What are the typographical conventions of this book?

) for examples showing how compound cmavo break apart. The FIXMEs are regarding some usual stuff, one jcowan-approved erratum, and what layout to use for a certain table. diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml index 1e8e339..73b2cd5 100644 --- a/todocbook/1.xml +++ b/todocbook/1.xml @@ -72,29 +72,30 @@ mangle? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks t= he language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; tha= t is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy. =20

What are the typographical conventions of this book? =20 Each chapter is broken into numbered sections; each section cont= ains a mixture of expository text, numbered examples, and possibly tables.<= /para> this bookexamples of examples in this book The reader= will notice a certain similarity in the examples used throughout the book.= One chapter after another rings the changes on the self-same sentences: + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>go to the store</pri= mary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c1e3d1"/>

mi klama le zarci I go-to that-which-I-describe-as-a store. I go to the store.

- go to the storeexample will become wearisomely = familiar before=20 + will become wearisomely familiar before=20 is reached. This method is delibe= rate; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples whereve= r possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. = Of course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a tex= tbook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). R= ather, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-b= e Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the= usual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language. examplesstructure of structure of examples example of examples It is useful to talk further about=20 for what it illustrates abo= ut examples in this book. Examples usually occupy three lines. The first of= these is in Lojban, the second in a word-by-word literal translation of th= e Lojban into English, and the third in colloquial English. The second and = third lines are sometimes called the=20 =20 literal translation and the=20 colloquial translation respectively. Sometimes, when cl= arity is not sacrificed thereby, one or both are omitted. If there is more = than one Lojban sentence, it generally means that they have the same meanin= g. square bracketsuse of in notation Words are som= etimes surrounded by square brackets. In Lojban texts, these enclose option= al grammatical particles that may (in the context of the particular example= ) be either omitted or included. In literal translations, they enclose word= s that are used as conventional translations of specific Lojban words, but = don't have exactly the meanings or uses that the English word would suggest= . In=20 =20 , square brackets surround phonet= ic representations in the International Phonetic Alphabet. =20 @@ -164,25 +165,25 @@ The picture for chapter 1 has the following text: coi lojban. coi rodo - + which has the following translation: Greetings, O Lojban! Greetings, all-of you - + The picture for chapter 2 has no text. diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml index edf99ac..bf4093f 100644 --- a/todocbook/3.xml +++ b/todocbook/3.xml @@ -32,22 +32,21 @@ p r s t u v x y z - - omitting the letters=20 + omitting the letters=20 h,=20 q, and=20 w. alphabetic order<= /primary> The alphabetic order given above is that of the ASCII= coded character set, widely used in computers. By making Lojban alphabetic= al order the same as ASCII, computerized sorting and searching of Lojban te= xt is facilitated. =20 =20 stress<= secondary>showing non-standard capital lettersuse of Capital letters are used only to represent non-standard = stress, which can appear only in the representation of Lojbanized names. Th= us the English name=20 Josephine, as normally pronounced, is Lojbanized as=20 DJOsefin., pronounced=20 ['d=E8=95=ADos=E8=93=BBfin=E8=95=AF]. (S= ee=20 @@ -427,21 +426,21 @@ Letters IPA Description - + ai = =20 [aj] an open vowel with palatal off-glide ei = =20 [=E8=93=BBj] a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide @@ -548,21 +547,21 @@ m,=20 n, or=20 r that is not syllabic, it ma= y not be clear which is which: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e4d1"/> brlgan. [br=E6=B3=B0l gan] - or + or [brl=E6=B3=B0 gan] is a hypothetical Lojbanized name with more than one valid pronu= nciation; however it is pronounced, it remains the same word. Earlexample syllab= ic consonantsfinal in word Syl= labic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels from the stan= dpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are generally req= uired to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllabic consonant. = An example is=20 =20 rl., which is an approximation of the English n= ame=20 Earl, and has two syllabic consonants. =20 =20 @@ -783,22 +782,20 @@ James, which is=20 [d=E8=95=AD=E8=93=BBjmz], would Lojbaniz= e as=20 djeimz., which contains a forbi= dden consonant pair.

