+ <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>schooner</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e1d5"/>

Simple tanru =20 =20 =20 =20 tanrudefinition tanrusimple Be= yond the single brivla, a selbri may consist of two brivla placed together.= When a selbri is built in this way from more than one brivla, it is called= a tanru, a word with no single English equivalent. The nearest analogue to= tanru in English are combinations of two nouns such as=20 @@ -103,23 +104,23 @@

la djan. barda nanla That-named John is-a-big boy. John is a big boy.

+ <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>quick runner</primar= y><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d3"/> - =20 mi sutra bajra I quick run I quickly run./I run quickly. Note that=20 pelnimre is a lujvo for=20 lemon; it is derived from the gismu=20 pelxu, yellow, and=20 @@ -129,21 +130,21 @@ quickly depending on its use: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d4"/>

mi sutra I am-fast/quick

- quick runnerexample shows=20 + shows=20 sutra used to translate an adjective, whereas i= n=20 it is translating an adverb= . (Another correct translation of=20 , however, would be=20 I am a quick runner.) tertau<= secondary>definition of seltaudefinition of There are special Lojban terms for the two components of a tanru,= derived from the place structure of the word=20 tanru. The first component is called the=20 seltau, and the second component is called the= =20 tertau. tertau<= secondary>effect on meaning of tanru tanruprimary meaning = of The most important rule for use in interpreting = tanru is that the tertau carries the primary meaning. A=20 pelnimre tricu is primarily a tree, and only se= condarily is it connected with lemons in some way. For this reason, an alte= rnative translation of=20 @@ -170,31 +171,32 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d7"/> John is a boy who is big in the way that boys are big. This=20 way that boys are big would be quite different from the= way in which elephants are big; big-for-a-boy is small-for-an-elephant. ambiguity of tanr= u tanr= uambiguity of All tanru are am= biguous semantically. Possible translations of: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>goer table</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d8"/>

ta klama jubme That is-a-goer type-of-table.

include: - goer tableexample That is a table which goe= s (a wheeled table, perhaps). + That is a table which goes (a wheeled table, perhaps). That is a table owned by one who goes. That is a table used by those who go (a sports doctor's tabl= e?). That is a table when it goes (otherwise it is a chair?). @@ -235,54 +237,58 @@ bo =20 The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

bo BO closest scope grouping

- girls' schoollittleexample= tanru groupingthree-part Consider the English sentence: + tanru grouping<= /primary>three-part Consider the English= sentence: + + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>girls' school</prima= ry><secondary>little</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d1"/> That's a little girls' school. What does it mean? Two possible readings are: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>girls' school</prima= ry><secondary>little</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d2"/> That's a little school for girls. + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>girls' school</prima= ry><secondary>little</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d3"/> That's a school for little girls. speech rhythmfor grouping in English This ambig= uity is quite different from the simple tanru ambiguity described in=20 . We understand that=20 girls' school means=20 a school where girls are the students, and not=20 a school where girls are the teachers or=20 a school which is a girl (!). Likewise, we understand t= hat=20 little girl means=20 girl who is small. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is= =20 girls' school to be taken as a unit, with=20 little specifying the type of girls' school? Or is=20 little girl to be taken as a unit, specifying the type = of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or=20 exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the = distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented. =20 - BO selma'o bo Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose;= explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo=20 + Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explici= t words are used to do the work. The cmavo=20 bo (which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed = between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojb= an translation of=20 would be: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e3d4"/> ta cmalu nixli bo ckule That is-a-small girl [] school. @@ -604,25 +610,26 @@ ja JA tanru logical=20 or joi JOI mixed mass=20 and gu'e GUhA tanru forethought logical=20 and gi GI forethought connection separator =20 =20 - big red dogexample Consider the English phrase= =20 + Consider the English phrase=20 big red dog. How shall this be rendered as a Lojban tan= ru? The naive attempt: =20 + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d1"/>

barda xunre gerku (big type-of red) type-of dog

will not do, as it means a dog whose redness is big, in whatever= way redness might be described as=20 big. Nor is @@ -980,23 +987,24 @@ mamta. What about more complex selbri? tanruplace structures of For tanru, the place s= tructure rule is simple: the place structure of a tanru is always the place= structure of its tertau. Thus, the place structure of=20 blanu zdani is that of=20 zdani: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the= x2 place is its occupants. What about the places of=20 blanu? Is there any way to get them into the ac= t? In fact,=20 blanu has only one place, and this is merged, a= s it were, with the x1 place of=20 zdani. It is whatever is in the x1 place that i= s being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace=20 blanu with=20 xamgu, we get: - good house<= secondary>example FIXME: TAG SPOT + FIXME: TAG SPOT + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>good house</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d1"/>

ti xamgu zdani This is-a-good house. =20 This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house.

