<anchor xml:id=3D"c6e2d2"/>

typical Smithexample name equivalent for typicalrationale for lack of Note that there is n= o naming equivalent of=20 lo'e and=20 le'e, because there is no need, as a rule, for = a=20 typical George or a=20 typical Smith. People or things who share a common name= do not, in general, have any other common attributes worth mentioning. =20

Quantified sumti The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

@@ -711,67 +704,67 @@ pisu'o, are explained in=20 =20 .) Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit qua= ntifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the thing= s referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple exa= mples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d1"/>

do cadzu le bisli - You walk-on the ice. + You walk-on the ice.

FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d2"/>

re do cadzu le bisli - Two-of you walk-on the ice. + Two-of you walk-on the ice.

The difference between=20 and=20 is the presence of the expl= icit quantifier=20 re in the latter example. Although=20 re by itself means=20 two, when used as a quantifier it means=20 two-of. Out of the group of listeners (the number of wh= ich isn't stated), two (we are not told which ones) are asserted to be=20 walkers on the ice. Implicitly, the others (if any) are= not walkers on the ice. In Lojban, you cannot say=20 I own three shoes if in fact you own four shoes. Number= s need never be specified, but if they are specified they must be correct.<= /para> (This rule does not mean that there is no way to specify a numbe= r which is vague. The sentence <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d3"/>

mi ponse su'o ci cutci - I possess at-least three shoes. + I possess at-least three shoes.

is true if you own three shoes, or four, or indeed any larger nu= mber. More details on vague numbers appear in the discussion of mathematica= l expressions in=20 =20 =20 .) Now consider=20 again. How many of the list= eners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: all of th= em, however many that is. So=20 and=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d4"/>

ro do cadzu le bisli - All-of you walk-on the ice. + All-of you walk-on the ice.

sumtias having implicit quantifiers quantifierswith su= mti turn out to mean exactly the same thing. This i= s a safe strategy, because if one of my listeners doesn't turn out to be wa= lking on the ice, I can safely claim that I didn't intend that person to be= a listener! And in fact, all of the personal pro-sumti such as=20 =20 mi and=20 mi'o and=20 ko obey the same rule. We say that personal pro= -sumti have a so-called=20 =20 implicit quantifier of=20 ro (all). This just means that if no quantifier= is given explicitly, the meaning is the same as if the implicit quantifier= had been used. @@ -828,21 +821,21 @@ If an explicit ordinary number such as=20 re were to appear, it would have to convey an e= xact expression, so <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d8"/>

mi cusku re lu do cadzu le bisli li'u - I express two-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote]. + I express two-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].

means that I say the sentence exactly twice, neither more nor le= ss.

Quantified descriptions The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

piro @@ -903,25 +896,24 @@ =20 - + - le: ro le su'o all of the at-least-one described as lo: su'o lo ro at least one of all of those which really are @@ -1061,21 +1053,21 @@ ro says that each of the dogs in the restricted= group is white; in the case of=20 lo, the implicit inner quantifier simply says t= hat three dogs, chosen from the group of all the dogs there are, are white.= lo-series descrip= tioncaution on exact numbers as inner quantifiers on Using exact numbers as inner quantifiers in lo-serie= s descriptions is dangerous, because you are stating that exactly that many= things exist which really fit the description. So examples like <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e7d6"/>

[so'o] lo ci gerku cu blabi =20 - [some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white + [some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white

