<anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d1"/>

What are you pointing at? The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

poi NOI restrictive relative clause introducer =20

@@ -15,49 +15,49 @@ GOhA relative pro-sumti =20

ku'o KUhO relative clause terminator

- tu<= /indexterm> ta= ti Let us think about the problem of communicating what it is th= at we are pointing at when we are pointing at something. In Lojban, we can = refer to what we are pointing at by using the pro-sumti=20 + Let us think about the problem of communicating what it is that = we are pointing at when we are pointing at something. In Lojban, we can ref= er to what we are pointing at by using the pro-sumti=20 ti if it is nearby, or=20 ta if it is somewhat further away, or=20 tu if it is distant. (Pro-sumti are explained i= n full in=20 .) referenceambiguity of ti/ta/tu However, even wi= th the assistance of a pointing finger, or pointing lips, or whatever may b= e appropriate in the local culture, it is often hard for a listener to tell= just what is being pointed at. Suppose one is pointing at a person (in par= ticular, in the direction of his or her face), and says: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d1"/>

ti cu barda - This-one is-big. + This-one is-big.

What is the referent of=20 ti? Is it the person? Or perhaps it is the pers= on's nose? Or even (for=20 ti can be plural as well as singular, and mean= =20 =20 these ones as well as=20 this one) the pores on the person's nose? - poi= KUhO selma'= o = ku'o NOI selma'o = referenceuse of relative clause for relative clau= seuse for reference To help so= lve this problem, Lojban uses a construction called a=20 + KUhO selma'o NOI= selma'o referenceuse of relative clause for relative clauseuse for reference To help solve th= is problem, Lojban uses a construction called a=20 relative clause. Relative clauses are usually attached = to the end of sumti, but there are other places where they can go as well, = as explained later in this chapter. A relative clause begins with a word of= selma'o NOI, and ends with the elidable terminator=20 - ku'o (of selma'o KUhO). As you might suppose,=20 - noi is a cmavo of selma'o NOI; however, first we will d= iscuss the cmavo=20 - poi, which also belongs to selma'o NOI. - ke'a ke'a= as referent for relativized sumti referenceto r= elativized sumti with ke'a relativized sumtidefinition poisyntax of In between the=20 - poi and the=20 - ku'o appears a full bridi, with the same syntax as any = other bridi. Anywhere within the bridi of a relative clause, the pro-sumti= =20 + ku'o (of selma'o KUhO). As you might suppose,= =20 + noi is a cmavo of selma'o NOI; however, first w= e will discuss the cmavo=20 + poi, which also belongs to selma'o NOI. + ke'aas referent for relativized sumti referenceto relat= ivized sumti with ke'a relativized sumtidefinition poisyntax of In between the=20 + poi and the=20 + ku'o appears a full bridi, with the same syntax= as any other bridi. Anywhere within the bridi of a relative clause, the pr= o-sumti=20 ke'a (of selma'o KOhA) may be used, and it stan= ds for the sumti to which the relative clause is attached (called the=20 relativized sumti). Here are some examples before we go= any further: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d2"/>

ti poi ke'a prenu ku'o cu barda This-thing such-that-(IT is-a-person) is-large. @@ -113,110 +113,110 @@ ta poi mi djica le nu mi ponse ke'a [kei] ku'o cu bloti That-thing such-that( I desire the event-of( I own IT ) ) i= s-a-boat. That thing that I want to own is a boat.

In=20 ,=20 ke'a appears in an abstraction clause (abstract= ions are explained in=20 ) within a relative clause. - relative clauseeffect of omission of "ke'a" on ke'aeffect of omission of Like any sumti,=20 + relative clauseeffect of omission of ke'a on ke'aeffect of omission of Like any su= mti,=20 ke'a can be omitted. The usual presumption in t= hat case is that it then falls into the x1 place: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d7"/>

ti poi nazbi cu barda - This-thing which is-a-nose is-big. + This-thing which is-a-nose is-big.

almost certainly means the same thing as=20 . However,=20 ke'a can be omitted if it is clear to the liste= ner that it belongs in some place other than x1: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d8"/>

tu poi le mlatu pu lacpu cu ratcu - That-distant-thing which the cat [past] drags is-a-rat + That-distant-thing which the cat [past] drags is-a-rat

is equivalent to=20 . ku'oelidability for relative clauses As stated = before,=20 - ku'o is an elidable terminator, and in fact it is almos= t always elidable. Throughout the rest of this chapter,=20 - ku'o will not be written in any of the examples unless = it is absolutely required: thus,=20 + ku'o is an elidable terminator, and in fact it = is almost always elidable. Throughout the rest of this chapter,=20 + ku'o will not be written in any of the examples= unless it is absolutely required: thus,=20 can be written: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d9"/>

ti poi prenu cu barda That which is-a-person is-big. That person is big.

poidiscussion of translation without any change= in meaning. Note that=20 - poi is translated=20 + poi is translated=20 which rather than=20 such-that when=20 ke'a has been omitted from the x1 place of the = relative clause bridi. The word=20 which is used in English to introduce English relative = clauses: other words that can be used are=20 who and=20 that, as in: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d10"/> - - I saw a man who was going to the store. - + + I saw a man who was going to the store. + and - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d11"/> - - The building that the school was located in is large. - + + The building that the school was located in is large. + In=20 the relative clause is=20 who was going to the store, and in=20 it is=20 that the school was located in. Sometimes=20 who,=20 which, and=20 that are used in literal translations in this chapter i= n order to make them read more smoothly.

Incidental relative clauses The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

noi NOI incidental relative clause introducer =20

- noi= relative clause= srestricted contrasted with incidental non-restrictive rel= ative clausedefinition (see also incidental relative c= lause) incidental relative clausedefinition restrictive relati= ve clausedefinition relative clausere= strictive (see also restrictive relative clause) <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">relative clauseskinds of There are two basic kinds of relati= ve clauses: restrictive relative clauses introduced by=20 + relative clausesrestricted contrasted with incidental non-restrictive relati= ve clausedefinition (see also incidental relative clau= se) = incidental relative clausedefinition restrictive relative = clausedefinition relative clauserestr= ictive (see also restrictive relative clause) relative clauseskinds of There are two basic kinds of relative = clauses: restrictive relative clauses introduced by=20 =20 - poi, and incidental (sometimes called simply=20 + poi, and incidental (sometimes called simply=20 non-restrictive) relative clauses introduced by=20 - noi. The difference between restrictive and incidental = relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information that is es= sential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are attached= , whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional information which = is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the referen= t of the sumti. All of the examples in=20 - are restrictive relative cla= uses: the information in the relative clause is essential to identification= . (The title of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.)<= /para> + noi. The difference between restrictive and inc= idental relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information th= at is essential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are = attached, whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional informatio= n which is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the= referent of the sumti. All of the examples in=20 + are restrictive relative clauses: the = information in the relative clause is essential to identification. (The tit= le of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.) =20 =20 Consider the following examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e2d1"/>

le gerku poi blanu cu barda The dog which is-blue is-large. @@ -229,32 +229,32 @@ le gerku noi blanu cu barda The dog incidentally-which is-blue is-large. The dog, which is blue, is large.

