<anchor xml:id=3D"c4e5d7"/>

cmavo= contrasted with same-form rafsi in meaning rafsicontrasted with same-form cmavo in meaning the raf= si=20 - soi- and=20 - -sai are joined, with the additi= onal=20 + soi- and=20 + -sai are joined, with the additi= onal=20 =20 r making up the=20 rs consonant pair needed to= make the word a brivla. Without the=20 r, the word would break up in= to=20 soi sai, two cmavo. The pair of cmavo have no r= elation to their rafsi lookalikes; they will either be ungrammatical (as in= this case), or will express a different meaning from what was intended. =20 Learning rafsi and the rules for assembling them into lujvo is c= learly seen to be necessary for fully using the potential Lojban vocabulary= . lujvoinvention of Most important, it is possibl= e to invent new lujvo while you speak or write in order to represent a new = or unfamiliar concept, one for which you do not know any existing Lojban wo= rd. As long as you follow the rules for building these compounds, there is = a good chance that you will be understood without explanation.

@@ -772,97 +772,97 @@ rafsipossible forms for construction of Here ar= e the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist for gismu of the form = CVC/CV, like sakli. The digits in the second column = represent the gismu letters used to form the rafsi. CVC 123 - -sak- + -sak- CVC 124 - -sal- + -sal- CVV 12'5 - -sa'i- + -sa'i- =20 CVV 125 - -sai- + -sai- =20 CCV 345 - -kli- + -kli- CCV 132 - -ska- + -ska- (The only actual short rafsi for=20 sakli is=20 - -sal-.) + -sal-.) For gismu of the form CCVCV, like=20 blaci, the only short rafsi forms that can exis= t are: CVC 134 - -bac- + -bac- CVC 234 -lac CVV 13'5 - -ba'i- + -ba'i- CVV 135 - -bai- + -bai- CVV 23'5 - -la'i- + -la'i- CVV 235 - -lai- + -lai- CCV 123 - -bla- + -bla- rafsi assignments= non-reassignability of (In fac= t,=20 blaci has none of these short rafsi; they are a= ll assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of= the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were= chosen in the first place.) rafsiconsiderations restricting construction of= There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe canno= t exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs=20 ai,=20 ei,=20 oi, or=20 @@ -944,59 +944,59 @@ lujvorecognizing lujvo formnumber of letters in lujvo form= consonant cluster requirement in lujvo formfinal letter of lujvosummary of form characteristics= As noted above, CVC-form rafsi cannot appear as th= e final rafsi in a lujvo, because all lujvo must end with one or two vowels= . As a brivla, a lujvo must also contain a consonant cluster within the fir= st five letters - this ensures that they cannot be mistaken for compound cm= avo. Of course, all lujvo have at least six letters since they have two or = more rafsi, each at least three letters long; hence they cannot be confused= with gismu. lujvo formrequirements for hyphen insertion in = hyphen letterdefinition hyphensuse of Whe= n attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen lett= er. In Lojban, the term=20 =20 hyphen always refers to a letter, either the vowel=20 y or one of the consonants=20 r and=20 n. (The letter=20 l can also be a hyphen, but i= s not used as one in lujvo.) lujvo formrequirements for y-hyphen insertion in The=20 - y-hyphen is used after a CVC-= form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impe= rmissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into= two or more words (either cmavo or gismu). + y-hyphen is used after a CVC-= form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impe= rmissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into= two or more words (either cmavo or gismu). lujvoand consonant pairs Thus, the tanru=20 pante tavla (=20 protest talk) cannot produce the lujvo=20 patta'a, because=20 tt is not a= permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be=20 patyta'a. Similarly, the tanru=20 mudri siclu (=20 wooden whistle) cannot form the lujvo=20 mudsiclu; instead,=20 mudysiclu must be used. (Remember that=20 y is not counted in determini= ng whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: = this is why.) rafsifour-letterrequirement for y-hyphen The=20 - y-hyphen is also used to atta= ch a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the = following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in=20 + y-hyphen is also used to atta= ch a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the = following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in=20 to=20 .) The lujvo forms=20 zunlyjamfu,=20 zunlyjma,=20 zuljamfu, and=20 zuljma are all legitimate and equivalent forms = made from the tanru=20 zunle jamfu (=20 left foot). Of these,=20 zuljma is the preferred one since it is the sho= rtest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary. lujvo formrequirements for n-hyphen insertion in lujvo formrequirements for r-hyphen insertion in r-hyphenuse of= The=20 - r-hyphen and its close relati= ve, the=20 - n-hyphen, are used in lujvo o= nly after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo o= f the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster. + r-hyphen and its close relati= ve, the=20 + n-hyphen, are used in lujvo o= nly after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo o= f the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster. An=20 - r-hyphen or=20 - n-hyphen is also required aft= er the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV sinc= e it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any l= ujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position mus= t always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the sup= posed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because = the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of th= e word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter. - r-hyphencontrasted with n-hyph= en in requirements for use n-hyphencontrasted with r-hyphen in requirements for use n-hyphenuse of An=20 - n-hyphen is only used in plac= e of an=20 - r-hyphen when the following r= afsi begins with=20 + r-hyphen or=20 + n-hyphen is also required aft= er the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV sinc= e it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any l= ujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position mus= t always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the sup= posed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because = the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of th= e word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter. + r-hyphencontrasted with n-hyph= en in requirements for use n-hyphencontrasted with r-hyphen in requirements for use n-hyphenuse of An=20 + n-hyphen is only used in plac= e of an=20 + r-hyphen when the following r= afsi begins with=20 r. For example, the tanru=20 rokci renro (=20 rock throw) cannot be expressed as=20 ro'ire'o (which breaks up into = two cmavo), nor can it be=20 ro'irre'o (which has an impermi= ssible double consonant); the=20 - n-hyphen is required, and the= correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is=20 + n-hyphen is required, and the= correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is=20 ro'inre'o. The same lujvo could also be express= ed without hyphenation as=20 rokre'o. ZEI selma'olujvowith zei There is also a different way of building lujvo, or = rather phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to lujvo= . You can make a phrase containing any desired words, joining each pair of = them with the special cmavo=20 zei. Thus, <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d12"/> bridi zei valsi @@ -1165,27 +1165,27 @@ If the last letter is not a vowel, modify the ending so that= the word ends in a vowel, either by removing a final consonant or by addin= g a suggestively chosen final vowel. If the first letter is not a consonant, modify the beginning= so that the word begins with a consonant, either by removing an initial vo= wel or adding a suggestively chosen initial consonant. fu'ivla categ= orizerselection consideration for l-hyphenuse of Prefix the