Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book

Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book =20

What is Lojban? Logical Language = Grouprelation to Lojban Lojbanhistory= of Lojban (pronounced=20 LOZH-bahn) is a constructed language. Previous versions= of the language were called=20 Loglan by Dr. James Cooke Brown, who founded the Loglan= Project and started the development of the language in 1955. The goals for= the language were first described in the open literature in the article=20 =20 =20 - Loglan, published in=20 - Scientific American, June, 1960. Made well-known = by that article and by occasional references in science fiction (most notab= ly in Robert Heinlein's novel=20 + Loglan, publ= ished in=20 + Scientific American, June, = 1960. Made well-known by that article and by occasional references in scien= ce fiction (most notably in Robert Heinlein's novel=20 =20 - The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress) and computer public= ations, Loglan and Lojban have been built over four decades by dozens of wo= rkers and hundreds of supporters, led since 1987 by The Logical Language Gr= oup (who are the publishers of this book). + The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress) = and computer publications, Loglan and Lojban have been built over four deca= des by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters, led since 1987 by The = Logical Language Group (who are the publishers of this book). Lojban<= secondary>features of There are thousands of artifi= cial languages (of which Esperanto is the best-known), but Loglan/Lojban ha= s been engineered to make it unique in several ways. The following are the = main features of Lojban: Lojban is designed to be used by people in communication wit= h each other, and possibly in the future with computers. Lojban is designed to be neutral between cultures. Lojban grammar is based on the principles of predicate logic= . @@ -58,21 +58,21 @@ invented by any one person or committee. Often, grammat= ical features were introduced into the language long before their usage was= fully understood. Sometimes they were introduced for one reason, only to p= rove more useful for other reasons not recognized at the time. By intention, this book is complete in description but not in ex= planation. For every rule in the formal Lojban grammar (given in=20 ), there is a bit of explanation a= nd an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit= . In essence,=20 gives a brief overview of the languag= e,=20 gives the formal structure of the= language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal b= ones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even = correcting) the explanations in this book will become available. linguistic drift<= /primary> Lojban= stability of Nevertheless, the= publication of this book is, in one sense, the completion of a long period= of language evolution. With the exception of a possible revision of the la= nguage that will not even be considered until five years from publication d= ate, and any revisions of this book needed to correct outright errors, the = language described in this book will not be changing by deliberate act of i= ts creators any more. Instead, language change will take place in the form = of new vocabulary =E2=80=93 Lojban does not yet have nearly the vocabulary = it needs to be a fully usable language of the modern world, as=20 explains =E2=80=93 and through the i= rregular natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evoluti= on. (Teach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here= with assurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as wel= l as most other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fid= dling by language-meisters. this bookstructure of structure of this book It is pr= obably worth mentioning that this book was written somewhat piecemeal. Each= chapter began life as an explication of a specific Lojban topic; only late= r did these begin to clump together into a larger structure of words and id= eas. Therefore, there are perhaps not as many cross-references as there sho= uld be. However, I have attempted to make the index as comprehensive as pos= sible. chapter titlesintent of jokes Lojbanistan Each chapter has = a descriptive title, often involving some play on words; this is an attempt= to make the chapters more memorable. The title of=20 (which you are now reading), for exa= mple, is an allusion to the book=20 - English As We Speak It In Ireland, by P. W. Joyce= , which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiberno-English.=20 + English As We Speak It In Ireland, by P. W. Joyce, which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiber= no-English.=20 =20 Lojbanistan is both an imaginary country where Lojban i= s the native language, and a term for the actual community of Lojban-speake= rs, scattered over the world. Why=20 =20 mangle? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks t= he language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; tha= t is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy. =20

What are the typographical conventions of this book? =20 Each chapter is broken into numbered sections; each section cont= ains a mixture of expository text, numbered examples, and possibly tables.<= /para> @@ -136,28 +136,28 @@ pc), and Nora Tansky LeChevalier. Nick Nicholas (NSN) would like to thank the following Lojbanists= : Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, and Iain Alexander for= their suggestions and comments; John Cowan, for his extensive comments, hi= s exemplary trailblazing of Lojban grammar, and for solving the=20 manskapi dilemma for NSN; Jorge Llambias, for h= is even more extensive comments, and for forcing NSN to think more than he = was inclined to; Bob LeChevalier, for his skeptical overview of the issue, = his encouragement, and for scouring all Lojban text his computer has been b= urdened with for lujvo; Nora Tansky LeChevalier, for writing the program co= nverting old rafsi text to new rafsi text, and sparing NSN from embarrassin= g errors; and Jim Carter, for his dogged persistence in analyzing lujvo alg= orithmically, which inspired this research, and for first identifying the t= hree lujvo classes. =20 BrownJames Cooke Of course, the entire Loglan P= roject owes a considerable debt to James Cooke Brown as the language invent= or, and also to several earlier contributors to the development of the lang= uage. Especially noteworthy are Doug Landauer, Jeff Prothero, Scott Layson,= Jeff Taylor, and Bob McIvor. Final responsibility for the remaining errors= and infelicities is solely mine. =20

