<anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d8"/>

Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi

What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for? pronouns in Engli= shas noun abbreviations Speake= rs of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbre= viation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a comple= te description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. I= n English, we have words called=20 pronouns which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrase= s with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like= this: =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d1"/> - - Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, - require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time - speakers of Lojban referred to a thing to which - speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to - express a complete description of what speakers - of Lojban referred to, life would be too short to say - what speakers of Lojban have to say. - + + Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require = mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time speakers of Lojban referred to a = thing to which speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to express = a complete description of what speakers of Lojban referred to, life would b= e too short to say what speakers of Lojban have to say. + pronouns in Engli= shas independent of abbreviations Speakers of this kind of English would get mightily sick of talking. Fu= rthermore, there are uses of pronouns in English which are independent of a= bbreviation. There is all the difference in the world between: =20 - - + <example role=3D"english-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-id-VISf"> + <title>  + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>shook stick</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d2"/> - - John picked up a stick and shook it. - + + John picked up a stick and shook it. + - shook stickexample and - + and + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d3"/> - - John picked up a stick and shook a stick. - + + John picked up a stick and shook a stick. + does not imply that the two= sticks are necessarily the same, whereas=20 requires that they are. GOhA selma'o<= /primary> KO= hA selma'o pro-sumtiseries pro-sumticompare= d to pro-bridi as means of abbreviation pro-bridicompared = to pro-sumti as means of abbreviation pro-brididefinition<= /secondary> pro-= sumtidefinition pro-sumticompared to = pronouns in usage as abbreviations pronounscompared to pro= -sumti in usage as abbreviations In Lojban, we have= sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the h= ybrid term=20 =20 pro-sumti. A purely Lojban term would be=20 sumti cmavo: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo bel= onging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmav= o (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These ma= y be called=20 pro-bridi or=20 bridi cmavo. This chapter explains the uses of = all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups= , known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-serie= s, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of = pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi= , it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-brid= i analogues, however. antecedent of pro= -brididefinition referent of pro-brididefinition <= primary>antecedent of pro-sumtidefinition<= /indexterm> referent of pro-= sumtidefinition A few technica= l terms: The term=20 =20 referent means the thing to which a pro-sumti (by exten= sion, a pro-bridi) refers. If the speaker of a sentence is James, then the = referent of the word=20 I is James. On the other hand, the term=20 antecedent refers to a piece of language which a pro-su= mti (or pro-bridi) implicitly repeats. In - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d4"/> - - John loves himself - + + John loves himself + the antecedent of=20 himself is=20 John; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in t= his case). John, the person, would be the referent of=20 himself. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedent= s, but all of them have referents.

Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: @@ -74,21 +69,21 @@ do KOhA mi-series you mi'o KOhA mi-series you and I mi'a KOhA mi-series I and others, we but not you =20 ma'a KOhA mi-series you and I and others =20 do'o KOhA mi-series you and others =20 ko KOhA mi-series you-imperative - do<= /indexterm> mi= foreman of a ju= ryexample personal pronounswith mi-se= ries for I/you pro-sumtifor listener(s) pro-sumtifor speaker(s) pro-sumtimi-series mi-series<= secondary>of pro-sumti The mi-series of pro-sumti r= efer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.=20 + do mi foreman of a juryexample personal pronounswith mi-series for I/you pro-sumtifor listener(s) pro-sumtifor speaker(s)= pro= -sumtimi-series mi-seriesof pro-sumti= The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, t= he listener, and others in various combinations.=20 mi refers to the speaker and perhaps others for= whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.=20 do refers to the listener or listeners. Neither= =20 mi nor=20 do is specific about the number of persons refe= rred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the= jury as=20 =20 mi, since in speaking officially he represents = all of them. COI selma'o mi'= e COI = selma'oeffect on referent of "do" COI selma'oeffect on referent of "mi" The referents of=20 mi and=20 do are usually obvious from the context, but ma= y be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in=20 . The vocative=20 @@ -142,27 +137,27 @@ we can mean=20 mi or=20 mi'o or=20 mi'a or even=20 =20 ma'a, and English-speakers often suffer because= they cannot easily distinguish=20 =20 mi'o from=20 mi'a: =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d2"/> - - We're going to the store. - + + We're going to the store. + Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure= . ko<= /indexterm> kouse for commands kouse for imperatives<= /indexterm> imperativeswith ko commandswith ko Finally, the cmavo=20 ko is logically equivalent to=20 do; its referent is the listener. However, its = use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener t= o make the assertion true: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d3"/>

@@ -252,30 +247,31 @@ do, that is convenient when pointing is not pos= sible; for example, when talking by telephone. In written text, on the othe= r hand, the meaning of the ti-series is inherently vague; is the writer to = be taken as pointing to something, and if so, to what? In all cases, what c= ounts as=20 near and=20 far away is relative to the current situation. thispronoun expression with ti tias pronoun expression= for English this thisadjective usage contrasted with pron= oun usage thispronoun usage contrasted with adjective usag= e It is important to distinguish between the Englis= h pronoun=20 this and the English adjective=20 this as in=20 this boat. The latter is not represented in Lojban by= =20 =20 ti: - + <title> + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e3d1"/>

le ti bloti the this boat =20

- this boatexample thisadjective expression with vi vias adjective expression for English this does not mean=20 + thisadjective expression with vi vias adjective express= ion for English this does not mean=20 this boat but rather=20 =20 this one's boat,=20 the boat associated with this thing, as explained in=20 . A correct Lojban transla= tion of=20 is <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e3d2"/> @@ -345,47 +341,48 @@ You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-= false-sentence.