result of steps 1-5 with a 4= -letter rafsi that categorizes the fu'ivla into a=20 topic area. It is only safe to use a 4-letter rafsi= ; short rafsi sometimes produce invalid fu'ivla. Hyphenate the rafsi to the= rest of the fu'ivla with an=20 - r-hyphen; if that would p= roduce a double=20 + r-hyphen; if that would p= roduce a double=20 r, use an=20 - n-hyphen instead; if the = rafsi ends in=20 + n-hyphen instead; if the = rafsi ends in=20 r and the rest of the fu'= ivla begins with=20 n (or vice versa), or if = the rafsi ends in "r" and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with "tc", "ts", "= dj", or "dz" (using "n" would result in a phonotactically impermissible clu= ster), use an=20 - l-hyphen. (This is the on= ly use of=20 - l-hyphen in Lojban.) + l-hyphen. (This is the on= ly use of=20 + l-hyphen in Lojban.) Alternatively, if a CVC-form short rafsi is available it can= be used instead of the long rafsi. =20 Remember that the stress necessarily appears on the penultim= ate (next-to-the-last) syllable. In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the exam= ples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not= be pronounced as a separate syllable. Here are a few examples: @@ -1197,21 +1197,21 @@ spaghetti (from English or Italian) =20 spageti (Lojbanize) cidj,r,spageti (prefix long rafsi) =20 dja,r,spageti (prefix short rafsi) where=20 - cidj- is the 4-letter rafsi for= =20 + cidj- is the 4-letter rafsi for= =20 cidja, the Lojban gismu for=20 food, thus categorizing=20 cidjrspageti as a kind of food. The form with t= he short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: = in any event, it means the same thing. <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d4"/> @@ -1219,22 +1219,22 @@ Acer (the scientific name of maple trees) =20 =20 acer (Lojbanize) xaceru (add initial consonant and final vowel) tric,r,xaceru (prefix rafsi) ric,r,xaceru (prefix short rafsi) where=20 - tric- and=20 - ric- are rafsi for=20 + tric- and=20 + ric- are rafsi for=20 tricu, the gismu for=20 tree. Note that by the same principles,=20 maple sugar could get the fu'ivla=20 =20 saktrxaceru, or could be represented by the tan= ru=20 tricrxaceru sakta. Technically,=20 ricrxaceru and=20 tricrxaceru are distinct fu'ivla, but they woul= d surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use. @@ -1242,71 +1242,71 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d5"/> brie (from French) =20 bri (Lojbanize) cirl,r,bri (prefix rafsi) where=20 - cirl- represents=20 + cirl- represents=20 cirla (=20 cheese). <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d6"/> cobra =20 kobra (Lojbanize) sinc,r,kobra (prefix rafsi) where=20 - sinc- represents=20 + sinc- represents=20 since (=20 snake). <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d7"/> quark =20 kuark (Lojbanize) kuarka (add final vowel) sask,r,kuarka (prefix rafsi) allowable diphtho= ngsin gismu and lujvo contrasted with in fu'ivla allowable= diphthongsin fu'ivla contrasted with in gismu and luj= vo d= iphthongsin fu'ivla fu'ivladiphthongs= in where=20 - sask- represents=20 + sask- represents=20 saske (=20 science). Note the extra vowel=20 a added to the end of the wor= d, and the diphthong=20 ua, which never appears in g= ismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla. <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d8"/> =EC=9E=90=EB=AA=A8 (from Korean) djamo (Lojbanize) lerf,r,djamo (prefix rafsi) ler,l,djamo (prefix rafsi) where=20 - ler- represents=20 + ler- represents=20 lerfu (=20 letter). Note the l-hyphen in "lerldjamo", since "lernd= jamo" contains the forbidden cluster "ndj". =20 fu'ivla categoriz= erfor distinguishing fu'ivla form fu'ivladisambiguation of The use of the prefix helps d= istinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending= on the field. As it happens,=20 spageti and=20 kuarka are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but=20 xaceru looks like a compound cm= avo, and=20 kobra like a gismu. fu'ivla categoriz= erfor distinguishing specialized meanings<= /indexterm> For another example,=20 integral has a specific meaning to a mathematician. But= the Lojban fu'ivla=20 @@ -1316,21 +1316,21 @@ =20 Left uncontrolled,=20 integrale almost certainly would eventually com= e to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English asso= ciates with=20 integral, with only the context to indicate (possibly) = that the mathematical term is meant. =20 <= indexterm type=3D"example-imported">integrala= rchitectural conceptexample <= indexterm type=3D"example-imported">integralm= athematical conceptexample The= prefix method would render the mathematical concept as=20 cmacrntegrale, if the=20 i of=20 integrale is removed, or something like=20 cmacrnintegrale, if a new consonant is added to= the beginning;=20 - cmac- is the rafsi for=20 + cmac- is the rafsi for=20 cmaci (=20 mathematics). The architectural sense of=20 integral might be conveyed with=20 =20 djinrnintegrale or=20 tarmrnintegrale, where=20 dinju and=20 tarmi mean=20 building and=20 form respectively. @@ -1973,56 +1973,56 @@ Choose a 3-letter (CVV-form or CCV-form) or 5-letter rafsi for t= he final gismu in the tanru. Join the resulting string of rafsi, initially without hyphens. hyphens in lujvo<= /primary>proscribed where not required A= dd hyphen letters where necessary. It is illegal to add a hyphen at a place= that is not required by this algorithm. Right-to-left tests are recommende= d, for reasons discussed below. If there are more than two words in the tanru, put an=20 - r-hyphen (or an=20 - n-hyphen) after the first= rafsi if it is CVV-form. If there are exactly two words, then put an=20 - r-hyphen (or an=20 - n-hyphen) between the two= rafsi if the first rafsi is CVV-form, unless the second rafsi is CCV-form = (for example,=20 + r-hyphen (or an=20 + n-hyphen) after the first= rafsi if it is CVV-form. If there are exactly two words, then put an=20 + r-hyphen (or an=20 + n-hyphen) between the two= rafsi if the first rafsi is CVV-form, unless the second rafsi is CCV-form = (for example,=20 saicli requires no hyphen). Use an=20 - r-hyphen unless the lette= r after the hyphen is=20 + r-hyphen unless the lette= r after the hyphen is=20 r, in which case use an= =20 - n-hyphen. Never use an=20 - n-hyphen unless it is req= uired. + n-hyphen. Never use an=20 + n-hyphen unless it is req= uired. Put a=20 - y-hyphen between the cons= onants of any impermissible consonant pair. This will always appear between= rafsi. + y-hyphen between the cons= onants of any impermissible consonant pair. This will always appear between= rafsi. tosmabru test= Put a=20 - y-hyphen after any 4-lett= er rafsi form. + y-hyphen after any 4-lett= er rafsi form. Test all forms with one or more initial CVC-form rafsi - with th= e pattern=20 CVC ... CVC + X - for=20 tosmabru failure. X must either be a CVCCV long= rafsi that happens to have a permissible initial pair as the consonant clu= ster, or is something which has caused a=20 - y-hyphen to be installed betw= een the previous CVC and itself by one of the above rules. + y-hyphen to be installed betw= een the previous CVC and itself by one of the above rules. The test is as follows: - Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first y-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in = case there are no y-hyphens. + Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first y-hyphen, or up to the end of the word in = case there are no y-hyphens. These consonant pairs are called "joints=E2=80=9D. If all of those joints are permissible initials, then the tr= ial word will break up into a cmavo and a shorter brivla. If not, the word = will not break up, and no further hyphens are needed. - Install a y-hyphen = at the first such joint. + Install a y-hyphen = at the first such joint. lujvoselection of best form of lujvoscoring of Note that the=20 tosmabru test implies that the algorithm will be more e= fficient if rafsi junctures are tested for required hyphens from right to l= eft, instead of from left to right; when the test is required, it cannot be= completed until hyphenation to the right has been determined. =20 =20

