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y34" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #34" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-34" />discursive_br= idi_34 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #34" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-34" /> discursive_b= ridi_34 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-440" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-459" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-498" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-459" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-498" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> @@ -822,21 +822,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-459" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-440" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-459" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y35" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #35" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-35" />vocative_35 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #35" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-35" /> vocative_35 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-415" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-457" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-415" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-457" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-415" /> @@ -872,236 +872,236 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-415" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-457" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-415" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-457" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y36" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #36" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-36" />parenthetical= _36 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #36" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-36" /> parenthetica= l_36 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-606" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-0" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-468" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y40" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #40" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-40" />sentence_40 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #40" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-40" /> sentence_40 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-50" /> /* bare observative or mo answer */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>observative</primary></indexterm> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-451" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-50" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-50" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y41" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #41" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-41" />subsentence_4= 1 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #41" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-41" /> subsentence_= 41 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-40" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-30" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-41" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y50" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #50" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-50" />bridi_tail_50= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #50" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-50" /> bridi_tail_5= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-51" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-51" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-814" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-50" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-71" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y51" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #51" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-51" />bridi_tail_A_= 51 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #51" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-51" /> bridi_tail_A= _51 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-52" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-51" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-818" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-52" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-71" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y52" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #52" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-52" />bridi_tail_B_= 52 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #52" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-52" /> bridi_tail_B= _52 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-53" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-53" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-813" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-52" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-71" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y53" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #53" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-53" />bridi_tail_C_= 53 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #53" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-53" /> bridi_tail_C= _53 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-54" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-71" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y54" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #54" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-54" />gek_sentence_= 54 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #54" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-54" /> gek_sentence= _54 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-807" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-41" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-816" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-41" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-71" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-491" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-493" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-54" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-445" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-54" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y71" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #71" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-71" />tail_terms_71= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #71" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-71" /> tail_terms_7= 1 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-456" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-456" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y80" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #80" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-80" />terms_80 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #80" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> terms_80 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-81" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-81" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y81" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #81" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-81" />terms_A_81 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #81" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-81" /> terms_A_81 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-82" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-81" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-494" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-82" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y82" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #82" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-82" />terms_B_82 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #82" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-82" /> terms_B_82 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-82" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-495" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y83" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #83" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-83" />term_83 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #83" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> term_83 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-84" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-85" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-810" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y84" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #84" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-84" />modifier_84 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #84" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-84" /> modifier_84 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-490" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-450" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-490" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y85" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #85" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-85" />term_set_85 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #85" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-85" /> term_set_85 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-496" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-460" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-496" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-807" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-460" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-816" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-80" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-460" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y90" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #90" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-90" />sumti_90 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #90" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> sumti_90 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-91" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-91" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-497" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y91" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #91" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-91" />sumti_A_91 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #91" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-91" /> sumti_A_91 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-92" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-92" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-804" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-92" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-823" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y92" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #92" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-92" />sumti_B_92 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #92" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-92" /> sumti_B_92 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-93" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-92" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-421" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-93" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y93" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #93" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-93" />sumti_C_93 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #93" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-93" /> sumti_C_93 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-94" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-94" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-803" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-93" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-94" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-822" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-93" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y94" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #94" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-94" />sumti_D_94 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #94" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-94" /> sumti_D_94 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-95" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-807" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-816" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-94" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y95" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #95" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-95" />sumti_E_95 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #95" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-95" /> sumti_E_95 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-96" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-96" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> /* indefinite sumti */   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>sumti with lo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary></indexterm= > | =20 @@ -1109,36 +1109,36 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-450" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-450" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y96" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #96" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-96" />sumti_F_96 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #96" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-96" /> sumti_F_96 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-97" /> /* outer-quantified sumti */    <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>relativized sumti</primary></indexter= m> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>relative clause scope</primary></inde= xterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>quantified sumti</primary></indexterm= > | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-97" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y97" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #97" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-97" />sumti_G_97 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #97" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-97" /> sumti_G_97 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-483" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-463" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-483" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-463" /> /*sumti grouping, set/mass/individual conversio= n; also sumti scalar negation */ | =20 @@ -1156,32 +1156,32 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-472" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-110" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-432" /> ; =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y110" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #110" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-110" />description= _110 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #110" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-110" /> descriptio= n_110 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-499" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-111" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-450" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-488" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-111" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-450" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y111" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #111" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-111" />sumti_tail_= 111 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #111" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-111" /> sumti_tail= _111 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-112" /> /* inner-quantified sumti relative clause */    <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>relativized sumti</primary></indexter= m> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>relative clause scope</primary></inde= xterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>quantified sumti</primary></indexterm= > | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> @@ -1193,164 +1193,164 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-97" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-112" /> /* pseudo-possessive with outer restriction */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-97" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-112" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y112" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #112" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-112" />sumti_tail_= A_112 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #112" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-112" /> sumti_tail= _A_112 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> /* explicit inner quantifier */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> /* quantifier both internal to a description, and external to a sumti thereby made specifi= c */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-90" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y121" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #121" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-121" />relative_cl= auses_121 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #121" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> relative_c= lauses_121 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-122" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-121" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-487" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-122" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y122" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #122" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-122" />relative_cl= ause_122 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #122" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-122" /> relative_c= lause_122 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-485" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-464" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-484" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-41" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-469" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y130" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #130" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-130" />selbri_130 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #130" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> selbri_130= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-491" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-131" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-131" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y131" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #131" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-131" />selbri_A_13= 1 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #131" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-131" /> selbri_A_1= 31 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-132" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-445" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y132" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #132" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-132" />selbri_B_13= 2 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #132" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-132" /> selbri_B_1= 32 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-133" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-133" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-443" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-132" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y133" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #133" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-133" />selbri_C_13= 3 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #133" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-133" /> selbri_C_1= 33 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-134" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-133" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-134" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y134" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #134" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-134" />selbri_D_13= 4 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #134" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-134" /> selbri_D_1= 34 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-135" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-134" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-135" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-134" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-823" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-133" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y135" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #135" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-135" />selbri_E_13= 5 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #135" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-135" /> selbri_E_1= 35 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-136" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-136" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-821" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-135" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-136" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-822" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-135" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y136" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #136" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-136" />selbri_F_13= 6 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #136" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-136" /> selbri_F_1= 36 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-150" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-150" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-479" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-136" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-137" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-482" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-137" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y137" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #137" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-137" />GUhEK_selbr= i_137 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #137" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-137" /> GUhEK_selb= ri_137 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-808" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-816" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-136" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y150" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #150" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-150" />tanru_unit_= 150 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #150" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-150" /> tanru_unit= _150 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-151" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-150" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-444" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-151" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y151" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #151" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-151" />tanru_unit_= A_151 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #151" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-151" /> tanru_unit= _A_151 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-152" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-152" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-160" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y152" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #152" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-152" />tanru_unit_= B_152 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #152" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-152" /> tanru_unit= _B_152 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-407" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-493" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-133" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-480" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-152" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-478" /> @@ -1375,46 +1375,46 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-482" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-152" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-425" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-41" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-453" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y160" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #160" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-160" />linkargs_16= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #160" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-160" /> linkargs_1= 60 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-446" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-467" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-446" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-161" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-467" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y161" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #161" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-161" />links_161 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #161" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-161" /> links_161 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-442" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-442" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-83" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-161" /> ; =20 =20 /* Main entry point for MEX; everything but a number must be in parens. = */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y300" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #300" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-300" />quantifier_= 300 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #300" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> quantifier= _300 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-812" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-461" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-470" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-310" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-471" /> ; =20 =20 =20 @@ -1425,140 +1425,140 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ /* This rule supports left-grouping infix expressions and reverse Polish  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexter= m> expressions. To handle infix monadic, use a null operand; to handle  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexter= m> =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y311" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #311" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-311" />MEX_A_311 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #311" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-311" /> MEX_A_311 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-312" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-312" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-439" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-311" /> ; =20 /* Support for forethought (Polish) expressions. These begin with a forethought flag, then the operator and then the argument(s). */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y312" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #312" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-312" />MEX_B_312 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #312" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-312" /> MEX_B_312 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-381" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-313" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-452" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-438" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-313" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-452" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y313" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #313" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-313" />MEX_C_313 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #313" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-313" /> MEX_C_313 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-312" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-313" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-312" /> ; =20 =20 /* Reverse Polish expressions always have exactly two operands. To handle one operand, use a null operand;  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>null operator</primary></indexterm> =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y330" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #330" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-330" />rp_expressi= on_330 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #330" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-330" /> rp_express= ion_330 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-332" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-332" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y332" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #332" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-332" />rp_operand_= 332 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #332" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-332" /> rp_operand= _332 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-381" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-330" /> ; =20 =20 /* Operators may be joined by logical connectives. */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y370" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #370" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-370" />operator_37= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #370" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> operator_3= 70 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-371" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-371" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-823" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y371" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #371" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-371" />operator_A_= 371 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #371" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-371" /> operator_A= _371 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-372" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-808" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-371" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-816" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-372" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-372" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-822" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-371" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-372" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-821" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-371" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y372" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #372" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-372" />operator_B_= 372 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #372" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-372" /> operator_B= _372 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-374" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-493" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-370" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y374" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #374" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-374" />MEX_operato= r_374 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #374" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-374" /> MEX_operat= or_374 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-679" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-679" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-480" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-374" /> /* changes argument order */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-482" /> @@ -1569,58 +1569,58 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-310" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-473" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-429" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-473" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y381" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #381" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-381" />operand_381= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #381" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-381" /> operand_38= 1 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-382" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-382" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-804" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-381" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-382" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-823" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-381" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y382" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #382" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-382" />operand_A_3= 82 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #382" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-382" /> operand_A_= 382 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-383" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-382" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-421" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-383" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y383" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #383" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-383" />operand_B_3= 83 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #383" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-383" /> operand_B_= 383 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-385" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-385" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-803" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-383" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-385" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-822" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-383" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y385" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #385" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-385" />operand_C_3= 85 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #385" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-385" /> operand_C_= 385 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-300" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-817" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-461" /> /* lerfu string as operand - classic math variable */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-428" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-473" /> /* quantifies a bridi - inverse of -MOI */ @@ -1648,288 +1648,288 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ /* _400 series constructs are mostly specific strings, some of which may also be used by the lexer; the lexer should not use any reference to terminals numbered less than _400, as they have grammars composed on non-deterministic strings of selma'o. Some above _400 also are this way, so care should be taken; this is especially true for those that reference=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" />. */ =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y400" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #400" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-400" />anaphora_40= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #400" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-400" /> anaphora_4= 00 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-555" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-555" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-817" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-461" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y404" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #404" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-404" />cmene_404 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #404" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-404" /> cmene_404 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-405" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-405" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y405" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #405" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-405" />cmene_A_405= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #405" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-405" /> cmene_A_40= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-518" /> /* pause */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-405" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-518" /> /* pause*/ /* multiple CMENE are identified morphologically (by the lexer) -- separat= ed by consonant & pause */ ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y407" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #407" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-407" />bridi_valsi= _407 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #407" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-407" /> bridi_vals= i_407 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-408" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-408" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y408" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #408" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-408" />bridi_valsi= _A_408 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #408" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-408" /> bridi_vals= i_A_408 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-509" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-824" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-543" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-543" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-593" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y410" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #410" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-410" />para_mark_4= 10 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #410" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-410" /> para_mark_= 410 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-584" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-584" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-584" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-410" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y411" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #411" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-411" />indicators_= 411 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #411" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-411" /> indicators= _411 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-412" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-535" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-412" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y412" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #412" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-412" />indicators_= A_412 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #412" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-412" /> indicators= _A_412 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-413" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-412" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-413" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y413" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #413" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-413" />indicator_4= 13 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #413" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-413" /> indicator_= 413 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-612" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-515" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-612" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-515" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-619" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-524" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-536" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y415" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #415" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-415" />DOI_415 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #415" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-415" /> DOI_415 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-525" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-416" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-416" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-525" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y416" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #416" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-416" />COI_416 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #416" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-416" /> COI_416 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-417" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-416" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-417" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y417" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #417" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-417" />COI_A_417 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #417" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-417" /> COI_A_417 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-520" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-520" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y421" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #421" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-421" />JOIK_EK_421= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #421" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-421" /> JOIK_EK_42= 1 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-802" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-806" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-806" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y422" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #422" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-422" />JOIK_JEK_42= 2 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #422" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> JOIK_JEK_4= 22 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-806" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-806" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-805" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-805" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y424" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #424" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-424" />XI_424 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #424" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-424" /> XI_424 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-618" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-618" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y425" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #425" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-425" />NU_425 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #425" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-425" /> NU_425 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-426" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-425" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-426" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y426" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #426" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-426" />NU_A_426 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #426" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-426" /> NU_A_426 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-586" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-586" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-586" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-586" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y427" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #427" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-427" />MOhE_427 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #427" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-427" /> MOhE_427 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-664" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-664" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y428" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #428" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-428" />NIhE_428 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #428" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-428" /> NIhE_428 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-666" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-666" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y429" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #429" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-429" />NAhU_429 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #429" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-429" /> NAhU_429 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-665" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-665" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y430" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #430" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-430" />MAhO_430 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #430" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-430" /> MAhO_430 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-662" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-662" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y431" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #431" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-431" />JOhI_431 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #431" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-431" /> JOhI_431 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-657" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-657" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y432" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #432" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-432" />quote_arg_4= 32 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #432" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-432" /> quote_arg_= 432 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-433" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-433" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y433" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #433" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-433" />quote_arg_A= _433 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #433" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-433" /> quote_arg_= A_433 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-434" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-435" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-436" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-571" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-0" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-448" /> ; =20 /* The quoted material in the following three terminals must be identified= by the lexer, but no additional lexer processing is needed. */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y434" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #434" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-434" />ZOI_quote_4= 34 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #434" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-434" /> ZOI_quote_= 434 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-627" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> /*pause*/ =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-699" /> /*pause*/ =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> ; =20 /* =E2=80=99pause=E2=80=99 is morphemic, represented by =E2=80=99.=E2=80= =99 The lexer assembles=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-699" /> */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y435" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #435" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-435" />ZO_quote_43= 5 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #435" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-435" /> ZO_quote_4= 35 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-626" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> ; =20 /* =E2=80=99word=E2=80=99 may not be a compound; but it can be any valid L= ojban selma'o value, including ZO, ZOI, SI, SA, SU. The preparser will not lex the word per = its normal selma'o. */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y436" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #436" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-436" />LOhU_quote_= 436 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #436" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-436" /> LOhU_quote= _436 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-569" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-697" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-565" /> ; =20 /* =E2=80=99words=E2=80=99 may be any Lojban words, with no claim of gramm= aticality; the preparser will not lex the individual words per their normal selma'o; used to quote ungrammatical Lojban, equivalent to the * or ? writing convention for such text. */ =20 @@ -1956,755 +1956,755 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ quote body, two for the single word delimiters, and one for the ZOI. I= n LOhU, the entire body is treated as a single word, so three SI=E2=80=99= s can erase it. */ =20 /* All rule terminator names with =E2=80=99gap=E2=80=99 in them are potent= ially elidable, where such elision does not cause an ambiguity. This is implemented through use of the YACC =E2=80=99error=E2=80=99 token, whic= h effectively recovers from an elision. */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y437" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #437" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-437" />FIhO_437 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #437" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-437" /> FIhO_437 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-532" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-532" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y438" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #438" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-438" />PEhO_438 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #438" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-438" /> PEhO_438 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-673" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-673" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y439" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #439" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-439" />BIhE_439 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #439" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-439" /> BIhE_439 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-650" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-650" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y440" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #440" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-440" />SEI_440 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #440" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-440" /> SEI_440 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-597" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-597" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y441" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #441" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-441" />FUhA_441 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #441" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-441" /> FUhA_441 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-655" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-655" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y442" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #442" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-442" />BEI_442 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #442" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-442" /> BEI_442 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-505" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-505" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y443" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #443" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-443" />CO_443 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #443" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-443" /> CO_443 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-519" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-519" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y444" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #444" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-444" />CEI_444 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #444" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-444" /> CEI_444 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-516" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-516" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y445" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #445" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-445" />NA_445 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #445" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-445" /> NA_445 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y446" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #446" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-446" />BE_446 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #446" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-446" /> BE_446 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-504" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-504" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y447" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #447" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-447" />TUhE_447 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #447" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-447" /> TUhE_447 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-610" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-610" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y448" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #448" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-448" />LIhU_gap_44= 8 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #448" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-448" /> LIhU_gap_4= 48 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-567" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y450" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #450" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-450" />gap_450 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #450" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-450" /> gap_450 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-556" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-556" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y451" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #451" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-451" />front_gap_4= 51 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #451" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-451" /> front_gap_= 451 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-521" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-521" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y452" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #452" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-452" />MEX_gap_452= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #452" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-452" /> MEX_gap_45= 2 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-658" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-658" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y453" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #453" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-453" />KEI_gap_453= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #453" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-453" /> KEI_gap_45= 3 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-552" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-552" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y454" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #454" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-454" />TUhU_gap_45= 4 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #454" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-454" /> TUhU_gap_4= 54 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-611" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-611" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y456" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #456" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-456" />VAU_gap_456= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #456" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-456" /> VAU_gap_45= 6 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-614" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-614" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 /* redundant to attach a free modifier on the following */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y457" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #457" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-457" />DOhU_gap_45= 7 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #457" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-457" /> DOhU_gap_4= 57 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-526" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y458" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #458" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-458" />FEhU_gap_45= 8 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #458" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-458" /> FEhU_gap_4= 58 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-531" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-531" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y459" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #459" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-459" />SEhU_gap_45= 9 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #459" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-459" /> SEhU_gap_4= 59 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-598" /> | error /* a free modifier on a discursive should be somewhere within the discursi= ve. See=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-440" /> */ ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y460" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #460" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-460" />NUhU_gap_46= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #460" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-460" /> NUhU_gap_4= 60 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-588" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-588" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y461" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #461" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-461" />BOI_gap_461= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #461" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-461" /> BOI_gap_46= 1 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-651" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-651" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y462" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #462" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-462" />sub_gap_462= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #462" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-462" /> sub_gap_46= 2 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-651" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y463" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #463" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-463" />LUhU_gap_46= 3 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #463" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-463" /> LUhU_gap_4= 63 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-573" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-573" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y464" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #464" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-464" />GEhU_gap_46= 4 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #464" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-464" /> GEhU_gap_4= 64 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-538" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-538" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y465" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #465" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-465" />MEhU_gap_46= 5 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #465" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-465" /> MEhU_gap_4= 65 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-575" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-575" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y466" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #466" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-466" />KEhE_gap_46= 6 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #466" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-466" /> KEhE_gap_4= 66 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-550" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-550" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y467" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #467" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-467" />BEhO_gap_46= 7 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #467" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-467" /> BEhO_gap_4= 67 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-506" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-506" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y468" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #468" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-468" />TOI_gap_468= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #468" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-468" /> TOI_gap_46= 8 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-607" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y469" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #469" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-469" />KUhO_gap_46= 9 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #469" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-469" /> KUhO_gap_4= 69 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-557" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-557" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y470" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #470" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-470" />left_bracke= t_470 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #470" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-470" /> left_brack= et_470 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-677" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-677" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y471" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #471" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-471" />right_brack= et_gap_471 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #471" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-471" /> right_brac= ket_gap_471 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-678" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-678" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y472" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #472" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-472" />LOhO_gap_47= 2 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #472" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-472" /> LOhO_gap_4= 72 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-568" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-568" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y473" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #473" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-473" />TEhU_gap_47= 3 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #473" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-473" /> TEhU_gap_4= 73 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-675" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-675" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | error ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y474" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #474" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-474" />right_br_no= _free_474 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #474" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-474" /> right_br_n= o_free_474 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-678" /> | error ; =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y475" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #475" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-475" />NUhA_475 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #475" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-475" /> NUhA_475 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-667" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-667" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y476" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #476" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-476" />MOI_476 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #476" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-476" /> MOI_476 