<anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d6"/>

+ <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Korean</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d13"/> - + kuln,r,kore,a Korean (the culture) =20 - + Navajoexample fu= 'ivlaconsiderations for choosing basis word fu'ivlawith invalid diphthongs invalid diphthongsin= fu'ivla Note the commas in=20 and=20 , used because=20 ea is not a = valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name=20 Chosen should have been used instead of the internation= ally known=20 Korea; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. I= n general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severel= y impede understanding:=20 =20 Navajo is far more widely known than=20 =20 Dine'e.

cmene names in Lojban (= see also cmene) cmenedefinition namespurpos= e of cmenepurpose of Lojbanized na= mes, called=20 cmene, are very much like their counterparts in= other languages. They are labels applied to things (or people) to stand fo= r them in descriptions or in direct address. They may convey meaning in the= mselves, but do not necessarily do so. =20 namesrationale for lojbanizing cmenerationale for lojb= anizing cmeneand analyzability of speech stream namesexamples of cmeneexamples of Because names are often highly personal and individual, Lojban attem= pts to allow native language names to be used with a minimum of modificatio= n. The requirement that the Lojban speech stream be unambiguously analyzabl= e, however, means that most names must be modified somewhat when they are L= ojbanized. Here are a few examples of English names and possible Lojban equ= ivalents: - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Jim</primary><second= ary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d1"/> - + djim. Jim - + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Jane</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d2"/> - + djein. Jane - + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Arnold</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d3"/> - + .arnold. Arnold =20 - + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Pete</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d4"/> - + pit. Pete =20 - + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Katrina</primary><se= condary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d5"/> - + katrinas. Katrina =20 - + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Catherine</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d6"/> - + kat,r,in. Catherine =20 - + syllabic consonant= effect on stress determination= (Note that syllabic=20 r is skipped in determining t= he stressed syllable, so=20 =20 =20 is stressed on the=20 ka.) - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Cathy</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d7"/> - + katis. Cathy =20 - + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Kate</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d8"/> - + keit. Kate =20 - + namesunusual stress in cmeneunusual stress in namesstress in cmenestress in namesrules for formation cmenerules for formation= Names may have almost any form, but always end in a consonant,= and are followed by a pause. They are penultimately stressed, unless unusu= al stress is marked with capitalization. A name may have multiple parts, ea= ch ending with a consonant and pause, or the parts may be combined into a s= ingle word with no pause. For example, =20 - +  <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>John Jones</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Jones</primary><seco= ndary>John</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d9"/> - + djan. djonz. - + and - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d10"/> - + djandjonz. - + are both valid Lojbanizations of=20 John Jones. =20 namesauthority for cmeneauthority for The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing= the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how= they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name=20 Mary can thus be Lojbanized as=20 meris.,=20 maris.,=20 meiris.,=20 merix., or even=20 @@ -2169,67 +2162,59 @@ y; call it=20 V. lujvo formhierarchy of priorities for selection of hierarchy of priorities = for selecting lujvo form The score is then: (1000 * L) - (500 * A) + (100 * H) - (10= * R) - V lujvoscored examples of In case of ties, there is no p= reference. This should be rare. Note that the algorithm essentially encodes= a hierarchy of priorities: short words are preferred (counting apostrophes= as half a letter), then words with fewer hyphens, words with more pleasing= rafsi (this judgment is subjective), and finally words with more vowels ar= e chosen. Each decision principle is applied in turn if the ones before it = have failed to choose; it is possible that a lower-ranked principle might d= ominate a higher-ranked one if it is ten times better than the alternative.= =20 doghouseexample= luj= voexamples of making Here are = some lujvo with their scores (not necessarily the lowest scoring forms for = these lujvo, nor even necessarily sensible lujvo): - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e12d1"/> - + zbasai - zba + sai - =20 - (1000 * 6) - (500 * 0) + (100 * 0) - (10 * 15) - 3 - =3D 5847 - + zba + sai + (1000 * 6) - (500 * 0) + (100 *= 0) - (10 * 15) - 3 =3D 5847 + - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e12d2"/> - + nunynau - nun + y + nau - =20 - (1000 * 7) - (500 * 0) + (100 * 1) - (10 * 13) - 3 - =3D 6967 - + nun + y + nau + (1000 * 7) - (500 * 0) + (100 *= 1) - (10 * 13) - 3 =3D 6967 + - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e12d3"/> - + sairzbata'u - sai + r + zba + ta'u - =20 - =20 - (1000 * 11) - (500 * 1) + (100 * 1) - (10 * 21) - 5 - =3D 10385 - + sai + r + zba + ta'u + (1000 * 11) - (500 * 1) + (100 = * 1) - (10 * 21) - 5 =3D 10385 + - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e12d4"/> - + zbazbasysarji - zba + zbas + y + sarji - (1000 * 13) - (500 * 0) + (100 * 1) - (10 * 12) - 4 - =3D 12976 - + zba + zbas + y + sarji + (1000 * 13) - (500 * 0) + (100 = * 1) - (10 * 12) - 4 =3D 12976 +