In=20 , the information conveyed b= y=20 poi blanu is essential to identifying the dog i= n question: it restricts the possible referents from dogs in general to dog= s that are blue. This is why=20 - poi relative clauses are called restrictive. In=20 + poi relative clauses are called restrictive. In= =20 , on the other hand, the dog= which is referred to has presumably already been identified clearly, and t= he relative clause=20 noi blanu just provides additional information = about it. (If in fact the dog hasn't been identified clearly, then the rela= tive clause does not help identify it further.) incidental relati= ve clauseas a parenthetical device commaeffect on relative clause in English relative clausesef= fect of commas in English relative clausesrestricted contr= asted with incidental in English expression In Engl= ish, the distinction between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is= expressed in writing by surrounding incidental, but not restrictive, claus= es with commas. These commas are functioning as parentheses, because incide= ntal relative clauses are essentially parenthetical. This distinction in pu= nctuation is represented in speech by a difference in tone of voice. In add= ition, English restrictive relative clauses can be introduced by=20 =20 =20 that as well as=20 which and=20 who, whereas incidental relative clauses cannot begin w= ith=20 that. Lojban, however, always uses the cmavo=20 - poi and=20 - noi rather than punctuation or intonation to make the d= istinction. + poi and=20 + noi rather than punctuation or intonation to ma= ke the distinction. Here are more examples of incidental relative clauses: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e2d3"/> mi noi jdice cu zvati I who-incidentally am-a-judge am-at [some-place]. I, a judge, am present. @@ -301,21 +301,21 @@ [True?] You see my white car. Do you see my car, the white one? relative clausecontrasted with tanru So a restr= ictive relative clause attached to a description can often mean the same as= a description involving a tanru. However,=20 =20 blabi karce, like all tanru, is somewhat vague:= in principle, it might refer to a car which carries white things, or even = express some more complicated concept involving whiteness and car-ness; the= restrictive relative clause of=20 =20 can only refer to a car whi= ch is white, not to any more complex or extended concept.

Relative phrases The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pe GOI restrictive association

po @@ -349,108 +349,108 @@ =20 =20

ge'u GEhU relative phrase terminator

GOI selma'o relativ= e phraseas an abbreviation of a common relative clause= rel= ative phrasesyntax of relative phrase= rationale for There are types of relative clauses (= those which have a certain selbri) which are frequently wanted in Lojban, a= nd can be expressed using a shortcut called a relative phrase. Relative phr= ases are introduced by cmavo of selma'o GOI, and consist of a GOI cmavo fol= lowed by a single sumti. - pe<= /indexterm> loose associatio= nexpressing with pe peas loose associ= ation pecompared with "poi ke'a srana" Here is an example of=20 - pe, plus an equivalent sentence using a relative clause= : + loose association<= /primary>expressing with pe peas loose associat= ion = pecompared with poi ke'a srana<= /secondary> Here is an example of=20 + pe, plus an equivalent sentence using a relativ= e clause: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d1"/>

le stizu pe mi cu blanu The chair associated-with me is-blue. My chair is blue.

le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu - The chair such-that( IT is-associated-with me) is-blue. + The chair such-that( IT is-associated-with me) is-blue.

In=20 and=20 , the link between the chair= and the speaker is of the loosest kind. - po<= /indexterm> specificityexpressing with po possessionexpressing wi= th po poas restrictive possession = pocompa= red with "poi ke'a se steci srana" Here i= s an example of=20 - po: + specificityexpressing with po possessionexpressing wi= th po poas restrictive possession = pocompa= red with poi ke'a se steci srana Here is an example of=20 + po: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d3"/>

le stizu po mi cu xunre - The chair specific-to me is red. + The chair specific-to me is red.

le stizu poi ke'a se steci srana mi cu xunre - The chair such-that (IT is-specifically associated-with me) is= -red. + The chair such-that (IT is-specifically associated-with me)= is-red.

pocontrasted with pe pecontrasted with po<= /indexterm>=20 and=20 contrast with=20 and=20 : the chair is more permanen= tly connected with the speaker. A plausible (though not the only possible) = contrast between=20 and=20 is that=20 pe mi would be appropriate for a chair the spea= ker is currently sitting on (whether or not the speaker owned that chair), = and=20 po mi for a chair owned by the speaker (whether= or not he or she was currently occupying it). - pocontrasted with English "possession" As a result, the relationship expressed between two sumti by=20 - po is usually called=20 + pocontrasted with English possession As a result, the relationship expressed between two sumti by=20 + po is usually called=20 possession, although it does not necessarily imply owne= rship, legal or otherwise. The central concept is that of specificity (=20 =20 steci in Lojban). - po'e inalienable po= ssessionexpressing with po'e = intrinsic possessionexpressing with po'e possessionintrinsicexpressing with po'e po'eas intrinsic pos= session po'ecompared with "poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci= srana" Here is an example of=20 - po'e, as well as another example of=20 + inalienable posses= sionexpressing with po'e intrinsic possessionexpressing with po'e possessionintrinsicexpressing with po'e po'eas intrinsic possessio= n po= 'ecompared with poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci = srana Here is an example of=20 + po'e, as well as another example of=20 =20 - po: + po: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d5"/>

le birka po'e mi cu spofu =20 - The arm intrinsically-possessed-by me is-broken + The arm intrinsically-possessed-by me is-broken

le birka poi jinzi ke se steci srana mi cu spofu - The arm which is-intrinsically (specifically associated-with) = me is-broken. + The arm which is-intrinsically (specifically associated-wit= h) me is-broken.