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-663" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-663" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y477" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #477" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-477" />ME_477 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #477" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-477" /> ME_477 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-574" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-574" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y478" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #478" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-478" />JAI_478 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #478" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-478" /> JAI_478 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-547" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-547" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y479" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #479" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-479" />BO_479 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #479" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-479" /> BO_479 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y480" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #480" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-480" />SE_480 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #480" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-480" /> SE_480 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y481" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #481" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-481" />FA_481 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #481" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-481" /> FA_481 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-527" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-527" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y482" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #482" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-482" />NAhE_482 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #482" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-482" /> NAhE_482 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-583" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-583" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y483" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #483" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-483" />qualifier_4= 83 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #483" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-483" /> qualifier_= 483 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-561" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-561" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-809" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y484" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #484" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-484" />NOI_484 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #484" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-484" /> NOI_484 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-585" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-585" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y485" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #485" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-485" />GOI_485 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #485" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-485" /> GOI_485 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-542" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-542" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y486" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #486" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-486" />subscript_4= 86 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #486" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-486" /> subscript_= 486 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-424" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-812" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-462" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-424" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-470" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-310" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-474" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-424" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-817" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-462" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y487" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #487" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-487" />ZIhE_487 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #487" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-487" /> ZIhE_487 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-625" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-625" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y488" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #488" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-488" />LE_488 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #488" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-488" /> LE_488 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-562" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-562" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y489" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #489" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-489" />LI_489 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #489" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-489" /> LI_489 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-566" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-566" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y490" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #490" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-490" />mod_head_49= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #490" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-490" /> mod_head_4= 90 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-491" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-481" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y491" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #491" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-491" />tag_491 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #491" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-491" /> tag_491 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-815" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-491" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-815" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y492" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #492" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-492" />ZOhU_492 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #492" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-492" /> ZOhU_492 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-628" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-628" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y493" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #493" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-493" />KE_493 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #493" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-493" /> KE_493 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y494" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #494" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-494" />PEhE_494 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #494" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-494" /> PEhE_494 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-591" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-591" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y495" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #495" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-495" />CEhE_495 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #495" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-495" /> CEhE_495 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-517" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-517" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y496" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #496" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-496" />NUhI_496 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #496" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-496" /> NUhI_496 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-587" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-587" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y497" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #497" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-497" />VUhO_497 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #497" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-497" /> VUhO_497 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-617" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-617" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y498" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #498" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-498" />SOI_498 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #498" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-498" /> SOI_498 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-602" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-602" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y499" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #499" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-499" />LA_499 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #499" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-499" /> LA_499 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-558" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-558" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y801" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #801" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-801" />utterance_o= rdinal_801 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #801" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-801" /> utterance_= ordinal_801 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-905" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y802" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #802" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-802" />EK_802 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #802" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-802" /> EK_802 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-910" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-910" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y803" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #803" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-803" />EK_BO_803 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #803" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-803" /> EK_BO_803 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-915" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-915" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y804" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #804" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-804" />EK_KE_804 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #804" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-804" /> EK_KE_804 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-916" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-916" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y805" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #805" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-805" />JEK_805 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #805" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-805" /> JEK_805 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-925" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y806" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #806" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-806" />JOIK_806 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #806" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-806" /> JOIK_806 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-930" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y807" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #807" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-807" />GEK_807 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #807" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-807" /> GEK_807 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-935" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-935" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y808" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #808" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-808" />GUhEK_808 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #808" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-808" /> GUhEK_808 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-940" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-940" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y809" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #809" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-809" />NAhE_BO_809= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #809" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-809" /> NAhE_BO_80= 9 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-945" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-945" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y810" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #810" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-810" />NA_KU_810 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #810" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-810" /> NA_KU_810 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-950" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-950" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y811" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #811" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-811" />I_BO_811 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #811" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-811" /> I_BO_811 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-955" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-955" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y812" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #812" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-812" />number_812 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #812" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-812" /> number_812= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-960" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y813" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #813" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-813" />GIhEK_BO_81= 3 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #813" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-813" /> GIhEK_BO_8= 13 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-965" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-965" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y814" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #814" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-814" />GIhEK_KE_81= 4 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #814" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-814" /> GIhEK_KE_8= 14 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-966" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-966" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y815" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #815" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-815" />tense_modal= _815 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #815" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-815" /> tense_moda= l_815 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-970" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-970" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-437" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-130" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-458" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y816" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #816" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-816" />GIK_816 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #816" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-816" /> GIK_816 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-980" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-980" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y817" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #817" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-817" />lerfu_strin= g_817 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #817" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-817" /> lerfu_stri= ng_817 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-985" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y818" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #818" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-818" />GIhEK_818 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #818" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-818" /> GIhEK_818 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-990" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-990" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y819" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #819" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-819" />I_819 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #819" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-819" /> I_819 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-995" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-995" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y820" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #820" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-820" />I_JEK_820 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #820" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-820" /> I_JEK_820 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1000" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1000" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y821" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #821" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-821" />JEK_BO_821 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #821" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-821" /> JEK_BO_821= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1005" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1005" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y822" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #822" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-822" />JOIK_BO_822= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #822" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-822" /> JOIK_BO_82= 2 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1010" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1010" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y823" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #823" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-823" />JOIK_KE_823= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #823" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-823" /> JOIK_KE_82= 3 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1015" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1015" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-32" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y824" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #824" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-824" />PA_MOI_824 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #824" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-824" /> PA_MOI_824= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1025" /> ; =20 =20 /* The following rules are used only in lexer processing. They have been tested for ambiguity at various levels in the YACC grammar, but are in  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>YACC grammar</primary></indexterm> the recursive descent lexer in the current parser. The lexer inserts the lexer tokens before the processed strings, but leaves the original tokens. */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y905" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #905" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-905" />lexer_A_905= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #905" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-905" /> lexer_A_90= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-701" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-906" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y906" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #906" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-906" />utt_ordinal= _root_906 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #906" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-906" /> utt_ordina= l_root_906 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-661" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-661" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y910" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #910" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-910" />lexer_B_910= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #910" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-910" /> lexer_B_91= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-702" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-911" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y911" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #911" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-911" />EK_root_911= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #911" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-911" /> EK_root_91= 1 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> @@ -2722,53 +2722,53 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-501" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y915" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #915" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-915" />lexer_C_915= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #915" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-915" /> lexer_C_91= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-703" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-911" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-703" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-911" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y916" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #916" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-916" />lexer_D_916= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #916" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-916" /> lexer_D_91= 6 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-704" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-911" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-704" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-911" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y925" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #925" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-925" />lexer_E_925= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #925" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-925" /> lexer_E_92= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-705" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-926" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y926" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #926" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-926" />JEK_root_92= 6 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #926" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-926" /> JEK_root_9= 26 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> @@ -2786,66 +2786,66 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-546" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y930" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #930" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-930" />lexer_F_930= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #930" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-930" /> lexer_F_93= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-706" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y931" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #931" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-931" />JOIK_root_9= 31 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #931" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> JOIK_root_= 931 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-548" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-548" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-548" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-548" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-932" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-656" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-932" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-656" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y932" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #932" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-932" />interval_93= 2 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #932" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-932" /> interval_9= 32 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-507" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-507" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-507" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-507" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y935" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #935" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-935" />lexer_G_935= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #935" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-935" /> lexer_G_93= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-707" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-537" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-707" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-537" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-707" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-537" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> @@ -2859,223 +2859,223 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-981" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-707" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-539" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y940" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #940" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-940" />lexer_H_940= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #940" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-940" /> lexer_H_94= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-708" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-544" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-708" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-544" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-708" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-544" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-708" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-544" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y945" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #945" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-945" />lexer_I_945= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #945" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-945" /> lexer_I_94= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-709" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-583" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y950" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #950" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-950" />lexer_J_950= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #950" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-950" /> lexer_J_95= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-710" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-556" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y955" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #955" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-955" />lexer_K_955= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #955" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-955" /> lexer_K_95= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-711" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-956" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-711" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-956" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y956" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #956" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-956" />I_root_956 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #956" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-956" /> I_root_956= : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-545" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-545" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-957" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y957" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #957" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-957" />simple_JOIK= _JEK_957 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #957" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-957" /> simple_JOI= K_JEK_957 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-806" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-805" /> ; /* no freemod in this version; cf.=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-422" /> */ /* this reference to a version of JOIK and JEK which already have the lexer tokens attached prevents shift/reduce errors. The problem is resolved in a hard-coded parser implementation which builds lexer_K, before lexer_S, before lexer_E and lexer_F. */ =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y960" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #960" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-960" />lexer_L_960= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #960" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-960" /> lexer_L_96= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-712" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y961" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #961" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-961" />number_root= _961 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #961" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> number_roo= t_961 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-672" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-672" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-987" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y965" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #965" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-965" />lexer_M_965= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #965" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-965" /> lexer_M_96= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-713" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-991" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-713" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-991" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y966" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #966" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-966" />lexer_N_966= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #966" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-966" /> lexer_N_96= 6 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-714" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-991" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-714" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-991" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y970" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #970" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-970" />lexer_O_970= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #970" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-970" /> lexer_O_97= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-715" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-972" /> ; /* the following rule is a lexer version of non-terminal_815 for compoundi= ng PU/modals; it disallows the lexer picking out FIhO clauses, which would require it to have knowledge of the main parser grammar */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y971" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #971" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-971" />simple_tag_= 971 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #971" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> simple_tag= _971 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-972" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-957" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-972" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y972" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #972" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-972" />simple_tens= e_modal_972 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #972" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-972" /> simple_ten= se_modal_972 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-973" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-583" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-973" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-554" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-522" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y973" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #973" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-973" />simple_tens= e_modal_A_973: =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #973" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-973" /> simple_ten= se_modal_A_973: =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-974" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-974" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-554" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-977" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y974" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #974" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-974" />modal_974 = : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #974" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-974" /> modal_974 = : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-975" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-975" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y975" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #975" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-975" />modal_A_975= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #975" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-975" /> modal_A_97= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-502" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-502" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y977" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #977" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-977" />tense_A_977= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #977" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-977" /> tense_A_97= 7 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-978" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-978" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-554" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y978" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #978" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-978" />tense_B_978= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #978" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-978" /> tense_B_97= 8 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-979" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-514" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-979" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-514" /> ; /* specifies actuality/potentiality of the bridi */  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>actuality</primary></indexterm> =20 /* puca'a =3D actually was */ /* baca'a =3D actually will be */ /* bapu'i =3D can and will have */ /* banu'o =3D can, but won=E2=80=99t have yet */ /* canu'ojebapu'i =3D can, hasn=E2=80=99t yet, but will */ =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y979" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #979" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-979" />tense_C_979= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #979" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-979" /> tense_C_97= 9 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1030" /> /* time-only */ /* space defaults to time-space reference space */ =20 | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1040" /> /* can include time if specified with VIhA; otherwise time defaults to = the time-space reference time */ =20 | =20 @@ -3084,72 +3084,72 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ /* time and space - If=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1040" /> is marked with VIhA for space-time the tense may be self-contradictory */ /* interval prop before space_time is for time distribution */ | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1040" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1030" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y980" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #980" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-980" />lexer_P_980= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #980" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-980" /> lexer_P_98= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-716" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-981" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y981" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #981" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-981" />GIK_root_98= 1 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #981" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-981" /> GIK_root_9= 81 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-539" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-539" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y985" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #985" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-985" />lexer_Q_985= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #985" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-985" /> lexer_Q_98= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-717" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y986" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #986" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-986" />lerfu_strin= g_root_986 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #986" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> lerfu_stri= ng_root_986 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-987" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-987" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-672" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y987" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #987" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-987" />lerfu_word_= 987 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #987" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-987" /> lerfu_word= _987 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-513" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-559" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-987" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-605" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-533" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y990" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #990" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-990" />lexer_R_990= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #990" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-990" /> lexer_R_99= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-718" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-991" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y991" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #991" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-991" />GIhEK_root_= 991 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #991" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-991" /> GIhEK_root= _991 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> @@ -3167,255 +3167,255 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-578" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-596" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-541" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y995" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #995" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-995" />lexer_S_995= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #995" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-995" /> lexer_S_99= 5 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-719" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-545" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1000" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1000" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1000" />lexer_T_1= 000 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1000" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1000" /> lexer_T_= 1000 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-720" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-545" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-957" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1005" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1005" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1005" />lexer_U_1= 005 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1005" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1005" /> lexer_U_= 1005 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-721" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-926" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-721" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-926" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1010" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1010" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1010" />lexer_V_1= 010 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1010" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1010" /> lexer_V_= 1010 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-722" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-722" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-508" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1015" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1015" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1015" />lexer_W_1= 015 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1015" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1015" /> lexer_W_= 1015 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-723" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-723" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-931" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-971" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-551" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1025" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1025" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1025" />lexer_Y_1= 025 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1025" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1025" /> lexer_Y_= 1025 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-725" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-663" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-725" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-986" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-663" /> ; =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1030" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1030" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1030" />time_1030= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1030" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1030" /> time_103= 0 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-624" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-624" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1031" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1031" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1031" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1031" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1031" />time_A_10= 31 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1031" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1031" /> time_A_1= 031 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1032" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1034" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1032" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1034" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1032" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1032" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1032" />time_B_10= 32 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1032" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1032" /> time_B_1= 032 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1033" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1032" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1033" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1033" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1033" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1033" />time_offs= et_1033 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1033" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1033" /> time_off= set_1033 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1035" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1035" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-624" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1034" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1034" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1034" />time_inte= rval_1034 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1034" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1034" /> time_int= erval_1034 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-622" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-622" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1035" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1036" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-622" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1036" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-622" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1035" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1036" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1035" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1035" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1035" />time_dire= ction_1035 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1035" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1035" /> time_dir= ection_1035 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-592" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-592" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1036" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1036" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1036" />time_int_= props_1036 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1036" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1036" /> time_int= _props_1036 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1051" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1036" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1051" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1040" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1040" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1040" />space_104= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1040" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1040" /> space_10= 40 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1042" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1041" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1042" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1041" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1041" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1041" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1041" />space_mot= ion_1041 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1041" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1041" /> space_mo= tion_1041 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-577" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1045" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1042" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1042" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1042" />space_A_1= 042 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1042" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1042" /> space_A_= 1042 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-613" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-613" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1043" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1043" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1043" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1043" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1043" />space_B_1= 043 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1043" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1043" /> space_B_= 1043 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1044" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1046" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1044" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1046" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1044" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1044" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1044" />space_C_1= 044 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1044" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1044" /> space_C_= 1044 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1045" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1044" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1045" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1045" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1045" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1045" />space_off= set_1045 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1045" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1045" /> space_of= fset_1045 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1048" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1048" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-613" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1046" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1046" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1046" />space_int= val_1046 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1046" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1046" /> space_in= tval_1046 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1047" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1047" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1048" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1049" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1047" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1049" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1047" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1048" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1049" /> ; =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1047" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1047" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1047" />space_int= val_A_1047 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1047" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1047" /> space_in= tval_A_1047 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-615" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-616" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-615" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-616" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1048" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1048" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1048" />space_dir= ection_1048 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1048" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1048" /> space_di= rection_1048 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-528" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-528" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1049" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1049" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1049" />space_int= _props_1049 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1049" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1049" /> space_in= t_props_1049 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1050" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1049" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1050" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1050" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1050" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1050" />space_int= _props_A_1050 :=20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1050" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1050" /> space_in= t_props_A_1050 :=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-530" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1051" /> ; =20 /* This terminal gives an interval size in space-time (VEhA), and possibly= a  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm> dimensionality of the interval. The dimensionality may also be used  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm> @@ -3424,21 +3424,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm> spacetime origin, then barring any overriding VIhA, a VIhA here defines the dimensionality of the space-time being discussed. *= /  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm> =20 =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1051" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1051" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1051" />interval_= property_1051 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1051" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1051" /> interval= _property_1051 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-594" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-961" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-594" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-604" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-604" /> @@ -3486,21 +3486,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ word without changing its grammar. =20 =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-601" />,=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-595" />, and=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-603" /> are metalinguistic erasers.  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>metalinguistic erasers</primary></ind= exterm> =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1100" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1100" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1100" />token_110= 0 : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1100" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1100" /> token_11= 00 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-503" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-699" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-511" /> | =20 @@ -3531,21 +3531,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-612" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-515" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-581" /> ; =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"y1101" /> -<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1101" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1101" />null_1101= : =20 +<anchor xreflabel=3D"YACC rule #1101" xml:id=3D"cll_yacc-1101" /> null_110= 1 : =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-698" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-601" /> | possibly_unlexable_word (PAUSE) =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-601" /> | =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-20" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-595" /> | possibly unlexable string (PAUSE) =20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-595" /> erases back to the last individual token @@ -7046,21 +7046,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ </listitem> <listitem> <para>// encloses an elidable terminator, which may be omitted (wi= thout change of meaning) if no grammatical ambiguity results.</para> </listitem> </orderedlist> <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term> <anchor xml:id=3D"b0" /> <anchor xreflabel=3D"BNF rule #0" xml:id=3D"cll_bnf-0" /> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-0" />text=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-0" /> text=20 <subscript>0</subscript>=3D</term> <listitem> <para>[NAI ...] [CMENE ... # | (indicators & free ...)] [joi= k-jek] text-1=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"b2" /> <anchor xreflabel=3D"BNF rule #2" xml:id=3D"cll_bnf-2" /> <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-2" /></para> </listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>text-1=20 @@ -7935,21 +7935,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ <para>(UI | CAI) [NAI] | Y | DAhO | FUhO</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> </variablelist> <para>The following rules are non-formal:</para> <variablelist> <varlistentry> <term> <anchor xml:id=3D"b1100" /> <anchor xreflabel=3D"BNF rule #1100" xml:id=3D"cll_bnf-1100" /> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1100" />word=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_yacc-1100" /> word=20 <subscript>1100</subscript>=3D</term> <listitem> <para>[BAhE] any-word [indicators]</para> </listitem> </varlistentry> <varlistentry> <term>any-word =3D</term> <listitem> <para>=E2=80=9Cany single word (no compound cmavo)=E2=80=9D</par= a> </listitem> diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml index 9a8c8a9..ce6bb88 100644 --- a/todocbook/3.xml +++ b/todocbook/3.xml @@ -26,39 +26,39 @@ <quote>w</quote>.</para> <para>The alphabetic order given above is that of the ASCII coded char= acter set, widely used in computers. By making Lojban alphabetical order th= e same as ASCII, computerized sorting and searching of Lojban text is facil= itated.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>alphabetic order</primary></indexterm= > <para>Capital letters are used only to represent non-standard stress, = which can appear only in the representation of Lojbanized names. Thus the E= nglish name=20 <quote>Josephine</quote>, as normally pronounced, is Lojbanized as=20 <quote>DJOsefin.</quote>, pronounced=20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">['d=CA=92os=C9=9Bfin=CA=94]</phrase>. (See=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter3-section2" />for an explanation of the sy= mbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize = the vowel letter, in this case=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter3-section2" /> for an explanation of the s= ymbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize= the vowel letter, in this case=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm> <quote>O</quote>, but it is easier on the reader to capitalize the who= le syllable.</para> <para>Without the capitalization, the ordinary rules of Lojban stress = would cause the=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>capitalization</primary></indexterm> <quote>se</quote> syllable to be stressed. Lojbanized names are meant = to represent the pronunciation of names from other languages with as little= distortion as may be; as such, they are exempt from many of the regular ru= les of Lojban phonology, as will appear in the rest of this chapter.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter3-section2"> <title>Basic Phonetics Lojban pronunciations are defined using the International Phonet= ic Alphabet, or IPA, a standard method of transcribing pronunciations. By c= onvention, IPA transcriptions are always within square brackets: for exampl= e, the word=20 square brackets cat is pronounced (in General American pronunciation)= =20 General American [k=C3=A6t].=20 - contains a brief explanatio= n of the IPA characters used in this chapter, with their nearest analogues = in English, and will be especially useful to those not familiar with the te= chnical terms used in describing speech sounds. + contains a brief explanati= on of the IPA characters used in this chapter, with their nearest analogues= in English, and will be especially useful to those not familiar with the t= echnical terms used in describing speech sounds. technical terms The standard pronunciations and permitted variants of the Lojban= letters are listed in the table below. The descriptions have deliberately = been made a bit ambiguous to cover variations in pronunciation by speakers = of different native languages and dialects. In all cases except=20 Lojban letters r the first IPA symbol shown represents the preferred p= ronunciation; for=20 r, all of the variations (and any other rhotic sound) a= re equally acceptable. @@ -347,31 +347,31 @@ glottal stop Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence = of syllabic=20 l,=20 m,=20 n, or=20 r(discussed later). Commas are never required: no two L= ojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.<= /para> Here is a somewhat artificial example of the difference in pronu= nciation between periods, commas and apostrophes. In the English song about= Old MacDonald's Farm, the vowel string which is written as=20 ee-i-ee-i-o in English could be Lojbanized with periods= as: -3.1) .i.ai.i.ai.o + 3.1) .i.ai.i.ai.o =20 [=CA=94i =CA=94aj =CA=94i =CA=94aj =CA=94o] Ee! Eye! Ee! Eye! Oh! However, this would sound clipped, staccato, and unmusical compa= red to the English. Furthermore, although=20 - is a string of mean= ingful Lojban words, as a sentence it makes very little sense. (Note the us= e of periods embedded within the written word.) + is a string of mea= ningful Lojban words, as a sentence it makes very little sense. (Note the u= se of periods embedded within the written word.) If commas were used instead of periods, we could represent the E= nglish string as a Lojbanized name, ending in a consonant: -3.2) .i,ai,i,ai,on. + 3.2) .i,ai,i,ai,on. =20 [=CA=94i jaj ji jaj jon=CA=94] The commas represent new syllable breaks, but prohibit the use o= f pauses or glottal stop. The pronunciation shown is just one possibility, = but closely parallels the intended English pronunciation. glottal stop However, the use of commas in this way is risky to unambiguous i= nterpretation, since the glides might be heard by some listeners as diphtho= ngs, producing something like <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e3d3" /> @@ -380,21 +380,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>.i,iai,ii,iai,ion.</jbo> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>which is technically a different Lojban name. Since the intent w= ith Lojbanized names is to allow them to be pronounced more like their nati= ve counterparts, the comma is allowed to represent vowel glides or some non= -Lojbanic sound. Such an exception affects only spelling accuracy and the a= bility of a reader to replicate the desired pronunciation exactly; it will = not affect the recognition of word boundaries.</para> <para>Still, it is better if Lojbanized names are always distinct. The= refore, the apostrophe is preferred in regular Lojbanized names that are no= t attempting to simulate a non-Lojban pronunciation perfectly. (Perfection,= in any event, is not really achievable, because some sounds simply lack re= asonable Lojbanic counterparts.)</para> <para>If apostrophes were used instead of commas in=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter3-section3-example2" />, it would appear a= s:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e3d4" /> -<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter3-section3-example4" />3.4) .i'ai'i'ai'on. +<anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter3-section3-example4" /> 3.4) .i'ai'i'ai'on. =20 <phrase role=3D"IPA">[=CA=94i hai hi hai hon=CA=94]</phrase> </programlisting> <para>which preserves the rhythm and length, if not the exact sounds, = of the original English.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter3-section4"> <title>Diphthongs and Syllabic Consonants There exist 16 diphthongs in the Lojban language. A diphthong is= a vowel sound that consists of two elements, a short vowel sound and a gli= de, either a labial (IPA=20 [w]) or palatal (IPA=20 [j]) glide, that either precedes (an on-= glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitu= te a single syllable. @@ -449,21 +449,21 @@ [wo] a back mid vowel with labial on-glide uu =20 [wu] a back close vowel with labial on-gli= de =20 iy =20 [j=C9=99] a central mid vowel with palatal= on-glide uy =20 [w=C9=99] a central mid vowel with labial = on-glide (Approximate English equivalents of most of these diphthongs exi= st: see=20 - for examples.) + for examples.) The first four diphthongs above (=20 ai,=20 ei,=20 oi, and=20 au, the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most t= ypes of Lojban words; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone w= ords and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and the last two (=20 borrowings iy and=20 uy) are used only in Lojbanized names. The syllabic consonants of Lojban,=20 @@ -484,21 +484,21 @@ n, or=20 r may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consona= nt appears next to a=20 syllabic consonant l,=20 m,=20 n, or=20 r that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is wh= ich: -4.1) brlgan. + 4.1) brlgan. =20 [br=CC=A9l gan] or=20 [brl=CC=A9 gan] is a hypothetical Lojbanized name with more than one valid pronu= nciation; however it is pronounced, it remains the same word. Syllabic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels= from the standpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are= generally required to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllab= ic consonant. An example is=20 syllabic consonant rl., which is an approximation of the English name=20 @@ -563,38 +563,38 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e5d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter3-section5-example1" />