ti-series pro-sum= ticontrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti di'ucontrasted with ta tacontrasted with di'u Using=20 ta instead of=20 di'u would cause the listener to look around to= see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to. da'u de'u di'u As with=20 ti,=20 ta, and=20 tu, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes= : a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, = either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use = the=20 - i/=20 - a/=20 - u vowel convention of the demonstratives in=20 + i/=20 + a/=20 + u vowel convention of the dem= onstratives in=20 without causing collisions with = other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique=20 - i/=20 - e/=20 - a convention in the first vowel of the cmavo. + i/=20 + e/=20 + a convention in the first vow= el of the cmavo. da'e de'e di'e Most references in speech are to the past (what has alr= eady been said), so=20 di'e,=20 =20 de'e, and=20 =20 da'e are not very useful when speaking. In writ= ing, they are frequently handy: =20 + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d3"/>

la saimn. cusku di'e =20 Simon expresses the-following-utterance. Simon says: =20

- Simon saysexample=20 + would typically be followed= by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of somethin= g Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear a= fter=20 , and so=20 di'e is appropriate. =20 do'i dei The remaining two cmavo,=20 dei and=20 do'i, refer respectively to the very utterance = that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance ut= tered by someone at some time: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d4"/> @@ -407,21 +404,21 @@ <quote>that</quote> is not necessarily what was just said).</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>The cmavo of the di'u-series have a meaning that is relative to = the context. The referent of=20 <jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> in the current utterance is the same as the= referent of=20 <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> in the next utterance. The term=20 <quote>utterance</quote> is used rather than=20 <quote>sentence</quote> because the amount of speech or written text r= eferred to by any of these words is vague. Often, a single bridi is intende= d, but longer utterances may be thus referred to.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</pri= mary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE s= elma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><pri= mary>la'e</primary></indexterm> Note one very common construction with=20 <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and the cmavo=20 - <quote>la'e</quote> (of selma'o LAhE; see=20 + <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE; see=20 <xref linkend=3D"chapter-sumti"/>) which precedes a sumti and means=20 <quote>the thing referred to by (the sumti)</quote>:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-MsUd"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d6"/>

mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.= I love Jane, and I like that. @@ -500,21 +497,21 @@

The English gloss=20 it-1, plus knowledge about the real world, would tend t= o make English-speakers believe that=20 =20 ko'a refers to the store; in other words, that = its antecedent is=20 le zarci. To a Lojbanist, however,=20 la .alis. is just as likely an antecedent, in w= hich case=20 means that Alice, not the s= tore, is blue. goi= ko'a-series pro= -sumtiassigning with goi To av= oid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo=20 - goi: + goi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d2"/>

la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.

ko'a-series pro-s= umtiassignment with goi as symmetrical Syntactically,=20 @@ -527,65 +524,66 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d3"/>

la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.

ge'u in other words,=20 - goi is symmetrical. There is a terminator,=20 - ge'u (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable= . The details are in=20 + goi is symmetrical. There is a terminator,=20 + ge'u (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always = elidable. The details are in=20 . goi assignment of= ko'a-series pro-sumtiuse in speech contrasted with wr= iting The afterthought form of=20 - goi shown in=20 + goi shown in=20 and=20 is probably most common in = speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we w= ill want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,=20 ko'a may be assigned at the point where Alice i= s first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of=20 - goi is: + goi is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e5d4"/>

la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.

- hereafter known a= sexample legal jargonexample Again,=20 + hereafter known asexamp= le This cannot be correctly expressed as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e7d2"/>

loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass= -of cells

@@ -1272,64 +1268,66 @@ soi SOI reciprocity =20 =20 =20 se'u SEhU soi terminator reciprocal pro-su= mti re= flexive pro-sumti pro-sumtireferring to place of same bridi = with vo'a-series pro-sumtivo'a-series anaphorapro-sumti vo'a-series as The cmavo of the vo'a= -series are pro-sumti anaphora, like those of the ri-series, but have a spe= cific function. These cmavo refer to the other places of the same bridi; th= e five of them represent up to five places. The same vo'a-series cmavo mean= different things in different bridi. Some examples: =20 + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d1"/>

mi lumci vo'a I wash myself

mi klama le zarci vo'e I go to the store from itself [by some route unspecified].

- vo'e vo'a wash selfexample pro-sumtireferring to place of = different bridi with go'i-series To refer to places= of neighboring bridi, constructions like=20 + vo'e vo'apro-sumtireferring to place of different bridi with go'i-series To refer to places of neighboring bridi, constructions= like=20 le se go'i ku do the job: this refers to the 2n= d place of the previous main bridi, as explained in=20 . SOI selma'o soi= vice = versaEnglishexpressing with vo'a= -series pro-sumti and soi vo'a-series pro-sumtiuse in expre= ssing reciprocity with soi soiuse in expressing reciprocit= y with vo'a-series pro-sumti reciprocityexpressing with vo= 'a-series pro-sumti and soi The cmavo of the vo'a-s= eries are also used with=20 - soi (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, = which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like=20 + soi (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express recip= rocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase = like=20 =20 =20 vice versa: - + <title> + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d3"/>

mi prami do soi vo'a vo'e I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi] [x2 of this bri= di]. =20 =20 I love you and vice versa (swapping=20 I and=20 you).

- vice versaexample soi with one following sumticonventi= on The significance of=20 + soi with one follo= wing sumticonvention The signi= ficance of=20 soi vo'a vo'e is that the bridi is still true e= ven if the x1 (specified by=20 vo'a) and the x2 (specified by=20 vo'e) places are interchanged. If only a single= sumti follows=20 - soi, then the sumti immediately preceding=20 - soi is understood to be one of those involved: + soi, then the sumti immediately preceding=20 + soi is understood to be one of those involved:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d4"/> mi prami do soi vo'a I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi]. =20 =20 @@ -1341,27 +1339,27 @@

mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that from = this).