Initial Consonant Pairs consonant pairsinitial The set of consonant pai= rs that may appear at the beginning of a word (excluding Lojbanized names) = is far more restricted than the fairly large group of permissible consonant= pairs described in=20 =20 . Even so, it is more than English= allows, although hopefully not more than English-speakers (and others) can= learn to pronounce. initial consonant= pairslist of There are just 4= 8 such permissible initial consonant pairs, as follows: - =20 - =20 @@ -1025,33 +1022,33 @@ [=E8=95=A3], or even=20 [=E8=95=AA], but there probably is no un= iversally acceptable buffer sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound= should be made as short as possible. Two examples showing such buffering (= we will use=20 [=E7=91=9F] in this chapter) are: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e8d1"/> vrusi [=E8=97=9Evru si] - or + or [v=E7=91=9F =E8=97=9Eru si] <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e8d2"/> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Amsterdam</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> - .AMsterdam. =20 + .AMsterdam. =20 [=E8=95=AFam ster dam=E8=95=AF]= - or + or [=E8=97=9E=E8=95=AFa m=E7=91=9F s=E7=91= =9F t=E8=93=BB r=E7=91=9F da m=E7=91=9F=E8=95=AF] stresseffect of buffer vowel on buffer voweland stre= ss When a buffer vowel is used, it splits each buff= ered consonant into its own syllable. However, the buffering syllables are = never stressed, and are not counted in determining stress. They are, in eff= ect, not really syllables to a Lojban listener, and thus their impact is ig= nored. =20 Here are more examples of unbuffered and buffered pronunciations= : <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e8d3"/> @@ -1284,23 +1281,23 @@ ng represents two separate = consonants that must both be pronounced; you may not use=20 [=E8=89=90] to pronounce Lojban=20 ng, although=20 [=E8=89=90g] is acceptable. English spea= kers are likely to have to pronounce the ending with a buffer, as one of th= e following: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e9d9"/> [=E8=97=9E=E8=95=AFarm stron g=E7=91=9F= =E8=95=AF] - or + or [=E8=97=9E=E8=95=AFarm stro=E8=89=90 g= =E7=91=9F=E8=95=AF] - or even + or even [=E8=97=9E=E8=95=AFarm stro n=E7=91=9Fg= =E8=95=AF] The normal English pronunciation of the name=20 Armstrong could be Lojbanized as: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e9d10"/> @@ -1740,21 +1737,21 @@ d in the words=20 metal and=20 medal respectively. A tongue-tip flap. [=E8=95=97] One version of Lojban=20 r. Not an English sound= . The French or German=20 - r in + r in reine or=20 rot respectively. A uvular trill.= [r=E6=B3=B0],=20 [=E6=99=92=E6=B3=B0],=20 [=E5=88=A0=E6=B3=B0],=20 [=E8=95=97=E6=B3=B0] @@ -2086,21 +2083,21 @@ =E8=A4=95 in the obvious ways. The Latin letter=20 y is mapped onto the hard sign=20 =E8=A4=97, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and = period are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roma= n representation. =20 =20 Tolkien= and non-standard Lojban orthography non-standard orthographiesTengwar Finally, an orthography usin= g the Tengwar of F=E8=8C=85anor, a fictional orthography invented by J. R. = R. Tolkien and described in the Appendixes to=20 =20 =20 The Lord Of The Rings, has been devised for Lojba= n. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, wi= ll be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, th= e tincot=E8=8C=85ma and parmat=E8=8C=85ma are used in the conventional ways= ; the calmat=E8=8C=85ma represents palatal consonants, and the quesset=E8= =8C=85ma represents velar consonants. =20 - + t tinco - diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 84042e9..9b8deba 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -8,209 +8,211 @@ =20 boy, or=20 walked as the past-tense form of=20 walk. To make plurals or past tenses in Lojban, you add= separate words to the sentence that express the number of boys, or the tim= e when the walking was going on. word formsas related to grammatical uses derivational morphology<= secondary>definition morphologyderivational However, Lojban does have what is called=20 derivational morphology: the capability of building new= words from old words. In addition, the form of words tells us something ab= out their grammatical uses, and sometimes about the means by which they ent= ered the language. Lojban has very orderly rules for the formation of words= of various types, both the words that already exist and new words yet to b= e created by speakers and writers. =20 morphologyconventions for A stream of Lojban so= unds can be uniquely broken up into its component words according to specif= ic rules. These so-called=20 morphology rules are summarized in this chapter. (Howev= er, a detailed algorithm for breaking sounds into words has not yet been fu= lly debugged, and so is not presented in this book.) First, here are some c= onventions used to talk about groups of Lojban letters, including vowels an= d consonants. =20 - - - 1) - - y= considered not to be a vowel for morphological discussions Vas a symbol for a single vowel morphologysymb= olic conventions for discussing V represents any si= ngle Lojban vowel except=20 - y; that is, it represen= ts=20 - a,=20 - e,=20 - i,=20 - o, or=20 - u. - - - - 2) - - VV stringas a symbol for a double vowel V= V represents either a diphthong, one of the following:=20 - - ai ei oi au - or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostro= phe separating the vowels, one of