meiin. mei,in.

- contains the diphth= ong=20 + contains the dipht= hong=20 ei followed by the vowel=20 i. In order to indicate a different grouping, the comma= must always be used, leading to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e5d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter3-section5-example2" />

me,iin.

which contains the vowel=20 e followed by the diphthong=20 ii. In rough English representation,=20 - is=20 + is=20 May Een, whereas=20 - is=20 + is=20 Meh Yeen.

Consonant Clusters A consonant sound is a relatively brief speech-sound that preced= es or follows a vowel sound in a syllable; its presence either preceding or= following does not add to the count of syllables, nor is a consonant requi= red in either position for any syllable. Lojban has seventeen consonants: f= or the purposes of this section, the apostrophe is not counted as a consona= nt. An important distinction dividing Lojban consonants is that of v= oicing. The following table shows the unvoiced consonants and the correspon= ding voiced ones: unvoiced consonants UNVOICED VOICED @@ -671,21 +671,21 @@ xc,=20 xk, and=20 mz are forbidden. These rules apply to all kinds of words, even Lojbanized names. = If a name would normally contain a forbidden consonant pair, a=20 y can be inserted to break up the pair: -6.1) djeimyz. + 6.1) djeimyz. =20 [d=CA=92=C9=9Bj m=C9=99z=CA=94] James The regular English pronunciation of=20 James, which is=20 [d=CA=92=C9=9Bjmz], would Lojbanize as= =20 djeimz., which contains a forbidden consonant pair.

@@ -765,105 +765,105 @@ doubled consonants consonant clusters [=C9=AA],=20 [=C9=A8],=20 [=CA=8A], or even=20 [=CA=8F], but there probably is no unive= rsally acceptable buffer sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound sh= ould be made as short as possible. Two examples showing such buffering (we = will use=20 [=C9=AA] in this chapter) are: -8.1) vrusi + 8.1) vrusi =20 [=CB=88vru si] or=20 [v=C9=AA =CB=88ru si] -8.2) .AMsterdam. + 8.2) .AMsterdam. =20 [=CA=94am ster dam=CA=94] or=20 [=CB=88=CA=94a m=C9=AA s=C9=AA t=C9=9B r=C9=AA da m= =C9=AA=CA=94] When a buffer vowel is used, it splits each buffered consonant i= nto its own syllable. However, the buffering syllables are never stressed, = and are not counted in determining stress. They are, in effect, not really = syllables to a Lojban listener, and thus their impact is ignored. buffer vowel Here are more examples of unbuffered and buffered pronunciations= : -8.3) klama + 8.3) klama =20 [=CB=88kla ma] [k=C9=AA =CB=88la ma] -8.4) xapcke + 8.4) xapcke =20 [=CB=88xap =CA=83k=C9=9B] [=CB=88xa p=C9=AA =CA=83k=C9=9B] [=CB=88xa p=C9=AA =CA=83=C9=AA k=C9=9B] In=20 , we see that buffe= ring vowels can be used in just some, rather than all, of the possible plac= es: the second pronunciation buffers the=20 pc consonant pair but not the=20 ck. The third pronunciation buffers both. -8.5) ponyni'u + 8.5) ponyni'u =20 [po n=C9=99 'ni hu] - cannot contain any = buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel=20 + cannot contain any= buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel=20 y, which is pronounced=20 [=C9=99], with the buffer, which has a v= ariety of possible pronunciations and is never written. Consider the contra= st between -8.6) bongynanba + 8.6) bongynanba =20 [bo=C5=8B g=C9=99 =CB=88nan ba] an unlikely Lojban compound word meaning=20 bone bread(note the use of=20 bone bread [=C5=8B] as a representative of=20 n before=20 g) and -8.7) bongnanba + 8.7) bongnanba =20 [bo=C5=8B =CB=88gnan ba] a possible borrowing from another language (Lojban borrowings ca= n only take a limited form). If=20 borrowings borrowing - were pronounced wit= h buffering, as + were pronounced wi= th buffering, as -8.8) =20 + 8.8) =20 [bo=C5=8B g=C9=AA =CB=88nan ba] it would be very similar to=20 . Only a clear dist= inction between=20 y and any buffering vowel would keep the two words dist= inct. Since buffering is done for the benefit of the speaker in order = to aid pronounceability, there is no guarantee that the listener will not m= istake a buffer vowel for one of the six regular Lojban vowels. The buffer = vowel should be as laxly pronounced as possible, as central as possible, an= d as short as possible. Furthermore, it is worthwhile for speakers who use = buffers to pronounce their regular vowels a bit longer than usual, to avoid= confusion with buffer vowels. The speakers of many languages will have tro= uble correctly hearing any of the suggested buffer vowels otherwise. By thi= s guideline,=20 buffer vowel - would be pronounced= + would be pronounce= d -8.9) =20 + 8.9) =20 [bo=CB=90=C5=8B g=C9=AA =CB=88na=CB=90n ba=CB=90] with lengthened vowels.

Syllabication And Stress A Lojban word has one syllable for each of its vowels, diphthong= s, and syllabic consonants (referred to simply as=20 syllabic consonants vowels for the purposes of this section.) Syllabication= rules determine which of the consonants separating two vowels belong to th= e preceding vowel and which to the following vowel. These rules are convent= ional only; the phonetic facts of the matter about how utterances are sylla= bified in any language are always very complex. @@ -1003,37 +1003,37 @@ .ARM,strong. This is a Lojbanized version of the name=20 Armstrong. The final=20 Armstrong g must be explicitly pronounced. With full buffering, t= he name would be pronounced: -9.8) =20 + 9.8) =20 [=CB=88=CA=94a r=C9=AA m=C9=AA s=C9=AA t=C9=AA ro n= =C9=AA g=C9=AA=CA=94] However, there is no need to insert a buffer in every possible p= lace just because it is inserted in one place: partial buffering is also ac= ceptable. In every case, however, the stress remains in the same place: on = the first syllable. The English pronunciation of=20 Armstrong, as spelled in English, is not correct by Loj= ban standards; the letters=20 Armstrong ng in English represent a velar nasal (IPA=20 [=C5=8B]) which is a single consonant. I= n Lojban,=20 ng represents two separate consonants that must both be= pronounced; you may not use=20 [=C5=8B] to pronounce Lojban=20 ng, although=20 [=C5=8Bg] is acceptable. English speaker= s are likely to have to pronounce the ending with a buffer, as one of the f= ollowing: -9.9) =20 + 9.9) =20 [=CB=88=CA=94arm stron g=C9=AA=CA=94] or=20 [=CB=88=CA=94arm stro=C5=8B g=C9=AA=CA=94] or even=20 [=CB=88=CA=94arm stro n=C9=AAg=CA=94] The normal English pronunciation of the name=20 Armstrong could be Lojbanized as: Armstrong @@ -1107,21 +1107,21 @@ le re nobli prenu le re NObli PREnu le re no bliprenu le re no bliPREnu If the cmavo=20 no in=20 - were to be stresse= d, the phrase would sound exactly like the given pronunciation of=20 + were to be stress= ed, the phrase would sound exactly like the given pronunciation of=20 , which is unaccep= table in Lojban: a single pronunciation cannot represent both.

IPA For English Speakers There are many dialects of English, thus making it difficult to = define the standardized symbols of the IPA in terms useful to every reader.= All the symbols used in this chapter are repeated here, in more or less al= phabetical order, with examples drawn from General American. In addition, s= ome attention is given to the Received Pronunciation of (British) English. = These two dialects are referred to as GA and RP respectively. Speakers of o= ther dialects should consult a book on phonetics or their local television = sets. television Received Pronunciation diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 61a1841..1b22c13 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -188,22 +188,22 @@ punctuation marks prepositions hundred conjunctions articles selma'o, each having a specifically defined grammatical= usage. The various selma'o are discussed throughout=20 - to=20 - and summarized in=20 + to=20 + and summarized in=20 . Standard cmavo occur in four forms defined by their word structu= re. Here are some examples of the various forms:

V-form .a .e .i .o .u

CV-form ba ce di @@ -506,21 +506,21 @@ brodu, no two gismu differ only in the final vowel. Fur= thermore, the set of gismu was specifically designed to reduce the likeliho= od that two similar sounding gismu could be confused. For example, because= =20 gismu is in the set of gismu,=20 kismu,=20 xismu,=20 gicmu,=20 gizmu, and=20 gisnu cannot be. Almost all Lojban gismu are constructed from pieces of words dra= wn from other languages, specifically Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Rus= sian, and Arabic, the six most widely spoken natural languages. For a given= concept, words in the six languages that represent that concept were writt= en in Lojban phonetics. Then a gismu was selected to maximize the recogniza= bility of the Lojban word for speakers of the six languages by weighting th= e inclusion of the sounds drawn from each language by the number of speaker= s of that language. See=20 inclusion - for a full explanation of t= he algorithm. + for a full explanation of = the algorithm. Here are a few examples of gismu, with rough English equivalents= (not definitions): <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e4d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section4-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e4d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section4-example2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e4d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section4-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e4d4" /> @@ -547,21 +547,21 @@ <en>book</en> <jbo>patfu</jbo> <en>father</en> <jbo>nanmu</jbo> <en>man</en> <jbo>ninmu</jbo> <en>woman</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>A small number of gismu were formed differently; see=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter4-section15" />for a list.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter4-section15" /> for a list.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section5"> <title>lujvo When specifying a concept that is not found among the gismu (or,= more specifically, when the relevant gismu seems too general in meaning), = a Lojbanist generally attempts to express the concept as a tanru. Lojban ta= nru are an elaboration of the concept of=20 metaphor used in English. In Lojban, any brivla can be = used to modify another brivla. The first of the pair modifies the second. T= his modification is usually restrictive - the modifying brivla reduces the = broader sense of the modified brivla to form a more narrow, concrete, or sp= ecific concept. Modifying brivla may thus be seen as acting like English ad= verbs or adjectives. For example, adverbs adjectives @@ -657,38 +657,38 @@ ship The lujvo representing a given tanru is built from units represe= nting the component gismu. These units are called=20 rafsi in Lojban. Each rafsi represents only one gismu. = The rafsi are attached together in the order of the words in the tanru, occ= asionally inserting so-called=20 hyphen letters to ensure that the pieces stick together= as a single word and cannot accidentally be broken apart into cmavo, gismu= , or other word forms. As a result, each lujvo can be readily and accuratel= y recognized, allowing a listener to pick out the word from a string of spo= ken Lojban, and if necessary, unambiguously decompose the word to a unique = source tanru, thus providing a strong clue to its meaning. word forms The lujvo that can be built from the tanru=20 mamta patfu in=20 - is + is <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e5d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section5-example7" />

mampa'u

which refers specifically to the concept=20 maternal grandfather. The two gismu that constitute the= tanru are represented in=20 mampa'u by the rafsi=20 mam- and=20 -pa'u, respectively; these two rafsi are then concatena= ted together to form=20 mampa'u. Like gismu, lujvo have only one meaning. When a lujvo is formall= y entered into a dictionary of the language, a specific definition will be = assigned based on one particular interrelationship between the terms. (See= =20 - for how this has been done.) Unlike = gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no diffe= rence in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used t= o build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments= , in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even = though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word=20 + for how this has been done.) Unlike= gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no diff= erence in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used = to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environment= s, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even= though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word=20 noisy environments long rafsi brivla, built from the tanru=20 bridi valsi, is the same lujvo as=20 brivalsi,=20 bridyvla, and=20 bridyvalsi, each of which uses a different combination = of rafsi. When assembling rafsi together into lujvo, the rules for valid b= rivla must be followed: a consonant cluster must occur in the first five le= tters (excluding=20 @@ -1012,21 +1012,21 @@ patta'a, because=20 tt is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must = be=20 patyta'a. Similarly, the tanru=20 mudri siclu(=20 wooden whistle) cannot form the lujvo=20 mudsiclu; instead,=20 mudysiclu must be used. (Remember that=20 y is not counted in determining whether the first five = letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.) The=20 y-hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, forme= d by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This pro= cedure was shown, but not explained, in=20 - to=20 + to=20 .) The lujvo forms=20 zunlyjamfu,=20 zunlyjma,=20 zuljamfu, and=20 zuljma are all legitimate and equivalent forms made fro= m the tanru=20 zunle jamfu(=20 left foot). Of these,=20 zuljma is the preferred one since it is the shortest; i= t thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary. The=20 @@ -1098,39 +1098,39 @@ tank tank Sherman tank tank - is particularly no= teworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the=20 + is particularly n= oteworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the=20 zei s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in fact is= not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two componen= ts, but by adding a=20 zei between=20 by. and=20 livgyterbilma to produce <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d17" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section6-example17" />

na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma non-A-non-B-hepatitis hepatitis

the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo o= f=20 - may be preferable,= because its place structure can be built from that of=20 + may be preferable= , because its place structure can be built from that of=20 bilma, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a= brivla must be constructed ad hoc. Note that rafsi may not be used in=20 zei phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look= like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the = two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words o= r in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate = but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts = of lujvo.

fu'ivla The use of tanru or lujvo is not always appropriate for very con= crete or specific terms (e.g.=20 specific terms brie or=20 @@ -1185,21 +1185,21 @@ One of these expedients is often quite sufficient when you need = a word quickly in conversation. (This can make it easier to get by when you= do not yet have full command of the Lojban vocabulary, provided you are ta= lking to someone who will recognize the borrowing.) borrowing Where a little more universality is desired, the word to be borr= owed must be Lojbanized into one of several permitted forms. A rafsi is the= n usually attached to the beginning of the Lojbanized form, using a hyphen = to ensure that the resulting word doesn't fall apart. The rafsi categorizes or limits the meaning of the fu'ivla; othe= rwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other languages wo= uld require the word-inventor to choose which meaning should be assigned to= the fu'ivla, since fu'ivla (like other brivla) are not permitted to have m= ore than one definition. Such a Stage 3 borrowing is the most common kind o= f fu'ivla. jargon borrowing Finally, Stage 4 fu'ivla do not have any rafsi classifier, and a= re used where a fu'ivla has become so common or so important that it must b= e made as short as possible. (See=20 - for a proposal concerning S= tage 4 fu'ivla.) + for a proposal concerning = Stage 4 fu'ivla.) The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gi= smu and the cmavo. Like cultural gismu, fu'ivla are generally based on a wo= rd from a single non-Lojban language. The word is=20 borrowed(actually=20 copied, hence the Lojban tanru=20 fukpi valsi) from the other language and Lojbanized - t= he phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modificati= ons are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form= word. All fu'ivla: must contain a consonant cluster in the first five letters o= f the word; if this consonant cluster is at the beginning, it must either b= e a permissible initial consonant pair, or a longer cluster such that each = pair of adjacent consonants in the cluster is a permissible initial consona= nt pair:=20 spraile is acceptable, but not=20 ktraile or=20 trkaile; @@ -1451,21 +1451,21 @@ Korean (the language) Korean kuln,r,kore,a Korean (the culture) Korean Note the commas in=20 - and=20 + and=20 , used because=20 ea is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some f= orm of the native name=20 Chosen should have been used instead of the internation= ally known=20 Korea; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. I= n general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severel= y impede understanding:=20 borrowings Navajo is far more widely known than=20 Navajo Dine'e. @@ -1514,21 +1514,21 @@ Catherine (Note that syllabic=20 r is skipped in determining the stressed syllable, so= =20 stressed vowel stressed syllable - is stressed on the= =20 + is stressed on the= =20 ka.) <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section8-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter4-section8-example8" />

katis. @@ -1911,21 +1911,21 @@

Considerations for making lujvo Given a tanru which expresses an idea to be used frequently, it = can be turned into a lujvo by following the lujvo-making algorithm which is= given in=20 . In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu wit= h a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attache= d together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognize= d as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way. There are three other complications; only one is serious. The first is that there is usually more than one rafsi that can = be used for each gismu. The one to be used is simply whichever one sounds o= r looks best to the speaker or writer. There are usually many valid combina= tions of possible rafsi. They all are equally valid, and all of them mean e= xactly the same thing. (The scoring algorithm given in=20 - is used to choose the stand= ard form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictionar= y.) + is used to choose the stan= dard form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictiona= ry.) The second complication is the serious one. Remember that a tanr= u is ambiguous - it has several possible meanings. A lujvo, or at least one= that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single meaning. Like a g= ismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area of the semantic uni= verse, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chosen is the most use= ful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of linguistic drift = in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concept that seems the m= ost useful one may change. linguistic drift in Lojban<= /indexterm> linguistic drift You must also be aware of the possibility of some prior meaning = of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for posterity. If a lujvo is = invented which involves the same tanru as one that is in the dictionary, an= d is assigned a different meaning (or even just a different place structure= ), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily bad. Every natural lang= uage does it. But in communication, when you use a meaning different from t= he dictionary definition, someone else may use the dictionary and therefore= misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo=20 linguistic drift za'e(explained in=20 diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index efec91e..d1982bf 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -149,41 +149,41 @@ sutra used to translate an adjective, whereas i= n=20 it is translating = an adverb. (Another correct translation of=20 , however, would be= =20 I am a quick runner.) There are special Lojban terms for the two components of a tanru= , derived from the place structure of the word=20 tanru. The first component is called the=20 seltau, and the second component is called the= =20 tertau. The most important rule for use in interpreting tanru is that th= e tertau carries the primary meaning. A=20 pelnimre tricu is primarily a tree, and only se= condarily is it connected with lemons in some way. For this reason, an alte= rnative translation of=20 - would be: + would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section2-example5" /> That is a lemon type of tree. This=20 type of relationship between the components of a tanru = is fundamental to the tanru concept. We may also say that the seltau modifies the meaning of the tert= au: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section2-example6" /> That is a tree which is lemon-ish (in the way appropriate to t= rees) would be another possible translation of=20 . In the same way, = a more explicit translation of=20 - might be: + might be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section2-example7" /> John is a boy who is big in the way that boys are big. This=20 way that boys are big would be quite different from the= way in which elephants are big; big-for-a-boy is small-for-an-elephant. All tanru are ambiguous semantically. Possible translations of:<= /para> @@ -281,50 +281,50 @@ girl who is small. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is= =20 girls' school to be taken as a unit, with=20 little specifying the type of girls' school? Or is=20 little girl to be taken as a unit, specifying the type = of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or exaggerated spee= ch rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English w= riting usually leaves it unrepresented. speech rhythm tanru groupingwith bo Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit word= s are used to do the work. The cmavo=20 bo(which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between t= he two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban transl= ation of=20 - would be: + would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />

ta cmalu nixli bo ckule That is-a-small girl =E2=80=93 school.

