To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of M= odals

Introductory relationshipobjects of relationshipas basis of sentenc= e se= ntencebasic Lojban selbridefinition sumti= definition The basic type of L= ojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects ar= e related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical= forms called=20 sumti; the relationship is expressed by the Loj= ban grammatical form called a=20 selbri. sumtias objects in place structure slots place structureempty slots in place structuredefinition selbriplace structure of The sumti are not random= ly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known = as the=20 place structure of the selbri. This chapter describes t= he various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed a= nd by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a seq= uence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are p= laced. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri. place structure o= f selbridetermining For our pr= esent purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structur= e. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dic= tionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from = the principles of lujvo construction as explained in=20 ); if the selbri is a tanru, the plac= e structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru. - klama go<= secondary>example x1in place structure notation place structur= enotation conventions klamaplace stru= cture of The stock example of a place structure is = that of the gismu=20 + goexample = x1in place structure notation place structurenotation conventions klamaplace structure= of The stock example of a place structure is that = of the gismu=20 klama: - - klama: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 - employing means of transport x5. - + + klama: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from o= rigin x3 via route x4 employing means of transport x5. + The=20 x1 ... x5 indicates that=20 klama is a five-place predicate, and show the n= atural order (as assigned by the language engineers) of those places: agent= , destination, origin, route, means. place structureinstability of The place structu= res of brivla are not absolutely stable aspects of the language. The work d= one so far has attempted to establish a basic place structure on which all = users can, at first, agree. In the light of actual experience with the indi= vidual selbri of the language, there will inevitably be some degree of chan= ge to the brivla place structures.

Standard bridi form:=20 - <quote>cu</quote> + cu The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

cu CU prefixed selbri separator =20

bridibuilding from selbri and sumti The most us= ual way of constructing a bridi from a selbri such as=20 klama and an appropriate number of sumti is to = place the sumti intended for the x1 place before the selbri, and all the ot= her sumti in order after the selbri, thus: - go to Boston from Atl= antaexample Boston from Atlantaexam= ple FIXME: TAG SPOT + go to Boston from= Atlantaexample Boston from Atlantaex= ample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d1"/>

mi cu klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce - I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car. + I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.

Here the sumti are assigned to the places as follows: - - x1 agent mi - x2 destination la bastn. - x3 origin la .atlantas. - x4 route le dargu - x5 means le karce - + + + + + =20 + + + x1 + agent + mi + + + x2 + destination + la bastn. + + + x3 + origin + la .atlantas. + + + x4 + route + le dargu + + + x5 + means + le karce + + + + (Note: Many of the examples in the rest of this chapter will tur= n out to have the same meaning as=20 ; this fact will not be reit= erated.) bridinon-standard form standard bridi formdefinition bridi= standard form of This ordering= , with the x1 place before the selbri and all other places in natural order= after the selbri, is called=20 standard bridi form, and is found in the bulk of Lojban= bridi, whether used in main sentences or in subordinate clauses. However, = many other forms are possible, such as: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d2"/>

mi la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce cu klama - I, to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car, go. + I, to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car, go.

bridieffect of alternate form on sumti order He= re the selbri is at the end; all the sumti are placed before it. However, t= he same order is maintained. Similarly, we may split up the sumti, putting some before the se= lbri and others after it: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d3"/>

mi la bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. le dargu le karce - I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car. + I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.

emphasischanging by using non-standard form of bridi bridieffect of using non-standard form All of the va= riant forms in this section and following sections can be used to place emp= hasis on the part or parts which have been moved out of their standard plac= es. Thus,=20 places emphasis on the selb= ri (because it is at the end);=20 emphasizes=20 la bastn., because it has been moved before the= selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is per= mitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic = reordering. - CU selma'o cu cueffect on elidable terminators cuusefulnes= s of cunecessity of cuas selbri separator= In all these examples, the cmavo=20 - cu (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the se= lbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use=20 - cu. However, providing it helps the reader or listener = to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex s= umti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminat= ors, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary. + CU selma'o cueffect on elidable terminators cuusefulness= of = cunecessity of cuas selbri separator<= /secondary> In all these examples, the cmavo=20 + cu (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separat= e the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to = use=20 + cu. However, providing it helps the reader or l= istener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a c= omplex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable = terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be neces= sary. =20 bridiselbri-first as exceptional selbri-first bridieff= ect on sumti places sumtiomitted first place in selbri-fir= st bridi sumtiorder in selbri-first bridi sumtiorder in selbri The general rule, then, is th= at the selbri may occur anywhere in the bridi as long as the sumti maintain= their order. The only exception (and it is an important one) is that if th= e selbri appears first, the x1 sumti is taken to have been omitted: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d4"/>

klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce A-goer to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car. Goes to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car. @@ -112,59 +138,57 @@ =20 (There is a way to both provide a sumti for the x1 place and put= the selbri first in the bridi: see=20 .) bridileaving end sumti places unspecified in <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">sumtidrop= ping trailing unspecified unspecified trailing sumtidroppi= ng Suppose the speaker desires to omit a place othe= r than the x1 place? (Presumably it is obvious or, for one reason or anothe= r, not worth saying.) Places at the end may simply be dropped: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d5"/>

mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. - I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using a= n unspecified means). + I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, usin= g an unspecified means). =20

unspecified route= example unspecified sumtinon-trailing= =20 has empty x4 and x5 places:= the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport. However,= simple omission will not work for a place when the places around it are to= be specified: in <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d6"/>

mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce - I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car. + I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.

- le karce occupies the x4 place, and therefore= =20 + le karce occupies the x4 place, and therefore= =20 means: - - I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route. - - - + + I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route. + This is nonsense, since a car cannot be a route. What the speake= r presumably meant is expressed by: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e2d7"/>

mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. zo'e le karce - I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-something-unspecified using-th= e car. + I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-something-unspecified using= -the car.

- zo'e place structur= esomitting places with zo'e <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">place structureleaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e bridi= leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e zo'eas plac= e-holder for unspecified sumti unspecified sumtiusing zo'e= as place-holder for Here the sumti cmavo=20 + place structuresomitting places with zo'e place structureleaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">bridileav= ing a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e zo'eas place-ho= lder for unspecified sumti unspecified sumtiusing zo'e as = place-holder for Here the sumti cmavo=20 zo'e is used to explicitly fill the x4 place;= =20 zo'e means=20 the unspecified thing and has the same meaning as leavi= ng the place empty: the listener must infer the correct meaning from contex= t.

Tagging places: FA The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

fa FA tags x1 place

fe @@ -186,21 +210,21 @@ FA tags x5 place

fi'a =20 FA place structure question

- fu<= /indexterm> fo= fi fe fa FA selma= 'o FA = selma'osyntax of In sentences = like=20 + FA selma'o FA selma'= osyntax of In sentences like= =20 , it is easy to get lost and= forget which sumti falls in which place, especially if the sumti are more = complicated than simple names or descriptions. The place structure tags of = selma'o FA may be used to help clarify place structures. The five cmavo=20 fa,=20 fe,=20 fi,=20 fo, and=20 fu may be inserted just before the sumti in the= x1 to x5 places respectively: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d1"/> @@ -222,66 +246,93 @@ le karce occupies it. In=20 , the tags are overkill; the= y serve only to make=20 even longer than it is. Her= e is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d2"/>

fa mi klama fe le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau fi la nu,IOR= K. - x1=3D I go x2=3D (the house of me) which is-rural x3=3D New Yo= rk. + x1=3D I go x2=3D (the house of me) which is-rural x3=3D New= York.

In=20 , the place structure of=20 klama is as follows: - - x1 agent mi - x2 destination le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau - x3 origin la nu,IORK. - x4 route (empty) - x5 means (empty) - + + + + + =20 + =20 + + x1 + agent + mi + + + x2 + destination + le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau + + + x3 + origin + la nu,IORK. + + + x4 + route + (empty) + + + x5 + means + (empty) + + + + FA selma'oas a reminder of place in place structure The=20 fi tag serves to remind the hearer that what fo= llows is in the x3 place of=20 klama; after listening to the complex sumti occ= upying the x2 place, it's easy to get lost. sumtire-ordering with FA selbri-first bridispecifying = first sumti place in with fa place structure ordereffect o= f FA on FA selma'oeffect on place structure order Of course, once the sumti have been tagged, the order in wh= ich they are specified no longer carries the burden of distinguishing the p= laces. Therefore, it is perfectly all right to scramble them into any order= desired, and to move the selbri to anywhere in the bridi, even the beginni= ng: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d3"/>

klama fa mi fi la .atlantas. fu le karce fe la bastn. fo le d= argu go x1=3D I x3=3D Atlanta x5=3D the car x2=3D Boston x4=3D t= he road. Go I from Atlanta using the car to Boston via the road.

- cu<= /indexterm> selbri-first bri= dieffect on use of cu cueffect of sel= bri-first bridi on Note that no=20 - cu is permitted before the selbri in=20 + selbri-first bridi= effect on use of cu cueffect of selbr= i-first bridi on Note that no=20 + cu is permitted before the selbri in=20 , because=20 - cu separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and= =20 + cu separates the selbri from any preceding sumt= i, and=20 has no such sumti. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d4"/>

fu le karce fo le dargu fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. cu klam= a fa mi x5=3D the car x4=3D the road x3=3D Atlanta x2=3D Boston go = x1=3DI Using the car, via the road, from Atlanta to Boston go I.