@@ -2032,73 +2032,73 @@ Count the total number of letters, including hyphens and a= postrophes; call it=20 L. Count the number of apostrophes; call it=20 A. Count the number of=20 - y-,=20 - r-, and=20 - n-hyphens; call it=20 + y-,=20 + r-, and=20 + n-hyphens; call it=20 =20 H. For each rafsi, find the value in the following table. Sum= this value over all rafsi; call it=20 R:=20 CVC/CV (final) - (-sarji-) + (-sarji-) 1 CVC/C - (-sarj-) + (-sarj-) 2 CCVCV (final) - (-zbasu-) + (-zbasu-) 3 CCVC - (-zbas-) + (-zbas-) 4 CVC - (-nun-) + (-nun-) 5 CVV with an apostrophe - (-ta'u-) + (-ta'u-) 6 CCV - (-zba-) + (-zba-) 7 CVV with no apostrophe - (-sai-) + (-sai-) 8 Count the number of vowels, not including=20 y; call it=20 @@ -2156,81 +2156,81 @@ This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. Firs= t, we will start with the tanru=20 gerku zdani (=20 dog house) and construct a lujvo meaning=20 =20 =20 doghouse, that is, a house where a dog lives. We will u= se a brute-force application of the algorithm in=20 , using every possible rafsi.= The rafsi for=20 gerku are: - -ger-, - -ge'u-, - -gerk-, - -gerku + -ger-, + -ge'u-, + -gerk-, + -gerku The rafsi for=20 zdani are: - -zda-, - -zdan-, - -zdani. + -zda-, + -zdan-, + -zdani. Step 1 of the algorithm directs us to use=20 - -ger-,=20 - -ge'u- and=20 - -gerk- as possible rafsi for=20 + -ger-,=20 + -ge'u- and=20 + -gerk- as possible rafsi for=20 gerku; Step 2 directs us to use=20 - -zda- and=20 - -zdani as possible rafsi for=20 + -zda- and=20 + -zdani as possible rafsi for=20 zdani. The six possible forms of the lujvo are = then: - ger-zda - ger-zdani - ge'u-zda - ge'u-zdani - gerk-zda - gerk-zdani + ger-zda + ger-zdani + ge'u-zda + ge'u-zdani + gerk-zda + gerk-zdani We must then insert appropriate hyphens in each case. The first = two forms need no hyphenation:=20 =20 ge cannot fall off the front, because the follo= wing word would begin with=20 rz, which is not a permissi= ble initial consonant pair. So the lujvo forms are=20 gerzda and=20 gerzdani. The third form,=20 - ge'u-z= da, needs no hyphen, because even though the first rafsi is CVV= , the second one is CCV, so there is a consonant cluster in the first five = letters. So=20 + ge'u-z= da, needs no hyphen, because even though the first rafsi is CVV= , the second one is CCV, so there is a consonant cluster in the first five = letters. So=20 ge'uzda is this form of the lujvo. The fourth form,=20 ge'u-zdani, however, requires a= n=20 - r-hyphen; otherwise, the=20 - ge'u- part would fall off as a c= mavo. So this form of the lujvo is=20 + r-hyphen; otherwise, the=20 + ge'u- part would fall off as a c= mavo. So this form of the lujvo is=20 ge'urzdani. The last two forms require=20 - y-hyphens, as all 4-letter ra= fsi do, and so are=20 + y-hyphens, as all 4-letter ra= fsi do, and so are=20 =20 gerkyzda and=20 gerkyzdani respectively. boat classexamp= le The scoring algorithm is heavily weighted in fav= or of short lujvo, so we might expect that=20 gerzda would win. Its L scor= e is 6, its A score is 0, its H score= is 0, its R score is 12, and its V s= core is 3, for a final score of 5878. The other forms have scores of 7917, = 6367, 9506, 8008, and 10047 respectively. Consequently, this lujvo would pr= obably appear in the dictionary in the form=20 gerzda. For the next example, we will use the tanru=20 bloti klesi (=20 boat class) presumably referring to the category (rowbo= at, motorboat, cruise liner) into which a boat falls. We will omit the long= rafsi from the process, since lujvo containing long rafsi are almost never= preferred by the scoring algorithm when there are short rafsi available. The rafsi for=20 bloti are=20 - -lot-,=20 - -blo-, and=20 - -lo'i-; for=20 + -lot-,=20 + -blo-, and=20 + -lo'i-; for=20 klesi they are=20 - -kle- and=20 - -lei-. Both these