the following:=20 - - - a'a a'e a'i - =20 - =20 - a'o - =20 - a'u - - - e'a e'e e'i - =20 - =20 - e'o - =20 - e'u - - - i'a i'e i'i - =20 - i'o - i'u - - - o'a o'e o'i - =20 - o'o - o'u - =20 - - - u'a u'e u'i - u'o - u'u - =20 - - - - - - 3) - - apostrophe<= /primary>as not a consonant for morphological discussions syllabic r= as a consonant for morphological discussions syllabic nas a consonant for morphological discussions<= /indexterm> syllabic mas a consonant for morphological discussions syllabic lconsidered as a consonant for morphological discussions C stringas a symbol for a single consonant C represents a single Lojban consonant, not including the apostrophe, one= of=20 - b,=20 - c,=20 - d,=20 - f,=20 - g,=20 - j,=20 - k,=20 - l,=20 - m,=20 - n,=20 - p,=20 - r,=20 - s,=20 - t,=20 - v,=20 - x, or=20 - z. Syllabic=20 - l,=20 - m,=20 - n, and=20 - r always count as conso= nants for the purposes of this chapter. - - - - 4) - - CC stringas a symbol for a permissible initial consonant pair CC represents two adjacent consonants of type C which = constitute one of the 48 permissible initial consonant pairs:=20 + + + yconsidered not to be a vowel for morphological discussions V= as a symbol for a single vowel morphologysymbol= ic conventions for discussing V represents any sing= le Lojban vowel except=20 + y; that is, it represents= =20 + a,=20 + e,=20 + i,=20 + o, or=20 + u. + + + VV stringas a symbol for a double vowel VV = represents either a diphthong, one of the following: + + ai + ei + oi + au + + or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostrophe separating the vow= els, one of the following: + + a'a + a'e + a'i + a'o + a'u =20 + e'a + e'e + e'i + e'o + e'u =20 - - bl br - cf ck cl cm cn cp cr ct - dj dr dz - fl fr - gl gr - jb jd jg jm jv - kl kr - ml mr - pl pr - sf sk sl sm sn sp sr st - tc tr ts - vl vr - xl xr - zb zd zg zm zv - - - - - 5) - - C/C string<= /primary>as a symbol for a permissible consonant pair C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one o= f the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial co= nsonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in=20 + i'a + i'e + i'i + i'o + i'u =20 - . In brief, any consonant p= air is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both= a voiced (excluding=20 - r,=20 - l,=20 - m,=20 - n) and an unvoiced cons= onant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs. - - - - 6) - - C/CC string= as a symbol for a consonant triple C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must cons= titute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitut= e a permissible initial consonant pair. - - - + o'a + o'e + o'i + o'o + o'u + =20 + u'a + u'e + u'i + u'o + u'u + + + + + apostropheas not a consonant for morphological discussions syllabic ras a consonant for morphological discussions= syllabic nas a consonant for morphological discussions syllabic mas a consonant for morphological discussions syllabic l<= secondary>considered as a consonant for morphological discussions C stringas a symbol for a single consonant = C represents a single Lojban consonant, not including the apostrophe, one o= f + + b=20 + c=20 + d=20 + f=20 + g=20 + j=20 + k=20 + l=20 + m=20 + n=20 + p=20 + r=20 + s=20 + t=20 + v=20 + x + or + z + + . Syllabic + + l=20 + m=20 + n and= =20 + r + + always count as consonants for the purposes of this chapter. + + + + CC stringas a symbol for a permissible initial consonant pair CC represents two adjacent consonants of type C which co= nstitute one of the 48 permissible initial consonant pairs:=20 + + + bl br + cf ck cl cm cn cp cr ct + dj dr dz + fl fr + gl gr + jb jd jg jm jv + kl kr + ml mr + pl pr + sf sk sl sm sn sp sr st + tc tr ts + vl vr=20 + xl xr + zb zd zg zm zv + + + + C/C stringas a symbol for a permissible consonant pair<= /indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of = the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial cons= onant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in . In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unles= s it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding + + r + l=20 + m=20 + n + ) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain s= pecified forbidden pairs. + + + + C/CC stringas a symbol for a consonant triple C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must consti= tute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitute = a permissible initial consonant pair. + + brivla<= secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes cmeneas one o= f the 3 basic word classes cmavoas one of the 3 basic word= classes parts of speech word classes Lojban has three basic wo= rd classes - parts of speech - in contrast to the eight that are traditiona= l in English. These three classes are called cmavo, brivla, and cmene. Each= of these classes has uniquely identifying properties - an arrangement of l= etters that allows the word to be uniquely and unambiguously recognized as = a separate word in a string of Lojban, upon either reading or hearing, and = as belonging to a specific word-class. =20 =20 They are also functionally different: cmavo are the structure wo= rds, corresponding to English words like=20 =20 and,=20 if,=20 the and=20 - to; brivla are the content words, corresponding= to English words like=20 + to; brivla are the content words, corresponding to Engl= ish words like=20 come,=20 red,=20 doctor, and=20 freely; cmene are proper names, corresponding to Englis= h=20 James,=20 Afghanistan, and=20 Pope John Paul II.