SEhU selma'o<= /primary> se= 'u se'= uelidability considerations <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">se'uas el= idable terminator for soi The elidable terminator f= or=20 - soi is=20 - se'u (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed only if t= here is just one sumti after the=20 - soi, and the=20 - soi construction is not at the end of the bridi. Constr= uctions using=20 - soi are free modifiers, and as such can go almost anywh= ere. Here is an example where=20 + soi is=20 + se'u (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed o= nly if there is just one sumti after the=20 + soi, and the=20 + soi construction is not at the end of the bridi= . Constructions using=20 + soi are free modifiers, and as such can go almo= st anywhere. Here is an example where=20 =20 - se'u is required: + se'u is required: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d6"/>

mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] fro= m-that =20 =20 I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa. @@ -1415,29 +1413,30 @@ What are you?

is a truly pregnant questio= n that will have several meanings depending on context. (One thing it probably does not mean is=20 Who are you? in the sense=20 What is your name/identity?, which is better expressed = by: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>what is your name</p= rimary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d3"/>

ma cmene do What sumti is-the-name-of you? What is your name?

- what is your name= example or even + or even <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d4"/>

doi ma O [what sumti?]

which uses the vocative=20 @@ -1478,31 +1477,32 @@ ke'a KOhA relativized sumti =20 ke'a relative claus= esuse of ke'a for referral to relativized sumti in ke'afor relativized sumti in relative clauses pro-sumti= for relativized sumti in relative clauses This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in=20 ) to indicate how the sumt= i being relativized fits within the clause. For example: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</prim= ary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e10d1"/>

mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu ke'a lei slasi I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of pla= stic. I see a cat made of plastic.

- cat of plasticexample ke'aambiguity when omitted If=20 + ke'aambiguity when omitted If=20 ke'a were omitted from=20 , it might be confused with:= <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e10d2"/>

mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a] zbasu lei slasi I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized @@ -1530,40 +1530,41 @@

ce'u KOhA abstraction focus

ce'u The cmavo=20 ce'u is used within abstraction bridi, particul= arly property abstractions introduced by the cmavo=20 =20 - ka. Abstractions, including the uses of=20 + ka. Abstractions, including the uses of=20 ce'u, are discussed in full in=20 . ce'uuse in specifying sumti place of property in abstraction property abstr= actionspecifying sumti place of property with ce'u In brief: Every property abstraction specifies a prope= rty of one of the sumti in it; that sumti place is filled by using=20 =20 =20 ce'u. This convention enables us to distinguish= clearly between: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>happiness</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e11d1"/>

le ka ce'u gleki the property-of (X being-happy) the property of being happy happiness =20

- happinessexample and + and <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e11d2"/>

le ka gleki ce'u the property-of (being-happy about-X) the property of being that which someone is happy about

@@ -1603,22 +1604,22 @@

da'o =20 DAhO cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi

pro-bridi assignm= entstability of pro-sumti assignments= tability of How long does a pro-sumti or pro-bridi = remain stable? In other words, once we know the referent of a pro-sumti or = pro-bridi, how long can we be sure that future uses of the same cmavo have = the same referent? The answer to this question depends on which series the = cmavo belongs to. cei= goi bound variabl= e pro-sumtistability of assignable pro-sumtiexplicit cancellation of by rebinding assignable pro-sumtistability of personal pro-sumtistability of personal pr= o-sumtiimplicit cancellation of by change of speaker/l= istener Personal pro-sumti are stable until there i= s a change of speaker or listener, possibly signaled by a vocative. Assigna= ble pro-sumti and pro-bridi last indefinitely or until rebound with=20 - goi or=20 - cei. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also genera= lly last until re-bound; details are available in=20 + goi or=20 + cei. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi als= o generally last until re-bound; details are available in=20 =20 . anaphoric pro-bri= distability of anaphoric pro-sumtista= bility of ke'astability of reflexive pro-sumtistability of utterance pro-sumtistability of Utterance pro-sumti are stable only within the utterance in= which they appear; similarly, reflexive pro-sumti are stable only within t= he bridi in which they appear; and=20 =20 ke'a is stable only within its relative clause.= Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits dep= ending on the rules for the particular cmavo. indefinite pro-br= idistability of indefinite pro-sumtis= tability of <= primary>demonstrative pro-sumtistability of Demonstrative pro-sumti, indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi, = and sumti and bridi questions potentially change referents every time they = are used. =20 =20 DAhO selma'o<= /primary> da= 'o da'= osyntax of da'ofor cancellation of pr= o-sumti/pro-bridi assignment cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignmentwith da'o pro-bridi assignmentexplicit ca= ncellation of with da'o pro-sumti assignmentexplicit cance= llation of with da'o However, there are ways to can= cel all pro-sumti and pro-bridi, so that none of them have known referents.= (Some, such as=20 mi, will acquire the same referent as soon as t= hey are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel ever= ything is with the cmavo=20 @@ -1686,36 +1687,36 @@ dunli, but=20 =20 dunli has a third place which=20 =20 du lacks: the standard of equality.

lujvo based on pro-sumti pro-sumtirafsi for rafsibased on pro-sumti= There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, bu= t they are rarely used. (See=20 for a complete list.) The obv= ious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place = of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually sta= nd as the first rafsi in their lujvo. - you-talkexample pro-sumti rafsieffect of on place stru= cture of lujvo lujvopro-sumti rafsi effect on place struct= ure of Thus=20 + you-talkexample pro-sumti r= afsieffect of on place structure of lujvo<= /indexterm> lujvo<= secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of Thus=20 donta'a, meaning=20 you-talk, would be interpreted as=20 =20 tavla be do, and would have the place structure= <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d1"/>

t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4

since t2 (the addressee) is already known to be=20 do. - you-cmavoexample On the other hand, the lujvo= =20 + you-cmavoexample On the other hand, the lujvo=20 donma'o, literally=20 you-cmavo, which means=20 =20 a second person personal pronoun, would be interpreted = as=20 cmavo be zo do, and have the place structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d2"/>

@@ -1733,66 +1734,66 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d3"/>

fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga =20 x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.