- might be translated= : + might be translate= d: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />

ta cmalu bo nixli ckule That is-a-small =E2=80=93 girl school.

The=20 bo is represented in the literal translation by a hyphe= n because in written English a hyphen is sometimes used for the same purpos= e:=20 a big dog-catcher would be quite different from a=20 big-dog catcher(presumably someone who catches only big= dogs). Analysis of=20 - and=20 - reveals a tanru nes= ted within a tanru. In=20 + and=20 + reveals a tanru ne= sted within a tanru. In=20 , the main tanru ha= s a seltau of=20 cmalu and a tertau of=20 nixli bo ckule; the tertau is itself a tanru with=20 nixli as the seltau and=20 ckule as the tertau. In=20 , on the other hand= , the seltau is=20 cmalu bo nixli(itself a tanru), whereas the tertau is= =20 ckule. This structure of tanru nested within tanru form= s the basis for all the more complex types of selbri that will be explained= below. tanru nested within tanru @@ -337,25 +337,25 @@

ta cmalu nixli ckule That is-a-small girl school.

The rules of Lojban do not leave this sentence ambiguous, as the= rules of English do with=20 . The choice made b= y the language designers is to say that=20 - means the same as= =20 + means the same as= =20 . This is true no m= atter what three brivla are used: the leftmost two are always grouped toget= her. This rule is called the=20 left-grouping rule. Left-grouping in seemingly ambiguou= s structures is quite common - though not universal - in other contexts in = Lojban. Another way to express the English meaning of=20 - and=20 + and=20 , using parentheses= to mark grouping, is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section3-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section3-example8" />

ta cmalu nixli bo ckule @@ -400,21 +400,21 @@ In=20 , the selbri is a t= anru with seltau=20 mutce bo barda and tertau=20 gerku bo kavbu. It is worth emphasizing once again that= this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: t= he sense in which the=20 dog type-of capturer is said to be=20 very type-of large is not precisely specified. Presumab= ly it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his = other properties. We will now justify the title of this chapter by exploring the r= amifications of the phrase=20 pretty little girls' school, an expansion of the tanru = used in=20 pretty little girls' school= - to four brivla. (Although this ex= ample has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it f= irst appeared in Quine's book=20 + to four brivla. (Although this e= xample has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it = first appeared in Quine's book=20 Word and Object(1960) - it is actually a mediocre= example because of the ambiguity of English=20 pretty; it can mean=20 beautiful, the sense intended here, or it can mean=20 very. Lojban=20 melbi is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only= =20 beautiful.) Here are four ways to group this phrase: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e4d2" /> @@ -435,21 +435,21 @@ <en>That is a girls' school which is beautifully small.</en> <jbo>ta melbi cmalu bo nixli ckule</jbo> <gloss>That is-a-(pretty type-of (little type-of girl)) type-of sc= hool.</gloss> <en>That is a school for small girls who are beautiful.</en> <jbo>ta melbi cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo> <gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of (little type-of (girl type-of scho= ol)).</gloss> <en>That is a small school for girls which is beautiful.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />uses a construction= which has not been seen before:=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section4-example5" /> uses a constructio= n which has not been seen before:=20 <quote>cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</quote>, with two consecutive uses of= =20 <quote>bo</quote> between brivla. The rule for multiple=20 <quote>bo</quote> constructions is the opposite of the rule when no=20 <quote>bo</quote> is present at all: the last two are grouped together= . Not surprisingly, this is called the=20 <quote>right-grouping rule</quote>, and it is associated with every us= e of=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>right-grouping rule</primary></indext= erm> <quote>bo</quote> in the language. Therefore,</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-snKn"> <title> @@ -458,22 +458,22 @@

ta cmalu bo nixli bo ckule That is-a-little type-of (girl type-of school).

means the same as=20 , not=20 . This rule may see= m peculiar at first, but one of its consequences is that=20 bo is never necessary between the first two elements of= any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of=20 - through=20 - could have=20 + through=20 + could have=20 bo inserted between=20 melbi and=20 cmalu with no change in meaning.

Complex tanru with=20 <quote>ke</quote> and=20 <quote>ke'e</quote> tanru grouping= with ke The following cmavo are discussed in this section: @@ -490,21 +490,21 @@ There is, in fact, a fifth grouping of=20 pretty little girls' school that cannot be expressed wi= th the resources explained so far. To handle it, we must introduce the grou= ping parentheses cmavo,=20 pretty little girls' school= grouping parentheses ke and=20 ke'e(belonging to selma'o KE and KEhE respectively). An= y portion of a selbri sandwiched between these two cmavo is taken to be a s= ingle tanru component, independently of what is adjacent to it. Thus,=20 - can be rewritten in= any of the following ways: + can be rewritten i= n any of the following ways: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example3" />

@@ -512,66 +512,66 @@ That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school. ta ke ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ke'e ckule That is-a-( ( pretty little ) girl ) school. ta ke ke ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ke'e ckule ke'e That is-a-( ( ( pretty little ) girl ) school ).

Even more versions could be created simply by placing any number= of=20 ke cmavo at the beginning of the selbri, and a like num= ber of=20 ke'e cmavo at its end. Obviously, all of these are a wa= ste of breath once the left-grouping rule has been grasped. However, the fo= llowing is equivalent to=20 - and may be easier t= o understand: + and may be easier = to understand: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example4" />

ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ke'e ckule That is-a-( pretty type-of ( little type-of girl ) ) type-of s= chool.

Likewise, a=20 ke and=20 ke'e version of=20 - would be: + would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example5" />

ta melbi cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] That is-a-(pretty type-of little) ( girl type-of school ).

The final=20 ke'e is given in square brackets here to indicate that = it can be elided. It is always possible to elide=20 square brackets ke'e at the end of the selbri, making=20 - as terse as=20 + as terse as=20 . Now how about that fifth grouping? It is <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example6" />

ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e] That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of = school ). That is a beautiful school for small girls.

- is distinctly diffe= rent in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the= =20 + is distinctly diff= erent in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the= =20 ke ... ke'e parentheses, the left-grouping rule is appl= ied to=20 cmalu nixli ckule. tanru groupingwith ke and bo It is perfectly all right to mix=20 bo and=20 ke ... ke'e in a single selbri. For instance,=20 , which in pure=20 ke ... ke'e form is @@ -720,23 +720,23 @@ definitely refers to something which is both blue and is a house= , and not to any of the other possible interpretations of simple=20 blanu zdani. Furthermore,=20 blanu zdani refers to something which is blue in the wa= y that houses are blue;=20 blanu je zdani has no such implication - the blueness o= f a=20 blanu je zdani is independent of its houseness. With the addition of=20 je, many more versions of=20 pretty little girls' school are made possible: see=20 pretty little girls' school= - for a complete list. + for a complete list. A subtle point in the semantics of tanru like=20 - needs special eluci= dation. There are at least two possible interpretations of: + needs special eluc= idation. There are at least two possible interpretations of: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example8" />

ta melbi je nixli ckule That is-a-(beautiful and girl) type-of school.

@@ -754,46 +754,46 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example10" />

That is a school for things which are both girls and beautifu= l.

The interpretation specified by=20 - treats the tanru as= a sort of abbreviation for: + treats the tanru a= s a sort of abbreviation for: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example11" />

ta ke melbi ckule ke'e je ke nixli ckule [ke'e] That is-a-( beautiful type-of school ) and ( girl type-of scho= ol )

whereas the interpretation specified by=20 - does not. This is = a kind of semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resolu= tion. The way in which the school is said to be of type=20 + does not. This is= a kind of semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resol= ution. The way in which the school is said to be of type=20 beautiful and girl may entail that it is separately a b= eautiful school and a girls' school; but the alternative interpretation, th= at the members of the school are beautiful and girls, is also possible. Sti= ll another interpretation is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d12" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example12" />

That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.

so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of = tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves. In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the = formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives= that exist outside tanru; see=20 - for further details. + for further details. The logical connective=20 je is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that= Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d13" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example13" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d14" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example14" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d15" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example15" /> @@ -863,21 +863,21 @@

ricfu je blanu jabo crino bo blanu jabo rich and (blue or green =E2=80=93 blue) rich and (blue or greenish-blue)

An alternative form of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d19" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example19" />

ricfu je ke blanu ja crino [ke'e] rich and (blue or green)

@@ -890,21 +890,21 @@

ti blanu joi xunre bolci This is-a-(blue and red) ball. blue and red

The ball described is neither solely red nor solely blue, but pr= obably striped or in some other way exhibiting a combination of the two col= ors.=20 - is distinct from:<= /para> + is distinct from:= <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d21" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section6-example21" />

ti blanu xunre bolci This is a bluish-red ball

@@ -1019,21 +1019,21 @@ ti xamgu zdani This is-a-good house. good house This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house. Since=20 xamgu has three places (x1, the good thing; x2, the per= son for whom it is good; and x3, the standard of goodness),=20 - necessarily omits i= nformation about the last two: there is no room for them. Room can be made,= however! + necessarily omits = information about the last two: there is no room for them. Room can be made= , however! <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section7-example2" /> ti xamgu be do bei mi [be'o] zdani This is-a-good (for you by-standard me) house. This is a house that is good for you by my standards. @@ -1166,35 +1166,35 @@

ta blanu be ga'a mi [be'o] zdani That is-a-blue (to-observer me) house. That is a blue, as I see it, house.

The meaning of=20 - is slightly differe= nt from: + is slightly differ= ent from: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section7-example10" />

ta blanu zdani ga'a mi That is-a-blue house to-observer me. That is a blue house, as I see it.

See discussions in=20 - of modals and in=20 - of tenses for more explanations. + of modals and in=20 + of tenses for more explanations. The terminator=20 be'o is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri = belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach t= o the last linked sumti unless=20 linked sumti be'o is used, in which case it will attach to the outer= description: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section7-example11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d12" /> @@ -1240,22 +1240,22 @@ <selmaho>CO</selmaho> <description>tanru inversion marker</description>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> <para>The standard order of Lojban tanru, whereby the modifier precede= s what it modifies, is very natural to English-speakers: we talk of=20 <quote>blue houses</quote>, not of=20 <quote>houses blue</quote>. In other languages, however, such matters = are differently arranged, and Lojban supports this reverse order (tertau be= fore seltau) by inserting the particle=20 <quote>co</quote>.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example1" />and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example2" />mean exactly the sa= me thing:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example1" /> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example2" /> mean exactly the s= ame thing:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-YrRz"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example2" />

ta blanu zdani That is-a-blue type-of-house. @@ -1273,22 +1273,22 @@ zdani in=20 ) is the tertau, an= d the element following=20 co(=20 blanu) in=20 ) is the seltau. The meaning, and more specifically, the place structure, of a ta= nru is not affected by inversion: the place structure of=20 zdani co blanu is still that of=20 zdani. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri = has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of= being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the = places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In=20 , we saw how to fill interio= r places with=20 be ... bei ... be'o, and in fact=20 - and=20 - have the same meani= ng: + and=20 + have the same mean= ing:

mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier. @@ -1296,21 +1296,21 @@ try to go mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house). I try to go to the market from the house. try to go

- is a less deeply ne= sted construction, requiring fewer cmavo. As a result it is probably easier= to understand. + is a less deeply n= ested construction, requiring fewer cmavo. As a result it is probably easie= r to understand. Note that in Lojban=20 trying to go is expressed using=20 troci as the tertau. The reason is that=20 trying to go is a=20 going type of trying, not a=20 trying type of going. The trying is more fundamental th= an the going - if the trying fails, we may not have a going at all. Any sumti which precede a selbri with an inverted tanru fill the= places of the selbri (i.e., the places of the tertau) in the ordinary way.= In=20 inverted tanru ,=20 @@ -1520,33 +1520,33 @@

la djan. go'i troci John [repeat last] are-a-tryer John tries to.

- is short for: + is short for: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section9-example3" />

la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier.

because the whole bridi of=20 - has been packaged u= p into the single word=20 + has been packaged = up into the single word=20 go'i and inserted into=20 . The exceptional member of GOhA is=20 du, which represents the relation of identity. Its plac= e structure is: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOh= A is available in=20 . Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into= selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as=20 @@ -1619,21 +1619,21 @@

ti nu zdile kei kumfa This is-an-event-of amusement room. This is an amusement room.

- is quite distinct i= n meaning from: + is quite distinct = in meaning from: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section9-example9" />

ti zdile kumfa This is-an-amuser room.

@@ -1777,21 +1777,21 @@ re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi Two of the group=20 the three kings and John are white. re me le ci nolraitru me'u .e la djan. cu blabi Two of the three kings, and John, are white. In=20 - the=20 + the=20 me selbri covers the three kings plus John, and the ind= efinite description picks out two of them that are said to be white: we can= not say which two. In=20 omitting terminators ke'e is left out in=20 , it is transforme= d into: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e12d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section12-example10" /> @@ -2135,21 +2135,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section13-example2" />

la djonz. na pamoi cusku Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker It is not true that Jones is the first speaker. Jones isn't the first speaker.

Jones may be the second speaker, or not a speaker at all;=20 - doesn't say. There= are other ways of expressing bridi negation as well; the topic is explaine= d fully in=20 + doesn't say. Ther= e are other ways of expressing bridi negation as well; the topic is explain= ed fully in=20 . Various combinations of tense and bridi negation cmavo are permi= tted. If both are expressed, either order is permissible with no change in = meaning: negation cmavo <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e13d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section13-example3" />

@@ -2198,21 +2198,21 @@

Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear only at the beginnin= g of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it. negation cmavo

Some types of asymmetrical tanru asymmetrical tanru This section and=20 - contain some example tanru = classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modify= ing seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by comp= ounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which f= ollow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. T= he tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the= languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those= tanru with no English parallel) a translation. + contain some example tanru= classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modif= ying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by com= pounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which = follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. = The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of th= e languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for thos= e tanru with no English parallel) a translation. Here are the 3-letter abbreviations used for the various languag= es (it is presumed to be obvious whether a compound is found in English or = not, so English is not explicitly noted): Aba =3D Abazin Kaz =3D Kazakh Chi =3D Chinese Kor =3D Korean Korean Ewe =3D Ewe Mon =3D Mongolian Fin =3D Finnish Qab =3D Qabardian Geo =3D Georgian Que =3D Quechua Gua =3D Guarani Rus =3D Russian diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml index 134add0..7922a37 100644 --- a/todocbook/6.xml +++ b/todocbook/6.xml @@ -74,60 +74,60 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e1d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section1-example2" />

e'osai ko sarji la lojban. Please support Lojban!

- exhibits=20 + exhibits=20 ko, a pro-sumti; and=20 la lojban., a name. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e1d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section1-example3" />

mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu I express=20 Please! to-the reader.

- exhibits=20 + exhibits=20 mi, a pro-sumti;=20 lu e'osai li'u, a quotation; and=20 le tcidu, a description. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e1d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section1-example4" />

ti mitre li ci This measures-in-meters the-number three. This is three meters long.

- exhibits=20 + exhibits=20 ti, a pro-sumti; and=20 li ci, a number. Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the mos= t complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, whic= h are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotati= ons are described in more detail in=20 ,=20 , and=20 - respectively, so this chapter only g= ives summaries of their forms and uses. See=20 - through=20 - for these summaries. + respectively, so this chapter only = gives summaries of their forms and uses. See=20 + through=20 + for these summaries.

The three basic description types The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

le LE the, the one(s) described as @@ -182,87 +182,87 @@ le zarci cu barda One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as=20 markets is/are-big. The market is big. The markets are big. Note that English-speakers must state whether a reference to mar= kets is to just one (=20 the market) or to more than one (=20 the markets). Lojban requires no such forced choice, so= both colloquial translations of=20 - are valid. Only the= context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban h= as no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechanis= m is explained in=20 + are valid. Only th= e context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban = has no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechani= sm is explained in=20 .) Now consider the following strange-looking example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example3" />

le nanmu cu ninmu One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as=20 men are women. The man is a woman. The men are women. The men are women

- is not self-contrad= ictory in Lojban, because=20 + is not self-contra= dictory in Lojban, because=20 le nanmu merely means something or other which, for my = present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really i= s a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man = at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.=20 observation - is what I would say= to point out my observation to you. + is what I would sa= y to point out my observation to you. observation In all descriptions with=20 le, the listener is presumed to either know what I have= in mind or else not to be concerned at present (perhaps I will give more i= dentifying details later). In particular, I might be pointing at the suppos= ed man or men:=20 - would then be perfe= ctly intelligible, since=20 + would then be perf= ectly intelligible, since=20 le nanmu merely clarifies that I am pointing at the sup= posed man, not at a landscape, or a nose, which happens to lie in the same = direction. The second descriptor dealt with in this section is=20 lo. Unlike=20 le,=20 lo is nonspecific: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example4" />

lo zarci one-or-more-of-all-the-things-which-really are-markets a market some markets

Again, there are two colloquial English translations. The effect= of using=20 lo in=20 - is to refer general= ly to one or more markets, without being specific about which. Unlike=20 + is to refer genera= lly to one or more markets, without being specific about which. Unlike=20 le zarci,=20 lo zarci must refer to something which actually is a ma= rket (that is, which can appear in the x1 place of a truthful bridi whose s= elbri is=20 zarci). Thus <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example5" />

lo nanmu cu ninmu Some man is a woman. Some men are women.

must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the = real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or w= omen would not make=20 real world - true, because those= specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In ge= neral,=20 + true, because thos= e specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In g= eneral,=20 lo refers to whatever individuals meet its description.= The last descriptor of this section is=20 la, which indicates that the selbri which follows it ha= s been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Lik= e=20 le descriptions,=20 la descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I ha= ve in mind. (Do not confuse this use of=20 la with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which = is discussed in=20 .) For example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d6" /> @@ -295,21 +295,21 @@ <jbo>la stace pu citka lo cirla</jbo> <en>The-one-called=20 <quote>Honest/Frank</quote> [past] eats some cheese.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>English-speakers typically would not do this, as we tend to be m= ore attached to the sound of our names than their meaning, even if the mean= ing (etymological or current) is known. Speakers of other languages may fee= l differently. (In point of fact,=20 <quote>Frank</quote> originally meant=20 <quote>the free one</quote> rather than=20 <quote>the honest one</quote>.)</para> <para>It is important to note the differences between=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example6" />and the following:<= /para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example6" /> and the following:= </para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-nXyo"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example8" /> le cribe pu finti le lisri One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe-as a-bear [pas= t] creates the story. The bear(s) wrote the story. @@ -320,68 +320,68 @@

lo cribe pu finti le lisri One-or-more-of-the-things-which-really are-bears [past] cre= ates the story. A bear wrote the story. Some bears wrote the story.

- is about a specific= bear or bearlike thing(s), or thing(s) which the speaker (perhaps whimsica= lly or metaphorically) describes as a bear (or more than one);=20 - is about one or mor= e of the really existing, objectively defined bears. In either case, though= , each of them must have contributed to the writing of the story, if more t= han one bear (or=20 + is about a specifi= c bear or bearlike thing(s), or thing(s) which the speaker (perhaps whimsic= ally or metaphorically) describes as a bear (or more than one);=20 + is about one or mo= re of the really existing, objectively defined bears. In either case, thoug= h, each of them must have contributed to the writing of the story, if more = than one bear (or=20 bear) is meant. (The notion of a=20 really existing, objectively defined bear raises certai= n difficulties. Is a panda bear a=20 real bear? How about a teddy bear? In general, the answ= er is=20 yes. Lojban gismu are defined as broadly as possible, a= llowing tanru and lujvo to narrow down the definition. There probably are n= o necessary and sufficient conditions for defining what is and what is not = a bear that can be pinned down with complete precision: the real world is f= uzzy. In borderline cases,=20 real world le may communicate better than=20 lo.) So while=20 - could easily be tru= e (there is a real writer named=20 + could easily be tr= ue (there is a real writer named=20 Greg Bear), and=20 - could be true if th= e speaker is sufficiently peculiar in what he or she describes as a bear,= =20 - is certainly false.= + could be true if t= he speaker is sufficiently peculiar in what he or she describes as a bear,= =20 + is certainly false= . Similarly, compare the following two examples, which are analogo= us to=20 - and=20 - respectively: + and=20 + respectively: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example11" />

le remna pu finti le lisri The human being(s) wrote the story. lo remna pu finti le lisri A human being wrote the story. Some human beings wrote the story.