- exhibits the reverse of the= standard bridi form seen in=20 - =20 - and=20 + exhibits the reverse of t= he standard bridi form seen in=20 + =20 + and=20 , but still means exactly th= e same thing. If the FA tags were left out, however, producing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d5"/> le karce le dargu la .atlantas. la bastn. cu klama mi The car to-the road from-Atlanta via-Boston goes using-me.<= /gloss> The car goes to the road from Atlanta, with Boston as the rout= e, using me as a means of transport. @@ -341,66 +392,66 @@ fe, and=20 le karce skips over the already-occupied x3 and= x4 places to land in the x5 place. FA selma'oavoidance of complex usage of Such a = convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a = literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; t= he rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation = is possible. multiple sumti in= one placemeaning sumtimultiple in on= e place with FA FA selma'ofor putting more than one sumti = in a single place It is grammatically permitted to = tag more than one sumti with the same FA cmavo. The effect is that of makin= g more than one claim: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d9"/>

[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe = le zarci - [x1=3D] Rick x1=3D Jane goes-to x2=3D the movie x2=3D the hous= e x2=3D the office + [x1=3D] Rick x1=3D Jane goes-to x2=3D the movie x2=3D the h= ouse x2=3D the office

to moviehouseoffice: example multiple sumti in one pla= ceavoiding may be taken to say= that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, mergin= g six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the lis= tener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in= =20 ), to say such things in Lojban= . In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it c= an only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the provis= o above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti ca= n be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmav= o tagging it. - fi'a give or receiv= eexample questionsplace structure pos= ition place structure questions The cmavo=20 + give or receiveexample questionsplace structure positio= n pl= ace structure questions The cmavo=20 fi'a also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Loj= ban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing=20 =20 fi'a is a question, asking the listener to supp= ly the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true stat= ement: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d10"/>

fi'a do dunda [fe] le vi rozgu =20 [what place]? you give x2=3D the nearby rose In what way are you involved in the giving of this rose? Are you the giver or the receiver of this rose?

In=20 , the speaker uses the selbr= i=20 dunda, whose place structure is: - - dunda: x1 gives x2 to x3 - + + dunda: x1 gives x2 to x3 + answers= to place structure questions The tagged = sumti=20 fi'a do indicates that the speaker wishes to kn= ow whether the sumti=20 =20 do falls in the x1 or the x3 place (the x2 plac= e is already occupied by=20 le rozgu). The listener can reply with a senten= ce consisting solely of a FA cmavo:=20 fa if the listener is the giver,=20 fi if he/she is the receiver. fi'aeffect on subsequent untagged sumti I have = inserted the tag=20 fe in brackets into=20 , but it is actually not nec= essary, because=20 fi'a does not count as a numeric tag; therefore= ,=20 =20 le vi rozgu would necessarily be in the x2 plac= e even if no tag were present, because it immediately follows the selbri. There is also another member of FA, namely=20 fai, which is discussed in=20 - . + .

Conversion: SE The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

se SE 2nd place conversion

te @@ -411,48 +462,46 @@ ve SE 4th place conversion

xe SE 5th place conversion

- se<= /indexterm> SE selma'o SE selm= a'ofor converting place structure SE selma'oeffect on selbri place structure converted selbrias= different selbri from unconverted converted selbriplace s= tructure of <= primary>converted selbriforming with SE converted selbridefinition So far we have seen w= ays to move sumti around within a bridi, but the actual place structure of = the selbri has always remained untouched. The conversion cmavo of selma'o S= E are incorporated within the selbri itself, and produce a new selbri (call= ed a converted selbri) with a different place structure. In particular, aft= er the application of any SE cmavo, the number and purposes of the places r= emain the same, but two of them have been exchanged, the x1 place and anoth= er. Which place has been exchanged with x1 depends on the cmavo chosen. Thu= s, for example, when=20 + SE selma'o SE selma'= ofor converting place structure SE selma'oeffect on selbri place structure converted selbrias d= ifferent selbri from unconverted converted selbriplace s= tructure of <= primary>converted selbriforming with SE converted selbridefinition So far we have seen w= ays to move sumti around within a bridi, but the actual place structure of = the selbri has always remained untouched. The conversion cmavo of selma'o S= E are incorporated within the selbri itself, and produce a new selbri (call= ed a converted selbri) with a different place structure. In particular, aft= er the application of any SE cmavo, the number and purposes of the places r= emain the same, but two of them have been exchanged, the x1 place and anoth= er. Which place has been exchanged with x1 depends on the cmavo chosen. Thu= s, for example, when=20 =20 - se is used, the x1 place is swapped with the x2 place.<= /para> + se is used, the x1 place is swapped with the x2= place. SE selma'oword formation of cmavo in SE selma'orationa= le for no 1st place conversion Note that the cmavo = of SE begin with consecutive consonants in alphabetical order. There is no= =20 1st place conversion cmavo, because exchanging the x1 p= lace with itself is a pointless maneuver. se klamaplace structure of Here are the place s= tructures of=20 se klama: - - x1 is the destination of x2's going from x3 via x4 using x5 - - + + x1 is the destination of x2's going from x3 via x4 using x5 + te<= /indexterm> and=20 te klama: - - x1 is the origin and x2 the destination of x3 going via x4 using x5 - - + + x1 is the origin and x2 the destination of x3 going via x4 using x5 + ve<= /indexterm> and=20 ve klama: =20 - - x1 is the route to x2 from x3 used by x4 going via x5 - + + x1 is the route to x2 from x3 used by x4 going via x5 + xe<= /indexterm> and=20 xe klama: - - x1 is the means in going to x2 from x3 via x4 employed by x5 - + + x1 is the means in going to x2 from x3 via x4 employed by x5 + SE selma'oeffect on place structure numbering N= ote that the place structure numbers in each case continue to be listed in = the usual order, x1 to x5. Consider the following pair of examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e4d1"/>

la bastn. cu se klama mi Boston is-the-destination of-me. Boston is my destination. @@ -483,28 +532,28 @@ klama, and uses a non-standard order. LE selma'o LA s= elma'o converted selbriin descriptions The most important use of conversion is in the construction of descripti= ons. A description is a sumti which begins with a cmavo of selma'o LA or LE= , called the descriptor, and contains (in the simplest case) a selbri. We h= ave already seen the descriptions=20 le dargu and=20 le karce. To this we could add: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e4d3"/>

le klama - the go-er, the one who goes + the go-er, the one who goes =20

the go-erexample converted selbrito access non-first p= lace in description descriptionsuse of SE in descriptionsas based on first place of following selbri In every case, the description is about something which fits into = the x1 place of the selbri. In order to get a description of a destination = (that is, something fitting the x2 place of=20 klama), we must convert the selbri to=20 se klama, whose x1 place is a destination. The = result is - the destinationexample FIXME: TAG SPOT + the destinationexample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e4d4"/>

le se klama the destination gone to by someone =20

@@ -547,148 +596,147 @@ road on Mars, on which no one has traveled or is ever l= ikely to, may be called=20 le pluta, but it cannot be=20 =20 =20 le ve klama, since there exists no one for whom= it is=20 =20 le ve klama be fo da (the route taken in an act= ual journey by someone [da]). =20 ke'e ke conversionextending scope of conversionscope of SE sel= ma'oextending scope of SE selma'oscop= e of When converting selbri that are more complex t= han a single brivla, it is important to realize that the scope of a SE cmav= o is only the following brivla (or equivalent unit). In order to convert an= entire tanru, it is necessary to enclose the tanru in=20 =20 - ke ... ke'e brackets: - blue house<= secondary>example FIXME: TAG SPOT + ke ... ke'e brackets: + blue houseexample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e4d8"/>

mi se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] ti - I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing + I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing

The place structure of=20 blanu zdani (blue house) is the same as that of= =20 zdani, by the rule given in=20 - . The place structure of=20 + . The place structure of=20 zdani is: - - zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2 - + + zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2 + The place structure of=20 - se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] is therefore: - - x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2 - + se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] is therefore: + + x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2 + Consequently,=20 means: - - I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing. - + + I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing. + Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects w= hich are explained in=20 . multiple conversi= oneffect of ordering conversioneffect= of multiple on a selbri multiple SEeffect of ordering SE selm= a'oeffect of multiple on a selbri It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; later (in= ner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For example, the = place structure of=20 se te klama is achieved by exchanging the x1 an= d x2 place of=20 =20 te klama, producing: - se te FIXME: TAG SPOT - - x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via x4 using= x5 + se te FIXME: TAG SPOT + + x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via x4 using = x5 =20 - + On the other hand,=20 te se klama has a place structure derived from = swapping the x1 and x3 places of=20 se klama: - - x1 is the origin of x2's going to x3 via x4 using x5 - + + x1 is the origin of x2's going to x3 via x4 using x5 + multiple conversi= onavoiding which is quite diff= erent. However, multiple conversions like this are never necessary. Arbitra= ry scrambling of places can be achieved more easily and far more intelligib= ly with FA tags, and only a single conversion is ever needed in a descripti= on. - setese conversionswapping non-first places (Altho= ugh no one has made any real use of it, it is perhaps worth noting that com= pound conversions of the form=20 - setese, where the first and third cmavo are the same, e= ffectively swap the two given places while leaving the others, including x1= , alone:=20 + conversionswapping non-first places (Although no= one has made any real use of it, it is perhaps worth noting that compound = conversions of the form=20 + setese, where the first and third cmavo are the= same, effectively swap the two given places while leaving the others, incl= uding x1, alone:=20 =20 - setese (or equivalently=20 + setese (or equivalently=20 =20 - tesete) swap the x2 and x3 places, whereas=20 - texete (or=20 - xetexe) swap the x3 and x5 places.) + tesete) swap the x2 and x3 places, whereas=20 + texete (or=20 + xetexe) swap the x3 and x5 places.)