- zi'o beverageexample zi'o rafsieffect of on place struct= ure of lujvo = lujvozi'o rafsi effect on place structure of<= /secondary> Finally, lujvo involving=20 + zi'o beverageexample zi'o raf= sieffect of on place structure of lujvo lujvozi'o rafsi effect on place structure of Fin= ally, lujvo involving=20 zi'o are also possible, and are fully discussed= in=20 . In brief, the convention is to use = the rafsi for=20 zi'o as a prefix immediately followed by the ra= fsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a bever= age (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a=20 =20 =20 se pinxe be zi'o, the lujvo corresponding to th= is is=20 zilrelselpinxe (deleting the second place of=20 se pinxe). Deleting the x1 place in this fashio= n would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that=20 zilpavypinxe has the same place structure as=20 zilrelselpinxe, and=20 lo zilpavypinxe, like=20 lo zilrelselpinxe, refers to a beverage, and no= t to a non-existent drinker. =20 - bu'a du co'e pro-bridi = rafsias producing context-dependent meanings The pro-bridi=20 + bu'aco'e pro-bridi raf= sias producing context-dependent meanings<= /indexterm> The pro-bridi=20 co'e,=20 =20 du, and=20 bu'a also have rafsi, which can be used just as= if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for=20 du-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanin= gs.

KOhA cmavo by series mi-series: mi I (rafsi:=20 -mib) +mib) do you (rafsi:=20 -don and=20 +don and=20 doi) mi'o you and I mi'a I and others, we but not you =20 ma'a you and I and others =20 do'o you and others =20 ko you-imperative =20 ti-series: ti this here; something nearby (rafsi:=20 -tif) +tif) ta that there; something distant (rafsi:=20 -taz) +taz) tu that yonder; something far distant (rafsi:=20 -tuf) +tuf) =20 di'u-series: di'u the previous utterance de'u an earlier utterance =20 da'u a much earlier utterance =20 di'e the next utterance =20 de'e a later utterance @@ -1836,22 +1837,22 @@ =20 vo'a-series: vo'a x1 of this bridi vo'e x2 of this bridi vo'i x3 of this bridi vo'o x4 of this bridi vo'u x5 of this bridi =20 da-series: da something-1 (rafsi:=20 -dav/ -dza) +dav/ +dza) de something-2 di something-3 =20 others: ke'a relativized sumti =20 ma sumti question ce'u abstraction focus

@@ -1875,35 +1876,35 @@ =20 go'o (repeats a future bridi) =20 nei (repeats the current bridi) =20 no'a (repeats the next outer bridi) =20 =20 bu'a-series: bu'a some-predicate-1 (rafsi:=20 -bul) +bul) bu'e some-predicate-2 =20 bu'i some-predicate-3 =20 =20 others: co'e has the obvious relationship (rafsi:=20 =20 -com/ +com/ co'e) =20 mo bridi question du identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi:=20 -dub/ +dub/ du'o)

Other cmavo discussed in this chapter

goi GOI pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series) commit 47934dede03380911a5bb271e49953f7e6783b21 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Fri Jan 7 15:33:06 2011 -0500 Chapter 7 section IDs. diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml index e8e7178..4ad1e92 100644 --- a/todocbook/20.xml +++ b/todocbook/20.xml @@ -152,21 +152,21 @@ Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential = (achieved or not), or merely an innate capability. =20 ro datka ka'e flulimna =20 All ducks [capability] are-float-swimmers. All ducks have the capability of swimming by floating. selma'o CEI (=20 - ) + )= Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: = =93broda=94, =93brode=94, =93brodi=94, =93brodo=94, or =93brodu=94, for lat= er use. ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda =20 .i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu This is a plastic cat-food can cover, or thingy. =20 The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small. =20 @@ -221,21 +221,21 @@ ,=20 , and=20 . do cu'e klama le zarci You [When/Where?] go to-the store? When are you going to the store? selma'o DAhO (=20 - ) + ) Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o= =20 ) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o=20 ). selma'o DOI (=20 ) The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without= =20 =20 . No pause is required between =93doi=94 and a = following name. See=20 . @@ -418,21 +418,21 @@ ) Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a= subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by= =20 See=20 . la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu John (referred to as it-1) is blue. selma'o GOhA (=20 - ) + ) A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of briv= la. There are several groups of these. A: mi klama le zarci B: mi go'i =20 A: I=92m going to the market. B: Me, too. selma'o GUhA (=20 @@ -532,21 +532,21 @@ That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school. That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness. selma'o KI (=20 ) When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it =93sticky=94, so tha= t it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appearance of=20 . When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses. selma'o KOhA (=20 - ) + ) A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute = for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups. le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than= this-thing. selma'o KU (=20 ,=20 ) Elidable terminator for=20 @@ -915,21 +915,21 @@ selma'o PU (=20 ) Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither). mi pu klama le zarci I [past] go-to the market. I went to the market. selma'o RAhO (=20 - ) + ) The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicit= ly attached to a pro-bridi (see=20 =20 ) to fit the current context rather than the o= riginal context. A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i =20 A: I [future] wash my car. B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A=92s car). =20 @@ -990,21 +990,21 @@ selma'o SI (=20 ) Erases the previous single word. mi si do klama le zarci I, er, you go to-the market. selma'o SOI (=20 - ) + ) Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like =93vice versa=94 in En= glish). =20 =20 mi prami do soi mi I love you [reciprocally] me. I love you and vice versa. selma'o SU (=20 diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml index 2a1bbbc..4ab7fae 100644 --- a/todocbook/6.xml +++ b/todocbook/6.xml @@ -1719,21 +1719,21 @@ =20 =20 name-wordspermissible consonant combinations A n= ame may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban wor= ds generally: the=20 impermissible consonant clusters of Lojban morphology (= explained in=20 =20 =20 ). Thus=20 djeimz. is not a valid version = of=20 - James (because=20 + James (because=20 mz is inval= id):=20 djeimyz will suffice. Similarly,=20 la may be replaced by=20 ly,=20 lai by=20 ly'i,=20 doi by=20 do'i or=20 dai. Here are a few examples: =20 @@ -1748,21 +1748,21 @@ *doi,l do'il or dai,l =20 Lyra *lairas ly'iras - Lottie (American pron.) + Lottie (American pronunciation)<= /entry> *latis LYtis. or lotis. Doyleexample Lyraexample Lottieexample= namesu= sing rafsi Names may be borrowed from other languag= es or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more ra= fsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi=20 loj- for=20 logji (logical) and=20 ban- for=20 diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index aace431..9a006a0 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi -

Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, @@ -58,21 +58,21 @@ John loves himself

the antecedent of=20 himself is=20 John; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in t= his case). John, the person, would be the referent of=20 himself. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedent= s, but all of them have referents.

Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: mi KOhA mi-series I, me=20 do KOhA mi-series you mi'o KOhA mi-series you and I mi'a KOhA mi-series I and others, we but not you =20 ma'a KOhA mi-series you and I and others @@ -209,23 +209,23 @@ mi viska le prenu poi prami ko I see the person that loves you [imperative] Make=20 I see the person that loves you true! Be such that the person who loves you is seen by me! Show me the person who loves you! mi-series pro-sum= tilack of pro-bridi equivalent= As mentioned in=20 - , some pro-sumti series have = corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-s= eries among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship. + , some pro-sumti series have c= orresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-se= ries among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.

Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ti KOhA ti-series this here, a nearby object=20 ta KOhA ti-series that there, a medium-distant object tu KOhA ti-series that yonder, a far-distant object tu<= /indexterm> ta= ti pro-sumtiti-series ti-series pro-sumtias pointing r= eferents only this/that in Englishcompared with ti-series = pro-sumti ti-series pro-sumticompared with English this/th= at d= emonstrative pro-sumti pointingreference by It is often useful to refer to things by pointing to them or by som= e related non-linguistic mechanism. In English, the words=20 this and=20 @@ -293,21 +293,21 @@

ti noi bloti =20 this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat

ti-series pro-sum= tilack of pro-bridi equivalent= thisad= jective expression with ti noi ti noias adjective expressi= on for this There are no demonstrative pro-bridi to= correspond to the ti-series: you can't point to a relationship.

Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: di'u KOhA di'u-series the previous utterance=20 de'u KOhA di'u-series an earlier utterance =20 da'u KOhA di'u-series a much earlier utterance =20 di'e KOhA di'u-series the next utterance @@ -348,21 +348,21 @@ ti-series pro-sum= ticontrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti di'ucontrasted with ta tacontrasted with di'u Using=20 ta instead of=20 di'u would cause the listener to look around to= see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to. da'u de'u di'u As with=20 ti,=20 ta, and=20 tu, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes= : a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, = either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use = the=20 i/=20 a/=20 u vowel convention of the demonstratives in=20 - without causing collisions w= ith other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique=20 + without causing collisions with = other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique=20 i/=20 e/=20 a convention in the first vowel of the cmavo. da'e de'e di'e Most references in speech are to the past (what has alr= eady been said), so=20 di'e,=20 =20 de'e, and=20 =20 da'e are not very useful when speaking. In writ= ing, they are frequently handy: =20 @@ -440,21 +440,21 @@

mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci di'u I love Jane. And I like the-last-utterance.

says that the speaker likes one of his own sentences. There are no pro-bridi corresponding to the di'u-series.

Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko'a-series and the bro= da-series The following cmavo and gismu are discussed in this section: =20 ko'a KOhA ko'a-series it-1=20 ko'e KOhA ko'a-series it-2 ko'i KOhA ko'a-series it-3 ko'o KOhA ko'a-series it-4 ko'u KOhA ko'a-series it-5 @@ -469,21 +469,21 @@ brodi BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-3 brodo BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-4 brodu BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-5 goi GOI pro-sumti assignment =20 cei CEI pro-bridi assignment =20 ko'a-series pro-s= umti p= ro-sumtiko'a-series personal pronouns= with ko'a-series for he/she/it/they The discussion = of personal pro-sumti in=20 =20 - may have seemed incomplete. = In English, the personal pronouns include not only=20 + may have seemed incomplete. In E= nglish, the personal pronouns include not only=20 =20 I and=20 you but also=20 he,=20 she,=20 it, and=20 they. Lojban does have equivalents of this latter group= : in fact, it has more of them than English does. However, they are organiz= ed and used very differently. ko'a-series pro-s= umtias assignable personal pronouns for he/she/it/theyEnglish contrasted with Lojban in organization= There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assign= ed freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word=20 he can refer only to males,=20 she only to females (and ships and a few other things),= =20 @@ -652,21 +652,21 @@ le ninmu goi la sam. cu klama le zarci The woman also-known-as Sam goes to-the store. The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store. This usage does not imply that the woman's name is Sam, or even = that the speaker usually calls the woman=20 Sam.=20 Sam is simply a name chosen, as if at random, for use i= n the current context only.

Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-s= eries The following cmavo are discussed in this section: ri KOhA ri-series (repeats last sumti)=20 ra KOhA ri-series (repeats previous sumti) ru KOhA ri-series (repeats long-ago sumti) =20 go'i GOhA go'i-series (repeats last bridi) go'a GOhA go'i-series (repeats previous bridi) @@ -1076,21 +1076,21 @@ John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. Alice says [quote] I [repeat] [unquote]. John says,=20 I am going to the store. Alice says,=20 Me too. go'i-series pro-b= ridiin narrative about quotation ri-series pro-sumtiin narrative about quotation Of cour= se, there is no problem with narrative material referring to something with= in a quotation: people who quote, unlike people who are quoted, are aware o= f what they are doing.

Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo'e-series and the co'= e-series =20 =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: zo'e KOhA zo'e-series the obvious value =20 zu'i KOhA zo'e-series the typical value =20 =20 @@ -1249,21 +1249,21 @@ co'e was chosen to resemble=20 =20 zo'e; the cmavo=20 do'e of selma'o BAI (see=20 =20 ) also belongs to the same grou= p of cmavo. zo'e-seriescompared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti do'icompared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti Note that=20 do'i, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of ind= efinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to refer= ring only to an utterance. =20

Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series =20 =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: vo'a KOhA vo'a-series x1 of this bridi=20 vo'e KOhA vo'a-series x2 of this bridi vo'i KOhA vo'a-series x3 of this bridi vo'o KOhA vo'a-series x4 of this bridi @@ -1290,21 +1290,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d2"/>

mi klama le zarci vo'e I go to the store from itself [by some route unspecified].

vo'e vo'a wash selfexample pro-sumtireferring to place of = different bridi with go'i-series To refer to places= of neighboring bridi, constructions like=20 le se go'i ku do the job: this refers to the 2n= d place of the previous main bridi, as explained in=20 - . + . SOI selma'o soi= vice = versaEnglishexpressing with vo'a= -series pro-sumti and soi vo'a-series pro-sumtiuse in expre= ssing reciprocity with soi soiuse in expressing reciprocit= y with vo'a-series pro-sumti reciprocityexpressing with vo= 'a-series pro-sumti and soi The cmavo of the vo'a-s= eries are also used with=20 soi (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, = which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like=20 =20 =20 vice versa: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e8d3"/>

@@ -1361,21 +1361,21 @@ mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] fro= m-that =20 =20 I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa.

sumti and bridi questions:=20 =20 <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and=20 <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

ma KOhA sumti question @@ -1462,21 +1462,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e9d6"/>

ma djuno ma [What sumti] knows [what sumti]? Who knows what?

Relativized pro-sumti:=20 <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

ke'a KOhA relativized sumti =20 @@ -1516,21 +1516,21 @@ ke'a in=20 and=20 , because the relativized su= mti is not yet complete when the=20 =20 ke'a appears. subscriptson ke'a for nested relative clauses = ke'asubs= cripting for nested relative clauses ke'aand abstract desc= riptions Note that=20 ke'a is used only with relative clauses, and no= t with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of r= elative clauses within relative clauses,=20 ke'a may be subscripted to make the difference = clear (see=20 ).

Abstraction focus pro-sumti:=20 <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

ce'u KOhA abstraction focus

@@ -1561,21 +1561,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e11d2"/>

le ka gleki ce'u the property-of (being-happy about-X) the property of being that which someone is happy about

Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the da-series and the b= u'a-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section: da KOhA da-series something-1=20 de KOhA da-series something-2 di KOhA da-series something-3 =20 bu'a GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-1 bu'e GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-2 @@ -1590,21 +1590,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e12d1"/>

la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did some= thing-1. John picked up a stick and shook it.

Pro-sumti and pro-bridi cancelling The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

da'o =20 DAhO cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi

@@ -1624,21 +1624,21 @@ mi, will acquire the same referent as soon as t= hey are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel ever= ything is with the cmavo=20 da'o of selma'o DAhO, which is used solely for = this purpose; it may appear anywhere, and has no effect on the grammar of t= exts containing it. One use of=20 =20 da'o is when entering a conversation, to indica= te that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments= already made by other participants in the conversation. =20 pro-bridi assignm= entno'i effect on pro-sumti assignmentno'i effect on no'ieffect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignme= nts = ni'oeffect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments In addition, the cmavo=20 ni'o and=20 no'i of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily = to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumt= i and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. Mor= e explanations of NIhO can be found in=20 .

The identity predicate: du =20 The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

du GOhA identity

@@ -1682,24 +1682,24 @@ , however, predicates; it is= used to make a claim about the identity of=20 ko'a, which presumably has been defined previou= sly. dunlicontrasted with du ducontrasted with dunli duderivation of Note:=20 du historically is derived from=20 dunli, but=20 =20 dunli has a third place which=20 =20 du lacks: the standard of equality.

lujvo based on pro-sumti pro-sumtirafsi for rafsibased on pro-sumti= There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, bu= t they are rarely used. (See=20 - for a complete list.) The o= bvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate plac= e of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually s= tand as the first rafsi in their lujvo. + for a complete list.) The obv= ious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place = of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually sta= nd as the first rafsi in their lujvo. you-talkexample pro-sumti rafsieffect of on place stru= cture of lujvo lujvopro-sumti rafsi effect on place struct= ure of Thus=20 donta'a, meaning=20 you-talk, would be interpreted as=20 =20 tavla be do, and would have the place structure= <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e15d1"/>

@@ -1754,21 +1754,21 @@ lo zilpavypinxe, like=20 lo zilrelselpinxe, refers to a beverage, and no= t to a non-existent drinker. =20 bu'a du co'e pro-bridi = rafsias producing context-dependent meanings The pro-bridi=20 co'e,=20 =20 du, and=20 bu'a also have rafsi, which can be used just as= if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for=20 du-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanin= gs.

KOhA cmavo by series mi-series: mi I (rafsi:=20 mib) do you (rafsi:=20 don and=20 doi) mi'o you and I mi'a I and others, we but not you @@ -1848,21 +1848,21 @@ de something-2 di something-3 =20 others: ke'a relativized sumti =20 ma sumti question ce'u abstraction focus

GOhA and other pro-bridi by series broda-series (not GOhA): broda is-1; 1st assignable pro-bridi brode is-2; 2nd assignable pro-bridi brodi is-3; 3rd assignable pro-bridi brodo is-4; 4th assignable pro-bridi brodu is-5; 5th assignable pro-bridi =20 go'i-series: @@ -1893,21 +1893,21 @@ =20 com/ co'e) =20 mo bridi question du identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi:=20 dub/ du'o)

Other cmavo discussed in this chapter

goi GOI pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series) =20

cei commit b91d653f84d33d6ced5b51ac65065ca508fa88f7 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Thu Jan 6 19:33:21 2011 -0500 Chapter 6: cmavolist to table and miscellanious things. diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml index ea9c9ef..2a1bbbc 100644 --- a/todocbook/6.xml +++ b/todocbook/6.xml @@ -54,22 +54,22 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e1d2"/>

e'osai ko sarji la lojban. Please support Lojban!