Informal Bibliography Loglan<= /indexterm> bibliography The founding document for the Loglan Project, of which t= his book is one of the products, is=20 - Loglan 1: A Logical Language by James Cooke Brown= (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.) The lan= guage described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be c= onsidered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that n= othing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very exist= ence of Lojban is disapproved of by him. + Loglan 1: A Logical Language b= y James Cooke Brown (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Flori= da, U.S.A.). The language described therein is not Lojban, but is very clos= e to it and may be considered an ancestral version. It is regrettably neces= sary to state that nothing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and= that the very existence of Lojban is disapproved of by him. =20 The logic of Lojban, such as it is, owes a good deal to the Amer= ican philosopher W. v.O. Quine, especially=20 - Word and Object (1960, M.I.T. Press). Much of Qui= ne's philosophical writings, especially on observation sentences, reads lik= e a literal translation from Lojban. + Word and Object (1960, M.I.T. = Press). Much of Quine's philosophical writings, especially on observation s= entences, reads like a literal translation from Lojban. =20 The theory of negation expounded in=20 - is derived from a reading of Larr= y Horn's work=20 - The Natural History of Negation. + is derived from a reading of Laur= ence Horn's work=20 + A Natural History of Negation.= Of course, neither Brown nor Quine nor Horn is in any way respon= sible for the uses or misuses I have made of their works. =20 books about Lojba= n Depending on just when you are reading this book, t= here may be three other books about Lojban available: a textbook, a Lojban/= English dictionary, and a book containing general information about Lojban.= You can probably get these books, if they have been published, from the sa= me place where you got this book. In addition, other books not yet foreseen= may also exist. =20

Captions to Pictures The following examples list the Lojban caption, with a translati= on, for the picture at the head of each chapter. If a chapter's picture has= no caption,=20 (none) is specified instead. diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml index 5c81c50..3fce6bc 100644 --- a/todocbook/10.xml +++ b/todocbook/10.xml @@ -302,21 +302,22 @@ =20 =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e3d5"/> le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [wit= hin] bites the dog. - Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which i= s a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, = the man bites the dog. + Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which i= s a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, = the man bites the dog. + Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to= say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter t= he Lojban version of=20 is than the English version= .

Temporal tenses: PU and ZI The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pu @@ -559,65 +560,65 @@ interval directio= nspecifying cameaning when followin= g interval specification directionfollowing interval in te= nse construct intervalfollowed by direction in tense const= ruct tensespecifying relation of interval to point specifi= ed by direction and distance intervalspecifying relation t= o point specified by direction and distance tenserelation = of point specified by direction and distance to interval tenserelation of interval to point specified by direction and distance interval<= /primary>relation to point specified by direction and distance In=20 , the relationship of the in= terval to the specified point in time or space is indeterminate. Does the i= nterval start at the point, end at the point, or is it centered on the poin= t? By adding an additional direction cmavo after the interval, this questio= n can be conclusively answered: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d4"/>

mi ca ze'ica cusku dei - I [present] [short time interval =E2=80=93 present] express= this-utterance. + I [present] [short time interval - present] express this-ut= terance. I am now saying this sentence.

interval sizeas context-dependent means that fo= r an interval starting a short time in the past and extending to a short ti= me in the future, I am expressing the utterance which is=20 . Of course,=20 short is relative, as always in tenses. Even a long sen= tence takes up only a short part of a whole day; in a geological context, t= he era of=20 Homo sapiens would only be a=20 ze'i interval. By contrast, <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d5"/>

mi ca ze'ipu cusku dei - I [present] [short time interval =E2=80=93 past] express th= is-utterance. + I [present] [short time interval - past] express this-utter= ance. I have just been saying this sentence.

imaginary journey= with interval direction pumeaning whe= n following interval specification means that for a= short time interval extending from the past to the present I have been exp= ressing=20 . Here the imaginary journey= starts at the present, lays down one end point of the interval, moves into= the past, and lays down the other endpoint. Another example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d6"/>

mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi - I [past] [medium time interval =E2=80=93 future] eat my mea= l. + I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal. For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal. I ate my meal for a while.

With=20 ca instead of=20 ba,=20 becomes=20 , <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d7"/>

mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi - I [past] [medium time interval =E2=80=93 present] eat my me= al. + I [past] [medium time interval - present] eat my meal. For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal. I ate my meal for a while.

because the interval would then be centered on the past moment r= ather than oriented toward the future of that moment. The colloquial Englis= h translations are the same =E2=80=93 English is not well-suited to represe= nting this distinction. Here are some examples of the use of space intervals with and wi= thout specified directions: fish on rightexample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d8"/> @@ -631,21 +632,21 @@ <para>In=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-Mrzt"/>, there is no equivalent in = the colloquial English translation of the=20 <quote>small interval</quote> which the fish occupies. Neither the Loj= ban nor the English expresses the orientation of the fish. Compare=20 <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-AVU3"/>:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-AVU3"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e5d9"/>

ta ri'u ve'ica'u finpe - That-there [right] [short space interval =E2=80=93 front] i= s-a-fish. + That-there [right] [short space interval - front] is-a-fish= . That thing on my right extending forwards is a fish.