le botpi po mi cu spofu - The bottle specific-to me is-broken + The bottle specific-to me is-broken

person's armexample alienable possessiondefinition extrins= ic possessiondefinition inalienable possessiondefinition intrinsic possessiondefinition pocontrasted with po'e po'econtrasted with po<= /secondary>=20 and=20 on the one hand, and=20 on the other, illustrate th= e contrast between two types of possession called=20 intrinsic and=20 extrinsic, or sometimes=20 inalienable and=20 =20 @@ -464,65 +464,65 @@ inalienable rights of men, but just what those rights a= re, and even whether the concept makes sense at all, varies from culture to= culture. =20 Note that=20 can also be expressed witho= ut a relative clause: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d8"/>

le birka be mi cu spofu - The arm of-body me is broken + The arm of-body me is broken

intrinsic possess= ionexpressing by using place in some selbri reflecting the fact that the gismu=20 birka has an x2 place representing the body to = which the arm belongs. Many, but not all, cases of intrinsic possession can= be thus covered without using=20 =20 =20 - po'e by placing the possessor into the appropriate plac= e of the description selbri. + po'e by placing the possessor into the appropri= ate place of the description selbri. =20 - po'u Here is an example of=20 - po'u: + Here is an example of=20 + po'u: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d9"/>

le gerku po'u le mi pendo cu cinba mi - The dog which-is my friend kisses me. + The dog which-is my friend kisses me.

le gerku poi du le mi pendo cu cinba mi - The dog which =3D my friend kisses me. + The dog which =3D my friend kisses me.

- identityexpressing with po'u po'uas identity po'ucompared with "poi ke'a du"= The cmavo=20 - po'u does not represent possession at all, but rather i= dentity. (Note that it means=20 + identityexpressing with po'u po'uas identity po'ucompared with poi ke'a du<= /indexterm> The cmavo=20 + po'u does not represent possession at all, but = rather identity. (Note that it means=20 poi du and its form was chosen to suggest the r= elationship.) In=20 , the use of=20 - po'u tells us that=20 + po'u tells us that=20 le gerku and=20 le mi pendo represent the same thing. Consider = the contrast between=20 and: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d11"/>

le mi pendo po'u le gerku cu cinba mi - My friend which-is the dog kisses me. + My friend which-is the dog kisses me.

po'urelative phrase of contrasted with relativized sumti of= The facts of the case are the same, but the listener's knowled= ge about the situation may not be. In=20 , the listener is presumed n= ot to understand which dog is meant by=20 le gerku, so the speaker adds a relative phrase= clarifying that it is the particular dog which is the speaker's friend. , however, assumes that the = listener does not know which of the speaker's friends is referred to, and s= pecifies that it is the friend that is the dog (which dog is taken to be ob= vious). Here is another example of the same contrast: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d12"/> @@ -563,43 +563,43 @@ <en>My friend, the one with the cup, is small.</en> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>cup's friend</pri= mary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example= -imported"><primary>friend's cup</primary><secondary>example</secondary></i= ndexterm>=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-qMb2"/> is useful in a context whic= h is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, whereas=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-qmbn"/> is useful in a context that= is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about=20 <quote>my friend of the cup</quote>, as opposed to some other friend o= f mine. Here the cup appears to=20 <quote>possess</quote> the person! English can't even express this rel= ationship with a possessive -=20 <quote>the cup's friend of mine</quote> looks like nonsense - but Lojb= an has no trouble doing so.</para> =20 - <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>no'u</primary= ></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>ne</primar= y></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>incidental id= entification</primary><secondary>expressing with no'u</secondary></indexter= m> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>incidental association</p= rimary><secondary>expressing with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm ty= pe=3D"general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>compared with no'= u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pe= </primary><secondary>compared with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm t= ype=3D"general-imported"><primary>no'u</primary><secondary>compared with po= 'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>n= e</primary><secondary>compared with pe</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the= cmavo=20 - <quote>ne</quote> and=20 - <quote>no'u</quote> stand to=20 + <para><indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>incidental identif= ication</primary><secondary>expressing with no'u</secondary></indexterm> <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>incidental association</primar= y><secondary>expressing with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D= "general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>compared with no'u</se= condary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pe</pri= mary><secondary>compared with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type= =3D"general-imported"><primary>no'u</primary><secondary>compared with po'u<= /secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>ne</= primary><secondary>compared with pe</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cm= avo=20 + <jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> and=20 + <jbophrase>no'u</jbophrase> stand to=20 =20 - <quote>pe</quote> and=20 - <quote>po'u</quote>, respectively, as=20 - <quote>noi</quote> does to=20 - <quote>poi</quote>- they provide incidental information:</para> + <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase> and=20 + <jbophrase>po'u</jbophrase>, respectively, as=20 + <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> does to=20 + <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase>- they provide incidental information:</para= > <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-Arj8"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d16"/>

le blabi gerku ne mi cu batci do The white dog, incidentally-associated-with me, bites you.<= /gloss> The white dog, which is mine, bites you.

In=20 , the white dog is already f= ully identified (after all, presumably the listener knows which dog bit him= or her!). The fact that it is yours is merely incidental to the main bridi= claim. po'ucontrasted with no'u no'ucontrasted with po'u Distinguishing between=20 - po'u and=20 - no'u can be a little tricky. Consider a room with sever= al men in it, one of whom is named Jim. If you don't know their names, I mi= ght say: + po'u and=20 + no'u can be a little tricky. Consider a room wi= th several men in it, one of whom is named Jim. If you don't know their nam= es, I might say: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d17"/>

le nanmu no'u la djim. cu terpemci =20 The man, incidentally-who-is Jim, is-a-poet. The man, Jim, is a poet. @@ -611,263 +611,256 @@

le nanmu po'u la djim. cu terpemci The man who-is Jim is-a-poet. The man Jim is a poet.

is appropriate. Now I am using the fact that the man I am speaki= ng of is Jim in order to pick out which man I mean. possessionLojban usage compared with French and German in omission/incl= usion possessionLojban usage contrasted with English in om= ission/inclusion It is worth mentioning that Englis= h sometimes over-specifies possession from the Lojban point of view (and th= e point of view of many other languages, including ones closely related to = English). The idiomatic English sentence - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d19"/> - - The man put his hands in his pockets. - + + The man put his hands in his pockets. + seems strange to a French- or German-speaking person: whose pock= ets would he put his hands into? and even odder, whose hands would he put i= nto his pockets? In Lojban, the sentence <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d20"/>

le nanmu cu punji le xance le daski - The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket. + The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket.