are semantically anomalous;=20 claims that some dog (or do= gs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the universe! Nevertheless, inner quantifiers are permitted on=20 lo descriptors for consistency's sake, and may = occasionally be useful. Note that the inner quantifier of=20 le, even when exact, need not be truthful:=20 le ci nanmu means=20 what I describe as three men, not=20 @@ -1097,22 +1089,22 @@ indefinite descri= ptiondefinition omission of descriptoreffect on ku kueffect on of omitting descriptor is equivalent in meaning to=20 . Even though the descriptor= is not present, the elidable terminator=20 ku may still be used. The name=20 indefinite description for this syntactic form is histo= rically based: of course, it is no more and no less indefinite than its cou= nterpart with an explicit=20 =20 =20 lo. Indefinite descriptions were introduced int= o the language in order to imitate the syntax of English and other natural = languages. inner quantifier<= /primary>in indefinite description outer quantifierin indefinite description indefinite descriptionas pro= hibiting explicit inner quantifier indefinite descriptiona= s needing explicit outer quantifier Indefinite desc= riptions must fit this mold exactly: there is no way to make one which does= not have an explicit outer quantifier (thus=20 - *gerku cu blabi is ungrammatical), or which has an expl= icit inner quantifier (thus=20 - *reboi ci gerku cu blabi is also ungrammatical -=20 + *gerku cu blabi is ungrammatica= l), or which has an explicit inner quantifier (thus=20 + *reboi ci gerku cu blabi is als= o ungrammatical -=20 re ci gerku cu blabi is fine, but means=20 23 dogs are white). Note:=20 also contains an indefinite= description, namely=20 =20 =20 su'o ci cutci; another version of that example = using an explicit=20 lo would be: @@ -1133,147 +1125,142 @@ =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>sumti-based descr= iption</primary><secondary>outer quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <in= dexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary= ><secondary>inner quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D= "general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>def= inition</secondary></indexterm> A sumti-based description has a sumti where= the selbri would normally be, and the inner quantifier is required - it ca= nnot be implicit. An outer quantifier is permitted but not required.</para> =20 <para>A full theory of sumti-based descriptions has yet to be worked o= ut. One common case, however, is well understood. Compare the following:</p= ara> <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-qLaQ" role=3D"interlinear-gloss-e= xample"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e9d1"/>

re do cu nanmu - Two-of you are-men. + Two-of you are-men.

le re do cu nanmu - The two-of you are men. + The two-of you are men.

the two of youexample=20 simply specifies that of th= e group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.=20 , which has the sumti-based = description=20 =20 le re do, says that of the two listeners, all (= the implicit outer quantifier=20 ro) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier= =20 re gives the number of individuals which the in= ner sumti=20 =20 do refers to. Here is another group of examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e9d3"/>

re le ci cribe cu bunre - Two-of the three bears are-brown. + Two-of the three bears are-brown. =20

le re le ci cribe cu bunre - The two-of the three bears are-brown. + The two-of the three bears are-brown. =20

pa le re le ci cribe cu bunre - One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown. + One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown. =20

three bearsexample sumti-based descriptions with leas = increasing restricting to in-mind In each case,=20 le ci cribe restricts the bears (or alleged bea= rs) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.= =20 says that two of them (whic= h two is not stated) are brown.=20 says that a specific pair o= f them are brown.=20 says that of a specific pai= r chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.

sumti qualifiers The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - sumti qualifierslist of FIXME: TAG SPOT - - + sumti qualifiers<= /primary>list of FIXME: TAG SPOT

la'e LAhE something referred to by

lu'e LAhE a reference to

tu'a LAhE an abstraction involving

lu'a - =20 LAhE an individual/member/component of

lu'i - =20 LAhE a set formed from

lu'o - =20 LAhE a mass formed from

vu'i - =20 LAhE a sequence formed from

+ na'ebo + NAhE+BO + something other than + + + to'ebo + NAhE+BO + the opposite of + + + no'ebo + NAhE+BO + the neutral form of + + + je'abo + NAhE+BO + that which indeed is + =20 + lu'u - =20 LUhU elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO - =20

Well, that's quite a list of cmavo. What are they all about? lu'u BO selma'o= lu'u<= /primary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti<= /indexterm> sumti qualifiers= elidable terminator for qualified sumti sumti qualifiersexternal syntax of sumti qualifiersinte= rnal syntax of NAhE selma'o LAhE selma'o The above cmavo and co= mpound cmavo are called the=20 sumti qualifiers. All of them are either single cmavo o= f selma'o LAhE, or else compound cmavo involving a scalar negation cmavo of= selma'o NAhE immediately followed by=20 =20 bo of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix= a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may = need to add the elidable terminator=20 =20 lu'u to show where the qualified sumti ends.) =20 @@ -1282,86 +1269,86 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: =20 The Red Pony is the title of a book. How about: =20 Red Ponyexample unqualified sumticontrasted with qualified= sumti qualified sumticontrasted with unqualified sumti FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d1"/>

mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u - I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote]. + I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].