Here the space interval occupied by the fish extends from a poin= t on my right to another point in front of the first point.

Vague intervals and non-specific tenses interval sizevague interval sizeunspecified What is the significance of failing to specify an interval si= ze of the type discussed in=20 =20 ? The Lojban rule is that if= no interval size is given, the size of the space or time interval is left = vague by the speaker. For example: @@ -1485,21 +1486,21 @@ fe'e marker can also be used for the same purpo= se before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo=20 be'a belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space d= irection meaning=20 =20 north of.) <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e11d4"/>

tu ve'abe'a fe'e co'a rokci - That-yonder [medium space interval =E2=80=93 north] [space]= [initiative] is-a-rock. + That-yonder [medium space interval - north] [space] [initia= tive] is-a-rock. That is the beginning of a rock extending to my north. That is the south face of a rock. =20

rock faceexample south faceexample event contourstemporal contrasted with spatial spatial contourscontrasted with temporal event contours beginning point= spatial Here the notion of a=20 beginning point represented by the cmavo=20 =20 co'a is transferred from=20 beginning in time to=20 @@ -2251,29 +2252,29 @@ tense connection = of bridi-tailsmeaning of tense connection of sumtimeaning of In both=20 and=20 , the underlying sentences= =20 mi klama le zarci and=20 mi klama le zdani are not claimed; only the rel= ationship in time between them is claimed. tense afterthough= t connection formsselma'o allowed tense forethought connec= tion formsselma'o allowed tense connectionexpansions of tense connectionequivalent meanings Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are ap= propriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equival= ent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cma= vo): subordinate: - X TENSE le nu Y +

X TENSE le nu Y

afterthought coordinate: - Y .i+TENSE+bo X +

Y .i+TENSE+bo X

forethought coordinate: - TENSE+gi X gi Y +

TENSE+gi X gi Y

Tensed logical connectives tensed logical co= nnectives logical connectivestensed = The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connective system= . That system is a separate topic, explained in=20 =20 and touched on only in summary= here. By the rules of the logical connective system,=20 through 17.3 are equivalent= in meaning: @@ -3150,31 +3151,31 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e23d8"/>

bagi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do After you like me, I like you.

respectively. modal sentence co= nnectiontable of equivalent schemata The following modal sentence schemata (where X and Y represent sente= nces) all have the same meaning: - + X .i BAI bo Y BAI gi Y gi X X BAI le nu Y - + tense sentence co= nnectiontable of equivalent schemata whereas the following tensed sentence schemata also have the same me= aning: - + X .i TENSE bo Y TENSE gi X gi Y Y TENSE le nu X - + neglecting the question of what is claimed. In the modal sentenc= e schemata, the modal tag is always followed by Y, the sentence representin= g the event in the x1 place of the gismu that underlies the BAI. In the ten= sed sentences, no such simple rule exists.

Tense questions:=20 <jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> The following cmavo is discussed in this section:

cu'e CUhE diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml index 3940270..4d0b104 100644 --- a/todocbook/11.xml +++ b/todocbook/11.xml @@ -804,54 +804,52 @@ du'u NU predication abstraction =20

abstractionsmental activity abstractionswith knowingbelieving, etc. propositional attitudes There are some selbri which demand an entire predication as a sumti; they= make claims about some predication considered as a whole. Logicians call t= hese the=20 propositional attitudes, and they include (in English) = things like knowing, believing, learning, seeing, hearing, and the like. Co= nsider the English sentence: =20 Frank is a foolexample knowexample FIXME: TAG SPOT - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d1"/> - - I know that Frank is a fool. + I know that Frank is a fool. =20 - How's that in Lojban? Let us try: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d2"/>

- mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei] + mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei] I know the event of Frank being a fool.

mental activity Not quite right. Events are actually or potentially ph= ysical, and can't be contained inside one's mind, except for events of thin= king, feeling, and the like;=20 comes close to claiming tha= t Frank's being-a-fool is purely a mental activity on the part of the speak= er. (In fact,=20 =20 is an instance of improperl= y marked=20 sumti raising, a concept discussed further in=20 =20 ). Try again: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d3"/>

mi djuno le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei] - I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool. + I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool.