- exhibits=20 - ko, a pro-sumti; and=20 + exhibits=20 + ko, a pro-sumti; and=20 la lojban., a name. <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e1d3"/> mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu I express=20 Please! to-the reader. @@ -544,38 +544,39 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e4d2"/>

loi ratcu cu cmalu Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really-are rats are-small.<= /gloss> Rats are small.

-lo'icontrasted with lo and loi loicontrasted with lo and lo= 'i l= ocontrasted with loi and lo'i = FIXME: TAG SPOT + lo'icontrasted with lo and loi loicontrasted with lo a= nd lo'i locontrasted with loi and lo'i FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e4d3"/>

lo'i ratcu cu barda The-set-of rats is-large. There are a lot of rats.

The mass of rats is small because at least one rat is small; the= mass of rats is also large; the set of rats, though, is unquestionably lar= ge - it has billions of members. The mass of rats is also brown, since some= of its components are; but it would be incorrect to call the set of rats b= rown - brown-ness is not the sort of property that sets possess. =20 setsuse in Lojban place structure Lojban speake= rs should generally think twice before employing the set descriptors. Howev= er, certain predicates have places that require set sumti to fill them. For= example, the place structure of=20 fadni is: + x1 is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 among the members= of set x3 - + Why is it necessary for the x3 place of=20 fadni to be a set? Because it makes no sense fo= r an individual to be typical of another individual: an individual is typic= al of a group. In order to make sure that the bridi containing=20 fadni is about an entire group, its x3 place mu= st be filled with a set: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>typical Lojban user<= /primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e4d4"/>

mi fadni zo'e lo'i lobypli @@ -718,21 +719,21 @@ Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit qua= ntifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the thing= s referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple exa= mples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d1"/>

do cadzu le bisli You walk-on the ice.

-FIXME: TAG SPOT + FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d2"/>

re do cadzu le bisli Two-of you walk-on the ice.

The difference between=20 @@ -810,21 +811,21 @@ I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences.= One might suppose that=20 means that I express exactl= y one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, = as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least= once. The Lojban cmavo meaning=20 at least is=20 su'o, and if no ordinary number follows,=20 su'o means=20 at least once. (See=20 for the use of=20 su'o with an ordinary number). Therefore, the e= xplicitly quantified version of=20 is - implicit quantifierfor quotations quotationsimplicit quan= tifier for su'oas implicit quantifier for quotations FIXME: TAG SPOT + implicit quantifi= erfor quotations quotationsimplicit q= uantifier for su'oas implicit quantifier for quotations FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d7"/>

mi cusku su'o lu do cadzu le bisli li'u I express at-least-one-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unqu= ote]. I say one or more instances of=20 You walk on the ice. I say=20 @@ -892,99 +893,100 @@

le ci gerku cu blabi The three dogs are-white. The three dogs are white.

outer quantifier<= /primary>implicit on descriptors inner quantifierimplicit on descriptors descriptorsimplicit quantifiers = for There are rules for each of the 11 descriptors = specifying what the implicit values for the inner and outer quantifiers are= . They are meant to provide sensible default values when context is absent,= not necessarily to prescribe hard and fast rules. The following table list= s the implicit values: =20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + =20 - - - - - - - - le: - ro le su'o - all of the at-least-one described as - - - lo: - su'o lo ro - at least one of all of those which really are - - - la: - ro la su'o - all of the at least one named - - - lei: - pisu'o lei su'o - some part of the mass of the at-least-one described as - - - loi: - pisu'o loi ro - some part of the mass of all those that really are - - - lai: - pisu'o lai su'o - some part of the mass of the at-least-one named - - - le'i: - piro le'i su'o - the whole of the set of the at-least-one described as - - - lo'i: - piro lo'i ro - the whole of the set of all those that really are - - - la'i: - piro la'i su'o - the whole of the set of the at-least-one named - - - le'e: - ro le'e su'o - all the stereotypes of the at-least-one described as - - - lo'e: - su'o lo'e ro - at least one of the types of all those that really are - - - - l= e-series cmavoas encompassing le-series and la-series = descriptors for quantification discussion le-series cmavod= efinition la-series descriptorscompared with le-series in = implicit quantification le-series descriptorscompared with= la-series in implicit quantification When examined= for the first time, this table looks dreadfully arbitrary. In fact, there = are quite a few regularities in it. First of all, the la-series (that is, t= he descriptors=20 + + + + + + + + le: + ro le su'o + all of the at-least-one described as + + + lo: + su'o lo ro + at least one of all of those which really are + + + la: + ro la su'o + all of the at least one named + + + lei: + pisu'o lei su'o + some part of the mass of the at-least-one described as<= /entry> + + + loi: + pisu'o loi ro + some part of the mass of all those that really are + + + lai: + pisu'o lai su'o + some part of the mass of the at-least-one named + + + le'i: + piro le'i su'o + the whole of the set of the at-least-one described as + + + lo'i: + piro lo'i ro + the whole of the set of all those that really are + + + la'i: + piro la'i su'o + the whole of the set of the at-least-one named + + + le'e: + ro le'e su'o + all the stereotypes of the at-least-one described as + + + lo'e: + su'o lo'e ro + at least one of the types of all those that really are<= /entry> + + + + + le-series cmavoas encompassing le-series and la-series descriptors for = quantification discussion le-series cmavodefinition la-series = descriptorscompared with le-series in implicit quantif= ication le-series descriptorscompared with la-series in im= plicit quantification When examined for the first t= ime, this table looks dreadfully arbitrary. In fact, there are quite a few = regularities in it. First of all, the la-series (that is, the descriptors= =20 la,=20 lai, and=20 la'i) and the le-series (that is, the descripto= rs=20 le,=20 lei,=20 le'i, and=20 le'e) always have corresponding implicit quanti= fiers, so we may subsume the la-series under the le-series for the rest of = this discussion:=20 le-series cmavo will refer to both the le-series proper= and to the la-series. =20 le-series cmavorule for implicit inner quantifier lo-series cmavo= rule for implicit inner quantifier The r= ule for the inner quantifier is very simple: the lo-series cmavo (namely,= =20 @@ -1151,27 +1153,27 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e9d2"/>

le re do cu nanmu The two-of you are men.