But=20 doesn't work: it says that = you see a piece of text=20 The Red Pony. That might be all right if you were looki= ng at the cover of the book, where the words=20 =20 The Red Pony are presumably written. (More precisely, w= here the words=20 =20 le xunre cmaxirma are written =96 but we may su= ppose the book has been translated into Lojban.) What you really want to say is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d2"/>

mi viska le selsinxa be lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u - I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse [un= quote]. + I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse = [unquote].

The x2 place of=20 selsinxa (the x1 place of=20 sinxa) is a sign or symbol, and the x1 place of= =20 selsinxa (the x2 place of=20 sinxa) is the thing represented by the sign.=20 allows us to use a symbol (= namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol of (namel= y the book itself). This operation turns out to be needed often enough that it's use= ful to be able to say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d3"/>

mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u] =20 =20 - I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote]. + I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote]= .

- la'e referentreferring to with la'e la'eeffect of on mea= ning dereferencing a pointerwith la'e la'eas short for "le selsinxa be" So when=20 + la'e referentreferring to with la'e la'eeffect of on mea= ning dereferencing a pointerwith la'e la'eas short for le selsinxa be= So when=20 la'e is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symb= ol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In compu= ter jargon,=20 =20 la'e dereferences a pointer.) By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (= =20 ), which too closely resembl= es its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (=20 ), without having to change = it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the use= s of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind. lu'e symbolreferring to with lu'e lu'eeffect of on meani= ng The sumti qualifier=20 lu'e provides the converse operation: it can be= prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring t= o a sign or symbol for the thing. For example, - title of bookexample lu'eas short for "le sinxa be&qu= ot; FIXME: TAG SPOT + title of bookexample lu'eas short for le sinxa = be FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d4"/>

mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book. I said the title of this book.

The equivalent form not using a sumti qualifier would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d5"/>

mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta - I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book. + I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.

which is equivalent to=20 , but longer. vu'i lu'o lu'i lu'a= t= u'a se= quencecontrasted with set vu'iuse for= creating sequence tu'ause for forming abstractions vu'ieffect of on meaning lu'oeffect of on meani= ng l= u'ieffect of on meaning lu'aeffect of= on meaning <= primary>tu'aeffect of on meaning The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo=20 tu'a is used in forming abstractions, and is ex= plained more fully in=20 . The triplet=20 lu'a,=20 =20 lu'i, and=20 @@ -1408,80 +1395,68 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: Some rats are-small. But the-set-of them-last-mentioned is-= large. Some rats are small, but the set of rats is large. =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d9"/>

- mi ce do girzu - .i lu'o ri gunma - =20 - .i vu'i ri porsi - =20 - I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. - The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass. - The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence - The set of you and me is a set. - The mass of you and me is a mass. - The sequence of you and me is a sequence. + mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi + I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentione= d is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence + The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a ma= ss. The sequence of you and me is a sequence.

set of ratsexample (Yes, I know these examples = are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical ex= amples are as yet hard to come by.) negation sumti qu= alifiersmeanings of sumti qualifiersf= or negation Finally, the four sumti qualifiers form= ed from a cmavo of NAhE and=20 bo are all concerned with negation, which is di= scussed in detail in=20 . Here are a few examples of negat= ion sumti qualifiers: =20 na'ebo<= /indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d10"/>

mi viska na'ebo le gerku =20 - I see something-other-than the dog. + I see something-other-than the dog.

This compound,=20 na'ebo, is the most common of the four negation= sumti qualifiers. The others usually only make sense in the context of rep= eating, with modifications, something already referred to: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d11"/>

- mi nelci loi glare cidja - .ije do nelci to'ebo ri - .ije la djein. nelci no'ebo ra - I like part-of-the-mass-of hot-type-of food. - And you like the-opposite-of the-last-mentioned. - And Jane likes the-neutral-value-of something-mentioned. + mi nelci loi glare cidja .ije do nelci to'ebo ri .ije la djei= n. nelci no'ebo ra + I like part-of-the-mass-of hot-type-of food. And you like t= he-opposite-of the-last-mentioned. And Jane likes the-neutral-value-of some= thing-mentioned. I like hot food, and you like cold food, and Jane likes lukewa= rm food. =20

lukewarm foodexample (In=20 , the sumti=20 ra refers to some previously mentioned sumti ot= her than that referred to by=20 ri. We cannot use=20 ri here, because it would signify=20 la djein., that being the most recent sumti ava= ilable to=20 ri. See more detailed explanations in=20 .)