Closer.=20 says that I know whether or= not Frank is a fool, but doesn't say that he is one, as=20 =20 does. To catch that nuance,= we must say: NU selma'o du'u= FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e7d4"/> @@ -945,37 +943,33 @@ <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>kau</cmavo> =20 <selmaho>UI</selmaho> <description>indirect question marker</description> =20 </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'u</primary= ></indexterm> There is an alternative type of sentence involving=20 <jbophrase>du'u</jbophrase> and a selbri expressing a propositional at= titude. In addition to sentences like</para> - <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-Fpid"> + <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-Fpid"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e8d1"/> - - I know that John went to the store. - + I know that John went to the store. we can also say things like - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e8d2"/> - - I know who went to the store. + I know who went to the store. =20 - know whoexample abstractionswith wonderdoubt, etc. This form is called an=20 indirect question in English because the embedded Engli= sh sentence is a question:=20 =20 Who went to the store? A person who says=20 is claiming to know the ans= wer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English = verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who= went to the store. =20 =20 UI selma'o kau<= /primary> To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a=20 =20 @@ -984,24 +978,22 @@ who (=20 ma in Lojban), we use any word that will fit gr= ammatically and mark it with the suffix particle=20 kau. This cmavo belongs to selma'o UI, so gramm= atically it can appear anywhere. The simplest Lojban translation of=20 =20 is therefore: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e8d3"/>

- mi djuno le du'u - makau pu klama le zarci - I know the predication-of - X [indirect question] [past] going to the store. + mi djuno le du'u makau pu klama le zarci + I know the predication-of X [indirect question] [past] goin= g to the store. =20

know whocontrasted with know that indirect questions&q= uot;ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau" kau"ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau"<= /indexterm> In=20 , we have chosen to use=20 ma as the word marked by=20 kau. In fact, any other sumti would have done a= s well:=20 =20 zo'e or=20 da or even=20 @@ -1144,26 +1136,26 @@ li'i is: =20 li'i: x1 is the experience of (the bridi) as = experienced by x2 =20 =20 idea abstractions= place structure concept abstractionsp= lace structure Similarly, an idea requires a mind t= o hold it, so the place structure of=20 si'o is:

- si'o: x1 is the idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2 + si'o: x1 is the idea/concept of (the bridi) i= n the mind of x2

vague abstraction= splace structure Finally, ther= e needs to be some way of specifying just what sort of abstraction=20 su'u is representing, so its place structure is= :

- su'u: x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi) of type x2 + su'u: x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi)= of type x2

abstractionscreating new types template The x2 place = of=20 su'u allows it to serve as a substitute for any= of the other abstractors, or as a template for creating new ones. For exam= ple, =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e9d4"/>

le nu mi klama @@ -1214,27 +1206,25 @@ jai JAI abstraction conversion =20 abstract descript= ion It is sometimes inconvenient, in a situation wher= e an abstract description is logically required, to express the abstraction= . In English we can say: =20 =20 =20 - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d1"/> - - I try to open the door. - + I try to open the door. which in Lojban is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c11e10d2"/> mi troci le nu [mi] gasnu le nu le vorme cu karbi'o I try the event-of (I am-agent-in the event-of (the door op= en-becomes)). diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml index 37ba1e1..2729222 100644 --- a/todocbook/12.xml +++ b/todocbook/12.xml @@ -63,46 +63,46 @@ veljvo in Lojban, and since there is no concise= English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, t= he left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the=20 seltau, and the right (modified) part the=20 tertau, following the usage of=20 . For brevity, we will speak of the = seltau or tertau of a lujvo, meaning of course the seltau or tertau of the = veljvo of that lujvo. (If this terminology is confusing, substituting=20 modifier for=20 seltau and=20 modified for=20 tertau may help.) tanruplace structure of The place structure of = a tanru is always the same as the place structure of its tertau. As a resul= t, the meaning of the tanru is a modified version of the meaning of the ter= tau; the tanru will typically, but not always, refer to a subset of the thi= ngs referred to by the tertau. tanrupurpose wine-dark sea The purpose of a tanru is = to join concepts together without necessarily focusing on the exact meaning= of the seltau. For example, in the=20 - Iliad, the poet talks about=20 + Iliad, the poet talks about=20 the wine-dark sea, in which=20 =20 wine is a seltau relative to=20 dark, and the pair of words is a seltau relative to=20 sea. We're talking about the sea, not about wine or col= or. The other words are there to paint a scene in the listener's mind, in w= hich the real action will occur, and to evoke relations to other sagas of t= he time similarly describing the sea. Logical inferences about wine or colo= r will be rejected as irrelevant. =20 goer-houseexample As a simple example, consider= the rather non-obvious tanru=20 klama zdani, or=20 goer-house. The gismu=20 =20 zdani has two places: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e2d1"/> - x1 is a nest/house/lair/den for inhabitant x2 +

x1 is a nest/house/lair/den for inhabitant x2=

(but in this chapter we will use simply=20 house, for brevity), and the gismu=20 klama has five: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e2d2"/> - x1 goes to destination x2 from origin point x3 via route x4 us= ing means x5 +