- says who the autho= r of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has= in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then=20 - identifies the aut= hor as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned;= whereas if the topic is a person, then=20 + says who the auth= or of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker ha= s in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then=20 + identifies the au= thor as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned= ; whereas if the topic is a person, then=20 le remna is in effect a shorthand reference to that per= son.=20 - merely says that t= he author is human. + merely says that = the author is human. The elidable terminator for all descriptions is=20 ku. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of a= mbiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, whic= h are discussed in=20 , and in the case of a description im= mediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit=20 cu before the selbri makes the=20 ku unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of=20 ku: in the compound negator=20 naku(discussed in=20 ) and to terminate place-structure, = tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in=20 - and=20 + and=20 ).

Individuals and masses The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

lei LE the mass I describe as @@ -395,44 +395,44 @@ lai LA the mass of those named

All Lojban sumti are classified by whether they refer to one of = three types of objects, known as=20 individuals,=20 masses, and=20 sets. The term=20 individual is misleading when used to refer to more tha= n one object, but no less-confusing term has as yet been found. All the des= criptions in=20 - and=20 - refer to individuals, whethe= r one or more than one. Consider the following example: + and=20 + refer to individuals, wheth= er one or more than one. Consider the following example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e3d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example1" />

le prenu cu bevri le pipno One-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.= carry the piano The person(s) carry the piano. carry the piano

(Of course the second=20 le should really get the same translation as the first,= but I am putting the focus of this discussion on the first=20 le, the one preceding=20 prenu. I will assume that there is only one piano under= discussion.) Suppose the context of=20 - is such that you ca= n determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I am= claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can = be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in = a variety of other ways. But in order for=20 - to be true, I must = be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 car= ried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano. + is such that you c= an determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I a= m claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can= be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in= a variety of other ways. But in order for=20 + to be true, I must= be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 ca= rried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano. But suppose I am not willing to claim that. For in fact pianos a= re heavy, and very few persons can carry a piano all by themselves. The mos= t likely factual situation is that person 1 carried one end of the piano, a= nd person 2 the other end, while person 3 either held up the middle or else= supervised the whole operation without actually lifting anything. The corr= ect way of expressing such a situation in Lojban is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e3d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example2" />

lei prenu cu bevri le pipno The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry t= he piano. @@ -464,37 +464,37 @@ The lion dwells in Africa. Lions dwell in Africa.

The difference between=20 lei and=20 loi is that=20 lei cinfo refers to a mass of specific individuals whic= h the speaker calls lions, whereas=20 loi cinfo refers to some part of the mass of all those = individuals which actually are lions. The restriction to=20 some part of the mass allows statements like=20 - to be true even tho= ugh some lions do not dwell in Africa - they live in various zoos around th= e world. On the other hand,=20 - doesn't actually sa= y that most lions live in Africa: equally true is + to be true even th= ough some lions do not dwell in Africa - they live in various zoos around t= he world. On the other hand,=20 + doesn't actually s= ay that most lions live in Africa: equally true is <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e3d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example4" />

loi glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-English-persons<= /gloss> dwell in-the African-land. The English dwell in Africa.

since there is at least one English person living there.=20 - explains another method of s= aying what is usually meant by=20 + explains another method of = saying what is usually meant by=20 The lion lives in Africa which does imply that living i= n Africa is normal, not exceptional, for lions. Note that the Lojban mass articles are sometimes translated by E= nglish plurals (the most usual case), sometimes by English singulars (when = the singular is used to express typicalness or abstraction), and sometimes = by singulars with no article: articles article <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e3d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example5" /> @@ -535,21 +535,21 @@ <quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the nearby book.</gloss> <en>The Bears wrote this book.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>in a context where=20 <quote>la cribe</quote> would be understood as plural, would mean that= either Tom Bear or Fred Bear (to make up some names) might have written th= e book, or that Tom and Fred might have written it as collaborators. Using= =20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm> <quote>la</quote> instead of=20 <quote>lai</quote> in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example6" />would give the impl= ication that each of Tom and Fred, considered individually, had written it.= </para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example6" /> would give the imp= lication that each of Tom and Fred, considered individually, had written it= .</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section4"> <title>Masses and sets The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

le'i LE the set described as @@ -781,22 +781,22 @@

do cadzu le bisli You walk-on the ice. re do cadzu le bisli Two-of you walk-on the ice.

The difference between=20 - and=20 - is the presence of = the explicit quantifier=20 + and=20 + is the presence of= the explicit quantifier=20 re in the latter example. Although=20 re by itself means=20 two, when used as a quantifier it means=20 two-of. Out of the group of listeners (the number of wh= ich isn't stated), two (we are not told which ones) are asserted to be=20 walkers on the ice. Implicitly, the others (if any) are= not walkers on the ice. In Lojban, you cannot say=20 I own three shoes if in fact you own four shoes. Number= s need never be specified, but if they are specified they must be correct.<= /para> (This rule does not mean that there is no way to specify a numbe= r which is vague. The sentence <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d3" /> @@ -807,22 +807,22 @@ <en>I possess at-least three shoes.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>is true if you own three shoes, or four, or indeed any larger nu= mber. More details on vague numbers appear in the discussion of mathematica= l expressions in=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>vague numbers</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary></i= ndexterm> <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter18" />.)</para> <para>Now consider=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example1" />again. How many of = the listeners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: a= ll of them, however many that is. So=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example1" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example1" /> again. How many of= the listeners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: = all of them, however many that is. So=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example1" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example4" />:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-0qr0"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example4" /> ro do cadzu le bisli All-of you walk-on the ice. @@ -862,29 +862,29 @@

mi cusku ro lu do cadzu le bisli li'u I express all-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].

the meaning would be something like=20 I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences.= One might suppose that=20 - means that I expres= s exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspe= cified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it = at least once. + means that I expre= ss exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unsp= ecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it= at least once. The Lojban cmavo meaning=20 at least is=20 su'o, and if no ordinary number follows,=20 su'o means=20 at least once. (See=20 - for the use of=20 + for the use of=20 su'o with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitl= y quantified version of=20 - is + is <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section6-example7" />

mi cusku su'o lu do cadzu le bisli li'u I express at-least-one-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unqu= ote]. I say one or more instances of=20 You walk on the ice. @@ -926,36 +926,36 @@ re le gerku cu blabi Two-of the dogs are-white. Two of the dogs are white.

When discussing descriptions, this ordinary quantifier is called= an=20 outer quantifier, since it appears outside the descript= ion. But there is another possible location for a quantifier: between the d= escriptor and the selbri. This quantifier is called an=20 inner quantifier, and its meaning is quite different: i= t tells the listener how many objects the description selbri characterizes.= For example, the context of=20 - supposedly told us = that=20 + supposedly told us= that=20 le gerku referred to some three specific dogs. This ass= umption can be made certain with the use of an explicit inner quantifier: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e7d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section7-example2" />

re le ci gerku cu blabi Two-of the three dogs are-white. Two of the three dogs are white.

(As explained in the discussion of=20 , simple numbers li= ke those in=20 - must be exact: it t= herefore follows that the third dog cannot be white.) + must be exact: it = therefore follows that the third dog cannot be white.) You may also specify an explicit inner quantifier and leave the = outer quantifier implicit: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e7d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section7-example3" />

le ci gerku cu blabi The three dogs are-white. The three dogs are white. @@ -1118,44 +1118,44 @@

ci lo [ro] gerku cu blabi Three-of those-which-are [all] dogs are-white. Three dogs are white.

looks very peculiar. Why is the number=20 ci found as an inner quantifier in=20 - and as an outer qua= ntifier in=20 + and as an outer qu= antifier in=20 ? The number of dog= s is the same in either case. The answer is that the=20 ci in=20 - is part of the spec= ification: it tells us the actual number of dogs in the group that the spea= ker has in mind. In=20 + is part of the spe= cification: it tells us the actual number of dogs in the group that the spe= aker has in mind. In=20 , however, the dogs= referred to by=20 ... lo gerku are all the dogs that exist: the outer qua= ntifier then restricts the number to three; which three, we cannot tell. Th= e implicit quantifiers are chosen to avoid claiming too much or too little:= in the case of=20 le, the implicit outer quantifier=20 ro says that each of the dogs in the restricted group i= s white; in the case of=20 lo, the implicit inner quantifier simply says that thre= e dogs, chosen from the group of all the dogs there are, are white. Using exact numbers as inner quantifiers in lo-series descriptio= ns is dangerous, because you are stating that exactly that many things exis= t which really fit the description. So examples like <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e7d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section7-example6" />

[so'o] lo ci gerku cu blabi so'o [some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white

are semantically anomalous;=20 - claims that some do= g (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the univer= se! + claims that some d= og (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the unive= rse! Nevertheless, inner quantifiers are permitted on=20 lo descriptors for consistency's sake, and may occasion= ally be useful. Note that the inner quantifier of=20 le, even when exact, need not be truthful:=20 le ci nanmu means=20 what I describe as three men, not=20 three of what I describe as men. This follows from the = rule that what is described by a=20 le description represents the speaker's viewpoint rathe= r than the objective way things are.

@@ -1181,21 +1181,21 @@ sumti-based description le re do, says that of the two listeners, all (the impl= icit outer quantifier=20 ro) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier=20 re gives the number of individuals which the inner sumt= i=20 inner sumti do refers to. Here is another group of examples: @@ -1263,23 +1263,23 @@ three bears pa le re le ci cribe cu bunre One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown. three bears In each case,=20 le ci cribe restricts the bears (or alleged bears) bein= g talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.=20 - says that two of th= em (which two is not stated) are brown.=20 - says that a specifi= c pair of them are brown.=20 - says that of a spec= ific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is = brown. + says that two of t= hem (which two is not stated) are brown.=20 + says that a specif= ic pair of them are brown.=20 + says that of a spe= cific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is= brown.

sumti qualifiers The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

la'e LAhE something referred to by @@ -1353,21 +1353,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section10-example1" />

mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].

But=20 - doesn't work: it s= ays that you see a piece of text=20 + doesn't work: it = says that you see a piece of text=20 The Red Pony. That might be all right if you were looki= ng at the cover of the book, where the words=20 Red Pony The Red Pony are presumably written. (More precisely, w= here the words=20 Red Pony le xunre cmaxirma are written =E2=80=93 but we may supp= ose the book has been translated into Lojban.) What you really want to say is: @@ -1377,21 +1377,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>mi viska le selsinxa be lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo> <en>I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse [un= quote].</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>The x2 place of=20 <quote>selsinxa</quote>(the x1 place of=20 <quote>sinxa</quote>) is a sign or symbol, and the x1 place of=20 <quote>selsinxa</quote>(the x2 place of=20 <quote>sinxa</quote>) is the thing represented by the sign.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section10-example2" />allows us to use a= symbol (namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol = of (namely the book itself).</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section10-example2" /> allows us to use = a symbol (namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol= of (namely the book itself).</para> <para>This operation turns out to be needed often enough that it's use= ful to be able to say:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-Ajty"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section10-example3" />

mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u] lu'u @@ -1454,21 +1454,21 @@

mi troci tu'a le vorme I try some-abstraction-about the door. I try (to open) the door.

- might mean that I = try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague= . + might mean that I= try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vagu= e. Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo=20 ri, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means=20 the thing last mentioned; it is equivalent to repeating= the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explai= ned in more detail in=20 . <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section10-example7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section10-example8" /> @@ -1645,33 +1645,33 @@ <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section11-example7" />

co'o la bab. .e la noras. Goodbye, Bob and Nora.

- is thus the same a= s: + is thus the same = as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section11-example8" />

coi le xunre pastu nixli Hello, the-one-described-as red-dress girl!

and=20 - is the same as: + is the same as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section11-example9" />

doi la djan. The-one-named John!

@@ -1683,22 +1683,22 @@ ordinals free modifiers - metalinguistic comments - see=20 - or reciprocals - see=20 ) which must be properly separated.<= /para> The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is no= t affected by its position in the sentence: thus=20 vocative phrase - and=20 - mean the same thi= ng: + and=20 + mean the same th= ing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section11-example10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section11-example11" />

doi djan. ko klama mi John, come to me! @@ -1707,34 +1707,34 @@

As usual for this chapter, the full syntax of vocative phrases h= as not been explained: relative clauses, discussed in=20 , make for more possibilities.

Lojban names Names have been used freely as sumti throughout this chapter wit= hout too much explanation. The time for the explanation has now come. First of all, there are two different kinds of things usually ca= lled=20 names when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates = of=20 - are just ordinary predicates= which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a c= lass of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recog= nized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some ex= amples: + are just ordinary predicate= s which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a = class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be reco= gnized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some e= xamples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example1" />

djan. meris. djein. .alis. John. Mary. Jane. Alice.

(Note that=20 .alis. begins as well as ends with a pause, because all= Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See=20 - for more information.) + for more information.) Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a= vocative phrase (see=20 vocative phrase ) they indicate who the lis= tener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely=20 la,=20 lai, or=20 la'i, they form sumti which refer to the persons or thi= ngs known by the name. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d2" /> @@ -1751,26 +1751,26 @@ <en>The Joneses go to the store.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example2" />, the significance= is that all the persons (perhaps only one) I mean to refer to by the name= =20 <quote>djonz.</quote> are going to the store. In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example3" />, the Joneses are = massified, and only some part of them needs to be going. Of course, by=20 <quote>djonz.</quote> I can mean whomever I want: that person need not= use the name=20 <quote>djonz.</quote> at all.</para> <para>The sumti in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example2" />and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example3" />operate exactly li= ke the similar uses of=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example2" /> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example3" /> operate exactly l= ike the similar uses of=20 <quote>la</quote> and=20 <quote>lai</quote> in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example6" />and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example6" />respectively. The o= nly difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words.= And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these = three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can= be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section2-example6" /> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section3-example6" /> respectively. The = only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words= . And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these= three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former ca= n be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>name-words</primary></indexterm> <para>There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojba= n. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequen= ces)=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>name-words</primary></indexterm> <quote>la</quote>,=20 <quote>lai</quote>, or=20 <quote>doi</quote> unless a consonant immediately precedes within the = name. Reciprocally, every name not preceded by=20 <quote>la</quote>,=20 <quote>lai</quote>,=20 @@ -1786,21 +1786,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>coi .djan.</jbo> <en>Hello, John.</en> <jbo>zo .djan. cmene mi</jbo> <gloss>The-word=20 <quote>John</quote> is-the-name-of me.</gloss> <en>My name is John.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>In=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example4" />and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example4" /> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example5" />,=20 <quote>.djan.</quote> appears with a pause before it as well as after = it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These = rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stream.</par= a> <para>Unless some other rule prevents it (such as the rule that=20 <quote>zo</quote> is always followed by a single word, which is quoted= ), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each with its = terminating pause:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-cw3p"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section12-example6" />

@@ -2085,21 +2085,21 @@

The implicit quantifier for metalinguistic pro-sumti is=20 metalinguistic pro-sumti su'o(at least one), because they are considered analogo= us to=20 lo descriptions: they refer to things which really are = previous, current, or following utterances. The relative pro-sumti (=20 relative pro-sumti ke'a) is used within relative clauses (see=20 - for a discussion of relative clauses)= to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to. + for a discussion of relative clauses= ) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e13d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section13-example9" />

mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a loi slasi I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/t= hem (the cats) from-a-mass-of plastic. @@ -2168,21 +2168,21 @@ mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u I say the-words [quote]=20 li mi [unquote]. I say=20 li mi.

Note that the translation of=20 - does not translate= the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fa= ct, they are ungrammatical). + does not translat= e the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in f= act, they are ungrammatical). Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban word. Compound cmav= o are not allowed. word quotation <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section14-example3" />

mi cusku zo .ai @@ -2229,22 +2229,22 @@ 2 + 2 li .abu bopi'i xy. bote'a re su'i by. bopi'i xy. su'i cy. the-number a times x to-power 2 plus b times x plus c ax

An alternative to=20 li is=20 me'o, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions beginning = with=20 me'o refer to the actual expression, rather than its va= lue. Thus=20 - and=20 - above have the sam= e meaning, the number four, whereas + and=20 + above have the sa= me meaning, the number four, whereas <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e15d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter6-section15-example4" />

me'o vo the-expression four 4 diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index 0d223db..8a35add 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -37,22 +37,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section1-example3" />

John picked up a stick and shook a stick.

- does not imply that= the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas=20 - requires that they = are. + does not imply tha= t the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas=20 + requires that they= are. In Lojban, we have sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of= pronouns are called by the hybrid term=20 nouns pro-sumti. A purely Lojban term would be=20 sumti cmavo: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo belonging t= o selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmavo (belon= ging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These may be cal= led=20 pro-bridi or=20 bridi cmavo. This chapter explains the uses of all the = members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups, known = as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-series, the k= o'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of pro-sumt= i is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi, it is = explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-bridi analog= ues, however. A few technical terms: The term=20 technical terms @@ -299,21 +299,21 @@ this boat

does not mean=20 this boat but rather=20 this boat this one's boat,=20 the boat associated with this thing, as explained in=20 . A correct Lojban translation of=20 - is + is <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e3d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section3-example2" /> le vi bloti the here boat the nearby boat @@ -369,42 +369,42 @@

You don't like cats. That is untrue.

Here=20 that does not refer to something that can be pointed to= , but to the preceding sentence=20 You don't like cats. In Lojban, therefore,=20 - is rendered: + is rendered: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section4-example2" />

do na nelci loi mlatu .i di'u jitfa jufra You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-= false-sentence.

Using=20 ta instead of=20 di'u would cause the listener to look around to see wha= t the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to. As with=20 ti,=20 ta, and=20 tu, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a clos= e utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either i= n the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the=20 i/=20 a/=20 u vowel convention of the demonstratives in=20 - without causing collisions w= ith other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique=20 + without causing collisions = with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique=20 i/=20 e/=20 a convention in the first vowel of the cmavo. Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been= said), so=20 di'e,=20 di'e de'e, and=20 de'e @@ -420,21 +420,21 @@ la saimn. cusku di'e di'e Simon expresses the-following-utterance. Simon says: Simon says - would typically be = followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of = something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would = appear after=20 + would typically be= followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of= something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would= appear after=20 , and so=20 di'e is appropriate. di'e The remaining two cmavo,=20 dei and=20 do'i, refer respectively to the very utterance that the= speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance uttered by= someone at some time: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d4" /> @@ -468,21 +468,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section4-example6" />

mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.= I love Jane, and I like that.

The effect of=20 la'e di'u in=20 - is that the speaker= likes, not the previous sentence, but rather the state of affairs referred= to by the previous sentence, namely his loving Jane. This cmavo compound i= s often written as a single word:=20 + is that the speake= r likes, not the previous sentence, but rather the state of affairs referre= d to by the previous sentence, namely his loving Jane. This cmavo compound = is often written as a single word:=20 la'edi'u. It is important not to mix up=20 la'edi'u di'u and=20 la'edi'u, or the wrong meaning will generally result: la'edi'u <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d7" /> @@ -523,21 +523,21 @@ goi GOI pro-sumti assignment  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary></index= term> cei CEI pro-bridi assignment  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary></indexte= rm> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section2" />may have seemed incomplete. = In English, the personal pronouns include not only=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section2" /> may have seemed incomplete.= In English, the personal pronouns include not only=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>personal pronouns</primary></indexter= m> <quote>I</quote> and=20 <quote>you</quote> but also=20 <quote>he</quote>,=20 <quote>she</quote>,=20 <quote>it</quote>, and=20 <quote>they</quote>. Lojban does have equivalents of this latter group= : in fact, it has more of them than English does. However, they are organiz= ed and used very differently.</para> <para>There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assigned= freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word=20 <quote>he</quote> can refer only to males,=20 @@ -554,21 +554,21 @@ <en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>The English gloss=20 <quote>it-1</quote>, plus knowledge about the real world, would tend t= o make English-speakers believe that=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm> <quote>ko'a</quote> refers to the store; in other words, that its ante= cedent is=20 <quote>le zarci</quote>. To a Lojbanist, however,=20 <quote>la .alis.</quote> is just as likely an antecedent, in which cas= e=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section5-example1" />means that Alice, n= ot the store, is blue.</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section5-example1" /> means that Alice, = not the store, is blue.</para> <para>To avoid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the = cmavo=20 <quote>goi</quote>:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-duGR"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section5-example2" />

la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue. @@ -590,22 +590,22 @@ la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.

in other words,=20 goi is symmetrical. There is a terminator,=20 ge'u(of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable.= The details are in=20 . The afterthought form of=20 goi shown in=20 - and=20 - is probably most co= mmon in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance t= hat we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,=20 + and=20 + is probably most c= ommon in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance = that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,=20 ko'a may be assigned at the point where Alice is first = mentioned. An example of this forethought form of=20 goi is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section5-example4" />

la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue. @@ -796,41 +796,41 @@

la .alis. sipna le ri kumfa Alice sleeps-in the of-[repeat last sumti] room. Alice sleeps in her room.