The syntax of vocative phrases - vocative phrases<= /primary>as a "free modifier" = Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because t= heir syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phr= ase is one of the so-called=20 + vocative phrases<= /primary>as a free modifier Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter becaus= e their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative = phrase is one of the so-called=20 =20 free modifiers of Lojban, along with subscripts, parent= heses, and various other constructs explained in=20 =20 . They can be placed after many, = but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable t= erminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and= ends of sentences, and in many other places. DOI selma'o COI= selma'o vocative phrasepurpose of T= he purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or t= o indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative = phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explaine= d in more detail in=20 =20 . Sometimes that is all there = is to the phrase: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d1"/> @@ -1493,21 +1468,21 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: </interlinear-gloss> </example> <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-qLeB" role=3D"interlinear-gloss-e= xample"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d2"/>

je'e =20 [acknowledgement] - Uh-huh. + Uh-huh. Roger!

vocative wordphrase following In these cases, t= he person being addressed is obvious from the context. However, a vocative = word (more precisely, one or more cmavo of COI, possibly followed by=20 doi, or else just=20 doi by itself) can be followed by one of severa= l kinds of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. Th= e most common case is a name: coi FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d3"/> @@ -1565,32 +1540,32 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</= primary><secondary>with complete sumti</secondary></indexterm>=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-V530"/> is thus the same as:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-3Qac"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d8"/>

coi le xunre pastu nixli - Hello, the-one-described-as red-dress girl! + Hello, the-one-described-as red-dress girl!

and=20 is the same as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d9"/>

doi la djan. - The-one-named John! + The-one-named John!

DOhU selma'o<= /primary> do= 'u voc= ative phrase terminatorelidability of vocative phraseelidable terminator for Finally, th= e elidable terminator for vocative phrases is=20 do'u (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed = except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi= . It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its= relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called=20 =20 free modifiers (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordina= ls - see=20 =20 =20 - metalinguistic comments - see=20 - or reciprocals - see=20 @@ -1696,22 +1671,21 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: coi .djan. Hello, John. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d5"/>

zo .djan. cmene mi - The-word=20 - John is-the-name-of me. + The-word John is-the-name-of me. My name is John.

In=20 and=20 ,=20 .djan. appears with a pause before it as well a= s after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases= . These rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stre= am. namesmultiple Unless some other rule prevents i= t (such as the rule that=20 zo is always followed by a single word, which i= s quoted), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each w= ith its terminating pause: @@ -1738,34 +1712,31 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: ly,=20 lai by=20 ly'i,=20 doi by=20 do'i or=20 dai. Here are a few examples: =20

Doyle - =20 *doi,l do'il or dai,l =20

Lyra - =20 *lairas ly'iras

Lottie - =20 *latis LYtis. or lotis.

Doyleexample Lyraexample Lottieexampl= e na= mesusing rafsi Names may be bo= rrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice= is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a n= ame: thus the rafsi=20 loj- for=20 logji (logical) and=20 ban- for=20 bangu (language) unite to form the name of this= language: @@ -1904,42 +1875,40 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: zo'e,=20 zu'i,=20 =20 zi'o) refer to something which is unspecified:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e13d6"/>

mi klama la frankfurt. zo'e zo'e zo'e - I go to-Frankfurt from-unspecified via-unspecified by-means-un= specified. + I go to-Frankfurt from-unspecified via-unspecified by-means= -unspecified.

indefinite pro-su= mtiimplicit quantifier for The= implicit quantifier for indefinite pro-sumti is, well, indefinite. It migh= t be=20 =20 ro (all) or=20 su'o (at least one) or conceivably even=20 no (none), though=20 no would require a very odd context indeed. demonstrative pro= -sumti Demonstrative pro-sumti (=20 ti,=20 ta,=20 tu) refer to things pointed at by the speaker, = or when pointing is not possible, to things near or far from the speaker: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e13d7"/>

- ko muvgau - ti ta tu - You [imperative] move - this-thing from-that-nearby-place to-that-further-away-plac= e. + ko muvgau ti ta tu + You [imperative] move this-thing from-that-nearby-place to-= that-further-away-place. Move this from there to over there!