cmavo - punctuation marks= cmavo as Lojban equivalents <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">numberscm= avo as Lojban equivalents prepositionscmavo as Lojban equi= valents conjunctionscmavo as Lojban equivalents articlescmavo as Lojban equivalents structure words selma'odefinition = cmavodefinition The f= irst group of Lojban words discussed in this chapter are the cmavo. They ar= e the structure words that hold the Lojban language together. They often ha= ve no semantic meaning in themselves, though they may affect the semantics = of brivla to which they are attached. The cmavo include the equivalent of E= nglish articles, conjunctions, prepositions, numbers, and punctuation marks= . There are over a hundred subcategories of cmavo, known as=20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - selma'o, each having a specifically defined gra= mmatical usage. The various selma'o are discussed throughout=20 + punctuation marks= cmavo as Lojban equivalents <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">numberscm= avo as Lojban equivalents prepositionscmavo as Lojban equi= valents conjunctionscmavo as Lojban equivalents articlescmavo as Lojban equivalents structure words selma'odefinition = cmavodefinition The f= irst group of Lojban words discussed in this chapter are the cmavo. They ar= e the structure words that hold the Lojban language together. They often ha= ve no semantic meaning in themselves, though they may affect the semantics = of brivla to which they are attached. The cmavo include the equivalent of E= nglish articles, conjunctions, prepositions, numbers, and punctuation marks= . There are over a hundred subcategories of cmavo, known as selm= a'o, each having a specifically defined grammatical usage. The = various selma'o are discussed throughout=20 to=20 and summarized in=20 . cmavostructure of Standard cmavo occur in four = forms defined by their word structure. Here are some examples of the variou= s forms: - - - V-form .a .e .i - .o - .u - - - CV-form ba ce di - fo - gu - - - VV-form .au .ei - .ia - .o'u .u'e - =20 - - - CVV-form ki'a pei mi'o - coi - cu'u - =20 - - + + + + + + + + + + + V-form + .a + .e + .i + .o + .u + + + CV-form + ba + ce + di + fo + gu + + + VV-form + .au + .ei + .ia + .o'u + .u'e + + + CVV-form + ki'a + pei + mi'o + coi + cu'u + + + + In addition, there is the cmavo=20 .y. (remember that=20 y is not a V), which must hav= e pauses before and after it. cmavolack of relation of form to grammatical use experimental cmavoforms for cmavofor experimental use cmavosimple A simple cmavo thus has the pro= perty of having only one or two vowels, or of having a single consonant fol= lowed by one or two vowels. Words consisting of three or more vowels in a r= ow, or a single consonant followed by three or more vowels, are also of cma= vo form, but are reserved for experimental use: a few examples are=20 - + ZEI selma'olujvowith zei There is also a different way of building lujvo, or = rather phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to lujvo= . You can make a phrase containing any desired words, joining each pair of = them with the special cmavo=20 zei. Thus, <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d12"/>