Modal places: FIhO, FEhU The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

fi'o FIhO modal place prefix

fe'u FEhU modal terminator

Sometimes the place structures engineered into Lojban are inadeq= uate to meet the needs of actual speech. Consider the gismu=20 viska, whose place structure is: - viska FIXME: TAG SPOT - - viska: x1 sees x2 under conditions x3 - + + viska: x1 sees x2 under conditions x3 + Seeing is a threefold relationship, involving an agent (le viska= ), an object of sight (le se viska), and an environment that makes seeing p= ossible (le te viska). Seeing is done with one or more eyes, of course; in = general, the eyes belong to the entity in the x1 place. FEhU selma'o<= /primary> fe= 'u FIhO selma'o fi'o see with left eyeexample fi'ouse in adding places to place structure place structure= adding new places to with modal sumti fi'oas modal tag Suppose, however, that you are blind in one eye and ar= e talking to someone who doesn't know that. You might want to say,=20 I see you with the left eye. There is no place in the p= lace structure of=20 viska such as=20 with eye x4 or the like. Lojban allows you to solve the= problem by adding a new place, changing the relationship: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e5d1"/>

mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing I see you with the left eye.

fi'o with selbri<= /primary>meaning of modal tagfi'o with selbri a= s fi= 'oeffect on following selbri T= he three-place relation=20 viska has now acquired a fourth place specifyin= g the eye used for seeing. The combination of the cmavo=20 - fi'o (of selma'o FIhO) followed by a selbri, in this ca= se the gismu=20 + fi'o (of selma'o FIhO) followed by a selbri, in= this case the gismu=20 kanla, forms a tag which is prefixed to the sum= ti filling the new place, namely=20 le zunle. The semantics of=20 fi'o kanla le zunle is that=20 le zunle fills the x1 place of=20 kanla, whose place structure is - - kanla: x1 is an/the eye of body x2 - + + kanla: x1 is an/the eye of body x2 + modal sumtias first place of modal tag selbri = modal place relationimportance of first place in fi'o tagrelation = of modal sumti following to selbri modal placerelation of = to selbri Thus=20 le zunle is an eye. The x2 place of=20 kanla is unspecified and must be inferred from = the context. It is important to remember that even though=20 le zunle is placed following=20 fi'o kanla, semantically it belongs in the x1 p= lace of=20 kanla. The selbri may be terminated with=20 - fe'u (of selma'o FEhU), an elidable terminator which is= rarely required unless a non-logical connective follows the tag (omitting= =20 - fe'u in that case would make the connective affect the = selbri). + fe'u (of selma'o FEhU), an elidable terminator = which is rarely required unless a non-logical connective follows the tag (o= mitting=20 + fe'u in that case would make the connective aff= ect the selbri). modal sumtiand FA marking modal sumtieffect on place s= tructure modal sumtiposition in bridi seltcita sumti= definition (see also modal sumti) sumti tcitade= finition (see also modal tag) modal sumtidefinition (see a= lso seltcita sumti) modal tagdefinition (see also sumti tc= ita) modal placerationale for term name modal place<= secondary>definition The term for such an added pla= ce is a=20 modal place, as distinguished from the regular numbered= places. (This use of the word=20 modal is specific to the Loglan Project, and does not a= gree with the standard uses in either logic or linguistics, but is now too = entrenched to change easily.) The=20 - fi'o construction marking a modal place is called a=20 + fi'o construction marking a modal place is call= ed a=20 modal tag, and the sumti which follows it a=20 modal sumti; the purely Lojban terms=20 =20 =20 sumti tcita and=20 seltcita sumti, respectively, are also commonly= used. Modal sumti may be placed anywhere within the bridi, in any order; t= hey have no effect whatever on the rules for assigning unmarked bridi to nu= mbered places, and they may not be marked with FA cmavo. =20 Consider=20 again. Another way to view = the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a tool for s= eeing. The relevant selbri then becomes=20 pilno, whose place structure is - - pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3 - + + pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3 + and we can rewrite=20 as <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e5d2"/>

mi viska do fi'o se pilno le zunle kanla I see you [modal] [conversion] use: the left eye. I see you using my left eye. @@ -699,74 +747,89 @@ pilno is necessary in order to get the=20 tool place into x1, since only x1 can be the modal sumt= i. The=20 =20 =20 tool user place is the x2 of=20 se pilno (because it is the x1 of=20 pilno) and remains unspecified. The tag=20 fi'o pilno would mean=20 with tool user, leaving the tool unspecified.

Modal tags: BAI There are certain selbri which seem particularly useful in const= ructing modal tags. In particular,=20 pilno is one of them. The place structure of=20 pilno is: - - pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3 - - sepi'o BAI modal ta= gsrationale for and almost any= selbri which represents an action may need to specify a tool. Having to sa= y=20 + + pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3 + + BAI modal tagsrationale for and almost any selbr= i which represents an action may need to specify a tool. Having to say=20 fi'o se pilno frequently would make many Lojban= sentences unnecessarily verbose and clunky, so an abbreviation is provided= in the language design: the compound cmavo=20 sepi'o. =20 - SE selma'o BAI = selma'o pi'o conversionof BAI cmavo <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">modal tagsshort forms as BAI cmavo fi'o constructsshort forms as BA= I cmavo BAI selma'oas short forms for fi'o constructs Here=20 - se is used before a cmavo, namely=20 + SE selma'o BAI = selma'o conversionof BAI cmavo modal tagssh= ort forms as BAI cmavo fi'o constructsshort forms as BAI c= mavo BAI selma'oas short forms for fi'o constructs Here=20 + se is used before a cmavo, namely=20 pi'o, rather than before a brivla. The meaning = of this cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of= =20 =20 fi'o pilno fe'u. Since what we want is a tag ba= sed on=20 se pilno rather than=20 pilno- the tool, not the tool user - the gramma= r allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.=20 may therefore be rewritten = as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d1"/>

mi viska do sepi'o le zunle kanla =20 I see you with-tool: the left eye I see you using my left eye.

The compound cmavo=20 sepi'o is much shorter than=20 =20 - fi'o se pilno [fe'u] and can be thought of as a single = word meaning=20 + fi'o se pilno [fe'u] and can be thought of as a= single word meaning=20 with-tool. The modal tag=20 pi'o, with no=20 =20 - se, similarly means=20 + se, similarly means=20 with-tool-user, probably a less useful concept. Neverth= eless, the parallelism with the place structure of=20 pilno makes the additional syllable worthwhile.= - ka'a conversioneffect on BAI BAI selma'oeffect of conver= sion on Some BAI cmavo make sense with as well as w= ithout a SE cmavo; for example,=20 + conversioneffect on BAI BAI selma'oeffect of conversion= on Some BAI cmavo make sense with as well as witho= ut a SE cmavo; for example,=20 ka'a, the BAI corresponding to the gismu=20 =20 klama, has five usable forms corresponding to t= he five places of=20 klama respectively: - - ka'a with-goer + + + ka'a + with-goer + =20 - seka'a with-destination - teka'a with-origin - veka'a with-route - xeka'a with-means-of-transport - + + seka'a + with-destination + + + teka'a + with-origin + + + veka'a + with-route + + + xeka'a + with-means-of-transport + + Any of these tags may be used to provide modal places for bridi,= as in the following examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d2"/>

la .eivn. cu vecnu loi flira cinta ka'a mi =20 Avon sells a-mass-of face paint with-goer me. =20 @@ -810,63 +873,54 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d6"/>

mi citka xeka'a le vinji I eat with-means-of-transport the airplane. I eat in the airplane.

- English prepositi= onscontrasted with modal tags in preciseness modal tagscontrasted with English prepositions in preciseness BAI cmavo= rationale for selection There = are sixty-odd cmavo of selma'o BAI, based on selected gismu that seemed use= ful in a variety of settings. The list is somewhat biased toward English, b= ecause many of the cmavo were selected on the basis of corresponding Englis= h prepositions and preposition compounds such as=20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - with,=20 + English prepositi= onscontrasted with modal tags in preciseness modal tagscontrasted with English prepositions in preciseness BAI cmavo= rationale for selection There = are sixty-odd cmavo of selma'o BAI, based on selected gismu that seemed use= ful in a variety of settings. The list is somewhat biased toward English, b= ecause many of the cmavo were selected on the basis of corresponding Englis= h prepositions and preposition compounds such as with,=20 without, and=20 by means of. The BAI cmavo, however, are far more preci= se than English prepositions, because their meanings are fixed by the place= structures of the corresponding gismu. =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 BAI selma'oform of cmavo in All BAI cmavo have = the form CV'V or CVV. Most of them are CV'V, where the C is the first conso= nant of the corresponding gismu and the two Vs are the two vowels of the gi= smu. The table in=20 - shows the exceptions. - do'e vague relation= shipmodal tag for modal tagfor vague = relationship There is one additional BAI cmavo that= is not derived from a gismu:=20 + shows the exceptions. + vague relationship= modal tag for modal tagfor vague rela= tionship There is one additional BAI cmavo that is = not derived from a gismu:=20 do'e. This cmavo is used when an extra place is= needed, but it seems useful to be vague about the semantic implications of= the extra place: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d7"/>

lo nanmu be do'e le berti cu klama le tcadu =20 Some man [related to] the north came to-the city. A man of the north came to the city.