- simply specifies that of th= e group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.=20 - , which has the sumti-based = description=20 - =20 - le re do, says that of the two listeners, all (= the implicit outer quantifier=20 - ro) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier= =20 - re gives the number of individuals which the in= ner sumti=20 - =20 + simply specifies that of = the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.=20 + , which has the sumti-base= d description=20 + =20 + le re do, says that of the two listeners, all= (the implicit outer quantifier=20 + ro) are men. So in effect the inner quantifie= r=20 + re gives the number of individuals which the = inner sumti=20 + =20 do refers to. Here is another group of examples:  <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e9d3"/>

re le ci cribe cu bunre Two-of the three bears are-brown. @@ -1276,21 +1278,21 @@ =20 bo of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix= a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may = need to add the elidable terminator=20 =20 lu'u to show where the qualified sumti ends.) =20 sumti qualifiers<= /primary>as short forms for common special cases Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain co= mmon special cases. Suppose you want to say=20 I see 'The Red Pony', where=20 =20 The Red Pony is the title of a book. How about: =20 -unqualified sumticontrasted with qualified sumti qualified sumticontrasted with unqualified sumti

FIXME: TAG S= POT + unqualified sumti<= /primary>contrasted with qualified sumti= qualified sumticontrasted with unqualified sumti FIXME: T= AG SPOT  <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Red Pony</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d1"/>

mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].

@@ -1331,21 +1333,21 @@

referent= referring to with la'e la'eeffect of on meanin= g de= referencing a pointerwith la'e= la'eas= short for le selsinxa be So= when=20 la'e is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symb= ol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In compu= ter jargon,=20 =20 la'e dereferences a pointer.) By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (= =20 ), which too closely resembl= es its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (=20 ), without having to change = it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the use= s of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind. symbolreferring to with lu'e lu'eeffect of on meaning The sumti qualifier=20 lu'e provides the converse operation: it can be= prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring t= o a sign or symbol for the thing. For example, -lu'eas short for le sinxa be = FIXME: TAG SPOT + lu'eas short for le sinxa be FIXME: TAG SPOT  <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>title of book</prima= ry><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d4"/> mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book. I said the title of this book. @@ -1422,21 +1424,21 @@ mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentione= d is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a ma= ss. The sequence of you and me is a sequence. (Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introd= uced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)<= /para> negation sumti qu= alifiersmeanings of sumti qualifiersf= or negation Finally, the four sumti qualifiers form= ed from a cmavo of NAhE and=20 bo are all concerned with negation, which is di= scussed in detail in=20 . Here are a few examples of negat= ion sumti qualifiers: =20 - na'ebo FIXME: T= AG SPOT + na'ebo FIXM= E: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d10"/>

mi viska na'ebo le gerku =20 I see something-other-than the dog.

@@ -1493,21 +1495,21 @@ je'e =20 [acknowledgement] Uh-huh. Roger! vocative wordphrase following In these cases, t= he person being addressed is obvious from the context. However, a vocative = word (more precisely, one or more cmavo of COI, possibly followed by=20 doi, or else just=20 doi by itself) can be followed by one of severa= l kinds of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. Th= e most common case is a name: - coi FIXME: TAG = SPOT + coi FIXME: = TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d3"/>

coi. djan. Hello, John.

A pause is required (for morphological reasons) between a member= of COI and a name. You can use=20 @@ -1728,42 +1730,49 @@ mz is inval= id):=20 djeimyz will suffice. Similarly,=20 la may be replaced by=20 ly,=20 lai by=20 ly'i,=20 doi by=20 do'i or=20 dai. Here are a few examples: =20 - - - Doyle - *doi,l - do'il or dai,l - =20 - - - Lyra - *lairas - ly'iras - - - Lottie - *latis - LYtis. or lotis. - - + + + + + =20 + + + Doyle + *doi,l + do'il or dai,l + =20 + + + Lyra + *lairas + ly'iras + + + Lottie (American pron.) + *latis + LYtis. or lotis. + + + + Doyleexample Lyraexample Lottieexample= namesu= sing rafsi Names may be borrowed from other languag= es or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more ra= fsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi=20 - loj- for=20 + loj- for=20 logji (logical) and=20 - ban- for=20 + ban- for=20 bangu (language) unite to form the name of this= language: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d7"/>

lojban. Lojban

@@ -1994,21 +2003,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d1"/>

mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote]. I say I'm John.

word quotationinternal grammar of word quotationas mor= phologically valid Words quotations are quotations = of one or more Lojban words. The words need not mean anything, but they mus= t be morphologically valid so that the end of the quotation can be discerne= d. - le'u lo'u FIXM= E: TAG SPOT + le'u lo'u = FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d2"/>

mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u I say the-words [quote] li mi [unquo= te]. I say li mi.

@@ -2082,21 +2091,21 @@ me'o refer to the actual expression, rather tha= n its value. Thus=20 and=20 above have the same meaning= , the number four, whereas <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e15d4"/>

me'o vo the-expression four - 4 + 4

and <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e15d5"/>

me'o re su'i re the-expression two plus two --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.