gismu are amon= g the handful which have both CVV-form and CCV-form rafsi, so there is an u= nusual number of possibilities available for a two-part tanru: + -kle- and=20 + -lei-. Both these gismu are amon= g the handful which have both CVV-form and CCV-form rafsi, so there is an u= nusual number of possibilities available for a two-part tanru: lotkle blokle lo'ikle =20 lotlei blolei lo'irlei Only=20 @@ -2271,63 +2271,63 @@ Logical Language = Groupexample So the form=20 blolei is preferred, but only by a tiny margin = over=20 blokle; "lotlei" and "lotkle" are only slightly= worse;=20 lo'ikle suffers because of its apostrophe, and= =20 lo'irlei because of having both apostrophe and = hyphen. Our third example will result in forming both a lujvo and a name= from the tanru=20 logji bangu girzu, or=20 logical-language group in English. (=20 The Logical Language Group is the name of the publisher= of this book and the organization for the promotion of Lojban.) The available rafsi are=20 - -loj- and=20 - -logj-;=20 - -ban-,=20 - -bau-, and=20 - -bang-; and=20 - -gri- and=20 - -girzu, and (for name purposes o= nly)=20 - -gir- and=20 - -girz-. The resulting 12 lujvo p= ossibilities are: + -loj- and=20 + -logj-;=20 + -ban-,=20 + -bau-, and=20 + -bang-; and=20 + -gri- and=20 + -girzu, and (for name purposes o= nly)=20 + -gir- and=20 + -girz-. The resulting 12 lujvo p= ossibilities are: - loj-ban-gri - loj-bau-gri - loj-bang-gri + loj-ban-gri + loj-bau-gri + loj-bang-gri =20 - logj-ban-gri - logj-bau-gri - logj-bang-gri + logj-ban-gri + logj-bau-gri + logj-bang-gri =20 - loj-ban-girzu - loj-bau-girzu - loj-bang-girzu + loj-ban-girzu + loj-bau-girzu + loj-bang-girzu =20 - logj-ban-girzu - logj-bau-girzu - logj-bang-girzu + logj-ban-girzu + logj-bau-girzu + logj-bang-girzu and the 12 name possibilities are: - loj-ban-gir - loj-bau-gir - loj-bang-gir + loj-ban-gir + loj-bau-gir + loj-bang-gir =20 - logj-ban-gir - logj-bau-gir - logj-bang-gir + logj-ban-gir + logj-bau-gir + logj-bang-gir =20 - loj-ban-girz - loj-bau-girz - loj-bang-girz + loj-ban-girz + loj-bau-girz + loj-bang-girz =20 - logj-ban-girz - logj-bau-girz - logj-bang-girz + logj-ban-girz + logj-bau-girz + logj-bang-girz After hyphenation, we have: lojbangri lojbaugri lojbangygri =20 logjybangri logjybaugri logjybangygri @@ -2363,42 +2363,42 @@ girzu, producing=20 lojbangirz. Finally, here is a four-part lujvo with a cmavo in it, based on = the tanru=20 nakni ke cinse ctuca or=20 male (sexual teacher). The=20 =20 ke cmavo ensures the interpretation=20 teacher of sexuality who is male, rather than=20 teacher of male sexuality. Here are the possible forms = of the lujvo, both before and after hyphenation: - nak-kem-cin-ctu =20 + nak-kem-cin-ctu =20 nakykemcinctu =20 - nak-kem-cin-ctuca + nak-kem-cin-ctuca nakykemcinctuca =20 - nak-kem-cins-ctu + nak-kem-cins-ctu nakykemcinsyctu =20 - nak-kem-cins-ctuca + nak-kem-cins-ctuca nakykemcinsyctuca =20 - nakn-kem-cin-ctu + nakn-kem-cin-ctu naknykemcinctu =20 - nakn-kem-cin-ctuca + nakn-kem-cin-ctuca naknykemcinctuca =20 - nakn-kem-cins-ctu + nakn-kem-cins-ctu naknykemcinsyctu =20 - nakn-kem-cins-ctuca + nakn-kem-cins-ctuca naknykemcinsyctuca gismualgorithm for Of these forms,=20 nakykemcinctu is the shortest and is preferred = by the scoring algorithm. On the whole, however, it might be better to just= make a lujvo for=20 cinse ctuca (which would be=20 cinctu) since the sex of the teacher is rarely = important. If there was a reason to specify=20 male, then the simpler tanru=20 nakni cinctu (=20 male sexual-teacher) would be appropriate. This tanru i= s actually shorter than the four-part lujvo, since the=20 ke required for grouping need not be expressed.= @@ -2583,21 +2583,21 @@ =20 bradi,=20 bredi,=20 bridi, and=20 brodi (but fortunately not=20 brudi) are all existing gismu.

Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu The following gismu were not made by the gismu creation algorith= m. They are, in effect, coined words similar to fu'ivla. They are exception= s to the otherwise mandatory gismu creation algorithm where there was suffi= cient justification for such exceptions. Except for the small metric prefix= es and the assignable predicates beginning with=20 - brod-, they all end in the lette= r=20 + brod-, they all end in the lette= r=20 o, which is otherwise a rare = letter in Lojban gismu. gismuscientific-mathematical The following gism= u represent concepts that are sufficiently unique to Lojban that they were = either coined from combining forms of other gismu, or else made up out of w= hole cloth. These gismu are thus conceptually similar to lujvo even though = they are only five letters long; however, unlike lujvo, they have rafsi ass= igned to them for use in building more complex lujvo. Assigning gismu to th= ese concepts helps to keep the resulting lujvo reasonably short. broda 1st assignable predicate brode 2nd assignable predicate diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index 5459ee9..c252915 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -739,58 +739,52 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d8"/>

ta melbi je nixli ckule That is-a-(beautiful and girl) type-of school.

It can be understood as: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d9"/> - - That is a girls' school and a beautiful school. - + That is a girls' school and a beautiful school. or as: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d10"/> - - That is a school for things which are both girls and beautiful= . - + That is a school for things which are both girls and beautiful= . logical connectiv= es in tanruambiguity of The in= terpretation specified by=20 treats the tanru as a sort = of abbreviation for: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d11"/>

ta ke melbi ckule ke'e je ke nixli ckule [ke'e] That is-a-( beautiful type-of school ) and ( girl type-of s= chool )

whereas the interpretation specified by=20 does not. This is a kind of= semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resolution. The= way in which the school is said to be of type=20 beautiful and girl may entail that it is separately a b= eautiful school and a girls' school; but the alternative interpretation, th= at the members of the school are beautiful and girls, is also possible. Sti= ll another interpretation is: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d12"/> - - That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls. - + That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls. so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of = tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves. logical connectiv= es in tanrueffect on formal logical manipulations In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot und= ergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical co= nnectives that exist outside tanru; see=20 for further details. JA selma'o The logical connective=20 je is only one of the fourteen logical connecti= ves that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d13"/> diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml index 1c72c00..e65bbd8 100644 --- a/todocbook/6.xml +++ b/todocbook/6.xml @@ -1753,23 +1753,23 @@ Lottie (American pronunciation)<= /entry> *latis LYtis. or lotis. Doyleexample Lyraexample Lottieexample= namesu= sing rafsi Names may be borrowed from other languag= es or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more ra= fsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi=20 - loj- for=20 + loj- for=20 logji (logical) and=20 - ban- for=20 + ban- for=20 bangu (language) unite to form the name of this= language: <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e12d7"/>

lojban. Lojban

diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index 4548681..af7f0fa 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -2,65 +2,57 @@ Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi

What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for? pronouns in Engli= shas noun abbreviations Speake= rs of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbre= viation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a comple= te description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. I= n English, we have words called=20 pronouns which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrase= s with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like= this: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d1"/> - - Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require = mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time speakers of Lojban referred to a = thing to which speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to express = a complete description of what speakers of Lojban referred to, life would b= e too short to say what speakers of Lojban have to say. - + Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require = mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time speakers of Lojban referred to a = thing to which speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to express = a complete description of what speakers of Lojban referred to, life would b= e too short to say what speakers of Lojban have to say. pronouns in Engli= shas independent of abbreviations Speakers of this kind of English would get mightily sick of talking. Fu= rthermore, there are uses of pronouns in English which are independent of a= bbreviation. There is all the difference in the world between: =20 - +  <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>shook stick</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d2"/> - - John picked up a stick and shook it. - + John picked up a stick and shook it. and - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d3"/> - - John picked up a stick and shook a stick. - + John picked up a stick and shook a stick. does not imply that the t= wo sticks are necessarily the same, whereas=20 requires that they are. GOhA selma'o<= /primary> KO= hA selma'o pro-sumtiseries pro-sumticompare= d to pro-bridi as means of abbreviation pro-bridicompared = to pro-sumti as means of abbreviation pro-brididefinition<= /secondary> pro-= sumtidefinition pro-sumticompared to = pronouns in usage as abbreviations pronounscompared to pro= -sumti in usage as abbreviations In Lojban, we have= sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the h= ybrid term=20 =20 pro-sumti. A purely Lojban term would be=20 sumti cmavo: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo bel= onging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmav= o (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These ma= y be called=20 pro-bridi or=20 bridi cmavo. This chapter explains the uses of = all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups= , known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-serie= s, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of = pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi= , it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-brid= i analogues, however. antecedent of pro= -brididefinition referent of pro-brididefinition <= primary>antecedent of pro-sumtidefinition<= /indexterm> referent of pro-= sumtidefinition A few technica= l terms: The term=20 =20 referent means the thing to which a pro-sumti (by exten= sion, a pro-bridi) refers. If the speaker of a sentence is James, then the = referent of the word=20 I is James. On the other hand, the term=20 antecedent refers to a piece of language which a pro-su= mti (or pro-bridi) implicitly repeats. In - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e1d4"/> - - John loves himself - + John loves himself the antecedent of=20 himself is=20 John; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in t= his case). John, the person, would be the referent of=20 himself. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedent= s, but all of them have referents.

Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

@@ -168,27 +160,25 @@ we can mean=20 mi or=20 mi'o or=20 mi'a or even=20 =20 ma'a, and English-speakers often suffer because= they cannot easily distinguish=20 =20 mi'o from=20 mi'a: =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d2"/> - - We're going to the store. - + We're going to the store. Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure= . kouse for commands kouse for imperatives imperativeswith ko commandswith ko Finally, the cmavo=20 ko is logically equivalent to=20 do; its referent is the listener. However, its = use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener t= o make the assertion true: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e2d3"/>

@@ -395,28 +385,26 @@ do'i KOhA di'u-series some utterance

pro-sumtidi'u-series thisas utterance reference in Eng= lish di'u-series pro-sumti utterance pro-sumti (see also di'u-series pro-sumti) pro-sumti f= or utterances The cmavo of the di'u-series enable us = to talk about things that have been, are being, or will be said. In English= , it is normal to use=20 this and=20 that for this (indeed, the immediately preceding=20 this is an example of such a usage): - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d1"/> - - You don't like cats. - That is untrue. - + You don't like cats. + That is untrue. Here=20 that does not refer to something that can be pointed to= , but to the preceding sentence=20 You don't like cats. In Lojban, therefore,=20 is rendered: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e4d2"/>

@@ -1238,22 +1226,22 @@ ra'o forces the second=20 mi from the original bridi to mean the new spea= ker rather than the former speaker. This means that=20 go'e ra'o would be an acceptable alternative to= =20 =20 do go'e in B's statement in=20 =20 . go'i-series pro-b= ridiin quotations ri-series pro-sumti= in quotations The anaphoric pro-sumti of this secti= on can be used in quotations, but never refer to any of the supporting text= outside the quotation, since speakers presumably do not know that they may= be quoted by someone else. =20 go'i-series pro-b= ridiin quotation series ri-series pro-sumtiin quotation series However, a=20 - ri-series or=20 - go'a-series reference within a quotation can re= fer to something mentioned in an earlier quotation if the two quotations ar= e closely related in time and context. This allows a quotation to be broken= up by narrative material without interfering with the pro-sumti within it.= Here's an example: + ri-series or=20 + go'a-series reference within a quotation can re= fer to something mentioned in an earlier quotation if the two quotations ar= e closely related in time and context. This allows a quotation to be broken= up by narrative material without interfering with the pro-sumti within it.= Here's an example: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d19"/> la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u .i la .alis. cusku l= u mi go'i li'u John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. Alice says [= quote] I [repeat] [unquote]. John says, I am going to the store. Alice says,= Me too. @@ -1983,21 +1971,21 @@ zilpavypinxe has the same place structure as=20 zilrelselpinxe, and=20 lo zilpavypinxe, like=20 lo zilrelselpinxe, refers to a beverage, and no= t to a non-existent drinker. =20 bu'aco'e pro-bridi raf= sias producing context-dependent meanings<= /indexterm> The pro-bridi=20 co'e,=20 =20 du, and=20 bu'a also have rafsi, which can be used just as= if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for=20 - du-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanin= gs. + du-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanin= gs.

KOhA cmavo by series mi-series

mi I (rafsi: mib)<= /description>

diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml index b653cd6..ec4c7de 100644 --- a/todocbook/8.xml +++ b/todocbook/8.xml @@ -160,36 +160,32 @@ poidiscussion of translation without any change= in meaning. Note that=20 poi is translated=20 which rather than=20 such-that when=20 ke'a has been omitted from the x1 place of the = relative clause bridi. The word=20 which is used in English to introduce English relative = clauses: other words that can be used are=20 who and=20 that, as in: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d10"/> - - I saw a man who was going to the store. - + I saw a man who was going to the store. and - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e1d11"/> - - The building that the school was located in is large. - + The building that the school was located in is large. In=20 the relative clause is=20 who was going to the store, and in=20 it is=20 that the school was located in. Sometimes=20 who,=20 which, and=20 that are used in literal translations in this chapter i= n order to make them read more smoothly.

@@ -570,21 +566,21 @@ possess the person! English can't even express this rel= ationship with a possessive -=20 the cup's friend of mine looks like nonsense - but Lojb= an has no trouble doing so. =20 incidental identif= icationexpressing with no'u <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">incidental associationexpressing with ne po'ucompared with no'u pecompared with ne no'ucompared with po'u<= /secondary> necompared with pe Finally, the cm= avo=20 ne and=20 no'u stand to=20 =20 pe and=20 po'u, respectively, as=20 noi does to=20 - poi- they provide incidental information: + poi- they provide incidental information: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d16"/>

le blabi gerku ne mi cu batci do The white dog, incidentally-associated-with me, bites you.<= /gloss> The white dog, which is mine, bites you.

@@ -611,27 +607,25 @@

le nanmu po'u la djim. cu terpemci The man who-is Jim is-a-poet. The man Jim is a poet.

is appropriate. Now I am using the fact that the man I am speaki= ng of is Jim in order to pick out which man I mean. possessionLojban usage compared with French and German in omission/incl= usion possessionLojban usage contrasted with English in om= ission/inclusion It is worth mentioning that Englis= h sometimes over-specifies possession from the Lojban point of view (and th= e point of view of many other languages, including ones closely related to = English). The idiomatic English sentence - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d19"/> - - The man put his hands in his pockets. - + The man put his hands in his pockets. seems strange to a French- or German-speaking person: whose pock= ets would he put his hands into? and even odder, whose hands would he put i= nto his pockets? In Lojban, the sentence <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e3d20"/> le nanmu cu punji le xance le daski The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket. @@ -843,47 +837,47 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d3"/>

le gerku ku poi blabi cu klama The (dog) which is-white goes.