- be<= /indexterm> modal placeon description selbri "of"in Eng= lishcompared with do'e do'ecompared w= ith English "of" Here=20 + modal placeon description = selbri "of"in Englishcompa= red with do'e = do'ecompared with English "of" Here=20 le berti is provided as a modal place of the se= lbri=20 nanmu, but its exact significance is vague, and= is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English prepositi= on=20 of.=20 also illustrates a modal pl= ace bound into a selbri with=20 - be. This construction is useful when the selbri of a de= scription requires a modal place; this and other uses of=20 - be are more fully explained in=20 + be. This construction is useful when the selbri= of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of=20 + be are more fully explained in=20 .

Modal sentence connection: the causals =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - ni'i mu'i= ki'u ri'a FIXME: TAG SPOT + ni'i mu'i ki'u ri'a= FIXME: TAG SPOT

ri'a BAI rinka modal: physical cause

ki'u =20 BAI @@ -894,26 +948,38 @@ seja'e means=20 with cause of unspecified nature; likewise,=20 gau means=20 with agent and=20 tezu'e means=20 with purpose. These other modal cmavo will not be furth= er discussed here, as my purpose is to explain modal sentence connection ra= ther than Lojbanic views of causation.) =20 =20 causals= gismu There are four causal gismu in Loj= ban, distinguishing different versions of the relationships lumped in Engli= sh as=20 causal: - - rinka: event x1 physically causes event x2 - krinu: event x1 is the justification for event x2 - mukti: event x1 is the (human) motive for event x2 - nibli: event x1 logically entails event x2 - + + + rinka +

>event x1 physically causes event x2

+ + + krinu +

>event x1 is the justification for even= t x2

+ + + mukti +

>event x1 is the (human) motive for eve= nt x2

+ + + nibli +

>event x1 logically entails event x2

+ + modal causalsimplication differences causalsmodal modalsfor causal gismu Each of these g= ismu has a related modal:=20 ri'a,=20 ki'u,=20 =20 mu'i, and=20 =20 ni'i respectively. Using these gismu and these = modals, we can create various causal sentences with different implications:= =20 @@ -982,64 +1048,61 @@ </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>with the=20 <jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase> changed to=20 <jbophrase>seri'a</jbophrase>. In addition, there are also symmetrical= forms:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-1YHv"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d6"/>

- le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati cu rinka - le nu le spati cu banro - The event-of (you water-give to the plant) causes - the event-of (the plant grows). - Your watering the plant causes its growth. - If you water the plant, then it grows. + le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati cu rinka le nu le spati cu b= anro + The event-of (you water-give to the plant) causes the event= -of (the plant grows). + Your watering the plant causes its growth. If you water the pl= ant, then it grows.

does not claim either event, but asserts only the causal relatio= nship between them. So in=20 , I am not saying that the p= lant grows nor that you have in fact watered it. The second colloquial tran= slation shows a form of=20 if-then in English quite distinct from the logical conn= ective=20 if-then explained in=20 . Suppose we wish to claim both events as well as their causal rel= ationship? We can use one of two methods: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d7"/>

le spati cu banro .iri'abo do djacu dunda fi le spati =20 The plant grows. Because you water-give to the plant. The plant grows because you water it.

- bo .i .iri'abo modal senten= ce connection FIXME: TAG SPOT + modal sentence con= nection FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d8"/>

do djacu dunda fi le spati .iseri'abo le spati cu banro You water-give to the plant. Therefore it grows. You water the plant; therefore, it grows.

The compound cmavo=20 .iri'abo and=20 =20 .iseri'abo serve to connect two bridi, as the i= nitial=20 .i indicates. The final=20 - bo is necessary to prevent the modal from=20 + bo is necessary to prevent the modal from=20 taking over the following sumti. If the=20 - bo were omitted from=20 + bo were omitted from=20 we would have: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d9"/> le spati cu banro .i ri'a do djacu dunda fi le spati The plant grows. Because of you, [something] water-gives to= the plant. The plant grows. Because of you, water is given to the plant.<= /en> @@ -1054,46 +1117,45 @@ and=20 is that the modal,=20 ri'a in this example, no longer modifies an exp= licit sumti. Instead, the sumti is implicit, the event given by a full brid= i. Furthermore, there is a second implication: that the first bridi fills t= he x2 place of the gismu=20 rinka; it specifies an event which is the effec= t. I am therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you hav= e watered it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the= two. modal sentence co= nnectionwith other than causals In principle, any modal tag can appear in a sentence connective of the ty= pe exemplified by=20 and=20 . However, it makes little s= ense to use any modals which do not expect events or other abstractions to = fill the places of the corresponding gismu. The sentence connective=20 .ibaubo is perfectly grammatical, but it is har= d to imagine any two sentences which could be connected by an=20 in-language modal. This is because a sentence describes= an event, and an event can be a cause or an effect, but not a language.

Other modal connections Like many Lojban grammatical constructions, sentence modal conne= ction has both forethought and afterthought forms. (See=20 for a more detailed discussion= of Lojban connectives.)=20 - exemplifies only afterthough= t modal connection, illustrated here by: + exemplifies only afterthought moda= l connection, illustrated here by: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d1"/>

mi jgari lei djacu .iri'abo mi jgari le kabri - =20 I grasp the-mass-of water with-physical-cause I grasp the c= up. Causing the mass of water to be grasped by me, I grasped th= e cup. I grasp the water because I grasp the cup.

grasp waterexample forethought connectiondefinition aftert= hought connectiondefinition An= afterthought connection is one that is signaled only by a cmavo (or a comp= ound cmavo, in this case) between the two constructs being connected. Foret= hought connection uses a signal both before the first construct and between= the two: the use of=20 =20 both and=20 and in the first half of this sentence represents a for= ethought connection (though not a modal one). =20 =20 - gi<= /indexterm> modal sentence c= onnectionforethought forethought modal sentence connection= To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lo= jban, place the modal plus=20 - gi before the first bridi, and=20 - gi between the two. No=20 + modal sentence con= nectionforethought forethought modal sentence connection To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojb= an, place the modal plus=20 + gi before the first bridi, and=20 + gi between the two. No=20 .i is used within the construct. The forethough= t equivalent of=20 is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d2"/>

ri'agi mi jgari le kabri gi mi jgari lei djacu With-physical-cause I grasp the cup, I grasp the-mass-of wa= ter. Because I grasp the cup, I grasp the water. @@ -1101,237 +1163,232 @@

forethought modal= sentence connectionrelation to modal of second bridi = in f= orethought modal sentence connectionrelation to modal = of first bridi in forethought modal sentence connection for causalsorder of cause and effect Note that the ca= use, the x1 of=20 rinka is now placed first. To keep the two brid= i in the original order of=20 , we could say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d3"/>

seri'agi mi jgari lei djacu gi mi jgari le kabri - With-physical-effect I grasp the-mass-of water, I grasp the cu= p. + With-physical-effect I grasp the-mass-of water, I grasp the= cup.

In English, the sentence=20 - *Therefore I grasp the water, I grasp the cup is ungram= matical, because=20 + Therefore I grasp the water, I grasp the cup is ungramm= atical, because=20 therefore is not grammatically equivalent to=20 because. In Lojban,=20 - seri'agi can be used just like=20 - ri'agi. + seri'agi can be used just like=20 + ri'agi. modal sentence co= nnectioncondensing When the tw= o bridi joined by a modal connection have one or more elements (selbri or s= umti or both) in common, there are various condensed forms that can be used= in place of full modal sentence connection with both bridi completely stat= ed. =20 sumti modal conne= ction = modal sumti connection When the bridi are the same ex= cept for a single sumti, as in Examples 8.1 through 8.3, then a sumti modal= connection may be employed: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d4"/>

mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu - I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water. + I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.

- means exactly the same as= =20 - through=20 + means exactly the same as= =20 + through=20 , but there is no idiomatic = English translation that will distinguish it from them. termset modal con= nection modalstermset connection If = the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti, then a termse= t may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in=20 , but are essentially a mechani= sm for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d5"/>

mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini = mi I gave the book to John. Motivated-by John gave the-mass-of= money to-me. I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me.

means the same as: - nu'u nu'i= FIXME: TAG SPOT + nu'u nu'i FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d6"/>

nu'i mu'igi mi le cukta la djan. gi la djan. lei jdini mi nu'= u dunda - [start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money, me= [end] gives. + [start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money,= me [end] gives.

Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because = the two bridi share only their selbri. bridi-tail modal = connection modal bridi-tail connection modal connection of selbriu= sing bridi-tail modal connection There is no modal = connection between selbri as such: bridi which differ only in the selbri ca= n be modally connected using bridi-tail modal connection. The bridi-tail co= nstruct is more fully explained in=20 =20 , but essentially it consists o= f a selbri with optional sumti following it.=20 is suitable for bridi-tail = connection, and could be shortened to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d7"/>

mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta - I, because saw the book, took the book. + I, because saw the book, took the book.