bridi zei valsi

cmavo without raf= simethod of including in lujvo= fu'ivlamethod of including in lujvo cmenemethod of including in = lujvo rafsilack ofeffect on forming = lujvo lujvofrom cmavo with no rafsi= is the exact equivalent of=20 @@ -1061,68 +1059,58 @@ <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Persian rug</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>rug</primary><second= ary>Persian</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d14"/>

kulnr,farsi zei lolgai Farsi floor-cover Persian rug - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20

<indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d15"/>

na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. livgyterbilma non-A, non-B liver-disease non-A, non-B hepatitis - =20

<indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Sherman tank</primar= y><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>tank</primary><secon= dary>Sherman</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d16"/>

.cerman. zei jamkarce Sherman war-car Sherman tank - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20

is particularly notew= orthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the=20 zei s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in= fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two = components, but by adding a=20 zei between=20 by. and=20 livgyterbilma to produce <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d17"/>

na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma non-A-non-B-hepatitis - =20

the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo o= f=20 may be preferable, because = its place structure can be built from that of=20 bilma, whereas the place structure of a lujvo w= ithout a brivla must be constructed ad hoc. cmavocontrasted with rafsi in usage rafsicontrasted wi= th cmavo in usage rafsicontrasted with words Note that rafsi may not be used in=20 zei phrases, because they are not words. CVV ra= fsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion betw= een the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate= words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing s= eparate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only a= s parts of lujvo.

fu'ivla @@ -1133,21 +1121,21 @@ cobra), or for jargon words specialized to a narrow fie= ld (e.g.=20 =20 =20 quark,=20 =20 integral, or=20 =20 iambic pentameter). These words are in effect names for= concepts, and the names were invented by speakers of another language. The= vast majority of words referring to plants, animals, foods, and scientific= terminology cannot be easily expressed as tanru. They thus must be borrowe= d (actually=20 =20 copied) into Lojban from the original language. - la'o borrowingsStage 1 borrowingsusing foreign-language = name borrowingfour stages of There= are four stages of borrowing in Lojban, as words become more and more modi= fied (but shorter and easier to use). Stage 1 is the use of a foreign name = quoted with the cmavo=20 + borrowingsStage 1 borrowingsusing foreign-language name= bor= rowingfour stages of There are= four stages of borrowing in Lojban, as words become more and more modified= (but shorter and easier to use). Stage 1 is the use of a foreign name quot= ed with the cmavo=20 =20 la'o (explained in full in=20 ): <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d1"/>

me la'o ly. spaghetti .ly. =20 @@ -1239,42 +1227,42 @@ In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the exam= ples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not= be pronounced as a separate syllable. Here are a few examples: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>spaghetti</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>syllabic pronunciati= ons of consonants</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla category attachment</secon= dary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>  <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d3"/> - + spaghetti (from English or Italian) =20 spageti (Lojbanize) cidj,r,spageti (prefix long rafsi) =20 dja,r,spageti (prefix short rafsi) where=20 cidj- is the 4-letter rafsi for= =20 cidja, the Lojban gismu for=20 food, thus categorizing=20 cidjrspageti as a kind of food. The form with t= he short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: = in any event, it means the same thing. <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d4"/> - + Acer (the scientific name of maple trees) =20 =20 acer (Lojbanize) xaceru (add initial consonant and final vowel) tric,r,xaceru (prefix rafsi) ric,r,xaceru (prefix short rafsi) where=20 @@ -1387,62 +1375,62 @@ dinju and=20 tarmi mean=20 building and=20 form respectively. Here are some fu'ivla representing cultures and related things, = shown with more than one rafsi prefix: <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d9"/>

- bang,r,blgaria + bang,r,blgaria Bulgarian (in language) =20

- kuln,r,blgaria + kuln,r,blgaria Bulgarian (in culture) =20

<indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Bulgarian</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d11"/>

- gugd,r,blgaria + gugd,r,blgaria Bulgaria (the country)

- bang,r,kore,a + bang,r,kore,a Korean (the language) =20

<indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Korean</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d13"/>

- kuln,r,kore,a + kuln,r,kore,a Korean (the culture) =20

Navajoexample fu= 'ivlaconsiderations for choosing basis word fu'ivlawith invalid diphthongs invalid diphthongsin= fu'ivla Note the commas in=20 and=20 , used because=20 ea is not a = valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name=20 Chosen should have been used instead of the internation= ally known=20 Korea; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. I= n general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severel= y impede understanding:=20 @@ -1561,21 +1549,21 @@ djan. djonz.

and <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d10"/>

- djandjonz. + djandjonz.