Since=20 @@ -1012,23 +1020,23 @@ This is a house that is good for you by my standards. BEhO selma'o<= /primary> be= 'o BEI selma'o bei BE selma'o be linked sumtiin tanru seltaufilling sumti places in Here, the gismu=20 xamgu has been followed by the cmavo=20 be (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or m= ore sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place stru= cture, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting wit= h x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo=20 bei (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is = terminated by the elidable terminator=20 be'o (of selma'o BEhO). linked sumtidefinition Grammatically, a brivla = with sumti linked to it in this fashion plays the same role in tanru as a s= imple brivla. To illustrate, here is a fully fleshed-out version of=20 , with all places filled in:= - Brooklynexample FIXME: TAG SPOT + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Brooklyn</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d3"/>

ti cmalu be le ka canlu bei lo'e ckule be'o nixli be li mu bei lo merko be'o bo ckule la bryklyn. loi pemci le mela nu,IORK. prenu le jecta This is a small (in-dimension the property-of volume @@ -1254,32 +1262,33 @@ mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier. I try to go to the market from the house. =20

+ <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>try to go</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e8d4"/>

mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house). I try to go to the market from the house. =20

is a less deeply nested con= struction, requiring fewer cmavo. As a result it is probably easier to unde= rstand. - try to goexample Note that in Lojban=20 + Note that in Lojban=20 trying to go is expressed using=20 troci as the tertau. The reason is that=20 trying to go is a=20 going type of trying, not a=20 trying type of going. The trying is more fundamental th= an the going - if the trying fails, we may not have a going at all. inverted tanrueffect on sumti after the selbri = inverted tanrueffect on sumti before the selbri unfilled places of inverted tanru Any sumti which precede a selbri with an inverted tanru f= ill the places of the selbri (i.e., the places of the tertau) in the ordina= ry way. In=20 =20 ,=20 mi fills the x1 place of=20 troci co klama, which is the x1 place of=20 @@ -1514,57 +1523,59 @@

li vo nu'a su'i li re li re The-number 4 is-the-sum-of the-number 2 and-the-number 2.

A possible tanru example might be: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>addition problems</p= rimary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d5"/>

mi jimpe tu'a loi nu'a su'i nabmi I understand something-about the-mass-of is-the-sum-of prob= lems. I understand addition problems. =20

- MOI selma'o additio= n problemsexample More usefull= y, it is possible to combine a mathematical expression with a cmavo of selm= a'o MOI to create one of various numerical selbri. Details are available in= =20 + MOI selma'o More usefully, it is possible to combine a mathemati= cal expression with a cmavo of selma'o MOI to create one of various numeric= al selbri. Details are available in=20 =20 . Here are a few tanru: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d6"/>

la prim. palvr. pamoi cusku Preem Palver is-the-1-th speaker. =20 Preem Palver is the first speaker. =20

+ <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>two brothers</primar= y><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d7"/>

la an,iis. joi la .asun. bruna remei Anyi massed-with Asun are-a-brother type-of-twosome. Anyi and Asun are two brothers. =20 =20

- KEI selma'o NU = selma'o two brothersexample Preem Palverexa= mple Finally, an important type of simple selbri wh= ich is not a brivla is the abstraction. Grammatically, abstractions are sim= ple: a cmavo of selma'o NU, followed by a bridi, followed by the elidable t= erminator=20 + KEI selma'o NU = selma'o Preem Palverexample Finall= y, an important type of simple selbri which is not a brivla is the abstract= ion. Grammatically, abstractions are simple: a cmavo of selma'o NU, followe= d by a bridi, followed by the elidable terminator=20 kei of selma'o KEI. Semantically, abstractions = are an extremely subtle and powerful feature of Lojban whose full ramificat= ions are documented in=20 . A few examples: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e9d8"/>

ti nu zdile kei kumfa This is-an-event-of amusement room. This is an amusement room. @@ -1597,29 +1608,30 @@ MEhU selma'o<= /primary> me= 'u ME selma'o me meplace structure of <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">conversion of sumti into selbr= i sumt= i into selbri <= primary>selbri from sumti A sumti can be made into a = simple selbri by preceding it with=20 me (of selma'o ME) and following it with the el= idable terminator=20 me'u (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri wit= h the place structure x1 is one of the referents of=20 [the sumti] which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of= the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d1"/>

le ci nolraitru the three noblest-governors the three kings

- Three Kingsexample If these are understood to b= e the Three Kings of Christian tradition, who arrive every year on January = 6, then we may say: + If these are understood to be the Three Kings of Christian tra= dition, who arrive every year on January 6, then we may say: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d2"/>

la BALtazar. cu me le ci nolraitru Balthazar is one-of-the-referents-of=20 the three kings. Balthazar is one of the three kings. @@ -1669,32 +1681,33 @@ You are-the-referent-of=20 the-one-called =91John'. You are John.

meused with names It is common to use=20 me selbri, especially those based on name sumti= using=20 la, as seltau. For example: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Chrysler</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d7"/>

ta me lai kraislr. [me'u] karce That (is-a-referent of=20 the-mass-called =91Chrysler') car. =20 That is a Chrysler car. =20

- Chryslerexample logical connectivesrelative precedence= with me'u me'urelative precedence with logical connective= s el= idability of me'u The elidable terminator=20 + logical connect= ivesrelative precedence with me'u me'urelative precedence with logical connectives elidability of me'u The elidable terminator=20 me'u can usually be omitted. It is absolutely r= equired only if the=20 me selbri is being used in an indefinite descri= ption (a type of sumti explained in=20 =20 =20 ), and if the indefinite description = is followed by a relative clause (explained in=20 =20 =20 ) or a sumti logical conne= ctive (explained in=20 ). Without a=20 me'u, the relative clause or logical connective= would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the=20 @@ -1779,23 +1792,23 @@ do se prami mi You [swap x1 and x2] love me. You are loved by me.

Conversion is fully explained in=20 . For the purposes of this chap= ter, the important point about conversion is that it applies only to the fo= llowing simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is nec= essary to be careful! Consider=20 : - walk to marketexample FIXME: TAG SPOT + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>walk to market</prim= ary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e11d3"/>

la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market. Alice walkingly goes to the market. Alice walks to the market.

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