Again, no straightforward English translation exists. It is even= possible to shorten=20 further to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d8"/>

mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta - I because saw, therefore took, the book. + I because saw, therefore took, the book.

- vau= where=20 + where=20 le cukta is set off by the non-elidable=20 - vau and is made to belong to both bridi-tails - see=20 + vau and is made to belong to both bridi-tails -= see=20 for more explanations. shared bridi-tail= sumtiavoiding vau for shared bridi-tail sumtiavoiding Since this is a chapter on rearra= nging sumti, it is worth pointing out that=20 can be further rearranged t= o: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d9"/>

mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna - I, the book, because saw, therefore took. + I, the book, because saw, therefore took.

which doesn't require the extra=20 - vau; all sumti before a conjunction of bridi-tails are = shared. + vau; all sumti before a conjunction of bridi-ta= ils are shared. operand modal con= nection modal operand connection Finally, mathematical oper= ands can be modally connected. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d10"/>

- li ny. du li vo - .ini'ibo li ny. du li re su'i re - the number + li ny. du li vo .ini'ibo li ny. du li re su'i re + the number n =3D the-number 4. Entailed-by the-number n =3D= the-number 2 + 2.

can be reduced to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d11"/> li ny. du li ni'igi vei re su'i re [ve'o] gi vo - the-number - - - =3D the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4. + the-number =3D the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4. - ve'o vei The cmavo=20 - vei and=20 - ve'o represent mathematical parentheses, and are requir= ed so that=20 - ni'igi affects more than just the immediately following= operand, namely the first=20 + The cmavo=20 + vei and=20 + ve'o represent mathematical parentheses, and ar= e required so that=20 + ni'igi affects more than just the immediately f= ollowing operand, namely the first=20 re. (The right parenthesis,=20 - ve'o, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English = translation does=20 + ve'o, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no = English translation does=20 justice. modal connectives= fi'o prohibited in fi'orestriction on= use Note: Due to restrictions on the Lojban parsin= g algorithm, it is not possible to form modal connectives using the=20 =20 - fi'o-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined mod= als of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in=20 - and=20 - . + fi'o-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predef= ined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in=20 + and=20 + .

Modal selbri Consider the example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d1"/>

mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank. I speak in-language Lojban with-compeller some-act-by Frank= . I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank. =20

bai= under compulsio= nexample modal sumtiunspecified modal sum= tileaving vague=20 has two modal sumti, using = the modals=20 =20 =20 bau and=20 bai. Suppose we wanted to specify the language = explicitly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify= =20 to: - ku FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d2"/>

mi tavla bau la lojban. bai [ku]. - I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion. + I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion.

In=20 , the elidable terminator=20 - ku has taken the place of the sumti which would normall= y follow=20 + ku has taken the place of the sumti which would= normally follow=20 bai. Alternatively, we could specify the one wh= o compels but keep the language vague: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d3"/>

mi tavla bau [ku] bai tu'a la frank. - I speak in-some-language under-compulsion-by some-act-by Frank= . + I speak in-some-language under-compulsion-by some-act-by Fr= ank.

We are also free to move the modal-plus-=20 - ku around the bridi: + ku around the bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d4"/>

bau [ku] bai ku mi tavla - In-some-language under-compulsion I speak. + In-some-language under-compulsion I speak.

modal followed by= selbrieffect on eliding cu An= alternative to using=20 - ku is to place the modal cmavo right before the selbri,= following the=20 + ku is to place the modal cmavo right before the= selbri, following the=20 =20 - cu which often appears there. When a modal is present, = the=20 - cu is almost never necessary. + cu which often appears there. When a modal is p= resent, the=20 + cu is almost never necessary. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d5"/>

mi bai tavla bau la lojban. - I compelledly speak in-language Lojban. + I compelledly speak in-language Lojban.

modal followed by= selbricontrasted with tanru modification in grammar modal= followed by selbricompared with tanru modification in= meaning In this use, the modal is like a tanru mod= ifier semantically, although grammatically it is quite distinct.=20 is very similar in meaning = to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d6"/>

mi se bapli tavla bau la lojban. - I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban. + I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban.

The=20 - se conversion is needed because=20 + se conversion is needed because=20 bapli tavla would be a=20 compeller type of speaker rather than a=20 compelled (by someone) type of speaker, which is what a= =20 bai tavla is. fi'o modal follow= ed by selbrieffect on eliding fe'u If the modal preceding a selbri is constructed using=20 - fi'o, then=20 - fe'u is required to prevent the main selbri and the mod= al selbri from colliding: + fi'o, then=20 + fe'u is required to prevent the main selbri and= the modal selbri from colliding: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d7"/>

mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do I with-eye see you. I see you with my eye(s).

@@ -1345,41 +1402,41 @@ mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e] =20 I under-compulsion (both go to-the market and walk on-the i= ce). Under compulsion, I both go to the market and walk on the ice.= Here the=20 bai is spread over both=20 klama le zarci and=20 cadzu le bisli, and the=20 - ge ... gi represents the logical connection=20 + ge ... gi represents the logical connection=20 both-and between the two. - tu'u tu'e modalsexpanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e=85tu'u Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple senten= ces that have been combined with=20 - tu'e and=20 - tu'u, which are explained in more detail in=20 + modalsexpanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e=85tu'u Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentences tha= t have been combined with=20 + tu'e and=20 + tu'u, which are explained in more detail in=20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d9"/>

bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u] - Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice= [end]. + Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the = ice [end].

means the same thing as=20 . Note: Either BAI modals or=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals may correctly be used in any of= the constructions discussed in this section. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals may correctly be used i= n any of the constructions discussed in this section.

Modal relative phrases; Comparison The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pe GOI restrictive relative phrase

ne @@ -1400,127 +1457,133 @@

Relative phrases and clauses are explained in much more detail i= n=20 . However, there is a cons= truction which combines a modal with a relative phrase which is relevant to= this chapter. Consider the following examples of relative clauses: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d1"/>

la .apasionatas. poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelc= i mi - The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-li= ked-by me. + The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is= -liked-by me. =20

la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi - The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by m= e. + The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-b= y me. =20 =20

- poi= Beethovenexample Artur Rubensteinexample= Appassionataexample In=20 + Beethovenexample Artur Rubensteinexample Appassionataexample In=20 ,=20 la .apasionatas. refers to a particular perform= ance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the = relative clause=20 poi se cusku uses the cmavo=20 - poi (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of=20 + poi (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of= =20 la .apasionatas to the performance in question.= - noi= In=20 + In=20 , however,=20 la .apasionatas. refers to the sonata as a whol= e, and the information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incident= al. The cmavo=20 =20 - noi (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental natu= re of this relationship. - ne<= /indexterm> pe= The cmavo=20 - pe and=20 - ne (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to=20 - poi and=20 - noi respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than= full bridi. We can abbreviate=20 + noi (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the inciden= tal nature of this relationship. + The cmavo=20 + pe and=20 + ne (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to= =20 + poi and=20 + noi respectively, but are followed by sumti rat= her than full bridi. We can abbreviate=20 and=20 to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d3"/>

la .apasionatas pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi - The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me. + The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me. =20

la .apasionatas ne la betovn. se nelci mi - The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me. + The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me. =20 =20

relative phrases<= /primary>contrasted with relative clauses in preciseness Here the precise selbri of the relative clauses is lost: a= ll we can tell is that the Appassionata is connected in some way with Rubin= stein (in=20 =20 ) and Beethoven (in=20 =20 ), and that the relationship= s are respectively restrictive and incidental. - fi'e cu'u It happens that both=20 + It happens that both=20 cusku and=20 finti have BAI cmavo, namely=20 cu'u and=20 =20 fi'e. We can recast=20 =20 and=20 as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d5"/>

la .apasionatas pe cu'u la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi =20 - The Appassionata expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me= . + The Appassionata expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by= me. =20

la .apasionatas ne fi'e la betovn. cu se nelci mi =20 - The Appassionata, invented-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me. + The Appassionata, invented-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me. =20 =20

modals<= secondary>improving relative phrase preciseness with relative phrasesimproving preciseness with modals relative phrases with modalscompared to relative clauses in preciseness=20 and=20 have the full semantic cont= ent of=20 and=20 respectively. - me'a mau "less&q= uot;English wordexpressing with = relative phrases "more"English wordexpressing with relative phrases Modal relat= ive phrases are often used with the BAI cmavo=20 + "less"English= wordexpressing with relative phrases "more"English wordexpressing with relative= phrases Modal relative phrases are often used with = the BAI cmavo=20 mau and=20 =20 me'a, which are based on the comparative gismu= =20 =20 zmadu (more than) and=20 mleca (less than) respectively. The place struc= tures are: - - zmadu: x1 is more than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4 - mleca: x1 is less than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4 - + + + zmadu: +