x1 goes to destination x2 from origin point x= 3 via route x4 using means x5

The tanru=20 klama zdani will also have two places, namely t= hose of=20 zdani. Since a=20 klama zdani is a type of=20 zdani, we can assume that all goer-houses =E2= =80=93 whatever they may be =E2=80=93 are also houses. dog houseexample tanrupossible meanings of= fleas= But is knowing the places of the tertau everything that is nee= ded to understand the meaning of a tanru? No. To see why, let us switch to = a less unlikely tanru:=20 gerku zdani, literally=20 dog house. A tanru expresses a very loose relation: a= =20 =20 @@ -186,51 +186,51 @@ gerku.) lujvo place struc= tureexplicated walk-through <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">new notation The place structure of=20 zdani is given as=20 , but is repeated here using= the new notation: =20 doghouseexample FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e3d1"/> - z1 is a nest/house/lair/den of z2 +

z1 is a nest/house/lair/den of z2

The place structure of=20 gerku is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e3d2"/> - g1 is a dog of breed g2 +

g1 is a dog of breed g2

But z2 is the same as g1; therefore, the tentative place structu= re for=20 gerzda now becomes: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e3d3"/> - z1 is a house for dweller z2 of breed g2 +

z1 is a house for dweller z2 of breed g2

which can also be written <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e3d4"/> - z1 is a house for dog g1 of breed g2 +

z1 is a house for dog g1 of breed g2

or more comprehensively <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e3d5"/> - z1 is a house for dweller/dog z2=3Dg1 of breed g2 +

z1 is a house for dweller/dog z2=3Dg1 of bree= d g2

Despite the apparently conclusive nature of=20 , our task is not yet done: = we still need to decide whether any of the remaining places should also be = eliminated, and what order the lujvo places should appear in. These concern= s will be addressed in the remainder of the chapter; but we are now equippe= d with the terminology needed for those discussions.

Selecting places lujvo place struc= turebasis of The set of places= of an ordinary lujvo are selected from the places of its component gismu. = More precisely, the places of such a lujvo are derived from the set of plac= es of the component gismu by eliminating unnecessary places, until just eno= ugh places remain to give an appropriate meaning to the lujvo. In general, = including a place makes the concept expressed by a lujvo more general; excl= uding a place makes the concept more specific, because omitting the place r= equires assuming a standard value or range of values for it. lujvo place struc= turerationale for standardization It would be possible to design the place structure of a lujvo from scra= tch, treating it as if it were a gismu, and working out what arguments cont= ribute to the notion to be expressed by the lujvo. There are two reasons ar= guing against doing so and in favor of the procedure detailed in this chapt= er. The first is that it might be very difficult for a hearer or rea= der, who has no preconceived idea of what concept the lujvo is intended to = convey, to work out what the place structure actually is. Instead, he or sh= e would have to make use of a lujvo dictionary every time a lujvo is encoun= tered in order to work out what a=20 se jbopli or a=20 @@ -245,59 +245,59 @@ symmetrical lujvo. A symmetrical lujvo is one based on = a tanru interpretation such that the first place of the seltau is equivalen= t to the first place of the tertau: each component of the tanru characteriz= es the same object. As an illustration of this, consider the lujvo=20 balsoi: it is intended to mean=20 both great and a soldier- that is,=20 great soldier, which is the interpretation we would ten= d to give its veljvo,=20 =20 banli sonci. The underlying gismu place structu= res are: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d1"/> - banli: b1 is great in property b2 by s= tandard b3 - sonci: s1 is a soldier of army s2 +

banli: b1 is great in= property b2 by standard b3

sonci: s1 is a soldie= r of army s2

In this case the s1 place of=20 sonci is redundant, since it is equivalent to t= he b1 place of=20 banli. Therefore the place structure of=20 balsoi need not include places for both s1 and = b1, as they refer to the same thing. So the place structure of=20 balsoi is at most =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d2"/> - b1=3Ds1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standa= rd b3 +

b1=3Ds1 is a great soldier of army s2 in prop= erty b2 by standard b3

=20 listen attentivel= yexample lujvo place structurewhen fi= rst places redundant plus others symmetrical veljvo Som= e symmetrical veljvo have further equivalent places in addition to the resp= ective first places. Consider the lujvo=20 =20 tinju'i,=20 to listen (=20 to hear attentively, to hear and pay attention). The pl= ace structures of the gismu=20 tirna and=20 jundi are: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d3"/> - - tirna: t1 hears sound t2 against background n= oise t3 +