The=20 ri in=20 - is equivalent to re= peating the last sumti, which is=20 + is equivalent to r= epeating the last sumti, which is=20 la .alis., so=20 - is equivalent to: + is equivalent to:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section6-example2" />

la .alis. sipna le la .alis. kumfa Alice sleeps-in the of-Alice room. Alice sleeps in Alice's room.

Note that=20 ri does not repeat=20 le ri kumfa, because that sumti is not yet complete whe= n=20 ri appears. This prevents=20 ri from getting entangled in paradoxes of self-referenc= e. (There are plenty of other ways to do that!) Note also that sumti within= other sumti, as in quotations, abstractions, and the like, are counted in = the order of their beginnings; thus a lower level sumti like=20 la alis. in=20 - is considered to be= more recent than a higher level sumti that contains it. + is considered to b= e more recent than a higher level sumti that contains it. Certain sumti are ignored by=20 ri; specifically, most of the other cmavo of KOhA, and = the almost-grammatically-equivalent lerfu words of selma'o BY. It is simple= r just to repeat these directly: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section6-example3" />

mi prami mi I love me. @@ -933,22 +933,22 @@

la .alis. klama le zarci .i ri goi ko'a blanu Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 = is-blue.

allows the store to be referred to henceforth as=20 ko'a without ambiguity.=20 - is equivalent to=20 - and eliminates any = possibility of=20 + is equivalent to= =20 + and eliminates any= possibility of=20 ko'a being interpreted by the listener as referring to = Alice. The cmavo=20 go'i,=20 go'a, and=20 go'a go'u follow exactly the same rules as=20 go'u ri,=20 @@ -966,21 +966,21 @@ xu zo djan. cmene do .i go'i [True-false?] The-word=20 John is-the-name of you? [repeat last bridi]. Is John your name? Yes. mi klama le zarci .i do go'i I go-to the store. You [repeat last bridi]. I go to the store. You, too. Note that=20 - means the same as= =20 + means the same as= =20 , but without the b= other of assigning an actual broda-series word to the first bridi. For long= -term reference, use=20 go'i cei broda or the like, analogously to=20 go'e @@ -1299,21 +1299,21 @@

loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass= -of cells

because the=20 zo'e, expressed or understood, in=20 - indicates that ther= e is still a=20 + indicates that the= re is still a=20 maker in this relationship. We do not generally suppose= , however, that someone=20 makes living things from cells. The best answer is prob= ably to find a different selbri, one which does not imply a=20 living things maker: however, an alternative strategy is to use=20 zi'o to eliminate the maker place: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e7d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example3" /> @@ -1345,24 +1345,24 @@ <en>The building is made out of wood.</en> <jbo>mi zbasu zi'o loi mudri</jbo> <gloss>I make [without-thing-made] from-some-of-the-mass-of wood.<= /gloss> <en>I build using wood.</en> <jbo>mi zbasu le dinju zi'o</jbo> <gloss>I make the building [without-material].</gloss> <en>I make the building.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>If=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example4" />is true, then=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example5" />through=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example7" />must be true also. = However,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example3" />does not correspond= to any sentence with three regular (non-=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example4" /> is true, then=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example5" /> through=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example7" /> must be true also.= However,=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter7-section7-example3" /> does not correspon= d to any sentence with three regular (non-=20 <quote>zi'o</quote>) sumti.</para> <para>The pro-bridi=20 <quote>co'e</quote>(which by itself constitutes the co'e-series of sel= ma'o GOhA) represents the elliptical selbri. Lojban grammar does not allow = the speaker to merely omit a selbri from a bridi, although any or all sumti= may be freely omitted. Being vague about a relationship requires the use o= f=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <quote>co'e</quote> as a selbri place-holder:</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-uy9R"> <title> @@ -1564,21 +1564,21 @@

do mo What predicate is true as applied to you? How are you? What are you doing? What are you?

- is a truly pregnant= question that will have several meanings depending on context. + is a truly pregnan= t question that will have several meanings depending on context. (One thing it probably does not mean is=20 Who are you? in the sense=20 What is your name/identity?, which is better expressed = by: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section9-example3" />

ma cmene do @@ -1671,21 +1671,21 @@ I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] makes a-mass-of plastic I see a cat that makes plastic.

The anaphora cmavo=20 anaphora ri cannot be used in place of=20 ke'a in=20 - and=20 + and=20 , because the rela= tivized sumti is not yet complete when the=20 relativized sumti ke'a appears. Note that=20 ke'a is used only with relative clauses, and not with o= ther embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative = clauses within relative clauses,=20 ke'a may be subscripted to make the difference clear (s= ee=20 ).

@@ -1751,21 +1751,21 @@ bu'a GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-1 bu'e GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-2 bu'e bu'i GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-3 bu'i Bound variables belong to the predicate-logic part of Lojban, an= d are listed here for completeness only. Their semantics is explained in=20 . It is worth mentioning that the Lo= jban translation of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e12d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section12-example1" /> la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did some= thing-1. John picked up a stick and shook it. @@ -1851,42 +1851,42 @@

ko'a mintu le nanmu mintu It-1 is-the-same-as the man

is this defining nature.=20 - presumes that the = speaker is responding to a request for information about what=20 + presumes that the= speaker is responding to a request for information about what=20 ko'a refers to, or that the speaker in some way feels t= he need to define=20 ko'a for later reference. A bridi with=20 du is an identity sentence, somewhat metalinguistically= saying that all attached sumti are representations for the same referent. = There may be any number of sumti associated with=20 du, and all are said to be identical. , however, predica= tes; it is used to make a claim about the identity of=20 ko'a, which presumably has been defined previously. Note:=20 du historically is derived from=20 dunli, but=20 dunli dunli has a third place which=20 dunli du lacks: the standard of equality.

lujvo based on pro-sumti There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but = they are rarely used. (See=20 - for a complete list.) The o= bvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate plac= e of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually s= tand as the first rafsi in their lujvo. + for a complete list.) The = obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate pla= ce of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually = stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo. Thus=20 donta'a, meaning=20 you-talk, would be interpreted as=20 you-talk tavla be do, and would have the place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter7-section15-example1" /> diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml index a4a89cb..4255072 100644 --- a/todocbook/8.xml +++ b/todocbook/8.xml @@ -79,21 +79,21 @@ <en>This nose is big.</en> <jbo>ti poi ke'a nazbi kapkevna ku'o cu barda</jbo> <gloss>This-thing such-that-(IT is-a-nose-type-of skin-hole) is-bi= g.</gloss> <gloss>These things which are nose-pores are big.</gloss> <en>These nose-pores are big.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>In the literal translations throughout this chapter, the word=20 <quote>IT</quote>, capitalized, is used to represent the cmavo=20 <quote>ke'a</quote>. In each case, it serves to represent the sumti (i= n=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example2" />through=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example2" /> through=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example4" />, the cmavo=20 <quote>ti</quote>) to which the relative clause is attached.</para> <para>Of course, there is no reason why=20 <quote>ke'a</quote> needs to appear in the x1 place of a relative clau= se bridi; it can appear in any place, or indeed even in a sub-bridi within = the relative clause bridi. Here are two more examples:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-2HcI"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example6" /> @@ -135,21 +135,21 @@ <interlinear-gloss> <jbo>tu poi le mlatu pu lacpu cu ratcu</jbo> <en>That-distant-thing which the cat [past] drags is-a-rat</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>is equivalent to=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example4" />.</para> <para>As stated before,=20 <quote>ku'o</quote> is an elidable terminator, and in fact it is almos= t always elidable. Throughout the rest of this chapter,=20 <quote>ku'o</quote> will not be written in any of the examples unless = it is absolutely required: thus,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example2" />can be written:</pa= ra> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example2" /> can be written:</p= ara> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-MtNs"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example9" /> ti poi prenu cu barda That which is-a-person is-big. That person is big. @@ -175,23 +175,23 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section1-example11" />

The building that the school was located in is large.

In=20 - the relative claus= e is=20 + the relative clau= se is=20 who was going to the store, and in=20 - it is=20 + it is=20 that the school was located in. Sometimes=20 who,=20 which, and=20 that are used in literal translations in this chapter i= n order to make them read more smoothly.

Incidental relative clauses The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

@@ -201,21 +201,21 @@ incidental relative clause<= /indexterm>

There are two basic kinds of relative clauses: restrictive relat= ive clauses introduced by=20 restrictive relative clauses poi, and incidental (sometimes called simply=20 non-restrictive) relative clauses introduced by=20 noi. The difference between restrictive and incidental = relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information that is es= sential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are attached= , whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional information which = is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the referen= t of the sumti. All of the examples in=20 - are restrictive relative cla= uses: the information in the relative clause is essential to identification= . (The title of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.)<= /para> + are restrictive relative cl= auses: the information in the relative clause is essential to identificatio= n. (The title of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.)= restrictive relative clauses incidental relative clause<= /indexterm> Consider the following examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e2d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section2-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e2d2" /> @@ -270,57 +270,57 @@ <jbo>xu do viska le mi karce noi blabi</jbo> <gloss>[True?] You see my car incidentally-which is-white.</gloss> <en>Do you see my car, which is white?</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section2-example4" />, the speaker is pr= esumed to have only one car, and is providing incidental information that i= t is white. (Alternatively, he or she might have more than one car, since= =20 <quote>le karce</quote> can be plural, in which case the incidental in= formation is that each of them is white.) Contrast=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section2-example5" />with a restrictive = relative clause:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section2-example5" /> with a restrictive= relative clause:</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary>= </indexterm> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-0qU1"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e2d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section2-example5" />

xu do viska le mi karce poi blabi [True?] You see my car which is-white. Do you see my car that is white? Do you see my white car?

Here the speaker probably has several cars, and is restricting t= he referent of the sumti=20 le mi karce(and thereby the listener's attention) to th= e white one only.=20 - means much the same= as=20 + means much the sam= e as=20 , which does not us= e a relative clause: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e2d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section2-example6" />

xu do viska le mi blabi karce [True?] You see my white car. Do you see my car, the white one?

So a restrictive relative clause attached to a description can o= ften mean the same as a description involving a tanru. However,=20 restrictive relative clause= blabi karce, like all tanru, is somewhat vague: in prin= ciple, it might refer to a car which carries white things, or even express = some more complicated concept involving whiteness and car-ness; the restric= tive relative clause of=20 restrictive relative clause= - can only refer to a= car which is white, not to any more complex or extended concept. + can only refer to = a car which is white, not to any more complex or extended concept.

Relative phrases The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pe GOI restrictive association @@ -381,45 +381,45 @@ le stizu pe mi cu blanu The chair associated-with me is-blue. My chair is blue. le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu The chair such-that( IT is-associated-with me) is-blue. In=20 - and=20 + and=20 , the link between = the chair and the speaker is of the loosest kind. Here is an example of=20 po: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section3-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section3-example4" />

le stizu po mi cu xunre The chair specific-to me is red. le stizu poi ke'a se steci srana mi cu xunre The chair such-that (IT is-specifically associated-with me) is= -red.

- and=20 - contrast with=20 - and=20 + and=20 + contrast with=20 + and=20 : the chair is more= permanently connected with the speaker. A plausible (though not the only p= ossible) contrast between=20 - and=20 - is that=20 + and=20 + is that=20 pe mi would be appropriate for a chair the speaker is c= urrently sitting on (whether or not the speaker owned that chair), and=20 po mi for a chair owned by the speaker (whether or not = he or she was currently occupying it). As a result, the relationship expressed between two sumti by=20 po is usually called=20 possession, although it does not necessarily imply owne= rship, legal or otherwise. The central concept is that of specificity (=20 specificity steci in Lojban). Here is an example of=20 po'e, as well as another example of=20 @@ -440,43 +440,43 @@ po'e The arm intrinsically-possessed-by me is-broken le birka poi jinzi ke se steci srana mi cu spofu The arm which is-intrinsically (specifically associated-with) = me is-broken. le botpi po mi cu spofu The bottle specific-to me is-broken - and=20 - on the one hand, an= d=20 - on the other, illus= trate the contrast between two types of possession called=20 + and=20 + on the one hand, a= nd=20 + on the other, illu= strate the contrast between two types of possession called=20 intrinsic and=20 extrinsic, or sometimes=20 inalienable and=20 inalienable alienable, respectively. Something is intrinsically (or= inalienably) possessed by someone if the possession is part of the possess= or, and cannot be changed without changing the possessor. In the case of=20 , people are usuall= y taken to intrinsically possess their arms: even if an arm is cut off, it = remains the arm of that person. (If the arm is transplanted to another pers= on, however, it becomes intrinsically possessed by the new user, though, so= intrinsic possession is a matter of degree.) po'e intrinsic possession By contrast, the bottle of=20 - can be given away, = or thrown away, or lost, or stolen, so it is possessed extrinsically (alien= ably). The exact line between intrinsic and extrinsic possession is cultura= lly dependent. The U.S. Declaration of Independence speaks of the=20 + can be given away,= or thrown away, or lost, or stolen, so it is possessed extrinsically (alie= nably). The exact line between intrinsic and extrinsic possession is cultur= ally dependent. The U.S. Declaration of Independence speaks of the=20 extrinsic possession inalienable rights of men, but just what those rights a= re, and even whether the concept makes sense at all, varies from culture to= culture. inalienable Note that=20 - can also be express= ed without a relative clause: + can also be expres= sed without a relative clause: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section3-example8" />

le birka be mi cu spofu The arm of-body me is broken

@@ -506,21 +506,21 @@ The cmavo=20 po'u does not represent possession at all, but rather i= dentity. (Note that it means=20 poi du and its form was chosen to suggest the relations= hip.) In=20 , the use of=20 po'u tells us that=20 le gerku and=20 le mi pendo represent the same thing. Consider the cont= rast between=20 - and: + and: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section3-example11" />

le mi pendo po'u le gerku cu cinba mi My friend which-is the dog kisses me.

@@ -556,22 +556,22 @@ The cup associated-with my friend is small. My friend's cup is small friend's cup le mi pendo pe le kabri cu cmalu My friend associated-with the cup is small. My friend, the one with the cup, is small. - is useful in a con= text which is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, whe= reas=20 - is useful in a con= text that is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about=20 + is useful in a co= ntext which is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, wh= ereas=20 + is useful in a co= ntext that is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about=20 my friend of the cup, as opposed to some other friend o= f mine. Here the cup appears to=20 possess the person! English can't even express this rel= ationship with a possessive -=20 the cup's friend of mine looks like nonsense - but Lojb= an has no trouble doing so. cup's friend Finally, the cmavo=20 ne and=20 no'u stand to=20 my chair - illustrates that mo= re than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with=20 + illustrates that m= ore than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with=20 zi'e. It almost defies colloquial translation because o= f the very un-English contrast between=20 pe mi, implying that the chair is temporarily connected= with me, and=20 po do, implying that the chair has a more permanent ass= ociation with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which case the c= hair would naturally be your property.) Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relati= ve clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section4-example5" />

@@ -812,23 +812,23 @@ le nanmu cu ninmu That-which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman. The=20 guy is actually a gal. ti voi nanmu cu ninmu This-thing which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman.

mean essentially the same thing (except that=20 - involves pointing t= hanks to the use of=20 + involves pointing = thanks to the use of=20 ti, whereas=20 - doesn't), and neith= er one is self-contradictory: it is perfectly all right to describe somethi= ng as a man (although perhaps confusing to the listener) even if it actuall= y is a woman. + doesn't), and neit= her one is self-contradictory: it is perfectly all right to describe someth= ing as a man (although perhaps confusing to the listener) even if it actual= ly is a woman.

Relative clauses and descriptors So far, this chapter has described the various kinds of relative= clauses (including relative phrases). The list is now complete, and the re= st of the chapter will be concerned with the syntax of sumti that include r= elative clauses. So far, all relative clauses have appeared directly after = the sumti to which they are attached. This is the most common position (and= originally the only one), but a variety of other placements are also possi= ble which produce a variety of semantic effects. There are actually three places where a relative clause can be a= ttached to a description sumti: after the descriptor (=20 le,=20 lo, or whatever), after the embedded selbri but before = the elidable terminator (which is=20 ku), and after the=20 ku. The relative clauses attached to descriptors that w= e have seen have occupied the second position. Thus=20 , if written out wi= th all elidable terminators, would appear as: @@ -863,27 +863,27 @@

le poi blabi ku'o gerku cu klama The such-that (it-is-white) dog goes. le gerku ku poi blabi cu klama The (dog) which is-white goes.

- will seem most natu= ral to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative claus= es after the noun phrases they are attached to;=20 + will seem most nat= ural to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clau= ses after the noun phrases they are attached to;=20 , on the other hand= , may seem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relativ= e clause first. Note that in=20 , the elidable term= inator=20 ku'o must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause = (=20 blabi) will merge with the selbri of the description (= =20 gerku), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence. The pur= pose of the form appearing in=20 - will be apparent sh= ortly. + will be apparent s= hortly. As is explained in detail in=20 , two different numbers (known as the= =20 inner quantifier and the=20 outer quantifier) can be attached to a description. The= inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it ap= pears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifi= er appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things refe= rred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the fol= lowing example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section6-example4" />

@@ -917,22 +917,22 @@ Two of the (five persons which are-women) go to-the market.= Two of the five women go to the market. five women re le mu prenu ku poi ninmu cu klama le zarci (Two of the five persons) which are-women go to-the market.= Two women out of the five persons go to the market.

As the parentheses show,=20 - means that all five= of the persons are women, whereas=20 - means that the two = who are going to the market are women. How do we remember which is which? I= f the relative clause comes after the explicit=20 + means that all fiv= e of the persons are women, whereas=20 + means that the two= who are going to the market are women. How do we remember which is which? = If the relative clause comes after the explicit=20 ku, as in=20 , then the sumti as= a whole is qualified by the relative clause. If there is no=20 ku, or if the relative clause comes before an explicit= =20 ku, then the relative clause is understood to apply to = everything which the underlying selbri applies to. What about=20 ? By convention, it= means the same as=20 , and it requires n= o=20 ku, but it does typically require a=20 ku'o instead. Note that the relative clause comes befor= e the inner quantifier. When=20 @@ -954,22 +954,22 @@ lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci (Some persons) incidentally-which are-white go to-the marke= t. Some people, who are white, go to the market. lo prenu noi blabi [ku] cu klama le zarci Some (persons incidentally-which are-white) go to-the marke= t. Some of the people, who by the way are white, go to the market= . Both=20 - and=20 - tell us that one or= more persons are going to the market. However, they make very different in= cidental claims. Now, what does=20 + and=20 + tell us that one o= r more persons are going to the market. However, they make very different i= ncidental claims. Now, what does=20 lo prenu noi blabi mean? Well, the default inner quanti= fier is=20 ro(meaning=20 all), and the default outer quantifier is=20 su'o(meaning=20 at least one). Therefore, we must first take all person= s, then choose at least one of them. That one or more people will be going.= all persons In=20 , the relative clau= se described the sumti once the outer quantifier was applied: one or more p= eople, who are white, are going. But in=20 , the relative clau= se actually describes the sumti before the outer quantification is applied,= so that it ends up meaning=20 @@ -1037,21 +1037,21 @@ sumti with lo indefinite sumti ku.) Use an explicit=20 lo instead.

Possessive sumti In=20 - through=20 + through=20 , the sumti=20 le mi karce appears, glossed as=20 my car. Although it might not seem so, this sumti actua= lly contains a relative phrase. When a sumti appears between a descriptor a= nd its description selbri, it is actually a=20 pe relative phrase. So <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section7-example1" />

@@ -1075,38 +1075,38 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section7-example3" />

le karce pe mi cu xunre The car associated-with me is-red.

means the same thing as well. A sumti like the one in=20 - is called a=20 + is called a=20 possessive sumti. Of course, it does not really indicat= e possession in the sense of ownership, but like=20 possessive sumti pe relative phrases, indicates only weak association; y= ou can say=20 le mi karce even if you've only borrowed it for the nig= ht. (In English,=20 my car usually means=20 le karce po mi, but we do not have the same sense of po= ssession in=20 my seat on the bus; Lojban simply makes the weaker sens= e the standard one.) The inner sumti,=20 inner sumti mi in=20 , is correspondingl= y called the=20 possessor sumti. Historically, possessive sumti existed before any other kind of = relative phrase or clause, and were retained when the machinery of relative= phrases and clauses as detailed in this chapter so far was slowly built up= . When preposed relative clauses of the=20 possessive sumti - type were devised, = possessive sumti were most easily viewed as a special case of them. + type were devised,= possessive sumti were most easily viewed as a special case of them. possessive sumti Although any sumti, however complex, can appear in a full-fledge= d relative phrase, only simple sumti can appear as possessor sumti, without= a=20 simple sumti pe. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti are: pr= o-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In addition, the = possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form would b= e interpreted as the unusual=20 descriptor + quantifier + sumti type of description. Al= l these sumti forms are explained in full in=20 . Here is an example of a description used in a possessive sumti:<= /para> @@ -1160,21 +1160,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section7-example7" />

le mi karce poi sipna cu na klama The of-me car which sleeps isn't going.