hands in pockets<= /primary>example is very natural. Of cou= rse, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or ano= ther's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified. - GEhU selma'o<= /primary> ge= 'u goi= rationale for non-inclusion in relative clause chapter= ge'= ueffect of following logical connective on elidability= log= ical connectiveseffect on elidability of ge'u from pre= ceding relative phrase ge'uelidability of from relative ph= rases Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmav= o is=20 - ge'u of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never required. Howe= ver, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified by a rela= tive phrase, then an explicit=20 - ge'u is needed to allow the connective to affect the re= lativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What about t= he cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in=20 + GEhU selma'o<= /primary> goirationale for non-inclusion in relative clause chapter ge'ueffect of following logical connective on elidability logica= l connectiveseffect on elidability of ge'u from preced= ing relative phrase ge'uelidability of from relative phras= es Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmavo i= s=20 + ge'u of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never requir= ed. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified b= y a relative phrase, then an explicit=20 + ge'u is needed to allow the connective to affec= t the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What= about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in=20 =20 , as it is not semantically= akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the sa= me.)

Multiple relative clauses:=20 - <quote>zi'e</quote> + zi'e

zi'e ZIhE relative clause joiner

- ZIhE selma'o<= /primary> zi= 'e mul= tiple relative clausesattaching with zi'e<= /indexterm> Sometimes it is necessary or useful to attach more than one rel= ative clause to a sumti. This is made possible in Lojban by the cmavo=20 - zi'e (of selma'o ZIhE), which is used to join one or mo= re relative clauses together into a single unit, thus making them apply to = the same sumti. For example: + ZIhE selma'o<= /primary> multip= le relative clausesattaching with zi'e Sometimes it is necessary or useful to attach more than one relati= ve clause to a sumti. This is made possible in Lojban by the cmavo=20 + zi'e (of selma'o ZIhE), which is used to join o= ne or more relative clauses together into a single unit, thus making them a= pply to the same sumti. For example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d1"/>

le gerku poi blabi zi'e poi batci le nanmu cu klama The dog which is white and which bites the man goes.

- zi'ecompared with English "and" zi'econtrast= ed with logical connectives The most usual translat= ion of=20 - zi'e in English is=20 + zi'ecompared with English and <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">zi'econtr= asted with logical connectives The most usual trans= lation of=20 + zi'e in English is=20 and, but=20 - zi'e is not really a logical connective: unlike most of= the true logical connectives (which are explained in=20 + zi'e is not really a logical connective: unlike= most of the true logical connectives (which are explained in=20 ), it cannot be converted into = a logical connection between sentences. relative phraseconnecting to relative clause with zi'e relative clauseconnecting to relative phrase with zi'e multiple relative claus= esconnecting different kinds with zi'e It is perfectly correct to use=20 - zi'e to connect relative clauses of different kinds: + zi'e to connect relative clauses of different k= inds: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d2"/>

le gerku poi blabi zi'e noi le mi pendo cu ponse ke'a cu klam= a The dog that-is (white) and incidentally-such-that (my frie= nd owns IT) goes. The dog that is white, which my friend owns, is going.

In=20 , the restrictive clause=20 poi blabi specifies which dog is referred to, b= ut the incidental clause=20 noi le mi pendo cu ponse is mere incidental inf= ormation: the listener is supposed to already have identified the dog from = the=20 poi blabi. Of course, the meaning (though not n= ecessarily the emphasis) is the same if the incidental clause appears first= . zi'euse in connecting relative phrase/clause to relative phrase/clause<= /secondary> It is also possible to connect relative phrases wit= h=20 - zi'e, or a relative phrase with a relative clause: + zi'e, or a relative phrase with a relative clau= se: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d3"/>

le botpi po mi zi'e poi blanu cu spofu The bottle specific-to me and which-is blue is-broken. My blue bottle is broken.

Note that if the colloquial translation of=20 were=20 My bottle, which is blue, is broken, then=20 - noi rather than=20 - poi would have been correct in the Lojban version, sinc= e that version of the English implies that you do not need to know the bott= le is blue. As written,=20 + noi rather than=20 + poi would have been correct in the Lojban versi= on, since that version of the English implies that you do not need to know = the bottle is blue. As written,=20 suggests that I probably ha= ve more than one bottle, and the one in question needs to be picked out as = the blue one. <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d4"/>

- mi ba zutse le stizu pe mi zi'e po do - zi'e poi xunre - I [future] sit-in the chair associated-with me and specific= -to you - and which-is red. + mi ba zutse le stizu pe mi zi'e po do zi'e poi xunre + I [future] sit-in the chair associated-with me and specific= -to you and which-is red. I will sit in my chair (really yours), the red one. =20

my chairexample=20 illustrates that more than = two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with=20 - zi'e. It almost defies colloquial translation because o= f the very un-English contrast between=20 + zi'e. It almost defies colloquial translation b= ecause of the very un-English contrast between=20 pe mi, implying that the chair is temporarily c= onnected with me, and=20 po do, implying that the chair has a more perma= nent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which ca= se the chair would naturally be your property.) Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relati= ve clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d5"/>

- mi ba citka le dembi pe mi - zi'e poi cpana le mi palta - zi'e noi do dunda ke'a mi - I [future] eat the beans associated-with me - =20 - and which are-upon my plate - and which-incidentally you gave IT to-me. + mi ba citka le dembi pe mi zi'e poi cpana le mi palta zi'e no= i do dunda ke'a mi + I [future] eat the beans associated-with me and which are-u= pon my plate and which-incidentally you gave IT to-me. I'll eat my beans that are on my plate, the ones you gave me.<= /en> =20

Non-veridical relative clauses:=20 - <quote>voi</quote> + voi

voi NOI non-veridical relative clause introducer

There is another member of selma'o NOI which serves to introduce= a third kind of relative clause:=20 - voi. Relative clauses introduced by=20 - voi are restrictive, like those introduced by=20 - poi. However, there is a fundamental difference between= =20 - poi and=20 - voi relative clauses. A=20 - poi relative clause is said to be veridical, in the sam= e sense that a description using=20 - lo or=20 - loi is: it is essential to the interpretation that the = bridi actually be true. For example: + voi. Relative clauses introduced by=20 + voi are restrictive, like those introduced by= =20 + poi. However, there is a fundamental difference= between=20 + poi and=20 + voi relative clauses. A=20 + poi relative clause is said to be veridical, in= the same sense that a description using=20 + lo or=20 + loi is: it is essential to the interpretation t= hat the bridi actually be true. For example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e5d1"/>

le gerku poi blabi cu klama - The dog which is-white goes. + The dog which is-white goes.