>x1 is more than x2 in property/quantit= y x3 by amount x4

+ + + mleca: +

>x1 is less than x2 in property/quantit= y x3 by amount x4

+ + Here are some examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d7"/> la frank. nelci la betis. ne semau la meiris. Frank likes Betty, which-is more-than Mary. Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary. @@ -1548,23 +1611,23 @@ =20 semau, and=20 using=20 mau rather than=20 =20 seme'a, but such usage would be unnecessarily c= onfusing. Like many BAI cmavo,=20 mau and=20 =20 me'a are more useful when converted with=20 =20 - se. - "less"<= /primary>English wordimportance of relativ= e phrase to "more"English wordimportance of relative phrase to If the=20 - ne were omitted in=20 + se. + "less"English= wordimportance of relative phrase to "more"English wordimportance of relative p= hrase to If the=20 + ne were omitted in=20 and=20 , the modal sumti (=20 =20 =20 la meiris. and=20 la betis. respectively) would become attached t= o the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation.=20 would become: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d9"/> @@ -1576,77 +1639,75 @@ </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>which compares a liking with a person, and is therefore nonsense= .</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>bridi-based compa= rison</primary><secondary>contrasted with comparison with relative phrase</= secondary><tertiary>in claims about parts</tertiary></indexterm> <indexter= m type=3D"general-imported"><primary>comparison with relative phrase</prima= ry><secondary>contrasted with bridi-based comparison</secondary><tertiary>i= n claims about parts</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imp= orted"><primary>comparison</primary><secondary>claims related to based on f= orm</secondary></indexterm> Pure comparison, which states only the comparat= ive information but says nothing about whether Frank actually likes either = Mary or Betty (he may like neither, but dislike Betty less), would be expre= ssed differently, as:</para> =20 <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-AAQp"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d10"/>

- le ni la frank. nelci la betis. cu zmadu - le ni la frank. nelci la meiris. - The quantity-of Frank's liking Betty is-more-than - the quantity-of Frank's liking Mary. + le ni la frank. nelci la betis. cu zmadu le ni la frank. nelc= i la meiris. + The quantity-of Frank's liking Betty is-more-than the quant= ity-of Frank's liking Mary.

- du'i de'i ci'u seba= 'i seme'a semau modals often attached with relative phraseslist<= /secondary> The mechanisms explained in this section are approp= riate to many modals other than=20 + modals often attac= hed with relative phraseslist = The mechanisms explained in this section are appropriate to many modals oth= er than=20 semau and=20 seme'a. Some other modals that are often associ= ated with relative phrases are:=20 seba'i (=20 =20 instead of),=20 ci'u (=20 =20 on scale),=20 de'i (=20 =20 dated),=20 du'i (=20 =20 as much as). Some BAI tags can be used equally well in = relative phrases or attached to bridi; others seem useful only attached to = bridi. But it is also possible that the usefulness of particular BAI modals= is an English-speaker bias, and that speakers of other languages may find = other BAIs useful in divergent ways. fi'o modalsusage in relative phrases Note: The = uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals = and to=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals.

Mixed modal connection It is possible to mix logical connection (explained in=20 ) with modal connection, in a w= ay that simultaneously asserts the logical connection and the modal relatio= nship. Consider the sentences: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d1"/>

mi nelci do .ije mi nelci la djein. - I like you. And I like Jane. + I like you. And I like Jane.

which is a logical connection, and <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d2"/>

mi nelci do .iki'ubo mi nelci la djein. - I like you. Justified-by I like Jane. + I like you. Justified-by I like Jane.

mixed modal conne= ctionof sentences modal connectionsim= ultaneous with logical connectionsimultaneously modal and = logical The meanings of=20 and=20 can be simultaneously expre= ssed by combining the two compound cmavo, thus: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d3"/>

mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la djein. - I like you. And justified-by I like Jane. + I like you. And justified-by I like Jane.

mixed modal conne= ctiondefinition Here the two s= entences=20 mi nelci do and=20 mi nelci la djein. are simultaneously asserted,= their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is ass= erted. The logical connective=20 je comes before the modal=20 ki'u in all such mixed connections. =20 Since=20 mi nelci do and=20 @@ -1674,69 +1735,62 @@ mi nelci do gi'eki'ubo nelci la djein. I like you and/because like Jane. The following three complex examples all mean the same thing. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d6"/>

- mi bevri le dakli - .ijeseri'abo tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ijadu'ibo mi bevri le = mlatu [tu'u] - I carry the sack. - And [effect] (I carry the dog. And/or [equal] I carry the c= at.) - I carry the sack. - As a result I carry the dog or I carry the cat, equally. + mi bevri le dakli .ijeseri'abo tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ijadu'= ibo mi bevri le mlatu [tu'u] + I carry the sack. And [effect] (I carry the dog. And/or [eq= ual] I carry the cat.) + I carry the sack. As a result I carry the dog or I carry the c= at, equally.

- mi bevri le dakli - gi'eseri'ake bevri le gerku gi'adu'ibo bevri le mlatu [ke'e= ] - I carry the sack - and [effect] (carry the dog and/or [equal] carry the cat).<= /gloss> + mi bevri le dakli gi'eseri'ake bevri le gerku gi'adu'ibo bevr= i le mlatu [ke'e] + I carry the sack and [effect] (carry the dog and/or [equal]= carry the cat). I carry the sack and as a result carry the dog or carry the ca= t equally.

- mi bevri le dakli - .eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e] - I carry the sack - and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog). + mi bevri le dakli .eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e= ] + I carry the sack and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the d= og). I carry the sack, and as a result the cat or the dog equally.<= /en>

ke'e ke tu'u tu'e carry s= ackexample In=20 , the=20 - tu'e ... tu'u brackets are the equivalent of the=20 - ke ... ke'e brackets in=20 + tu'e ... tu'u brackets are the equivalent of th= e=20 + ke ... ke'e brackets in=20 and=20 , because=20 - ke ... ke'e cannot extend across more than one sentence= . It would also be possible to change the=20 + ke ... ke'e cannot extend across more than one = sentence. It would also be possible to change the=20 .ijeseri'abo to=20 .ije seri'a, which would show that the=20 - tu'e ... tu'u portion was an effect, but would not pin = down the=20 + tu'e ... tu'u portion was an effect, but would = not pin down the=20 mi bevri le dakli portion as the cause. It is l= egal for a modal (or a tense; see=20 ) to modify the whole of a=20 - tu'e ... tu'u construct. + tu'e ... tu'u construct. fi'omixed modal connection with Note: The uses = of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and t= o=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals.

Modal conversion: JAI The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

jai JAI modal conversion =20

@@ -1745,188 +1799,178 @@ modal place structure tag

BAI selma'o SE = selma'o conversionswapping with modal place So far, conversion of numbered bridi places with SE and the additio= n of modal places with BAI have been two entirely separate operations. Howe= ver, it is possible to convert a selbri in such a way that, rather than exc= hanging two numbered places, a modal place is made into a numbered place. F= or example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e12d1"/>

mi cusku bau la lojban. - I express [something] in-language Lojban. + I express [something] in-language Lojban.

- FA selma'o fai<= /primary> JA= I selma'o <= primary>jai place structureeffect of modal conversion on convers= ionmodal modal conversionplace struct= ure of modal conversiongrammar of = has an explicit x1 place occupied by=20 + FA selma'o fai<= /primary> JA= I selma'o place structureeffect of modal conversion on conversio= nmodal modal conversionplace structur= e of modal conversiongrammar of ha= s an explicit x1 place occupied by=20 mi and an explicit=20 bau place occupied by=20 la lojban. To exchange these two, we use a moda= l conversion operator consisting of=20 =20 - jai (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus,= the modal conversion of=20 + jai (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmav= o. Thus, the modal conversion of=20 =20 =20 is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e12d2"/>

la lojban. jai bau cusku fai mi - Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me. + Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me.

faias allowing access to original first place in modal conversion modal con= versionaccess to original first place with fai In=20 , the modal place=20 la lojban. has become the x1 place of the new s= elbri=20 jai bau cusku. What has happened to the old x1 = place? There is no numbered place for it to move to, so it moves to a speci= al=20 unnumbered place marked by the tag=20 fai of selma'o FA. faieffect on numbering of place structure places Note: For the purposes of place numbering,=20 fai behaves like=20 fi'a; it does not affect the numbering of the o= ther places around it. =20 modal conversions= in descriptions Like SE conver= sions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may re= fer to=20 the language of an expression as=20 le jai bau cusku, for example. modal conversion<= /primary>with no modal specified jai without modalmeaning In addition, it is grammatical to use=20 - jai without a following modal. This usage is not relate= d to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of=20 - jai by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be = an abstraction, into the=20 + jai without a following modal. This usage is no= t related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of= =20 + jai by itself is to send the x1 place, which sh= ould be an abstraction, into the=20 fai position, and to raise one of the sumti fro= m the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature = is discussed in more detail in=20 . The following two examples m= ean the same thing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e12d3"/>

le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of= (I see the book). My taking the book is justified by my seeing it.

- mi jai se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta kei - [fai le nu mi lebna le cukta] - I am-justified by the event-of (I see the book) - [namely, the event-of (I take the book)] + mi jai se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta kei [fai le nu mi leb= na le cukta] + I am-justified by the event-of (I see the book) [namely, th= e event-of (I take the book)] I am justified in taking the book by seeing the book.

modal conversion = without modalas vague=20 , with the bracketed part om= itted, allows us to say that=20 I am justified whereas in fact it is my action that is = justified. This construction is vague, but useful in representing natural-l= anguage methods of expression. fi'oand modal conversion modal conversion with fi'o N= ote: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BA= I modals and to=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals.