are both valid Lojbanizations of=20 John Jones. =20 namesauthority for cmeneauthority for The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing= the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how= they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name=20 Mary can thus be Lojbanized as=20 meris.,=20 maris.,=20 meiris.,=20 @@ -1585,92 +1573,92 @@ namesrestrictions on form of cmenerestrictions on fo= rm of Names are not permitted to have the sequences= =20 la,=20 lai, or=20 doi embedded in them, unless the sequence is im= mediately preceded by a consonant. These minor restrictions are due to the = fact that all Lojban cmene embedded in a speech stream will be preceded by = one of these words or by a pause. With one of these words embedded, the cme= ne might break up into valid Lojban words followed by a shorter cmene. Howe= ver, break-up cannot happen after a consonant, because that would imply tha= t the word before the=20 la, or whatever, ended in a consonant without p= ause, which is impossible. <= indexterm type=3D"example-imported">Nederlandsexample Laplaceexample For exampl= e, the invalid name=20 laplas. would look like the Lojban words=20 la plas., and=20 ilanas. would be misunderstood as=20 .i la nas.. However,=20 - NEderlants. cannot be mis= heard as=20 - NEder lants., because=20 - NEder with no following p= ause is not a possible Lojban word. + NEderlants. cannot be mi= sheard as=20 + NEder lants., because=20 + NEder with no following = pause is not a possible Lojban word. namesalternatives for restricted sequences in = cmenealt= ernatives for restricted sequences in There are clo= se alternatives to these forbidden sequences that can be used in Lojbanizin= g names, such as=20 ly,=20 lei, and=20 dai or=20 =20 do'i, that do not cause these problems. cmenerules for namesrules for = Lojban cmene are identifiable as word forms by the following characteristic= s: =20 cmeneconsonant clusters permitted in cmenefinal le= tter in They must end in one or more consonants. Th= ere are no rules about how many consonants may appear in a cluster in cmene= , provided that each consonant pair (whether standing by itself, or as part= of a larger cluster) is a permissible pair. diphthongsspecific to cmene diphthongsspecific to = names uy diphthongin cmene iy diphthongin= cmene They may contain the letter y as a normal, n= on-hyphenating vowel. They are the only kind of Lojban word that may contai= n the two diphthongs=20 iy and=20 uy. namesrequirement for pause after cmenerequirement = for pause after They are always followed in speech = by a pause after the final consonant, written as=20 - .. + .. capitalizatio= nuse of capitalizationfor unusual str= ess in names = capitalizationuse in names namesstress in cmenestress in They = may be stressed on any syllable; if this syllable is not the penultimate on= e, it must be capitalized when writing. Neither names nor words that begin = sentences are capitalized in Lojban, so this is the only use of capital let= ters. =20 namesfrom Lojban words cmenefrom Lojban words Names meeting these criteria may be invented, Lojbanized fr= om names in other languages, or formed by appending a consonant onto a cmav= o, a gismu, a fu'ivla or a lujvo. Some cmene built from Lojban words are: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>One</primary><second= ary>the</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d11"/>

pav. - the One + the One

from the cmavo pa, with rafsi pav, meaning one <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Sun</primary><second= ary>the</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d12"/>

sol. - the Sun + the Sun

from the gismu solri, meaning sola= r, or actually pertaining to the Sun <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Chief</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d13"/>

ralj. - Chief (as a title) + Chief (as a title)

from the gismu ralju, meaning prin= cipal. <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d14"/>

nol. - Lord/Lady + Lord/Lady

from the gismu nobli, with rafsi nol, meaning noble. cmenealgorithm for namesalgorithm for To Lojbanize a name from the various natural languages, apply the fo= llowing rules: Eliminate double consonants and silent letters. Add a final=20 @@ -1874,42 +1862,42 @@ la,=20 lai,=20 la'i, or=20 doi (which is why those strings are forbidd= en in cmene). However, the situation triggering this rule rarely occurs. pauseand final-syllable stress final syllable stressrules for pause after stressfinal syllablerules for pause after If the last syllable o= f a word bears the stress, and a brivla follows, the two must be separated = by a pause, to prevent confusion with the primary stress of the brivla. In = this case, the first word must be either a cmavo or a cmene with unusual st= ress (which already ends with a pause, of course). pauseand Cy-form cmavo cmavorules for pause after = Cy-form Cy-form cmavorules for pause after A cmavo of the form=20 - Cy must be followed by = a pause unless another=20 - Cy-form cmavo follows.<= /para> + Cy must be followed by a pause unless another=20 + Cy-form cmavo follows. non-Lojban te= xtrules for pause with pauseand non-L= ojban text When non-Lojban text is embedded in Lojb= an, it must be preceded and followed by pauses. (How to embed non-Lojban te= xt is explained in=20 =20 .)