it must actually be true that the dog is white, or the sentence = constitutes a miscommunication. If there is a white dog and a brown dog, an= d the speaker uses=20 le gerku poi blabi to refer to the brown dog, t= hen the listener will not understand correctly. However, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e5d2"/>

le gerku voi blabi cu klama - The dog which-I-describe-as white goes. + The dog which-I-describe-as white goes.

puts the listener on notice that the dog in question may not act= ually meet objective standards (whatever they are) for being white: only th= e speaker can say exactly what is meant by the term. In this way,=20 - voi is like=20 - le; the speaker's intention determines the meaning. + voi is like=20 + le; the speaker's intention determines the mean= ing. As a result, the following two sentences <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e5d3"/>

le nanmu cu ninmu That-which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman. The=20 guy is actually a gal.

ti voi nanmu cu ninmu - This-thing which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman. + This-thing which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman.

mean essentially the same thing (except that=20 involves pointing thanks to= the use of=20 ti, whereas=20 doesn't), and neither one i= s self-contradictory: it is perfectly all right to describe something as a = man (although perhaps confusing to the listener) even if it actually is a w= oman.

Relative clauses and descriptors So far, this chapter has described the various kinds of relative= clauses (including relative phrases). The list is now complete, and the re= st of the chapter will be concerned with the syntax of sumti that include r= elative clauses. So far, all relative clauses have appeared directly after = the sumti to which they are attached. This is the most common position (and= originally the only one), but a variety of other placements are also possi= ble which produce a variety of semantic effects. There are actually three places where a relative clause can be a= ttached to a description sumti: after the descriptor (=20 - le,=20 - lo, or whatever), after the embedded selbri but before = the elidable terminator (which is=20 - ku), and after the=20 - ku. The relative clauses attached to descriptors that w= e have seen have occupied the second position. Thus=20 + le,=20 + lo, or whatever), after the embedded selbri but= before the elidable terminator (which is=20 + ku), and after the=20 + ku. The relative clauses attached to descriptor= s that we have seen have occupied the second position. Thus=20 , if written out with all el= idable terminators, would appear as: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d1"/>

le gerku poi blabi ku'o ku cu klama vau The (dog which (is-white) ) goes. The dog which is white is going.

Here=20 - ku'o is the terminator paired with=20 - poi and=20 - ku with=20 - le, and=20 - vau is the terminator of the whole bridi. + ku'o is the terminator paired with=20 + poi and=20 + ku with=20 + le, and=20 + vau is the terminator of the whole bridi. When a simple descriptor using=20 - le, like=20 + le, like=20 le gerku, has a relative clause attached, it is= purely a matter of style and emphasis where the relative clause should go.= Therefore, the following examples are all equivalent in meaning to=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d2"/>

le poi blabi ku'o gerku cu klama - The such-that (it-is-white) dog goes. + The such-that (it-is-white) dog goes.

le gerku ku poi blabi cu klama - The (dog) which is-white goes. + The (dog) which is-white goes.

will seem most natural to s= peakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after= the noun phrases they are attached to;=20 , on the other hand, may see= m more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative clause = first. Note that in=20 , the elidable terminator=20 - ku'o must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause = (=20 + ku'o must appear, or the selbri of the relative= clause (=20 blabi) will merge with the selbri of the descri= ption (=20 gerku), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence.= The purpose of the form appearing in=20 will be apparent shortly. As is explained in detail in=20 , two different numbers (known as the= =20 inner quantifier and the=20 outer quantifier) can be attached to a description. The= inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it ap= pears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifi= er appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things refe= rred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the fol= lowing example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d4"/> @@ -912,38 +905,38 @@

re le mu prenu ku poi ninmu cu klama le zarci (Two of the five persons) which are-women go to-the market.= Two women out of the five persons go to the market.

As the parentheses show,=20 means that all five of the = persons are women, whereas=20 means that the two who are = going to the market are women. How do we remember which is which? If the re= lative clause comes after the explicit=20 - ku, as in=20 + ku, as in=20 , then the sumti as a whole = is qualified by the relative clause. If there is no=20 - ku, or if the relative clause comes before an explicit= =20 - ku, then the relative clause is understood to apply to = everything which the underlying selbri applies to. + ku, or if the relative clause comes before an e= xplicit=20 + ku, then the relative clause is understood to a= pply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to. What about=20 ? By convention, it means th= e same as=20 , and it requires no=20 - ku, but it does typically require a=20 - ku'o instead. Note that the relative clause comes befor= e the inner quantifier. + ku, but it does typically require a=20 + ku'o instead. Note that the relative clause com= es before the inner quantifier. When=20 - le is the descriptor being used, and the sumti has no e= xplicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood to be=20 + le is the descriptor being used, and the sumti = has no explicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood t= o be=20 ro (meaning=20 all), as is explained in=20 . Thus=20 le gerku is taken to mean=20 all of the things I refer to as dogs, possibly all one = of them. In that case, there is no difference between a relative clause aft= er the=20 - ku or before it. However, if the descriptor is=20 - lo, the difference is quite important: + ku or before it. However, if the descriptor is= =20 + lo, the difference is quite important: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d8"/>

lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci (Some persons) incidentally-which are-white go to-the marke= t. Some people, who are white, go to the market.