Modal negation modals<= secondary>negation of negation of modals Negation is expl= ained in detail in=20 . There are two forms of negation = in Lojban: contradictory and scalar negation. Contradictory negation expres= ses what is false, whereas scalar negation says that some alternative to wh= at has been stated is true. A simple example is the difference between=20 John didn't go to Paris (contradictory negation) and=20 John went to (somewhere) other than Paris (scalar negat= ion). - nai= modalscontradictory negation of negation of modalsco= ntradictory Contradictory negation involving BAI cm= avo is performed by appending=20 - -nai (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use of modal= s with=20 - -nai is to deny a causal relationship: + modalscontradictory negation of negation of modalscontr= adictory Contradictory negation involving BAI cmavo= is performed by appending=20 + -nai (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use = of modals with=20 + -nai is to deny a causal relationship: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e13d1"/>

mi nelci do mu'inai le nu do nelci mi I like you, but not because you like me.

contradictory neg= ation of modalsexplanation of meaning=20 denies that the relationshi= p between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (which is no= t asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether you like me= or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivation for my = liking you. - na'e modalsscalar negation of negation of modalsscalar Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing=20 - na'e (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NA= hE, to the BAI cmavo. + modalsscalar negation of negation of modalsscalar Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing=20 + na'e (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cma= vo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo. <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e13d2"/>

- le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu - do djacu dunda fi le spati - The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of - you water-give to the plant. + le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati + The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of you wa= ter-give to the plant.

plant growsexample scalar negation of modalsexplanatio= n of meaning=20 says that the relationship = between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of motivation: t= he plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something which can ha= ve motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship between wateri= ng and growth exists, but=20 =20 doesn't say what it is (pre= sumably=20 ri'a). fi'o modalsnegation of by negating selbri negation of fi'o modals= by negating selbri Note: Modals made wit= h=20 - fi'o plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selb= ri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation,= however. + fi'o plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. = The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar n= egation, however.

Sticky modals The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

ki KI stickiness flag

- ki<= /indexterm> modals= making sticky modalsmaking long-scope sticky modals= definition Like tenses, modals= can be made persistent from the bridi in which they appear to all followin= g bridi. The effect of this=20 + modalsmaking sticky modalsmaking long-scope= sticky modalsdefinition Like tenses, modals c= an be made persistent from the bridi in which they appear to all following = bridi. The effect of this=20 stickiness is to make the modal, along with its followi= ng sumti, act as if it appeared in every successive bridi. Stickiness is pu= t into effect by following the modal (but not any following sumti) with the= cmavo=20 ki of selma'o KI. For example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e14d1"/> - mi tavla bau la lojban. bai ki tu'a la frank. - .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban. - I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Fr= ank. - Afterward, I speak in-language English. + mi tavla bau la lojban. bai ki tu'a la frank. .ibabo mi tavla= bau la gliban. + I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Fr= ank. Afterward, I speak in-language English. - - means the same as: + =20 + means the same as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e14d2"/>

- mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank. - .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban. - bai tu'a la frank. - I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Fr= ank. - Afterward, I speak in-language English - compelled-by some-property-of Frank. + mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank. .ibabo mi tavla ba= u la gliban. bai tu'a la frank. + I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Fr= ank. Afterward, I speak in-language English compelled-by some-property-of F= rank.

In=20 ,=20 bai is made sticky, and so Frank's compelling i= s made applicable to every following bridi.=20 bau is not sticky, and so the language may vary= from bridi to bridi, and if not specified in a particular bridi, no assump= tion can safely be made about its value. sticky modalscanceling To cancel stickiness, us= e the form=20 - BAI ki ku, which stops any modal value for the specifie= d BAI from being passed to the next bridi. To cancel stickiness for all mod= als simultaneously, and also for any sticky tenses that exist (=20 + BAI ki ku, which stops any modal value for the = specified BAI from being passed to the next bridi. To cancel stickiness for= all modals simultaneously, and also for any sticky tenses that exist (=20 ki is used for both modals and tenses), use=20 ki by itself, either before the selbri or (in t= he form=20 ki ku) anywhere in the bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e14d3"/>

mi ki tavla I speak (no implication about language or compulsion).

fi'oproscribed for sticky modals sticky modalsfi'o pro= scribed from Note: Modals made with=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfo= rtunate, but unavoidable, restriction. + fi'o-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is= an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.

Logical and non-logical connection of modals =20 non-logical conne= ctionof modals logical connectionof m= odals Logical and non-logical connectives are expla= ined in detail in=20 . For the purposes of this chap= ter, it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection be= tween two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bri= di with a connective between the modals. As a result,=20 and=20 mean the same thing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e15d1"/> @@ -1939,216 +1983,701 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e15d2"/>

la frank. bajra seka'a je teka'a le zdani Frank runs with-destination and with-origin the house. Frank runs to and from the house.

- ce'e je Neither example implies whether a single act, or two acts, o= f running is referred to. To compel the sentence to refer to a single act o= f running, you can use the form: + je Neither example implies whether a single act, or two acts, of ru= nning is referred to. To compel the sentence to refer to a single act of ru= nning, you can use the form: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e15d3"/>

la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani ce'e teka'a le zdani - Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin = the-house. + Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-orig= in the-house.

The cmavo=20 - ce'e creates a termset containing two terms (termsets a= re explained in=20 + ce'e creates a termset containing two terms (te= rmsets are explained in=20 and=20 ). When a termset contains more= than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the t= wo tags are derived from a common event.

CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms modal cmavoregular form for derivation There ar= e 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (=20 do'e, discussed in=20 =20 - ), are derived directly from = selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the for= m CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the = Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irre= gular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is di= vided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo = appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted. - - cmavo gismu comments - - Monosyllables of the form CVV: - - bai bapli - bau bangu - cau claxu - fau fasnu - gau gasnu - kai ckaji uses 2nd consonant of gismu - mau zmadu uses 2nd consonant of gismu + ), are derived directly from selected g= ismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, wh= ere C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the= two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in o= ne way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into= sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in = more than one sub-table, and are so noted. + + + + + + + + cmavo + gismu + comments + + + + + + + =20 + + + Monosyllables of the form CVV: + + + + + bai + bapli + + + bau + bangu + + + cau + claxu + + + fau + fasnu + + + gau + gasnu + + + kai + ckaji + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + mau + zmadu + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + =20 - koi korbi - rai traji uses 2nd consonant of gismu - sau sarcu - tai tamsmi based on lujvo, not gismu - zau zanru + + koi + korbi + + + rai + traji + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + sau + sarcu + + + tai + tamsmi + based on lujvo, not gismu + + + zau + zanru + + + + + + + =20 + + + Second consonant of the gismu as the C: (the gismu is a= lways of the form CCVCV)=20 + + + + + ga'a + zgana + + + kai + ckaji + has CVV form (monosyllable) + + + ki'i + ckini + + + la'u + klani + has irregular 2nd V + + + le'a + klesi + has irregular 2nd V + + + mau + zmadu + has CVV form (monosyllable) + =20 - Second consonant of the gismu as the C: - (the gismu is always of the form CCVCV) + + me'e + cmene + + + ra'a + srana + + + ra'i + krasi + + + rai + traji + has CVV form (monosyllable) + + + ti'i + stidi + + + tu'i + stuzi + + + + + + + =20 + + + Irregular 2nd V: + + + + + fi'e + finti + =20 - ga'a zgana - kai ckaji has CVV form (monosyllable) - ki'i ckini - la'u klani has irregular 2nd V - le'a klesi has irregular 2nd V - mau zmadu has CVV form (monosyllable) - - me'e cmene - ra'a srana - ra'i krasi - rai traji has CVV form (monosyllable) - ti'i stidi - tu'i stuzi - - Irregular 2nd V: - - fi'e finti - - la'u klani uses 2nd consonant of gismu - le'a klesi uses 2nd consonant of gismu - ma'e marji - mu'u mupli - ti'u tcika - va'o vanbi - - Special cases: - - ri'i lifri uses 3rd consonant of gismu - tai tamsmi based on lujvo, not gismu - va'u xamgu CV'V cmavo can't begin with=20 -x - + + la'u + klani + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + le'a + klesi + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + ma'e + marji + + + mu'u + mupli + + + ti'u + tcika + + + va'o + vanbi + + + + + + + =20 + + + Special cases: + + + + + ri'i + lifri + uses 3rd consonant of gismu + + + tai + tamsmi + based on lujvo, not gismu + + + va'u + xamgu + CV'V cmavo can't begin with x + + + +

Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents</tit= le> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo table= </primary><secondary>format of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"= general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>table with Engli= sh equivalents</secondary></indexterm> The following table shows all the cm= avo belonging to selma'o BAI, and has five columns. The first column is the= cmavo itself; the second column is the gismu linked to it. The third colum= n gives an English phrase which indicates the meaning of the cmavo; and the= fourth column indicates its meaning when preceded by=20 - <quote>se</quote>.</para> + <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para> <para>For those cmavo with meaningful=20 - <quote>te</quote>,=20 - <quote>ve</quote>, and even=20 - <quote>xe</quote> conversions (depending on the number of places of th= e underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two extra ro= ws following the primary row for that cmavo.</para> + <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,=20 + <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and even=20 + <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> conversions (depending on the number of plac= es of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two = extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</prim= ary><secondary>basis in gismu place structure</secondary></indexterm> It sh= ould be emphasized that the place structures of the gismu control the meani= ngs of the BAI cmavo. The English phrases shown here are only suggestive, a= nd are often too broad or too narrow to correctly specify what the acceptab= le range of uses for the modal tag are.</para> - <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> - ba'i basti replaced by instead of=20 - - bai bapli compelled by compelling - bau bangu in language in language of - be'i benji sent by transmitting - te=3Dsent to ve=3Dwith transmit or= igin - xe=3Dtransmitted via - ca'i catni by authority of with authority over - cau claxu lacked by without - ci'e ciste in system with system function - te=3Dof system components - ci'o cinmo felt by feeling emotion - ci'u ckilu on the scale on scale measuring - - cu'u cusku as said by expressing - - te=3Das told to ve=3Dexpressed in med= ium - de'i detri dated on the same date as - - di'o diklo at the locus of at specific locus - do'e ----- vaguely related to - - du'i dunli as much as equal to - - - du'o djuno according to knowing facts - te=3Dknowing about - ve=3Dunder epistemology - fa'e fatne reverse of in reversal of - fau fasnu in the event of - fi'e finti created by creating work - - te=3Dcreated for purpose - ga'a zgana to observer observing - te=3Dobserved by means - ve=3Dobserved under conditions - gau gasnu with agent as agent in doing - ja'e jalge resulting in results because of - ja'i javni by rule by rule prescribing - ji'e jimte up to limit as a limit of - ji'o jitro under direction controlling - ji'u jicmu based on supporting - ka'a klama gone to by with destination - - te=3Dwith origin ve=3Dvia route - xe=3Dby transport mode - ka'i krati represented by on behalf of - kai ckaji characterizing with property - ki'i ckini as relation of related to - te=3Dwith relation - ki'u krinu justified by with justified result - - koi korbi bounded by as boundary of - te=3Dbordering - ku'u kulnu in culture in culture of - la'u klani as quantity of in quantity - le'a klesi in category as category of - te=3Ddefined by quality - li'e lidne led by leading - ma'e marji of material made from material - te=3Din material form of - ma'i manri in reference frame as a standard for - - - mau zmadu exceeded by more than - - me'a mleca undercut by less than - - me'e cmene with name as a name for - te=3Das a name to - mu'i mukti motivated by motive therefore - - mu'u mupli exemplified by as an example of - ni'i nibli entailed by entails - - pa'a panra in addition to similar to - te=3Dsimilar in pattern - ve=3Dsimilar by standard - pa'u pagbu with component as a part of - pi'o pilno used by using tool - - po'i porsi in the sequence sequenced by rule - pu'a pluka pleased by in order to please - pu'e pruce by process processing from - te=3Dprocessing into - ve=3Dpassing through stages - ra'a srana pertained to by concerning - ra'i krasi from source as an origin of - rai traji with superlative superlative in - te=3Dat extreme ve=3Dsuperlative amon= g - ri'a rinka caused by causing - ri'i lifri experienced by experiencing - - sau sarcu requiring necessarily for - te=3Dnecessarily under conditions - si'u sidju aided by assisting in - ta'i tadji by method as a method for - tai tamsmi as a form of in form - te=3Din form similar to - ti'i stidi suggested by suggesting - te=3Dsuggested to - ti'u tcika with time at the time of - tu'i stuzi with site as location of - va'o vanbi under conditions as conditions for - va'u xamgu benefiting from with beneficiary - zau zanru approved by approving - zu'e zukte with actor with means to goal - te=3Dwith goal -</programlisting> + <informaltable> + <tgroup cols=3D"7"> + <colspec colnum=3D"1" colname=3D"col1"/> + <colspec colnum=3D"2" colname=3D"col2"/> + <colspec colnum=3D"3" colname=3D"col3"/> + <colspec colnum=3D"4" colname=3D"col4"/> + <colspec colnum=3D"5" colname=3D"col5"/> + <colspec colnum=3D"6" colname=3D"col6"/> + <colspec colnum=3D"7" colname=3D"col7"/> + <tbody> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ba'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>basti</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>replaced by</entry> + <entry>instead of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>bai</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>bapli</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>compelled by</entry> + <entry>compelling</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>bau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in language</entry> + <entry>in language of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>be'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>benji</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>sent by</entry> + <entry>transmitting</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dsent to</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dwith transmit origin</entry= > + <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=3Dtransmitted via</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ca'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>catni</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>by authority of</entry> + <entry>with authority over</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>cau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>claxu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>lacked by</entry> + <entry>without</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ci'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in system</entry> + <entry>with system function</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dof system components</entry= > + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ci'o</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>cinmo</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>felt by</entry> + <entry>feeling emotion</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ckilu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>on the scale</entry> + <entry>on scale measuring</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>as said by</entry> + <entry>expressing</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Das told to</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dexpressed in medium</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>de'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>detri</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>dated</entry> + <entry>on the same date</entry> + <entry>as</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>di'o</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>diklo</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>at the locus of</entry> + <entry>at specific locus</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>-----</entry> + <entry>vaguely related to</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>du'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>as much as</entry> + <entry>equal to</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>according to</entry> + <entry>knowing facts</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dknowing about</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dunder epistemology</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>fa'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>fatne</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>reverse of</entry> + <entry>in reversal of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in the event of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>finti</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>created by</entry> + <entry>creating work</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dcreated for purpose</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ga'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>zgana</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>to observer</entry> + <entry>observing</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dobserved by means</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dobserved under conditions</= entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>gau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with agent</entry> + <entry>as agent in doing</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ja'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>jalge</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>resulting in</entry> + <entry>results because of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ja'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>javni</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>by rule</entry> + <entry>by rule prescribing</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ji'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>jimte</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>up to limit</entry> + <entry>as a</entry> + <entry>limit of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ji'o</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>jitro</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>under direction</entry> + <entry>controlling</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>jicmu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>based on</entry> + <entry>supporting</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>gone to by</entry> + <entry>with destination</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dwith origin</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dvia route</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=3Dby transport mode</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ka'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>krati</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>represented by</entry> + <entry>on behalf of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>characterizing</entry> + <entry>with</entry> + <entry>property</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ki'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ckini</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>as relation of</entry> + <entry>related to</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dwith relation</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>krinu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>justified by</entry> + <entry>with justified result</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>koi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>korbi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>bounded by</entry> + <entry>as boundary of</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dbordering</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ku'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>kulnu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in culture</entry> + <entry>in culture of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>as quantity of</entry> + <entry>in quantity</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in category</entry> + <entry>as category of</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Ddefined by quality</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>li'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>lidne</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>led by</entry> + <entry>leading</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ma'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>marji</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>of material</entry> + <entry>made from material</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Din material form of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>manri</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in reference frame</entry> + <entry>as a</entry> + <entry>standard for</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>exceeded by</entry> + <entry>more than</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>undercut by</entry> + <entry>less than</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>me'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with name</entry> + <entry>as a name for</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Das a name to</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>motivated by</entry> + <entry>motive therefore</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>mu'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>mupli</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>exemplified by</entry> + <entry>as an example of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ni'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>nibli</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>entailed by</entry> + <entry>entails</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>pa'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>panra</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in addition to</entry> + <entry>similar to</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dsimilar in pattern</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dsimilar by standard</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>pa'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>pagbu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with component</entry> + <entry>as a</entry> + <entry>part of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>used by</entry> + <entry>using tool</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>po'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>porsi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in the sequence</entry> + <entry>sequenced by rule</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>pu'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>pluka</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>pleased by</entry> + <entry>in order to please</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>pu'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>pruce</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>by process</entry> + <entry>processing from</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dprocessing into</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dpassing through stages</ent= ry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>from source as an origin of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with superlative</entry> + <entry>superlative in</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dat extreme</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dsuperlative among</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>caused by</entry> + <entry>causing</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ri'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>experienced by</entry> + <entry>experiencing</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>sau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>sarcu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>requiring</entry> + <entry>necessarily for</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dnecessarily under condition= s</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>si'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>sidju</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>aided by</entry> + <entry>assisting in</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ta'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>tadji</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>by method</entry> + <entry>as a</entry> + <entry>method for</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>as a form of</entry> + <entry>in form</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Din form similar to</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ti'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>suggested by</entry> + <entry>suggesting</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dsuggested to</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>ti'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>tcika</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with time</entry> + <entry>at the time of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>tu'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>stuzi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with site</entry> + <entry>as location of</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>va'o</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>vanbi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>under conditions</entry> + <entry>as conditions for</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>va'u</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>benefiting from</entry> + <entry>with beneficiary</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>zau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>zanru</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>approved by</entry> + <entry>approving</entry> + </row> + <row> + <entry><jbophrase>zu'e</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>with actor</entry> + <entry>with means to goal</entry> + <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dwith goal</entry> + </row> + </tbody> + </tgroup> + </informaltable>=20 <para>The lujvo=20 <jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase> on which=20 <jbophrase>tai</jbophrase> is based is derived from the tanru=20 <jbophrase>tarmi simsa</jbophrase> and has the place structure:</para> - <programlisting xml:space=3D"preserve"> - tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x= 4 -</programlisting> + <place-structure> + tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x4 + </place-structure> <para>This lujvo is employed because=20 <jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> does not have a place structure useful fo= r the modal's purpose.</para> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index 3abeffc..d974368 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =20 Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it actually is; you'll get used to it. =20 SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed (like index work). =20 Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 -Zort: Chapters 3 to 8 (they contain FIXMEs though; the typical FIXME - is regarding index-related stuff) +Zort: Chapters 3 to 9 (they contain FIXMEs though; the typical FIXME + is about index stuff) =20 ------ =20 Ignore Chapter 2 for now. =20 ------ =20 If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so: =20  --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.