+ tirna: t1 hears sound t2 against background n= oise t3

=20 - - jundi: j1 pays attention to j2 +

+ jundi: j1 pays attention to j2

background noise<= /primary> and the place structure of the lujvo is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d4"/> - j1=3Dt1 listens to j2=3Dt2 against background noise t3 +

j1=3Dt1 listens to j2=3Dt2 against background= noise t3

=20 Why so? Because not only is the j1 place (the one who pays atten= tion) equivalent to the t1 place (the hearer), but the j2 place (the thing = paid attention to) is equivalent to the t2 place (the thing heard). lujvo place struc= turewhen first place redundant with non-first lujvoasymmetrical A substantial minority o= f lujvo have the property that the first place of the seltau (=20 gerku in this case) is equivalent to a place ot= her than the first place of the tertau; such lujvo are said to be=20 asymmetrical. (There is a deliberate parallel here with= the terms=20 asymmetrical tanru and=20 =20 symmetrical tanru used in=20 =20 @@ -306,88 +306,84 @@ gerzda, discussed in=20 , where we learned that the = g1 place was equivalent to the z2 place. In order to get the places aligned= , we could convert=20 zdani to=20 se zdani (or=20 selzda when expressed as a lujvo). The place st= ructure of=20 selzda is <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d5"/> - s1 is housed by nest s2 +

s1 is housed by nest s2

and so the three-part lujvo=20 gerselzda would have the place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d6"/> - s1=3Dg1 is a dog housed in nest s2 of dog breed g2 +

s1=3Dg1 is a dog housed in nest s2 of dog bre= ed g2

However, although=20 gerselzda is a valid lujvo, it doesn't translat= e=20 doghouse; its first place is the dog, not the doghouse.= Furthermore, it is more complicated than necessary;=20 gerzda is simpler than=20 gerselzda. From the reader's or listener's point of view, it may not always= be obvious whether a newly met lujvo is symmetrical or asymmetrical, and i= f the latter, what kind of asymmetrical lujvo. If the place structure of th= e lujvo isn't given in a dictionary or elsewhere, then plausibility must be= applied, just as in interpreting tanru. =20 car goerexample The lujvo=20 karcykla, for example, is based on=20 karce klama, or=20 car goer. The place structure of=20 =20 karce is: - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d7"/> - - karce: ka1 is a car carrying ka2 propelled by ka3 - + karce: ka1 is a car carrying ka2 propelled by ka3 A asymmetrical interpretation of=20 karcykla that is strictly analogous to the plac= e structure of=20 gerzda, equating the kl2 (destination) and ka1 = (car) places, would lead to the place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d8"/> - kl1 goes to car kl2=3Dka1 which carries ka2 propelled by ka3 f= rom origin kl3 - via route kl4 by means of kl5 +

kl1 goes to car kl2=3Dka1 which carries ka2 p= ropelled by ka3 from origin kl3 via route kl4 by means of kl5

But in general we go about in cars, rather than going to cars, s= o a far more likely place structure treats the ka1 place as equivalent to t= he kl5 place, leading to <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e5d9"/> - kl1 goes to destination kl2 from origin kl3 via route kl4 - by means of car kl5=3Dka1 carrying ka2 propelled by ka3. +

kl1 goes to destination kl2 from origin kl3 v= ia route kl4 by means of car kl5=3Dka1 carrying ka2 propelled by ka3.

instead.

Dependent places lujvo place struc= turedependent places In order = to understand which places, if any, should be completely removed from a luj= vo place structure, we need to understand the concept of dependent places. = One place of a brivla is said to be dependent on another if its value can b= e predicted from the values of one or more of the other places. For example= , the g2 place of=20 =20 =20 gerku is dependent on the g1 place. Why? Becaus= e when we know what fits in the g1 place (Spot, let us say, a well-known do= g), then we know what fits in the g2 place (=20 St. Bernard, let us say). In other words, when the valu= e of the g1 place has been specified, the value of the g2 place is determin= ed by it. Conversely, since each dog has only one breed, but each breed con= tains many dogs, the g1 place is not dependent on the g2 place; if we know = only that some dog is a St. Bernard, we cannot tell by that fact alone whic= h dog is meant. For=20 zdani, on the other hand, there is no dependenc= y between the places. When we know the identity of a house-dweller, we have= not determined the house, because a dweller may dwell in more than one hou= se. By the same token, when we know the identity of a house, we do not know= the identity of its dweller, for a house may contain more than one dweller= . lujvo place struc= turedropping dependent seltau places The rule for eliminating places from a lujvo is that dependent place= s provided by the seltau are eliminated. Therefore, in=20 gerzda the dependent g2 place is removed from t= he tentative place structure given in=20 , leaving the place structur= e: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e6d1"/> - z1 is the house dwelt in by dog z2=3Dg1 +

z1 is the house dwelt in by dog z2=3Dg1

Informally put, the reason this has happened =E2=80=93 and it ha= ppens a lot with seltau places =E2=80=93 is that the third place was descri= bing not the doghouse, but the dog who lives in it. The sentence <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e6d2"/>