@@ -965,27 +958,27 @@ all), and the default outer quantifier is=20 su'o (meaning=20 at least one). Therefore, we must first take all person= s, then choose at least one of them. That one or more people will be going.= =20 In=20 , the relative clause descri= bed the sumti once the outer quantifier was applied: one or more people, wh= o are white, are going. But in=20 , the relative clause actual= ly describes the sumti before the outer quantification is applied, so that = it ends up meaning=20 First take all persons - by the way, they're all white.= But not all people are white, so the incidental claim being made here is f= alse. =20 relative clauses = on losyntax suggestion The saf= e strategy, therefore, is to always use=20 - ku when attaching a=20 - noi relative clause to a=20 - lo descriptor. Otherwise we may end up claiming far too= much. + ku when attaching a=20 + noi relative clause to a=20 + lo descriptor. Otherwise we may end up claiming= far too much. relative clauses = and namesplacement considerations relative clauseson names relative clausesas part of name relative= clausesimpact of la on placement When the descriptor is=20 - la, indicating that what follows is a selbri used for n= aming, then the positioning of relative clauses has a different significanc= e. A relative clause inside the=20 - ku, whether before or after the selbri, is reckoned par= t of the name; a relative clause outside the=20 - ku is not. Therefore, + la, indicating that what follows is a selbri us= ed for naming, then the positioning of relative clauses has a different sig= nificance. A relative clause inside the=20 + ku, whether before or after the selbri, is reck= oned part of the name; a relative clause outside the=20 + ku is not. Therefore, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d10"/> mi viska la nanmu poi terpa le ke'a xirma [ku] I see that-named (=20 man which fears the of-IT horse). I see Man Afraid Of His Horse. @@ -1004,111 +997,111 @@ refers to one (or more) of those named=20 Man, namely the one(s) who are afraid of their horses.<= /para> relative clauses = and indefinite sumtiplacement considerations relative clau= sesimpact of indefinite sumti on placement= Finally, so-called indefinite sumti like=20 =20 =20 re karce, which means almost the same as=20 re lo karce (which in turn means the same as=20 re lo ro karce), can have relative clauses atta= ched; these are taken to be of the outside-the-=20 - ku variety. Here is an example: + ku variety. Here is an example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d12"/>

mi ponse re karce [ku] poi xekri - I possess two cars which-are black. + I possess two cars which-are black.

relative clauses = on indefinite sumtisyntax considerations relative clauses<= /primary>syntax with indefinite sumti Th= e restrictive relative clause only affects the two cars being affected by t= he main bridi, not all cars that exist. It is ungrammatical to try to place= a relative clause within an indefinite sumti (that is, before an explicitl= y expressed terminating=20 =20 =20 =20 - ku.) Use an explicit=20 - lo instead. + ku.) Use an explicit=20 + lo instead.

Possessive sumti - pe<= /indexterm> possessive sumti= compared with relative phrase = relative phrasecompared with possessive sumti sumtibetween descri= ptor and description selbri In=20 + possessive sumticompared with relative phrase <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">relative phrasecompared with possessive sumti sumtibetween descript= or and description selbri In=20 through=20 , the sumti=20 le mi karce appears, glossed as=20 my car. Although it might not seem so, this sumti actua= lly contains a relative phrase. When a sumti appears between a descriptor a= nd its description selbri, it is actually a=20 - pe relative phrase. So + pe relative phrase. So <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d1"/>

le mi karce cu xunre - My car is-red. + My car is-red.

myexample and <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d2"/>

le pe mi karce cu xunre - The (associated-with me) car is-red. + The (associated-with me) car is-red.

mean exactly the same thing. Furthermore, since there are no spe= cial considerations of quantifiers here, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d3"/>

le karce pe mi cu xunre - The car associated-with me is-red. + The car associated-with me is-red.

possessor sumtidefinition possessive sumtidefinition means the same thing as well. A sumti like the one i= n=20 is called a=20 possessive sumti. Of course, it does not really indicat= e possession in the sense of ownership, but like=20 =20 - pe relative phrases, indicates only weak association; y= ou can say=20 + pe relative phrases, indicates only weak associ= ation; you can say=20 le mi karce even if you've only borrowed it for= the night. (In English,=20 my car usually means=20 le karce po mi, but we do not have the same sen= se of possession in=20 my seat on the bus; Lojban simply makes the weaker sens= e the standard one.) The inner sumti,=20 =20 mi in=20 , is correspondingly called = the=20 possessor sumti. relative clauses = and possessive sumtidevelopment history possessive sumti a= nd relative clausesdevelopment history Historically, possessive sumti existed before any other kind of re= lative phrase or clause, and were retained when the machinery of relative p= hrases and clauses as detailed in this chapter so far was slowly built up. = When preposed relative clauses of the=20 =20 type were devised, possessi= ve sumti were most easily viewed as a special case of them. =20 numbers= as possessive sumti quotationsas possessive sum= ti d= escriptionsas possessive sumti= namesa= s possessive sumti pro-sumtias possessive sumti relative phras= escontrasted with possessive sumti in complexity allow= ed p= ossessive sumticontrasted with relative phrases in com= plexity allowed possessive sumtisyntax allowed= Although any sumti, however complex, can appear in a full-fled= ged relative phrase, only simple sumti can appear as possessor sumti, witho= ut a=20 =20 - pe. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti are: pr= o-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In addition, the = possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form would b= e interpreted as the unusual=20 + pe. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti= are: pro-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In additi= on, the possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form= would be interpreted as the unusual=20 descriptor + quantifier + sumti type of description. Al= l these sumti forms are explained in full in=20 . Here is an example of a description used in a possessive sumti:<= /para> =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d4"/>

le le nanmu ku karce cu blanu The (associated-with-the man) car is blue. The man's car is blue.

possessive sumti<= /primary>effect on elidability of ku kueffect o= f possessive sumti on elidability of Note the expli= cit=20 - ku at the end of the possessor sumti, which prevents th= e selbri of the possessor sumti from merging with the selbri of the main de= scription sumti. Because of the need for this=20 - ku, the most common kind of possessor sumti are pro-sum= ti, especially personal pro-sumti, which require no elidable terminator. De= scriptions are more likely to be attached with relative phrases. + ku at the end of the possessor sumti, which pre= vents the selbri of the possessor sumti from merging with the selbri of the= main description sumti. Because of the need for this=20 + ku, the most common kind of possessor sumti are= pro-sumti, especially personal pro-sumti, which require no elidable termin= ator. Descriptions are more likely to be attached with relative phrases. =20 And here is a number used as a possessor sumti: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d5"/>

le li mu jdice se bende The of-the-number-five judging team-member Juror number 5 @@ -1117,44 +1110,44 @@ juror 5= example which is not quite the same as= =20 the fifth juror; it simply indicates a weak association= between the particular juror and the number 5. possessive sumti = with relative clauseseffect of placement relative clauses = with possessive sumtieffect of placement possessive sumti<= /primary>with relative clauses on possessive sumti possessive sumti<= /primary>relative clauses on relative clauseson= possessive sumti A possessive sumti may also have = regular relative clauses attached to it. This would need no comment if it w= ere not for the following special rule: a relative clause immediately follo= wing the possessor sumti is understood to affect the possessor sumti, not t= he possessive. For example: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d6"/>

le mi noi sipna vau karce cu na klama - The of-me incidentally-which-(is-sleeping) car isn't going. + The of-me incidentally-which-(is-sleeping) car isn't going.=

means that my car isn't going; the incidental claim of=20 noi sipna applies to me, not my car, however. I= f I wanted to say that the car is sleeping (whatever that might mean) I wou= ld need: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e7d7"/>

le mi karce poi sipna cu na klama - The of-me car which sleeps isn't going. + The of-me car which sleeps isn't going.