Note that=20 - uses=20 + uses=20 vau rather than=20 ku'o at the end of the relative clause: this terminator= ends every simple bridi and is almost always elidable; in this case, thoug= h, it is a syllable shorter than the equally valid alternative,=20 simple bridi ku'o.

Relative clauses and complex sumti:=20 <quote>vu'o</quote> The following cmavo is discussed in this section: @@ -1235,34 +1235,34 @@ cu zvati le vu kumfa A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [u= nquote] is-at the [far distance] room. An old=20 The Red Pony is in the far room. Red Pony - is a bit complex, a= nd may need some picking apart. The quotation=20 + is a bit complex, = and may need some picking apart. The quotation=20 lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u means the string of words=20 The Red Pony. If the=20 Red Pony la'e at the beginning of the sentence were omitted,=20 - would claim that a = certain string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obviousl= y a string of words can't be in a room! The effect of the=20 + would claim that a= certain string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obvious= ly a string of words can't be in a room! The effect of the=20 la'e is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to th= e words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Ste= inbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of=20 The Red Pony is identified by the restrictive relative = clause.=20 restrictive relative clause= Red Pony - means exactly the s= ame as: + means exactly the = same as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section8-example4" />

la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u lu'u @@ -1285,21 +1285,21 @@

la frank. .e la djordj. noi nanmu cu klama le zdani Frank and George incidentally-who is-a-man go to-the house.= Frank and George, who is a man, go to the house.

The incidental claim in=20 - is not that Frank a= nd George are men, but only that George is a man, because the incidental re= lative clause attaches only to=20 + is not that Frank = and George are men, but only that George is a man, because the incidental r= elative clause attaches only to=20 incidental relative clause<= /indexterm> la djordj, the immediately preceding simple sumti. simple sumti To make a relative clause attach to both parts of the logically = connected sumti in=20 , a new cmavo is ne= eded,=20 vu'o(of selma'o VUhO). It is placed between the sumti a= nd the relative clause, and extends the sphere of influence of that relativ= e clause to the entire preceding sumti, including however many logical or n= on-logical connectives there may be. @@ -1310,22 +1310,22 @@ <jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi nanmu cu klama le zdani</jbo= > <gloss>Frank and George incidentally-who are-men go to-the house.<= /gloss> <en>Frank and George, who are men, go to the house.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>The presence of=20 <quote>vu'o</quote> here means that the relative clause=20 <quote>noi nanmu</quote> extends to the entire logically connected sum= ti=20 <quote>la frank. .e la djordj.</quote>; in other words, both Frank and= George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows.</para> <para>English is able to resolve the distinction correctly in the case= of=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section8-example5" />and=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section8-example6" />by making use of nu= mber:=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section8-example5" /> and=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section8-example6" /> by making use of n= umber:=20 <quote>who is</quote> rather than=20 <quote>who are</quote>. Lojban doesn't distinguish between singular an= d plural verbs:=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>verbs</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm> <quote>nanmu</quote> can mean=20 <quote>is a man</quote> or=20 <quote>are men</quote>, so another means is required. Furthermore, Loj= ban's mechanism works correctly in general: if=20 <quote>nanmu</quote>(meaning=20 @@ -1371,79 +1371,79 @@ <en>Hello, Frank.</en> <jbo>co'o xirma</jbo> <en>Goodbye, horse.</en> <jbo>fi'i la frank. .e la djordj.</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <en>Welcome, Frank and George!</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Note that=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example2" />says farewell to so= mething which doesn't really have to be a horse, something that the speaker= simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, f= or example) who is named=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example2" /> says farewell to s= omething which doesn't really have to be a horse, something that the speake= r simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, = for example) who is named=20 <quote>Horse</quote>. In a sense,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example2" />is ambiguous betwee= n=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example2" /> is ambiguous betwe= en=20 <quote>co'o le xirma</quote> and=20 <quote>co'o la xirma</quote>, a relatively safe semantic ambiguity, si= nce names are ambiguous in general: saying=20 <quote>George</quote> doesn't distinguish between the possible Georges= .</para> <para>Similarly,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example1" />can be thought of a= s an abbreviation of:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example1" /> can be thought of = as an abbreviation of:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-oWPU"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example4" />

coi la frank. Hello, the-one-named=20 Frank.

Syntactically, vocative phrases are a kind of free modifier, and= can appear in many places in Lojban text, generally at the beginning or en= d of some complete construct; or, as in=20 - to=20 + to=20 , as sentences by t= hemselves. As can be seen, the form of vocative phrases is similar to that = of sumti, and as you might expect, vocative phrases allow relative clauses = in various places. In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vo= cative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example5" />

coi. frank. poi xunre se bende Hello, Frank who is-a-red team-member Hello, Frank from the Red Team!

The restrictive relative clause in=20 restrictive relative clause= - suggests that there= is some other Frank (perhaps on the Green Team) from whom this Frank, the = one the speaker is greeting, must be distinguished. + suggests that ther= e is some other Frank (perhaps on the Green Team) from whom this Frank, the= one the speaker is greeting, must be distinguished. A vocative phrase containing a selbri can have relative clauses = either before or after the selbri; both forms have the same meaning. Here a= re some examples: vocative phrase <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section9-example7" />

co'o poi mi zvati ke'a ku'o xirma Goodbye, such-that-(I am-at IT) horse Goodbye, horse where I am! co'o xirma poi mi zvati Goodbye, horse such-that-(I am-at-it).

- and=20 - mean the same thing= . In fact, relative clauses can appear in both places. + and=20 + mean the same thin= g. In fact, relative clauses can appear in both places.

Relative clauses within relative clauses For the most part, these are straightforward and uncomplicated: = a sumti that is part of a relative clause bridi may itself be modified by a= relative clause: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e10d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter8-section10-example1" />

@@ -1482,21 +1482,21 @@

le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa poi ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno The man who (IT =3D it1 : it1 is-in the room which (IT =3D it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.

- is more verbose th= an=20 + is more verbose t= han=20 , but may be clear= er, since it explicitly spells out the two=20 ke'a cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to = the assignable cmavo=20 ko'a and=20 ko'e(explained in Chapter=20 ).

Index of relative clause cmavo Relative clause introducers (selma'o NOI): diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml index 9cbd376..60cbe53 100644 --- a/todocbook/9.xml +++ b/todocbook/9.xml @@ -77,22 +77,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example3" />

mi la bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. le dargu le karce I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.

All of the variant forms in this section and following sections = can be used to place emphasis on the part or parts which have been moved ou= t of their standard places. Thus,=20 - places emphasis on = the selbri (because it is at the end);=20 - emphasizes=20 + places emphasis on= the selbri (because it is at the end);=20 + emphasizes=20 la bastn., because it has been moved before the selbri.= Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, = but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reorderi= ng. In all these examples, the cmavo=20 cu(belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the sel= bri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use=20 cu. However, providing it helps the reader or listener = to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex s= umti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminat= ors, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary. elidable terminators The general rule, then, is that the selbri may occur anywhere in= the bridi as long as the sumti maintain their order. The only exception (a= nd it is an important one) is that if the selbri appears first, the x1 sumt= i is taken to have been omitted: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d4" /> @@ -107,55 +107,55 @@ <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary></indext= erm> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Here the x1 place is empty: the listener must guess from context= who is going to Boston. In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example4" />,=20 <quote>klama</quote> is glossed=20 <quote>a goer</quote> rather than=20 <quote>go</quote> because=20 <quote>Go</quote> at the beginning of an English sentence would sugges= t a command:=20 <quote>Go to Boston!</quote>.=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example4" />is not a command, s= imply a normal statement with the x1 place unspecified, causing the emphasi= s to fall on the selbri=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example4" /> is not a command, = simply a normal statement with the x1 place unspecified, causing the emphas= is to fall on the selbri=20 <quote>klama</quote>. Such a bridi, with empty x1, is called an=20 <quote>observative</quote>, because it usually calls on the listener t= o observe something in the environment which would belong in the x1 place. = The third translation above shows this observative nature. Sometimes it is = the relationship itself which the listener is asked to observe.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>observative</primary></indexterm> <para>(There is a way to both provide a sumti for the x1 place and put= the selbri first in the bridi: see=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section3-example7" />.)</para> <para>Suppose the speaker desires to omit a place other than the x1 pl= ace? (Presumably it is obvious or, for one reason or another, not worth say= ing.) Places at the end may simply be dropped:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-5Eqa"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example5" />

mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using a= n unspecified means). unspecified route

- has empty x4 and x5= places: the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport. = However, simple omission will not work for a place when the places around i= t are to be specified: in + has empty x4 and x= 5 places: the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport.= However, simple omission will not work for a place when the places around = it are to be specified: in <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example6" />

mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.

le karce occupies the x4 place, and therefore=20 - means: + means: I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route. go to Boston from Atlanta Boston from Atlanta This is nonsense, since a car cannot be a route. What the speake= r presumably meant is expressed by: @@ -234,21 +234,21 @@ <para>In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section3-example1" />, the tag=20 <quote>fu</quote> before=20 <quote>le karce</quote> clarifies that=20 <quote>le karce</quote> occupies the x5 place of=20 <quote>klama</quote>. The use of=20 <quote>fu</quote> tells us nothing about the purpose or meaning of the= x5 place; it simply says that=20 <quote>le karce</quote> occupies it.</para> <para>In=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section3-example1" />, the tags are over= kill; they serve only to make=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example1" />even longer than it= is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification:= </para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section2-example1" /> even longer than i= t is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification= :</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-3CPJ"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section3-example2" />

fa mi klama fe le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau fi la nu,IOR= K. x1=3D I go x2=3D (the house of me) which is-rural x3=3D New Yo= rk.

@@ -274,37 +274,37 @@ klama fa mi fi la .atlantas. fu le karce fe la bastn. fo le d= argu go x1=3D I x3=3D Atlanta x5=3D the car x2=3D Boston x4=3D t= he road. Go I from Atlanta using the car to Boston via the road. Note that no=20 cu is permitted before the selbri in=20 , because=20 cu separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and= =20 - has no such sumti.<= /para> + has no such sumti.= <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section3-example4" />

fu le karce fo le dargu fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. cu klam= a fa mi x5=3D the car x4=3D the road x3=3D Atlanta x2=3D Boston go = x1=3DI Using the car, via the road, from Atlanta to Boston go I.

- exhibits the revers= e of the standard bridi form seen in=20 + exhibits the rever= se of the standard bridi form seen in=20 standard bridi form - and=20 + and=20 , but still means e= xactly the same thing. If the FA tags were left out, however, producing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section3-example5" />

le karce le dargu la .atlantas. la bastn. cu klama mi The car to-the road from-Atlanta via-Boston goes using-me.<= /gloss> The car goes to the road from Atlanta, with Boston as the rout= e, using me as a means of transport. @@ -499,29 +499,29 @@ la bastn. cu se klama mi Boston is-the-destination of-me. Boston is my destination. Boston is gone to by me. fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi x2 =3D Boston go x1=3DI. To Boston go I.

- and=20 - mean the same thing= , in the sense that there is a relationship of going with the speaker as th= e agent and Boston as the destination (and with unspecified origin, route, = and means). Structurally, however, they are quite different.=20 + and=20 + mean the same thin= g, in the sense that there is a relationship of going with the speaker as t= he agent and Boston as the destination (and with unspecified origin, route,= and means). Structurally, however, they are quite different.=20 the destination - has=20 + has=20 la bastn. in the x1 place and=20 mi in the x2 place of the selbri=20 se klama, and uses standard bridi order;=20 - has=20 + has=20 mi in the x1 place and=20 la bastn. in the x2 place of the selbri=20 klama, and uses a non-standard order. The most important use of conversion is in the construction of d= escriptions. A description is a sumti which begins with a cmavo of selma'o = LA or LE, called the descriptor, and contains (in the simplest case) a selb= ri. We have already seen the descriptions=20 le dargu and=20 le karce. To this we could add: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e4d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section4-example3" /> @@ -563,21 +563,21 @@ <en>the origin of someone's going</en> <jbo>le ve klama</jbo>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm> <en>the route of someone's going</en> <jbo>le xe klama</jbo> <en>the means by which someone goes</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section4-example6" />does not mean=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section4-example6" /> does not mean=20 <quote>the route</quote> plain and simple: that is=20 <quote>le pluta</quote>, using a different selbri. It means a route th= at is used by someone for an act of=20   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>pluta</primary></indexterm> <quote>klama</quote>; that is, a journey with origin and destination. = A=20 <quote>road</quote> on Mars, on which no one has traveled or is ever l= ikely to, may be called=20 <quote>le pluta</quote>, but it cannot be=20  @@ -611,21 +611,21 @@ <quote>zdani</quote> is:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2 </programlisting> <para>The place structure of=20 <quote>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</quote> is therefore:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2 </programlisting> <para>Consequently,=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section4-example8" />means:</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section4-example8" /> means:</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing. </programlisting> <para>Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects w= hich are explained in=20 <xref linkend=3D"selbri" />.</para> <para>It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; la= ter (inner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For exampl= e, the place structure of=20 <quote>se te klama</quote> is achieved by exchanging the x1 and x2 pla= ce of=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>se te</primary></indexterm> <quote>te klama</quote>, producing:</para> @@ -715,27 +715,27 @@ <quote>modal sumti</quote>; the purely Lojban terms=20   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>modal sumti</primary></indexterm> <quote>sumti tcita</quote> and=20 <quote>seltcita sumti</quote>, respectively, are also commonly used. M= odal sumti may be placed anywhere within the bridi, in any order; they have= no effect whatever on the rules for assigning unmarked bridi to numbered p= laces, and they may not be marked with FA cmavo.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm> <para>Consider=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section5-example1" />again. Another way = to view the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a to= ol for seeing. The relevant selbri then becomes=20 + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section5-example1" /> again. Another way= to view the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a t= ool for seeing. The relevant selbri then becomes=20 <quote>pilno</quote>, whose place structure is</para> <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3 </programlisting> <para>and we can rewrite=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section5-example1" />as</para> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section5-example1" /> as</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-Lu15"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e5d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section5-example2" /> mi viska do fi'o se pilno le zunle kanla I see you [modal] [conversion] use: the left eye. I see you using my left eye. @@ -768,21 +768,21 @@ sepi'o Here=20 se is used before a cmavo, namely=20 pi'o, rather than before a brivla. The meaning of this = cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of=20 pi'o fi'o pilno fe'u. Since what we want is a tag based on= =20 se pilno rather than=20 pilno- the tool, not the tool user - the grammar allows= a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.=20 - may therefore be re= written as: + may therefore be r= ewritten as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section6-example1" />

mi viska do sepi'o le zunle kanla sepi'o I see you with-tool: the left eye @@ -828,21 +828,21 @@ ka'a Avon sells a-mass-of face paint with-goer me. Avon I am a traveling cosmetics salesperson for Avon. Avon

(=20 - may seem a bit stra= ined, but it illustrates the way in which an existing selbri,=20 + may seem a bit str= ained, but it illustrates the way in which an existing selbri,=20 vecnu in this case, may have a place added to it which = might otherwise seem utterly unrelated.) <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section6-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section6-example4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section6-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d6" /> @@ -879,21 +879,21 @@ <quote>by means of</quote>. The BAI cmavo, however, are far more preci= se than English prepositions, because their meanings are fixed by the place= structures of the corresponding gismu.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm>   <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>English prepositions</primary></index= term>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm> <para>All BAI cmavo have the form CV'V or CVV. Most of them are CV'V, = where the C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu and the two V= s are the two vowels of the gismu. The table in=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section16" />shows the exceptions.</para= > + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section16" /> shows the exceptions.</par= a> <para>There is one additional BAI cmavo that is not derived from a gis= mu:=20 <quote>do'e</quote>. This cmavo is used when an extra place is needed,= but it seems useful to be vague about the semantic implications of the ext= ra place:</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>do'e</primary></indexterm> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-2vMd"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section6-example7" />

@@ -901,21 +901,21 @@ do'e Some man [related to] the north came to-the city. A man of the north came to the city.

Here=20 le berti is provided as a modal place of the selbri=20 nanmu, but its exact significance is vague, and is para= lleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English preposition=20 of.=20 - also illustrates a = modal place bound into a selbri with=20 + also illustrates a= modal place bound into a selbri with=20 be. This construction is useful when the selbri of a de= scription requires a modal place; this and other uses of=20 be are more fully explained in=20 .

Modal sentence connection: the causals causals The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

@@ -1013,26 +1013,26 @@ ni'i Socrates dead-became with-logical-justification Socrates is= -human. Socrates Socrates died because Socrates is human. Socrates In=20 - through=20 + through=20 , the same English = word=20 because is used to translate all four modals, but the t= ypes of cause being expressed are quite different. Let us now focus on=20 , and explore some = variations on it. As written,=20 - claims that the pla= nt grows, but only refers to the event of watering it in an abstraction bri= di (abstractions are explained in=20 + claims that the pl= ant grows, but only refers to the event of watering it in an abstraction br= idi (abstractions are explained in=20 abstraction bridi ) without actually making a claim. I= f I express=20 , I have said that = the plant in fact grows, but I have not said that you actually water it, me= rely that there is a causal relationship between watering and growing. This= is semantically asymmetrical. Suppose I wanted to claim that the plant was= being watered, and only mention its growth as ancillary information? Then = we could reverse the main bridi and the abstraction bridi, saying: abstraction bridi <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section7-example5" /> @@ -1086,56 +1086,56 @@ </example> <para>The compound cmavo=20 <quote>.iri'abo</quote> and=20  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>iri'abo</primary></indexterm> <quote>.iseri'abo</quote> serve to connect two bridi, as the initial= =20 <quote>.i</quote> indicates. The final=20 <quote>bo</quote> is necessary to prevent the modal from=20 <quote>taking over</quote> the following sumti. If the=20 <quote>bo</quote> were omitted from=20 - <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section7-example7" />we would have:</par= a> + <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter9-section7-example7" /> we would have:</pa= ra> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-Wo6K"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section7-example9" />

le spati cu banro .i ri'a do djacu dunda fi le spati The plant grows. Because of you, [something] water-gives to= the plant. The plant grows. Because of you, water is given to the plant.<= /en>

Because=20 ri'a do is a modal sumti in=20 seltcita sumti modal sumti , there is no longe= r an explicit sumti in the x1 place of=20 djacu dunda, and the translation must be changed. The effect of sentences like=20 - and=20 - is that the modal,= =20 + and=20 + is that the modal,= =20 ri'a in this example, no longer modifies an explicit su= mti. Instead, the sumti is implicit, the event given by a full bridi. Furth= ermore, there is a second implication: that the first bridi fills the x2 pl= ace of the gismu=20 rinka; it specifies an event which is the effect. I am = therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you have watere= d it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two. In principle, any modal tag can appear in a sentence connective = of the type exemplified by=20 - and=20 + and=20 . However, it makes= little sense to use any modals which do not expect events or other abstrac= tions to fill the places of the corresponding gismu. The sentence connectiv= e=20 .ibaubo is perfectly grammatical, but it is hard to ima= gine any two sentences which could be connected by an=20 in-language modal. This is because a sentence describes= an event, and an event can be a cause or an effect, but not a language.

Other modal connections Like many Lojban grammatical constructions, sentence modal conne= ction has both forethought and afterthought forms. (See=20 - for a more detailed discussion of Lo= jban connectives.)=20 - exemplifies only afterthough= t modal connection, illustrated here by: + for a more detailed discussion of L= ojban connectives.)=20 + exemplifies only afterthoug= ht modal connection, illustrated here by: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example1" />

mi jgari lei djacu .iri'abo mi jgari le kabri iri'abo I grasp the-mass-of water with-physical-cause I grasp the c= up. @@ -1149,21 +1149,21 @@ both and=20 and in the first half of this sentence represents a for= ethought connection (though not a modal one). observatives forethought connection To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojban, place = the modal plus=20 gi before the first bridi, and=20 gi between the two. No=20 .i is used within the construct. The forethought equiva= lent of=20 - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example2" /> ri'agi mi jgari le kabri gi mi jgari lei djacu With-physical-cause I grasp the cup, I grasp the-mass-of wa= ter. Because I grasp the cup, I grasp the water. @@ -1197,22 +1197,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example4" />

mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.

- means exactly the s= ame as=20 - through=20 + means exactly the = same as=20 + through=20 , but there is no i= diomatic English translation that will distinguish it from them. If the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti,= then a termset may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in=20 , but are essentially a mechanism fo= r creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example5" />

mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini = mi @@ -1229,49 +1229,49 @@ nu'i mu'igi mi le cukta la djan. gi la djan. lei jdini mi nu'= u dunda [start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money, me= [end] gives.

Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because = the two bridi share only their selbri. There is no modal connection between selbri as such: bridi which= differ only in the selbri can be modally connected using bridi-tail modal = connection. The bridi-tail construct is more fully explained in=20 bridi-tail modal connection= , but essentially it consists of a s= elbri with optional sumti following it.=20 - is suitable for bri= di-tail connection, and could be shortened to: + is suitable for br= idi-tail connection, and could be shortened to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example7" />

mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta I, because saw the book, took the book.