- will seem most natural to s= peakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after= the noun phrases they are attached to;=20 - , on the other hand, may see= m more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative clause = first. Note that in=20 - , the elidable terminator=20 - ku'o must appear, or the selbri of the relative= clause (=20 - blabi) will merge with the selbri of the descri= ption (=20 - gerku), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence.= The purpose of the form appearing in=20 + will seem most natural to= speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses aft= er the noun phrases they are attached to;=20 + , on the other hand, may s= eem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative claus= e first. Note that in=20 + , the elidable terminator= =20 + ku'o must appear, or the selbri of the relati= ve clause (=20 + blabi) will merge with the selbri of the desc= ription (=20 + gerku), resulting in an ungrammatical sentenc= e. The purpose of the form appearing in=20 will be apparent shortly. As is explained in detail in=20 , two different numbers (known as the= =20 inner quantifier and the=20 outer quantifier) can be attached to a description. The= inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it ap= pears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifi= er appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things refe= rred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the fol= lowing example, <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d4"/>

re le mu prenu cu klama le zarci Two-of the five persons go to-the market. Two of the five people [that I have in mind] are going to the = market. =20

- mu is the inner quantifier and=20 - re is the outer quantifier. Now what is meant b= y attaching a relative clause to the sumti=20 - re le mu prenu? Suppose the relative clause is= =20 - poi ninmu (meaning=20 + mu is the inner quantifier and=20 + re is the outer quantifier. Now what is meant= by attaching a relative clause to the sumti=20 + re le mu prenu? Suppose the relative clause i= s=20 + poi ninmu (meaning=20 who are women). Now the three possible attachment point= s discussed previously take on significance. <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e6d5"/> re le poi ninmu ku'o mu prenu cu klama le zarci Two of the such-that([they] are-women) five persons go to-t= he market. Two women out of the five persons go to the market. @@ -1372,21 +1366,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e9d7"/>

co'o xirma poi mi zvati Goodbye, horse such-that-(I am-at-it).

- and=20 + and=20 mean the same thing. In fac= t, relative clauses can appear in both places.

Relative clauses within relative clauses relative clauses<= /primary>relative clauses within For the= most part, these are straightforward and uncomplicated: a sumti that is pa= rt of a relative clause bridi may itself be modified by a relative clause:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e10d1"/>

@@ -1419,25 +1413,25 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e10d3"/>

le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa poi ke'a = goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno The man who (IT =3D it1 : it1 is-in the room which (IT =3D = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.

- is more verbose than=20 - , but may be clearer, since = it explicitly spells out the two=20 - ke'a cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns = them to the assignable cmavo=20 - ko'a and=20 - ko'e (explained in Chapter=20 + is more verbose than=20 + , but may be clearer, sinc= e it explicitly spells out the two=20 + ke'a cmavo, each on its own level, and assign= s them to the assignable cmavo=20 + ko'a and=20 + ko'e (explained in Chapter=20 ).

Index of relative clause cmavo relative clauses<= /primary>list of cmavo for Relative clau= se introducers (selma'o NOI):

noi incidental clauses diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml index c957336..b531aa1 100644 --- a/todocbook/9.xml +++ b/todocbook/9.xml @@ -765,21 +765,21 @@ BAI modal tagsrationale for and almost any selbr= i which represents an action may need to specify a tool. Having to say=20 fi'o se pilno frequently would make many Lojban= sentences unnecessarily verbose and clunky, so an abbreviation is provided= in the language design: the compound cmavo=20 sepi'o. =20 SE selma'o BAI = selma'o conversionof BAI cmavo modal tagssh= ort forms as BAI cmavo fi'o constructsshort forms as BAI c= mavo BAI selma'oas short forms for fi'o constructs Here=20 se is used before a cmavo, namely=20 pi'o, rather than before a brivla. The meaning = of this cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of= =20 =20 fi'o pilno fe'u. Since what we want is a tag ba= sed on=20 se pilno rather than=20 - pilno- the tool, not the tool user - the gramma= r allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.=20 + pilno- the tool, not the tool user - the gramma= r allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.=20 may therefore be rewritten = as: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e6d1"/>

mi viska do sepi'o le zunle kanla =20 I see you with-tool: the left eye I see you using my left eye. @@ -1283,21 +1283,21 @@

The cmavo=20 vei and=20 ve'o represent mathematical parentheses, and ar= e required so that=20 ni'igi affects more than just the immediately f= ollowing operand, namely the first=20 re. (The right parenthesis,=20 ve'o, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no = English translation does=20 justice. modal connectives= fi'o prohibited in fi'orestriction on= use Note: Due to restrictions on the Lojban parsin= g algorithm, it is not possible to form modal connectives using the=20 =20 - fi'o-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predef= ined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in=20 + fi'o-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predef= ined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in=20 and=20 .

Modal selbri Consider the example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e9d1"/> @@ -1420,21 +1420,21 @@

bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u] Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the = ice [end].

means the same thing as=20 . Note: Either BAI modals or=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals may correctly be used i= n any of the constructions discussed in this section. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals may correctly be used i= n any of the constructions discussed in this section.

Modal relative phrases; Comparison The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pe GOI restrictive relative phrase @@ -1659,21 +1659,21 @@ ci'u (=20 =20 on scale),=20 de'i (=20 =20 dated),=20 du'i (=20 =20 as much as). Some BAI tags can be used equally well in = relative phrases or attached to bridi; others seem useful only attached to = bridi. But it is also possible that the usefulness of particular BAI modals= is an English-speaker bias, and that speakers of other languages may find = other BAIs useful in divergent ways. fi'o modalsusage in relative phrases Note: The = uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals = and to=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals.