ku'oeffect of vau on elidability vaueffect on elidabil= ity ku'o Note that=20 uses=20 - vau rather than=20 - ku'o at the end of the relative clause: this terminator= ends every simple bridi and is almost always elidable; in this case, thoug= h, it is a syllable shorter than the equally valid alternative,=20 + vau rather than=20 + ku'o at the end of the relative clause: this te= rminator ends every simple bridi and is almost always elidable; in this cas= e, though, it is a syllable shorter than the equally valid alternative,=20 =20 - ku'o. + ku'o.

Relative clauses and complex sumti:=20 - <quote>vu'o</quote> + vu'o The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

vu'o VUhO relative clause attacher

Normally, relative clauses attach only to simple sumti or parts = of sumti: pro-sumti, names and descriptions, pure numbers, and quotations. = An example of a relative clause attached to a pure number is: =20 @@ -1169,110 +1162,102 @@ =20 irrational number= example relative clauseson quotation<= /secondary> rela= tive clauseson number And here= is an incidental relative clause attached to a quotation: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d2"/>

- lu mi klama le zarci li'u - noi mi cusku ke'a cu jufra - [quote] I go to-the market [unquote] - incidentally-which-(I express IT) is-a-sentence. + lu mi klama le zarci li'u noi mi cusku ke'a cu jufra + [quote] I go to-the market [unquote] incidentally-which-(I = express IT) is-a-sentence. I'm going to the market, which I'd said, is a sente= nce.

which may serve to identify the author of the quotation or some = other relevant, but subsidiary, fact about it. All such relative clauses ap= pear only after the simple sumti, never before it. =20 NAhE selma'o<= /primary> LA= hE selma'o NAhE selma'oeffect of relative clause placement w= ith = LAhE selma'oeffect of relative clause placement with relat= ive clauses and NAhEplacement considerations relative clau= sesimpact of NAhE on placement= relative clauses and LAhEplacement considerations relative clausesimpact of LAhE on placement In addition, sumti wi= th attached sumti qualifiers of selma'o LAhE or NAhE+BO (which are explaine= d in detail in=20 =20 ) can have a relative clause appearin= g after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d3"/>

- la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u - cu zvati le vu kumfa - A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [u= nquote] - is-at the [far distance] room. + la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le v= u kumfa + A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [u= nquote] is-at the [far distance] room. An old=20 The Red Pony is in the far room. =20

- la'e red ponyexample=20 + red pony= example=20 is a bit complex, and may n= eed some picking apart. The quotation=20 lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u means the string of w= ords=20 The Red Pony. If the=20 =20 - la'e at the beginning of the sentence were omitted,=20 + la'e at the beginning of the sentence were omit= ted,=20 would claim that a certain = string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obviously a stri= ng of words can't be in a room! The effect of the=20 - la'e is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to th= e words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Ste= inbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of=20 + la'e is to modify the sumti so that it refers n= ot to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by = John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of= =20 The Red Pony is identified by the restrictive relative = clause.=20 =20 =20 means exactly the same as:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d4"/>

- la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u - =20 - =20 - poi to'ercitno cu zvati le vu kumfa - A-referent-of ([quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]) - which is-old is-at the [far distance] room. + la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u poi to'ercitno cu zvati l= e vu kumfa + A-referent-of ([quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]) which= is-old is-at the [far distance] room.

and the two sentences can be considered stylistic variants. Note= the required=20 - lu'u terminator, which prevents the relative clause fro= m attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an old quot= ation! + lu'u terminator, which prevents the relative cl= ause from attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an = old quotation! =20 relative clauses<= /primary>on connected sumti Sometimes, h= owever, it is important to make a relative clause apply to the whole of a m= ore complex sumti, one which involves logical or non-logical connection (ex= plained in=20 =20 ). For example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d5"/>

la frank. .e la djordj. noi nanmu cu klama le zdani Frank and George incidentally-who is-a-man go to-the house.= Frank and George, who is a man, go to the house.

The incidental claim in=20 is not that Frank and Georg= e are men, but only that George is a man, because the incidental relative c= lause attaches only to=20 =20 - la djordj, the immediately preceding simple sumti. + la djordj, the immediately preceding simple sum= ti. =20 - VUhO selma'o<= /primary> vu= 'o rel= ative clause scopeextending to preceding sumti with vu= 'o To make a relative clause attach to both parts o= f the logically connected sumti in=20 + VUhO selma'o<= /primary> relati= ve clause scopeextending to preceding sumti with vu'o<= /secondary> To make a relative clause attach to both parts of t= he logically connected sumti in=20 , a new cmavo is needed,=20 - vu'o (of selma'o VUhO). It is placed between the sumti = and the relative clause, and extends the sphere of influence of that relati= ve clause to the entire preceding sumti, including however many logical or = non-logical connectives there may be. + vu'o (of selma'o VUhO). It is placed between th= e sumti and the relative clause, and extends the sphere of influence of tha= t relative clause to the entire preceding sumti, including however many log= ical or non-logical connectives there may be. <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d6"/>

la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi nanmu cu klama le zdani Frank and George incidentally-who are-men go to-the house.<= /gloss> Frank and George, who are men, go to the house.