Again, no straightforward English translation exists. It is even= possible to shorten=20 - further to: + further to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example8" />

mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta I because saw, therefore took, the book.

where=20 le cukta is set off by the non-elidable=20 vau and is made to belong to both bridi-tails - see=20 - for more explanations. + for more explanations. Since this is a chapter on rearranging sumti, it is worth pointi= ng out that=20 - can be further rear= ranged to: + can be further rea= rranged to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section8-example9" />

mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna I, the book, because saw, therefore took.

@@ -1300,53 +1300,53 @@ the-number =3D the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4.

The cmavo=20 vei and=20 ve'o represent mathematical parentheses, and are requir= ed so that=20 ni'igi affects more than just the immediately following= operand, namely the first=20 re. (The right parenthesis,=20 ve'o, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English = translation does=20 - justice. + justice. Note: Due to restrictions on the Lojban parsing algorithm, it is= not possible to form modal connectives using the=20 modal connectives fi'o-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined mod= als of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in=20 - and=20 + and=20 .

Modal selbri Consider the example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section9-example1" />

mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank. I speak in-language Lojban with-compeller some-act-by Frank= . I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank. under compulsion

- has two modal sumti= , using the modals=20 + has two modal sumt= i, using the modals=20 seltcita sumti modal sumti bau and=20 bai. Suppose we wanted to specify the language explicit= ly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify=20 - to: + to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section9-example2" />

mi tavla bau la lojban. bai [ku]. I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion.

@@ -1386,21 +1386,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section9-example5" />

mi bai tavla bau la lojban. I compelledly speak in-language Lojban.

In this use, the modal is like a tanru modifier semantically, al= though grammatically it is quite distinct.=20 - is very similar in = meaning to: + is very similar in= meaning to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section9-example6" />

mi se bapli tavla bau la lojban. I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban.

@@ -1418,21 +1418,21 @@

mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do I with-eye see you. I see you with my eye(s).

There are two other uses of modals. A modal can be attached to a= pair of bridi-tails that have already been connected by a logical, non-log= ical, or modal connection (see=20 - for more on logical and non-logical = connections): + for more on logical and non-logical= connections): <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section9-example8" />

mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e] bai ke I under-compulsion (both go to-the market and walk on-the i= ce). @@ -1525,22 +1525,22 @@ , however,=20 la .apasionatas. refers to the sonata as a whole, and t= he information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incidental. The = cmavo=20 Beethoven noi(also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental natur= e of this relationship. The cmavo=20 pe and=20 ne(of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to=20 poi and=20 noi respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than= full bridi. We can abbreviate=20 - and=20 - to: + and=20 + to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section10-example3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section10-example4" />

la .apasionatas pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me. @@ -1563,22 +1563,22 @@ ), and that the re= lationships are respectively restrictive and incidental. It happens that both=20 cusku and=20 finti have BAI cmavo, namely=20 cu'u and=20 cu'u fi'e. We can recast=20 fi'e - and=20 - as: + and=20 + as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section10-example5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section10-example6" />

la .apasionatas pe cu'u la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi @@ -1590,24 +1590,24 @@ fi'e The Appassionata, invented-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me. Beethoven Appassionata

- and=20 - have the full sema= ntic content of=20 - and=20 - respectively. + and=20 + have the full sem= antic content of=20 + and=20 + respectively. Modal relative phrases are often used with the BAI cmavo=20 mau and=20 mau me'a, which are based on the comparative gismu=20 me'a zmadu(more than) and=20 mleca(less than) respectively. The place structures are= : @@ -1620,69 +1620,69 @@

la frank. nelci la betis. ne semau la meiris. Frank likes Betty, which-is more-than Mary. Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary.

- requires that Fran= k likes Betty, but adds the information that his liking for Betty exceeds h= is liking for Mary. The modal appears in the form=20 + requires that Fra= nk likes Betty, but adds the information that his liking for Betty exceeds = his liking for Mary. The modal appears in the form=20 semau because the x2 place of=20 zmadu is the basis for comparison: in this case, Frank'= s liking for Mary. comparison basis <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d8" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section10-example8" />

la frank. nelci la meiris. ne seme'a la betis. Frank likes Mary, which-is less-than Betty. Frank likes Mary less than (he likes) Betty.

Here we are told that Frank likes Mary less than he likes Betty;= the information about the comparison is the same. It would be possible to = rephrase=20 comparison - using=20 + using=20 me'a rather than=20 me'a semau, and=20 - using=20 + using=20 mau rather than=20 mau seme'a, but such usage would be unnecessarily confusing= . Like many BAI cmavo,=20 mau and=20 mau me'a are more useful when converted with=20 me'a se. If the=20 ne were omitted in=20 - and=20 + and=20 , the modal sumti = (=20 seltcita sumti modal sumti la meiris. and=20 la betis. respectively) would become attached to the br= idi as a whole, producing a very different translation.=20 - would become: + would become: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section10-example9" /> la frank. nelci la meiris. seme'a la betis. Frank likes Mary is-less-than Betty. Frank's liking Mary is less than Betty. @@ -1744,60 +1744,60 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section11-example2" />

mi nelci do .iki'ubo mi nelci la djein. I like you. Justified-by I like Jane.

The meanings of=20 - and=20 - can be simultaneou= sly expressed by combining the two compound cmavo, thus: + and=20 + can be simultaneo= usly expressed by combining the two compound cmavo, thus: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d3" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section11-example3" />

mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la djein. I like you. And justified-by I like Jane.

Here the two sentences=20 mi nelci do and=20 mi nelci la djein. are simultaneously asserted, their l= ogical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. T= he logical connective=20 je comes before the modal=20 ki'u in all such mixed connections. ki'u Since=20 mi nelci do and=20 mi nelci la djein. differ only in the final sumti, we c= an transform=20 - into a mixed sumti= connection: + into a mixed sumt= i connection: sumti connection <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section11-example4" />

mi nelci do .eki'ubo la djein. I like you and/because Jane.

Note that this connection is an afterthought one. Mixed connecti= ves are always afterthought; forethought connectives must be either logical= or modal. forethought connectives There are numerous other afterthought logical and non-logical co= nnectives that can have modal information planted within them. For example,= a bridi-tail connected version of=20 - would be: + would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section11-example5" />

mi nelci do gi'eki'ubo nelci la djein. I like you and/because like Jane.

@@ -1827,21 +1827,21 @@ .eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e] I carry the sack and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog). I carry the sack, and as a result the cat or the dog equally.<= /en>

In=20 , the=20 tu'e ... tu'u brackets are the equivalent of the=20 ke ... ke'e brackets in=20 - and=20 + and=20 , because=20 ke ... ke'e cannot extend across more than one sentence= . It would also be possible to change the=20 .ijeseri'abo to=20 .ije seri'a, which would show that the=20 tu'e ... tu'u portion was an effect, but would not pin = down the=20 mi bevri le dakli portion as the cause. It is legal for= a modal (or a tense; see=20 ) to modify the whole of a=20 tu'e ... tu'u construct. Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicabl= e both to BAI modals and to=20 fi'o-plus-selbri modals. @@ -1878,21 +1878,21 @@ mi and an explicit=20 bau place occupied by=20 la lojban. To exchange these two, we use a modal conver= sion operator consisting of=20 modal conversion jai(of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, = the modal conversion of=20 modal conversion modal cmavo - is: + is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e12d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section12-example2" />

la lojban. jai bau cusku fai mi Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me.

@@ -1952,40 +1952,40 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e13d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section13-example1" />

mi nelci do mu'inai le nu do nelci mi I like you, but not because you like me.

- denies that the re= lationship between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (wh= ich is not asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether yo= u like me or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivatio= n for my liking you. + denies that the r= elationship between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (w= hich is not asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether y= ou like me or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivati= on for my liking you. Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing=20 na'e(of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAh= E, to the BAI cmavo. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e13d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section13-example2" />

le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of you water-give to the plant.

- says that the rela= tionship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of moti= vation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something whi= ch can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship betwe= en watering and growth exists, but=20 + says that the rel= ationship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of mot= ivation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something wh= ich can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship betw= een watering and growth exists, but=20 plants - doesn't say what i= t is (presumably=20 + doesn't say what = it is (presumably=20 ri'a). Note: Modals made with=20 fi'o plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selb= ri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation,= however.

Sticky modals The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

ki @@ -2044,22 +2044,22 @@ Note: Modals made with=20 fi'o-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfo= rtunate, but unavoidable, restriction.

Logical and non-logical connection of modals non-logical connection Logical and non-logical connectives are explained in detail in= =20 . For the purposes of this chapter, = it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection between= two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bridi wi= th a connective between the modals. As a result,=20 - and=20 - mean the same thin= g: + and=20 + mean the same thi= ng: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e15d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section15-example1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e15d2" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter9-section15-example2" />

la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani .ije la frank. bajra teka'a l= e zdani Frank runs with-destination the house. And Frank runs with-= origin the house. @@ -2075,21 +2075,21 @@

la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani ce'e teka'a le zdani Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin = the-house.

The cmavo=20 ce'e creates a termset containing two terms (termsets a= re explained in=20 - and=20 + and=20 ). When a termset contains more than= one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two ta= gs are derived from a common event.

CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (=20 do'e, discussed in=20 do'e ), are derived directly from= selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the fo= rm CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the= Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irr= egular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is d= ivided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo= appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted. commit 9479823d54aec09e6c2b19f47e475bff8fa5ea3c Author: Robin Lee Powell Date: Mon Dec 20 00:57:29 2010 -0800 A bit more work on chapter 5 diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml index 860e33f..be5da90 100644 --- a/todocbook/14.xml +++ b/todocbook/14.xml @@ -1580,25 +1580,23 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example6" />

la .alis. cu blanu je zdani prenu Alice is-a ( blue and house ) type-of-person.

- would be true, because tanru grouping with a jek has higher prec= edence than unmarked tanru grouping, but: - - -tanru inversion -tanru grouping + + tanru groupingeffect of jeks + would be true, because tanru grouping with a jek has higher preceden= ce than unmarked tanru grouping, but: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example7" />

la .alis. cu blanu prenu .ije la .alis. cu zdani prenu Alice is-a blue person, and Alice is-a house person.

@@ -1615,21 +1613,23 @@ la teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi jabo Terry is rich and ( male or female ). - The components of tanru may be grouped with=20 + + tanru groupingguheks compared with jeks + The components of tanru may be grouped with=20 ke both before and after a logical connective: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d9" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example9" /> la .teris. cu [ke] ricfu ja pindi [ke'e] je ke nakni ja fetsi= [ke'e] Terry is (rich or poor) and (male or female). @@ -1660,25 +1660,23 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d10" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example10" />

la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi fetsi Alice is both rich and female.

- Note that giks are used with guheks in exactly the same way they= are used with geks. Like jeks, guheks bind more closely than unmarked tanr= u grouping does: - - -tanru inversion -tanru grouping + + tanru groupingguheks compared with jeks + Note that giks are used with guheks in exactly the same way they are= used with geks. Like jeks, guheks bind more closely than unmarked tanru gr= ouping does: guheks giks <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d11" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter14-section12-example11" />

diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml index 6d82d68..c1b1922 100644 --- a/todocbook/20.xml +++ b/todocbook/20.xml @@ -99,21 +99,21 @@ .

mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt. I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt. I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt. between Dresden and Frankfurt selma'o BO (=20 - ,=20 + ,=20 ,=20 ) Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to b= ind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.=20 is always high precedence and right-grouping. ta cmalu nixli bo ckule That is-a-small type-of (girl type-of school). That is a small school for girls. diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index 0d8acc0..efec91e 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -229,28 +229,25 @@ are parallel tanru, in the sense that the relationship between= =20 barda and=20 prenu is the same as that between=20 cmalu and=20 prenu.=20 and=20 contain a partial listing = of some types of tanru, with examples.

Three-part tanru grouping with=20 - - -<indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary></indexterm> <quote>bo</quote> - The following cmavo is discussed in this section: + tanru grouping= three-part + The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

bo BO closest scope grouping

Consider the English sentence: @@ -280,21 +277,23 @@ <quote>a school where girls are the students</quote>, and not=20 <quote>a school where girls are the teachers</quote> or=20 <quote>a school which is a girl</quote>(!). Likewise, we understand th= at=20 <quote>little girl</quote> means=20 <quote>girl who is small</quote>. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is= =20 <quote>girls' school</quote> to be taken as a unit, with=20 <quote>little</quote> specifying the type of girls' school? Or is=20 <quote>little girl</quote> to be taken as a unit, specifying the type = of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or exaggerated spee= ch rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English w= riting usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>  <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>speech rhythm</primary></indexterm> - <para>Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit = words are used to do the work. The cmavo=20 + <para> + <indexterm type=3D"general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><second= ary>with bo</secondary></indexterm> + Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit word= s are used to do the work. The cmavo=20 <quote>bo</quote>(which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between t= he two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban transl= ation of=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section3-example2" />would be:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"random-id-nwuU"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d4" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />

ta cmalu nixli bo ckule That is-a-small girl =E2=80=93 school. @@ -378,24 +377,21 @@ ta klama bo jubme That is-a goer=E2=80=93table.

is a legal Lojban bridi that means exactly the same thing as=20 , and is ambiguous = in exactly the same ways. The cmavo=20 bo serves only to resolve grouping ambiguity: it says n= othing about the more basic ambiguity present in all tanru.

Complex tanru grouping - - -tanru inversion -tanru grouping + tanru groupingcomplex If one element of a tanru can be another tanru, why not both ele= ments? <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e4d1" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section4-example1" />

do mutce bo barda gerku bo kavbu You are-a-(very type-of large) (dog type-of capturer). You are a very large dog-catcher. @@ -404,21 +400,21 @@ In=20 , the selbri is a t= anru with seltau=20 mutce bo barda and tertau=20 gerku bo kavbu. It is worth emphasizing once again that= this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: t= he sense in which the=20 dog type-of capturer is said to be=20 very type-of large is not precisely specified. Presumab= ly it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his = other properties. We will now justify the title of this chapter by exploring the r= amifications of the phrase=20 pretty little girls' school, an expansion of the tanru = used in=20 pretty little girls' school= - to four brivla. (Although th= is example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning -= it first appeared in Quine's book=20 + to four brivla. (Although this ex= ample has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it f= irst appeared in Quine's book=20 Word and Object(1960) - it is actually a mediocre= example because of the ambiguity of English=20 pretty; it can mean=20 beautiful, the sense intended here, or it can mean=20 very. Lojban=20 melbi is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only= =20 beautiful.) Here are four ways to group this phrase: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e4d2" /> @@ -472,20 +468,21 @@ <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section4-example2" />through=20 <xref linkend=3D"cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />could have=20 <quote>bo</quote> inserted between=20 <quote>melbi</quote> and=20 <quote>cmalu</quote> with no change in meaning.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5"> <title>Complex tanru with=20 <quote>ke</quote> and=20 <quote>ke'e</quote> + tanru grouping= with ke The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

ke KE start grouping

ke'e KEhE @@ -563,21 +560,23 @@ ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e] That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of = school ). That is a beautiful school for small girls.

is distinctly diffe= rent in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the= =20 ke ... ke'e parentheses, the left-grouping rule is appl= ied to=20 cmalu nixli ckule. - It is perfectly all right to mix=20 + + tanru groupingwith ke and bo + It is perfectly all right to mix=20 bo and=20 ke ... ke'e in a single selbri. For instance,=20 , which in pure=20 ke ... ke'e form is <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e5d7" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section5-example7" />

@@ -1330,23 +1329,25 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example5" />

ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu That (is-a-girl type-of school) of-type little. That's a girls' school which is small.

- Note that the=20 + + tanru groupingeffect of tanru inversion on + Note that the=20 bo of=20 - is optional in=20 + is optional in=20 , because=20 co groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tan= ru, including none at all. Not even=20 ke ... ke'e parentheses can encompass a=20 co: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d6" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section8-example6" />

diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index a056f5f..d2919a6 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -1,19 +1,24 @@ =20 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Instructions For Helpers =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =20 Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it actually is; you'll get used to it. =20 + SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed + (like index work). + +Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2 + ------ =20 Ignore Chapter 2 for now. =20 ------ =20 Fix the chapter name so it's just the second part, i.e. =20 Chapter 5 <quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban = selbri @@ -54,40 +59,75 @@ not worth spending time on for the first pass. The important thing here is that *NOTHING* mentions a fixed number! *NOWHERE* in the docbook should *ANYTHING* be aware that it is in chapter 20 or section 7 or anything like that. This is to give us the freedom to move things around later. =20 Numeric-based stuff will all be autogenerated during processing, based on the current state of the docs. =20 ------ =20 +With the caveat that indexterm entries for examples should look +exactly like this: + +[item]example + +, do feel free to add index entries where they seem useful. It's +unlikely that we can ever have a too-thorough index (and it's a lot +easier to cut the thing down than to grow it anyways). + + ------ + +Feel free to do visual cleanup *of the source*; don't worry about +how crappy the *output* looks, we're only doing data structures +right now. In particular, there are a lot of elements with no space +after their terminators; it doesn't really matter, but it's +annoying. + + ------ + +If you see a ... around Lojban text, replace it with +.... There are lots of these. + + ------ + +If an example/interlinear-gloss consists solely of English, replace +the ... with ... + + ------ + Deal with index entries already in the text, like these: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e1d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section1-example5" />

ta blotrskunri That is-a-(boat)-schooner. schooner =20 -There are three steps: +There are several steps: =20 1. Add a tag as appropriate. In this case, "example". =20 2. Move it to somewhere that seems aesthetically pleasing, is accepted by docbook (try running "make" to check), and is very near the text in question. For examples, this is just after the title. +Just inside a (move the actual text after the ) is +often a good choice. + =20 + YOU MAY NEED A COPY OF THE RED BOOK to do this part effectively, + because you should be tagging the same bits of text as it is + (along with others if you wish). =20 3. Check, and possibly remove, other instances of the same index word. =20 The result here is: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e1d5" /> <anchor xml:id=3D"cll_chapter5-section1-example5" /> @@ -104,55 +144,40 @@ with all other instances removed. To find them, try: =20 grep "<indexterm><primary>schooner<" [0-9]*.xml =20 or similar. =20 Please use *exactly* that <indexterm><primary>[item]</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indext= erm> format for examples, as we might want to automatically munge it later. =20 - ------ - -With the caveat that indexterm entries for examples should look -exactly like this: - -<indexterm><primary>[item]</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indext= erm> - -, do feel free to add index entries where they seem useful. It's -unlikely that we can ever have a too-thorough index (and it's a lot -easier to cut the thing down than to grow it anyways). - - ------ - -Feel free to do visual cleanup *of the source*; don't worry about -how crappy the *output* looks, we're only doing data structures -right now. In particular, there are a lot of elements with no space -after their terminators; it doesn't really matter, but it's -annoying. - - ------ +4. Make sure that all the *other* options listed for the keyword +exist somewhere. For example, given: =20 -If you see a <quote>...</quote> around Lojban text, replace it with -<jbophrase>...</jbophrase>. There are lots of these. +  =20 - ------ +that all 7 of those entries actually have referents somewhere in the text. =20 -If an example/interlinear-gloss consists solely of English, replace -the <interlinear-gloss>...</interlinear-gloss> with <para>...</para> + YOU MAY NEED A COPY OF THE RED BOOK to do this part effectively, + because you should be tagging the same bits of text as it is + (along with others if you wish). =20 ------ =20 NON-CHATPER work: Add index entries based on TODO-index. Pick a point in the middle somewhere, please, and *especially* for this work, check in often. =20 +You will almost certainly need a physical copy of the red book to do +this effectively. + There are two kinds of entries in that file: =20 animals -- has count 11, skipping -- animals: use of fu'ivla for speci= fic, 61 =20 Means that "animals" had more than 10 matches, so the automatic marker assumed that there was a problem. =20 anomalous ordering of lujvo places -- has count 0, skipping -- anomalous= ordering of lujvo places, 283 =20 Means that "anomalous ordering of lujvo places" had 0 matches, so diff --git a/todocbook/make_index.sh b/todocbook/make_index.sh index a0c4fc0..3ab4ef7 100755 --- a/todocbook/make_index.sh +++ b/todocbook/make_index.sh @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ #!/bin/bash =20 IFS=3D' ' =20 for line in $(cat origcllindex.txt | grep -v '^\s*#') do item=3D$(echo $line | sed 's/[(,:].*//' | sed 's/^\s*//' | sed 's/\\/\\\= \/g') -# echo $item +# echo "line: $line" +# echo "item: $item" count=3D$(grep "\<$item\>" [0-9]*.xml | wc -l) if [ "$count" -le 0 ] then echo "$item -- has count $count, skipping -- $line" continue fi if [ "$count" -ge 10 ] then echo "$item -- has count $count, skipping -- $line" continue --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.