la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat. Mon Repos is a doghouse of Spot. =20 @@ -457,21 +453,21 @@ cinki: ci1 is an insect/arthropod of species = ci2 =20

lujvo place struc= turedropping cross-dependent places lujvo place structure<= /primary>cross-dependent places cross-dependency arthropod This example illustrates a cross-dependency between a place of one g= ismu and a place of the other. The ca3 place is dependent on ci1, because a= ll insects (which fit into ci1) have shells made of chitin (which fits into= ca3). Furthermore, ca1 is dependent on ci1 as well, because each insect ha= s only a single shell. And since ca2 (the thing with the shell) is equivale= nt to ci1 (the insect), the place structure is =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e6d8"/> - ci1=3Dca2 is a beetle of species ci2 +

ci1=3Dca2 is a beetle of species ci2

=20 with not a single place of=20 calku surviving independently! beetles= Coleoptera (Note that there is nothing in this explanation that tell= s us just why=20 cakcinki means=20 beetle (member of Coleoptera), since all insects in the= ir adult forms have chitin shells of some sort. The answer, which is in no = way predictable, is that the shell is a prominent, highly noticeable featur= e of beetles in particular.) =20 =20 =20 @@ -497,21 +493,21 @@ =20 =20 kuldi'u (from=20 ckule dinju, and meaning=20 school building) needs to be =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e6d9"/> - d1 is a building housing school c1 teaching subject c3 to audi= ence c4 +

d1 is a building housing school c1 teaching s= ubject c3 to audience c4

even though c3 and c4 are plainly dependent on c1. The other pla= ces of=20 ckule, the location (c2) and operators (c5), do= n't seem to be necessary to the concept=20 school building, and are dependent on c1 to boot, so th= ey are omitted. Again, the need for case-by-case consideration of place str= uctures is demonstrated. =20

Ordering lujvo places. lujvo place order= So far, we have concentrated on selecting the places= to go into the place structure of a lujvo. However, this is only half the = story. In using selbri in Lojban, it is important to remember the right ord= er of the sumti. With lujvo, the need to attend to the order of sumti becom= es critical: the set of places selected should be ordered in such a way tha= t a reader unfamiliar with the lujvo should be able to tell which place is = which. prayer<= secondary>example lujvo place orderrationale for standardi= zation If we aim to make understandable lujvo, then= , we should make the order of places in the place structure follow some con= ventions. If this does not occur, very real ambiguities can turn up. Take f= or example the lujvo=20 @@ -554,21 +550,21 @@ great soldierexample lujvo place ordersymmetrical lujv= o el= imination process We use two different ordering rules= : one for symmetrical lujvo and one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lu= jvo like=20 balsoi (from=20 ) has the places o= f its tertau followed by whatever places of the seltau survive the eliminat= ion process. For=20 =20 balsoi, the surviving places of=20 banli are b2 and b3, leading to the place struc= ture: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e7d4"/> - b1=3Ds1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standa= rd b3 +

b1=3Ds1 is a great soldier of army s2 in prop= erty b2 by standard b3

=20 just what appears in=20 . In fact, all place structu= res shown until now have been in the correct order by the conventions of th= is section, though the fact has been left tacit until now. The motivation for this rule is the parallelism between the lujv= o bridi-schema <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e7d5"/>

@@ -608,21 +604,21 @@ mikce: m1 is a doctor to patient m2 for ailme= nt m3 using treatment m4

=20 ailment= and the lujvo place structure is: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e7d8"/> - m1 is a doctor for animal m2=3Dd1 of species d2 for ailment m3= using treatment m4 +

m1 is a doctor for animal m2=3Dd1 of species = d2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4

animal patient Since the shared place is m2=3Dd1, the animal patient, = the remaining seltau place d2 is inserted immediately after the shared plac= e; then the remaining tertau places form the last two places of the lujvo.<= /para> =20

lujvo with more than two parts. tomorrowexample lujvo place orderbased on 3-or-more pa= rt veljvo The theory we have outlined so far is an = account of lujvo with two parts. But often lujvo are made containing more t= han two parts. An example is=20 bavlamdei,=20 tomorrow: it is composed of the rafsi for=20 =20 @@ -635,115 +631,115 @@ next, and=20 djedi. If we know or invent the lujvo place str= ucture for the components, we can compose the new lujvo place structure in = the usual way. =20 =20 In this case,=20 bavla'i is given the place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e8d1"/> - b1=3Dl1 is next after b2=3Dl2 +

b1=3Dl1 is next after b2=3Dl2

making it a symmetrical lujvo. We combine this with=20 djedi, which has the place structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e8d2"/> duration d1 is d2 days long (default 1) by standard d3 anomalous orderin= g of lujvo places While symmetrical lujvo normally pu= t any trailing tertau places before any seltau places, the day standard is = a much less important concept than the day the tomorrow follows, in the def= inition of=20 =20 bavlamdei. This is an example of how the guidel= ines presented for selecting and ordering lujvo places are just that, not l= aws that must be rigidly adhered to. In this case, we choose to rank places= in order of relative importance. The resulting place structure is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e8d3"/> - d1=3Db1=3Dl1 is a day following b2=3Dl2, d2 days later (defaul= t 1) by standard d3 +