Considerations for making lujvo Given a tanru which expresses an idea to be used frequently, it = can be turned into a lujvo by following the lujvo-making algorithm which is= given in=20 . In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu wit= h a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attache= d together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognize= d as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way. There are three other complications; only one is serious. rafsimultiple for each gismu The first is that = there is usually more than one rafsi that can be used for each gismu. The o= ne to be used is simply whichever one sounds or looks best to the speaker o= r writer. There are usually many valid combinations of possible rafsi. They= all are equally valid, and all of them mean exactly the same thing. (The s= coring algorithm given in=20 is used to choose the standa= rd form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictionary= .) linguistic drift = in Lojbanpossible source of <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">lujvocons= ideration in choosing meaning for lujvounambiguity of The second complication is the serious one. Remember t= hat a tanru is ambiguous - it has several possible meanings. A lujvo, or at= least one that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single meaning= . Like a gismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area of the se= mantic universe, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chosen is th= e most useful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of linguis= tic drift in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concept that s= eems the most useful one may change. =20 =20 - za'e za'e= use to avoid lujvo misunderstandings lujvomeani= ng drift of You must also be aware of the possibili= ty of some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for = posterity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that= is in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a = different place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessaril= y bad. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a= meaning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the= dictionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo=20 + za'euse to avoid lujvo misunderstandings lujvomeaning d= rift of You must also be aware of the possibility o= f some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for post= erity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that is = in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a diff= erent place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily ba= d. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a mea= ning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the dic= tionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo=20 =20 za'e (explained in=20 =20 ) before a newly coined lujvo to = indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning. lujvoultimate guideline for choice of meaning/place-structure The essential nature of human communication is that if the l= istener understands, then all is well. Let this be the ultimate guideline f= or choosing meanings and place structures for invented lujvo. lujvodropping elements of Zipf's Law The third compli= cation is also simple, but tends to scare new Lojbanists with its implicati= ons. It is based on Zipf's Law, which says that the length of words is inve= rsely proportional to their usage. The shortest words are those which are u= sed more; the longest ones are used less. Conversely, commonly used concept= s will be tend to be abbreviated. In English, we have abbreviations and acr= onyms and jargon, all of which represent complex ideas that are used often = by small groups of people, so they shortened them to convey more informatio= n more rapidly. =20 =20 =20 Therefore, given a complicated tanru with grouping markers, abst= raction markers, and other cmavo in it to make it syntactically unambiguous= , the psychological basis of Zipf's Law may compel the lujvo-maker to drop = some of the cmavo to make a shorter (technically incorrect) tanru, and then= use that tanru to make the lujvo. diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index 2455093..9dd7079 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =20 Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it actually is; you'll get used to it. =20 SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed (like index work). =20 Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 -Zort: 3.*, 5.* +Zort: 3, 5 =20 ------ =20 Ignore Chapter 2 for now. =20 ------ =20 If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so: =20 @@ -27,32 +27,32 @@ If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so: =20 Fix the chapter name so it's just the second part, i.e. =20 Chapter 5 <quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban = selbri =20 becomes: =20 <quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lo= jban selbri =20 -Make sure the bits look right (which is why the -columns are so spaced out). +Make sure the bits look right in the output (which +is why the columns are so spaced out). =20 ------ =20 Fix IDs/tags. A command like the following should do the trick: =20 - sed -i 's/"cll_chapter5"/"chapter-selbri"/g' [0-9]*.xml + sed -i 's/"cll_chapter8-section1"/"chapter-relative-clauses-section-poi"= /g' [0-9]*.xml =20 BUT FIRST: check that it doesn't already exist: =20 - grep '"chapter-selbri"' [0-9]*.xml + grep '"chapter-relative-clauses-section-poi"' [0-9]*.xml =20 because duplicates would really suck. =20 Please run "git diff" afterwards to make sure it did what you expected. Check in as often as you like (to make the diffs manageable). =20 We want short and meaningful; these are used to make file names and so on. If multi-word, please make a slug (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug_%28web_publishing%29 ); we are @@ -60,20 +60,23 @@ using - based slugs rather than _ based, so drop all sp= ecial characters, lowercase, replace space with -. =20 Make sure that the ids for chapters have "chapter-" at the start, "section-" for the sections, and "example-" for the examples; we might need them for auto-processing. =20 Do this for all sections. Feel free to do it for examples too if an example has an obvious title, but it's much less important there, so not worth spending time on for the first pass. =20 +References to examples should be changed to s, using the random +id of the example in question, e.g. + The important thing here is that *NOTHING* mentions a fixed number! *NOWHERE* in the docbook should *ANYTHING* be aware that it is in chapter 20 or section 7 or anything like that. This is to give us the freedom to move things around later. =20 Numeric-based stuff will all be autogenerated during processing, based on the current state of the docs. =20 THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION: DO NOT change anchors that are one to three pairs of letters and numbers, like this: @@ -92,38 +95,45 @@ after their terminators; it doesn't really matter, but = it's annoying. =20 ------ =20 If you see a ... around Lojban text, replace it with .... There are lots of these. =20 Also, use ... for purposeful na gendra and ... for na smudra =20 -Turn letterals, like l, into l +Turn letters, like l, into l (including ",", ".", and "'"). =20 Similarily we have role=3D"morphology" (consonant clusters), -role=3D"diphthong", and role=3D"rafsi" +role=3D"diphthong", and role=3D"rafsi". =20 ------ =20 is bad; change it. If you can't figure out how to change it, or think it's actually correct in some particular place, post to the BPFK list. =20 ------ =20 If an example/interlinear-gloss consists solely of English, replace the ... with ... =20 ------ + +Make sure all the components of s are appropriate wrapped in +, , , or (if it doesn't fit one of those, make +up a tag and report it). Many of the non-three-part examples are +messed up like this. + + ------ =20 Entries like (NOTE the type) probably need to be destroyed; there should be a bit of Lojban near them that can be wrapped in , to exactly the same effect as the entry. If you can't find such a correspondance, add a FIXME comment. =20 ------ =20 Entries like (NOTE the type) @@ -137,52 +147,61 @@ which are artificial paragraphs solely for index impo= rting. =20 All such indexterm entries should end up in the example itself, like so: =20 <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>lemon tree</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e2d1"/> =20 ------ =20 - =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Data =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D -- Need some sort of structure for the per-section cmavo lists. +- The per-section cmavo lists should be like this: + + + ke + KE + start grouping + + ... + - also need to wrap the lojban words there in a way that does indexing, and ideally auto-generation of the cmavo-per-selmaho lists we want for chapter 20 + - does the structure achieve this? +- It seems that there is a problem with the cmavo lists at the + beginning of sections having missing entries; in particular, ones + wwith + in the selma'o, maybe?; they need to be manually checked - lojban words, lojban phrases, terms of art ("abstraction"), others?... should each have their own index - cll_chapter5-section1 should be content-words-brivla or so ; those IDs should not change when things are moved around - list the members of each selma'o in chapter 20 - make sure the examples that aren't interlinear glosses don't have that as their role + - so far there's also role=3D"pronunciation-example", probably need mor= e - =E9=88=AD=EF=BF=BD/phrase> is *not* IPA - <@xalbo> I do think having distinct structures for quoted correct lojban and for intentionally incorrect lojban (if there's any, but I would expect there is) would probably be a good thing. <@xalbo> (found one: search for djeimz) <@xalbo> I see three cases, though I don't know if they're all represented in the text: valid, good lojban, invalid lojban, and something in between ({lo nanmu bajra}, for instance; maybe worth flagging with a "this isn't what you think it is" type of thing - - use ... for na gendra and - ... for na smudra + - use ... for purposely na + gendra and ... for na smudra - In the mediaobjects in chapter 1, can we do better than The picture for chapter 20 in terms of non-numerical cross referencing? -- It seems that there is a problem with the cmavo lists at the - beginning of sections having missing entries; in particular, ones - wwith + in the selma'o, maybe?; they need to be manually checked - Replace chapter xrefs with section xrefs - Fix all FIXMEs; in particular the output of: grep 'FIXME:' [0-9]*.xml | grep -v 'TAG SPOT' =20 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Display =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D - links to examples should *say* "example N"; easy to test from the index - links to sections should say the number of section and chapter --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.