lujvo-making examples This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. Firs= t, we will start with the tanru=20 gerku zdani (=20 dog house) and construct a lujvo meaning=20 =20 =20 doghouse, that is, a house where a dog lives. We will u= se a brute-force application of the algorithm in=20 @@ -2303,36 +2288,52 @@ blokle lo'ikle =20 lotlei blolei lo'irlei Only=20 lo'irlei requires hyphenation (to avoid confusi= on with the cmavo sequence=20 lo'i lei). All six forms are valid versions of = the lujvo, as are the six further forms using long rafsi; however, the scor= ing algorithm produces the following results: - =20 - - lotkle - 5878 - blokle - 5858 - lo'ikle - 6367 - =20 - lotlei - 5867 - blolei - 5847 - lo'irlei - 7456 - + + + + + + + lotkle + 5878 + + + blokle + 5858 + + + lo'ikle + 6367 + + + lotlei + 5867 + + + blolei + 5847 + + + lo'irlei + 7456 + + + + Logical Language = Groupexample So the form=20 blolei is preferred, but only by a tiny margin = over=20 blokle; "lotlei" and "lotkle" are only slightly= worse;=20 lo'ikle suffers because of its apostrophe, and= =20 lo'irlei because of having both apostrophe and = hyphen. Our third example will result in forming both a lujvo and a name= from the tanru=20 logji bangu girzu, or=20 logical-language group in English. (=20 The Logical Language Group is the name of the publisher= of this book and the organization for the promotion of Lojban.) The available rafsi are=20 diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index 9325489..99c859b 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -174,21 +174,22 @@ All such indexterm entries should end up in the examp= le itself, like so: - It seems that there is a problem with the cmavo lists at the beginning of sections having missing entries; in particular, ones wwith + in the selma'o, maybe?; they need to be manually checked - lojban words, lojban phrases, terms of art ("abstraction"), others?... should each have their own index - cll_chapter5-section1 should be content-words-brivla or so ; those IDs should not change when things are moved around - list the members of each selma'o in chapter 20 - make sure the examples that aren't interlinear glosses don't have that as their role - - so far there's also pronunciation-example, compound-cmavo-example + - so far there's also pronunciation-example, + compound-cmavo-example, lujvo-making-example, lojbanization-example - =E2=88=9E is *not* IPA - <@xalbo> I do think having distinct structures for quoted correct lojban and for intentionally incorrect lojban (if there's any, but I would expect there is) would probably be a good thing. <@xalbo> (found one: search for djeimz) <@xalbo> I see three cases, though I don't know if they're all represented in the text: valid, good lojban, invalid lojban, and something in between ({lo nanmu bajra}, for instance; maybe worth flagging with a "this isn't what you think it is" type of thing - use ... for purposely na commit 5219c6c67eb437c0aada0bf5fa46d2e392109f95 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Tue Jan 4 22:07:45 2011 -0500 Chapter 4: some jbophrases, examples. Invented lujvo example. =20 Invented role=3D"lujvo-example" for examples which simply exhibit lujvo= , along with to replace , and , which goes inside , for the veljvo of the lujvo in question. diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 41004a9..312a964 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -147,39 +147,39 @@ V-form - .a - .e - .i - .o - .u + .a + .e + .i + .o + .u CV-form ba ce di fo gu VV-form - .au - .ei - .ia + .au + .ei + .ia .o'u .u'e CVV-form ki'a pei mi'o coi cu'u @@ -267,96 +267,95 @@ pauses<= secondary>before vowels The cmavo=20 .u'e begins with a vowel, and like all words be= ginning with a vowel, requires a pause (represented by=20 .) before it. This pause cann= ot be omitted simply because the cmavo is incorporated into a compound cmav= o. On the other hand, <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d4"/>