metalinguistic pr= o-sumti Metalinguistic pro-sumti (=20 di'u,=20 de'u,=20 =20 da'u,=20 =20 di'e,=20 @@ -1948,43 +1917,39 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: =20 da'e,=20 =20 dei,=20 do'i) refer to spoken or written utterances, ei= ther preceding, following, or the same as the current utterance. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e13d8"/>

- li re su'i re du li vo - .i la'e di'u jetnu - The-number two plus two equals the-number four. - The-referent-of the-previous-utterance is-true. + li re su'i re du li vo .i la'e di'u jetnu + The-number two plus two equals the-number four. The-referen= t-of the-previous-utterance is-true.

metalinguistic pr= o-sumtiimplicit quantifier for= The implicit quantifier for metalinguistic pro-sumti is=20 =20 su'o (at least one), because they are considere= d analogous to=20 lo descriptions: they refer to things which rea= lly are previous, current, or following utterances. relative pro-sumt= i The relative pro-sumti (=20 =20 ke'a) is used within relative clauses (see=20 for a discussion of relat= ive clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.= <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e13d9"/>

- mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a - loi slasi - I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/t= hem (the cats) - from-a-mass-of plastic. + mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a loi slasi + I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/t= hem (the cats) from-a-mass-of plastic. I see the cat(s) made of plastic.

question pro-sumt= i The question pro-sumti (=20 =20 ma) is used to ask questions which request the = listener to supply a sumti which will make the question into a truth: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e13d10"/> @@ -1995,54 +1960,44 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: question pro-sumt= iimplicit quantifier for The i= mplicit quantifier for the question pro-sumti is=20 =20 su'o (at least one), because the listener is on= ly being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers. definable pro-sum= tisequences of lerfu words as = In addition, sequences of lerfu words (of selma'o BY and related selma'o) c= an also be used as definable pro-sumti. =20

Quotation summary - quotationfour kinds There are four kinds of quo= tation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, n= on-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in=20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - . + quotationfour kinds There are four kinds of quo= tation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, n= on-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in . li'u lu text quotatio= nas internally grammatical text quotationsyntax of Text quotations are preceded by=20 lu and followed by=20 li'u, and are an essential part of the surround= ing text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d1"/>

mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote]. - I say=20 - I'm John. + I say I'm John.

word quotationinternal grammar of word quotationas mor= phologically valid Words quotations are quotations = of one or more Lojban words. The words need not mean anything, but they mus= t be morphologically valid so that the end of the quotation can be discerne= d. le'u lo'u= FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d2"/>

mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u - I say the-words [quote]=20 - li mi [unquote]. - I say=20 - li mi. + I say the-words [quote] li mi [unquo= te]. + I say li mi.

Note that the translation of=20 does not translate the Lojb= an words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they = are ungrammatical). single-word quota= tion Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban wor= d. Compound cmavo are not allowed. =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d3"/> @@ -2072,72 +2027,68 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing: li<= /indexterm> number sumtiwith li number sumtisyntax of= The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo=20 li (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Loj= ban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple n= umber up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operato= rs, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in=20 . Here are a few examples of increasi= ng complexity: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e15d1"/>

li vo the-number four - 4 + 4

li re su'i re the-number two plus two - 2 + 2 + 2 + 2

li .abu bopi'i xy. bote'a re su'i by. bopi'i xy. su'i cy. the-number a times x to-power 2 plus b times x plus c - ax + ax2 + b= x + c

number sumtiwith li contrasted with me'o number sumtiw= ith me'o contrasted with li LI selma'o me'o number sumtiwith me'o An alternative to=20 li is=20 me'o, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions be= ginning with=20 me'o refer to the actual expression, rather tha= n its value. Thus=20 and=20 above have the same meaning= , the number four, whereas <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e15d4"/>

me'o vo the-expression four - - 4 - + 4

and <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e15d5"/>

me'o re su'i re the-expression two plus two - - 2+2 - + 2+2

refer to different pieces of text. mathematical expr= essionsimplicit quantifier for= numbersimplicit quantifier for The implicit quantifier fo= r numbers and mathematical expressions is=20 =20 su'o, because these sumti are analogous to=20 lo descriptions: they refer to things which act= ually are numbers or pieces of text. In the case of numbers (with=20 li), this is a distinction without a difference= , as there is only one number which is 4; but there are many texts=20 4, as many as there are documents in which that numeral= appears.

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