The presence of=20 - vu'o here means that the relative clause=20 + vu'o here means that the relative clause=20 noi nanmu extends to the entire logically conne= cted sumti=20 - la frank. .e la djordj.; in other words, both Frank and= George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows. + la frank. .e la djordj.; in other words, both F= rank and George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows.= relative clauses = on complex sumtiLojban contrasted with English English is able to resolve the distinction correctly in th= e case of=20 and=20 by making use of number:=20 who is rather than=20 who are. Lojban doesn't distinguish between singular an= d plural verbs:=20 =20 =20 nanmu can mean=20 is a man or=20 are men, so another means is required. Furthermore, Loj= ban's mechanism works correctly in general: if=20 @@ -1296,21 +1281,21 @@ la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi pu bajra cu klama le zdani (Frank and George) who [past] run go to-the house. Frank and George, who ran, go to the house. In spoken English, tone of voice would serve; in written English= , one or both sentences would need rewriting. =20

Relative clauses in vocative phrases DOI selma'o COI= selma'o Vocative phrases are explained in more detai= l in=20 . Briefly, they are a method of indic= ating who a sentence or discourse is addressed to: of identifying the inten= ded listener. They take three general forms, all beginning with cmavo from = selma'o COI or DOI (called=20 vocative words; there can be one or many), followed by = either a name, a selbri, or a sumti. Here are three examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d1"/>

coi. frank. @@ -1344,22 +1329,22 @@ co'o la xirma, a relatively safe semantic ambig= uity, since names are ambiguous in general: saying=20 George doesn't distinguish between the possible Georges= . Similarly,=20 can be thought of as an abb= reviation of: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d4"/>

coi la frank. - Hello, the-one-named=20 - Frank. + Hello, the-one-named=20 + Frank.

Syntactically, vocative phrases are a kind of free modifier, and= can appear in many places in Lojban text, generally at the beginning or en= d of some complete construct; or, as in=20 to=20 , as sentences by themselves= . vocative phrase w= ith nameplacement of relative clause on relative clausesplacement with vocative phrases = vocative phrasesrelative clauses on relative clauseson vocative p= hrases As can be seen, the form of vocative phrases= is similar to that of sumti, and as you might expect, vocative phrases all= ow relative clauses in various places. In vocative phrases which are simple= names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just afte= r the names: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d5"/> @@ -1383,115 +1368,158 @@ Goodbye, such-that-(I am-at IT) horse Goodbye, horse where I am!

co'o xirma poi mi zvati - Goodbye, horse such-that-(I am-at-it). + Goodbye, horse such-that-(I am-at-it).

and=20 mean the same thing. In fac= t, relative clauses can appear in both places.

Relative clauses within relative clauses relative clauses<= /primary>relative clauses within For the= most part, these are straightforward and uncomplicated: a sumti that is pa= rt of a relative clause bridi may itself be modified by a relative clause:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e10d1"/>

le prenu poi zvati le kumfa poi blanu cu masno - The person who is-in the room which is-blue is-slow. + The person who is-in the room which is-blue is-slow.

ke'a with subscri= ptuse for outer sumti reference subscriptsuse with ke'a for outer sumti reference inner sumtire= ferring to from within relative clause within relative clause outer sumtireferring to from within relative clause within relative cla= use = relativized sumtiin relative clauses within relative c= lauses ke'ameaning in relative clause inside relative clau= se However, an ambiguity can exist if=20 ke'a is used in a relative clause within a rela= tive clause: does it refer to the outermost sumti, or to the sumti within t= he outer relative clause to which the inner relative clause is attached? Th= e latter. To refer to the former, use a subscript on=20 ke'a: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e10d2"/>

le prenu poi zvati le kumfa poi ke'axire zbasu ke'a cu masno<= /jbo> The person who is-in the room which IT-sub-2 built IT is-sl= ow. The person who is in the room which he built is slow. =20

- ke'axipa room which= he builtexample Here, the mea= ning of=20 + room which he buil= texample Here, the meaning of= =20 IT-sub-2 is that sumti attached to the second relative = clause, counting from the innermost, is used. Therefore,=20 ke'axipa (IT-sub-1) means the same as plain=20 =20 ke'a. prenex<= secondary>use for outer sumti reference outer sumtiprenex = for referring to from within relative clause within relative clause Alternatively, you can use a prenex (explained in full in= =20 ), which is syntactically a ser= ies of sumti followed by the special cmavo=20 - zo'u, prefixed to the relative clause bridi: + zo'u, prefixed to the relative clause bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e10d3"/>

- le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa - poi ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno - The man who (IT =3D it1 : it1 is-in the room - which (IT =3D it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow. + le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa poi ke'a = goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno + The man who (IT =3D it1 : it1 is-in the room which (IT =3D = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.

is more verbose than=20 , but may be clearer, since = it explicitly spells out the two=20 ke'a cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns = them to the assignable cmavo=20 ko'a and=20 ko'e (explained in Chapter=20 ).

Index of relative clause cmavo relative clauses<= /primary>list of cmavo for Relative clau= se introducers (selma'o NOI): - - noi incidental clauses - poi restrictive clauses - voi restrictive clauses (non-veridical) - + + + noi + incidental clauses + + + poi + restrictive clauses + + + voi + restrictive clauses (non-veridical) + + Relative phrase introducers (selma'o GOI): - - goi pro-sumti assignment + + + goi + pro-sumti assignment + =20 - pe restrictive association - ne incidental association + + pe + restrictive association + + + ne + incidental association + =20 - po extrinsic (alienable) possession - po'e intrinsic (inalienable) possession + + po + extrinsic (alienable) possession + + + po'e + intrinsic (inalienable) possession + =20 =20 - po'u restrictive identification - no'u incidental identification + + po'u + restrictive identification + + + no'u + incidental identification + =20 =20 =20 - + Relativizing pro-sumti (selma'o KOhA): - - ke'a pro-sumti for relativized sumti + + + ke'a + pro-sumti for relativized sumti + =20 - + Relative clause joiner (selma'o ZIhE): - - zi'e joins relative clauses applying to a single sumti - + + + zi'e + joins relative clauses applying to a single sumti + + Relative clause associator (selma'o VUhO): - - vu'o causes relative clauses to apply to all of a complex sumti - + + + vu'o + causes relative clauses to apply to all of a complex = sumti + + Elidable terminators (each its own selma'o): - - ku'o relative clause elidable terminator - ge'u relative phrase elidable terminator - + + + ku'o + relative clause elidable terminator + + + ge'u + relative phrase elidable terminator + +

diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index 60dc924..3abeffc 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -4,21 +4,22 @@ =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =20 Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it actually is; you'll get used to it. =20 SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed (like index work). =20 Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 -Zort: 3, 4, 5 (they contain FIXMEs though) +Zort: Chapters 3 to 8 (they contain FIXMEs though; the typical FIXME + is regarding index-related stuff) =20 ------ =20 Ignore Chapter 2 for now. =20 ------ =20 If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so: =20 --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.