ki'e'u'e - =20

is a single cmavo reserved for experimental purposes: it has fou= r vowels. <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d5"/> - + cy.ibu.abu cy. .ibu .abu - + Again the pauses are required (see=20 ); the pause after=20 cy. merges with the pause before=20 .ibu. stress<= secondary>on cmavo cmavostress on = There is no particular stress required in cmavo or their compounds. Some co= nventions do exist that are not mandatory. For two-syllable cmavo, for exam= ple, stress is typically placed on the first vowel; an example is <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d6"/> - + .e'o ko ko kurji .E'o ko ko KURji - + This convention results in a consistent rhythm to the language, = since brivla are required to have penultimate stress; some find this esthet= ically pleasing. pauserequirement between stressed syllables If = the final syllable of one word is stressed, and the first syllable of the n= ext word is stressed, you must insert a pause or glottal stop between the t= wo stressed syllables. Thus =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d7"/>

le re nanmu

can be optionally pronounced - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d8"/> - - le RE. NANmu - + + le RE. NANmu + since there are no rules forcing stress on either of the first t= wo words; the stress on=20 re, though, demands that a pause separate=20 re from the following syllable=20 nan to ensure that the stress on=20 nan is properly heard as a stressed syllable. T= he alternative pronunciation =20 =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d9"/> - + LE re NANmu - + is also valid; this would apply secondary stress (used for purpo= ses of emphasis, contrast or sentence rhythm) to=20 le, comparable in rhythmical effect to the Engl= ish phrase=20 THE two men. In=20 , the secondary stress on=20 re would be similar to that in the English phra= se=20 the TWO men. Both cmavo may also be left unstressed, thus: <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e2d10"/> - + le re NANmu - + This would probably be the most common usage.

brivla adverbs= brivla as Lojban equivalents verbsbrivla as Loj= ban equivalents adjectivesbrivla as Lojban equivalents nounsbrivla as Lojban equivalents brivladefi= nition Predicate words, called=20 brivla, are at the core of Lojban. They carry m= ost of the semantic information in the language. They serve as the equivale= nt of English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, all in a single part o= f speech. =20 =20 =20 @@ -691,88 +690,76 @@ unreduced lujvodefinition long rafsidefinition 4-letter ra= fsidefinition 5-letter rafsidefinitio= n gi= smubasic rafsi for lujvounreduced rafsilong rafsiforms of Each gismu always has at least two rafsi forms; one is the gismu itself= (used only at the end of a lujvo), and one is the gismu without its final = vowel (used only at the beginning or middle of a lujvo). These forms are re= presented as CVC/CV or CCVCV (called=20 the 5-letter rafsi), and CVC/C or CCVC (called=20 the 4-letter rafsi) respectively. The dashes in these r= afsi form representations show where other rafsi may be attached to form a = valid lujvo. When lujvo are formed only from 4-letter and 5-letter rafsi, k= nown collectively as=20 =20 long rafsi, they are called=20 =20 unreduced lujvo. =20 Some examples of unreduced lujvo forms are: =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d1"/> - + mamtypatfu - from=20 - mamta patfu - - mother father or=20 - =20 - maternal grandfather - + from mamta patfu + mother father + or maternal grandfather + - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d2"/> - + lerfyliste - from=20 - lerfu liste - - letter list or a=20 - list of letters + from lerfu liste + letter list or a list of letters (letters of the alphabet) - + - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d3"/> - + nancyprali - from=20 - nanca prali - - year profit or=20 - annual profit - + from nanca prali + year profit + or annual profit + - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d4"/> - + prunyplipe - from=20 - pruni plipe - - elastic (springy) leap or=20 - spring (the verb) - + from pruni plipe + elastic (springy) leap + or spring (the verb) + - + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>supper</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d5"/> - + vancysanmi - from=20 - vanci sanmi - - evening meal or=20 - supper + from vanci sanmi + evening meal + or supper =20 - + short rafsi rafsishort In addition to these two for= ms, each gismu may have up to three additional short rafsi, three letters l= ong. All short rafsi have one of the forms CVC, CCV, or CVV. The total numb= er of rafsi forms that are assigned to a gismu depends on how useful the gi= smu is, or is presumed to be, in making lujvo, when compared to other gismu= that could be assigned the rafsi. -eruse of zmadu in forming comparativesuse of zmadu in= forming For example,=20 zmadu (=20 more than) has the two short rafsi=20 zma and=20 mau (in addition to its unreduce= d rafsi=20 =20 zmad and=20 zmadu), because a vast number of lujvo have bee= n created based on=20 @@ -1071,21 +1058,21 @@ tankShermanexample

.cerman. zei jamkarce Sherman war-car Sherman tank

is particularly notew= orthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the=20 - zei s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in= fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two = components, but by adding a=20 + zeis from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in = fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two c= omponents, but by adding a=20 zei between=20 by. and=20 livgyterbilma to produce <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d17"/>

na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.