Mixed modal connection It is possible to mix logical connection (explained in=20 ) with modal connection, in a w= ay that simultaneously asserts the logical connection and the modal relatio= nship. Consider the sentences: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e11d1"/>

@@ -1774,21 +1774,21 @@ and=20 , because=20 ke ... ke'e cannot extend across more than one = sentence. It would also be possible to change the=20 .ijeseri'abo to=20 .ije seri'a, which would show that the=20 tu'e ... tu'u portion was an effect, but would = not pin down the=20 mi bevri le dakli portion as the cause. It is l= egal for a modal (or a tense; see=20 ) to modify the whole of a=20 tu'e ... tu'u construct. fi'omixed modal connection with Note: The uses = of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and t= o=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals.

Modal conversion: JAI The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

jai JAI modal conversion =20 @@ -1862,21 +1862,21 @@ mi jai se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta kei [fai le nu mi leb= na le cukta] I am-justified by the event-of (I see the book) [namely, th= e event-of (I take the book)] I am justified in taking the book by seeing the book. modal conversion = without modalas vague=20 , with the bracketed part om= itted, allows us to say that=20 I am justified whereas in fact it is my action that is = justified. This construction is vague, but useful in representing natural-l= anguage methods of expression. fi'oand modal conversion modal conversion with fi'o N= ote: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BA= I modals and to=20 - fi'o-plus-selbri modals. + fi'o-plus-selbri modals.

Modal negation modals<= secondary>negation of negation of modals Negation is expl= ained in detail in=20 . There are two forms of negation = in Lojban: contradictory and scalar negation. Contradictory negation expres= ses what is false, whereas scalar negation says that some alternative to wh= at has been stated is true. A simple example is the difference between=20 John didn't go to Paris (contradictory negation) and=20 John went to (somewhere) other than Paris (scalar negat= ion). modalscontradictory negation of negation of modalscontr= adictory Contradictory negation involving BAI cmavo= is performed by appending=20 -nai (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use = of modals with=20 -nai is to deny a causal relationship: diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index d974368..9d2c4df 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -19,29 +19,20 @@ Zort: Chapters 3 to 9 (they contain FIXMEs though; the = typical FIXME Ignore Chapter 2 for now. =20 ------ =20 If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so: =20 =20 ------ =20 -Fix the chapter name so it's just the second part, i.e. - - Chapter 5 - <quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban = selbri - -becomes: - - <quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lo= jban selbri - Make sure the bits look right in the output (which is why the columns are so spaced out). =20 ------ =20 Fix IDs/tags. A command like the following should do the trick: =20 sed -i 's/"cll_chapter8-section1"/"chapter-relative-clauses-section-poi"= /g' [0-9]*.xml =20 BUT FIRST: check that it doesn't already exist: @@ -61,22 +52,22 @@ using - based slugs rather than _ based, so drop all sp= ecial characters, lowercase, replace space with -. =20 Make sure that the ids for chapters have "chapter-" at the start, "section-" for the sections, and "example-" for the examples; we might need them for auto-processing. =20 Do this for all sections. Feel free to do it for examples too if an example has an obvious title, but it's much less important there, so not worth spending time on for the first pass. =20 -References to examples should be changed to s, using the random -id of the example in question, e.g. +References to examples in the text should be changed to s, using +the random id of the example in question, e.g. =20 The important thing here is that *NOTHING* mentions a fixed number! *NOWHERE* in the docbook should *ANYTHING* be aware that it is in chapter 20 or section 7 or anything like that. This is to give us the freedom to move things around later. =20 Numeric-based stuff will all be autogenerated during processing, based on the current state of the docs. =20 THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION: DO NOT change anchors that are one to three @@ -115,25 +106,23 @@ role=3D"diphthong", and role=3D"rafsi". change it, or think it's actually correct in some particular place, post to the BPFK list. =20 ------ =20 If an example/interlinear-gloss consists solely of English, replace the ... with ... =20 ------ =20 - -Make sure all the components of s are appropriate wrapped in -, , , or (if it doesn't fit one of those, make -up a tag and report it). Many of the non-three-part examples are -messed up like this. +Make sure all the components of s are appropriately wrapped in +, , , , or (if it doesn't fit one of +those, make up a tag and report it). =20 ------ =20 Entries like (NOTE the type) probably need to be destroyed; there should be a bit of Lojban near them that can be wrapped in , to exactly the same effect as the entry. If you can't find such a correspondance, add a FIXME comment. =20 ------ @@ -175,32 +164,33 @@ All such indexterm entries should end up in the examp= le itself, like so: - It seems that there is a problem with the cmavo lists at the beginning of sections having missing entries; in particular, ones wwith + in the selma'o, maybe?; they need to be manually checked - lojban words, lojban phrases, terms of art ("abstraction"), others?... should each have their own index - cll_chapter5-section1 should be content-words-brivla or so ; those IDs should not change when things are moved around - list the members of each selma'o in chapter 20 - make sure the examples that aren't interlinear glosses don't have that as their role - - so far there's also pronunciation-example, - compound-cmavo-example, lujvo-making-example, lojbanization-example + - so far there's pronunciation-example, + compound-cmavo-example, lujvo-making-example, + lojbanization-example, english-example - =E2=88=9E is *not* IPA - <@xalbo> I do think having distinct structures for quoted correct lojban and for intentionally incorrect lojban (if there's any, but I would expect there is) would probably be a good thing. <@xalbo> (found one: search for djeimz) <@xalbo> I see three cases, though I don't know if they're all represented in the text: valid, good lojban, invalid lojban, and something in between ({lo nanmu bajra}, for instance; maybe worth flagging with a "this isn't what you think it is" type of thing - - use ... for purposely na + - use ... for purposeful na gendra and ... for na smudra - In the mediaobjects in chapter 1, can we do better than The picture for chapter 20 in terms of non-numerical cross referencing? - Replace chapter xrefs with section xrefs - Fix all FIXMEs; in particular the output of: grep 'FIXME:' [0-9]*.xml | grep -v 'TAG SPOT' =20 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Display --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. 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