d1=3Db1=3Dl1 is a day following b2=3Dl2, d2 d= ays later (default 1) by standard d3

long-swordexample medieval weapon Here is another exa= mple of a multi-part lujvo:=20 cladakyxa'i, meaning=20 long-sword, a specific type of medieval weapon. The gis= mu place structures are: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e8d4"/> clani: c1 is long in direction c2 by standard= c3 - - dakfu: d1 is a knife for cutting d2 with blad= e made of d3 + + dakfu: d1 is a knife for cutting d2 with blad= e made of d3 xarci: xa1 is a weapon for use against xa2 by= wielder xa3 sword blade Since=20 cladakyxa'i is a symmetrical lujvo based on=20 cladakfu xarci, and=20 cladakfu is itself a symmetrical lujvo, we can = do the necessary analyses all at once. Plainly c1 (the long thing), d1 (the= knife), and xa1 (the weapon) are all the same. Likewise, the d2 place (the= thing cut) is the same as the xa2 place (the target of the weapon), given = that swords are used to cut victims. Finally, the c2 place (direction of le= ngth) is always along the sword blade in a longsword, by definition, and so= is dependent on c1=3Dd1=3Dxa1. Adding on the places of the remaining gismu= in right-to-left order we get: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e8d5"/> - xa1=3Dd1=3Dc1 is a long-sword for use against xa2=3Dd2 by wiel= der xa3, with a blade made of d3, length measured by standard c3. +

xa1=3Dd1=3Dc1 is a long-sword for use against= xa2=3Dd2 by wielder xa3, with a blade made of d3, length measured by stand= ard c3.

If the last place sounds unimportant to you, notice that what co= unts legally as a=20 sword, rather than just a=20 knife, depends on the length of the blade (the legal li= mit varies in different jurisdictions). This fifth place of=20 cladakyxa'i may not often be explicitly filled,= but it is still useful on occasion. Because it is so seldom important, it = is best that it be last.

Eliding SE rafsi from seltau lujvodropping SE rafsi It is common to form luj= vo that omit the rafsi based on cmavo of selma'o SE, as well as other cmavo= rafsi. Doing so makes lujvo construction for common or useful construction= s shorter. Since it puts more strain on the listener who has not heard the = lujvo before, the shortness of the word should not necessarily outweigh eas= e in understanding, especially if the lujvo refers to a rare or unusual con= cept. proposed law Consider as an example the lujvo=20 ti'ifla, from the veljvo=20 stidi flalu, and meaning=20 bill, proposed law. The gismu place structures are: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e9d1"/> stidi: agent st1 suggests idea/action st2 to = audience st3 - - flalu: f1 is a law specifying f2 for communit= y f3 under conditions f4 + + flalu: f1 is a law specifying f2 for communit= y f3 under conditions f4 by lawgiver f5 lined up This lujvo does not fit any of our existing molds: it is the = second seltau place, st2, that is equivalent to one of the tertau places, n= amely f1. However, if we understand=20 ti'ifla as an abbreviation for the lujvo=20 selti'ifla, then we get the first places of sel= tau and tertau lined up. The place structure of=20 =20 selti'i is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e9d2"/> selti'i: idea/action se1 is suggested by agen= t se2 to audience se3 Here we can see that se1 (what is suggested) is equivalent to f1= (the law), and we get a normal symmetrical lujvo. The final place structur= e is: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e9d3"/> - f1=3Dse1 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under condit= ions f4 by suggester se2 to audience/lawgivers f5=3Dse3 +

f1=3Dse1 is a bill specifying f2 for communit= y f3 under conditions f4 by suggester se2 to audience/lawgivers f5=3Dse3

or, relabeling the places, <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e9d4"/> - f1=3Dst2 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under condit= ions f4 by suggester st1 to audience/lawgivers f5=3Dst3 +

f1=3Dst2 is a bill specifying f2 for communit= y f3 under conditions f4 by suggester st1 to audience/lawgivers f5=3Dst3

where the last place (st3) is probably some sort of legislature.= lujvoabbreviated Abbreviated lujvo like=20 ti'ifla are more intuitive (for the lujvo-maker= ) than their more explicit counterparts like=20 selti'ifla (as well as shorter). They don't req= uire the coiner to sit down and work out the precise relation between the s= eltau and the tertau: he or she can just rattle off a rafsi pair. But shoul= d the lujvo get to the stage where a place structure needs to be worked out= , then the precise relation does need to be specified. And in that case, su= ch abbreviated lujvo form a trap in lujvo place ordering, since they obscur= e the most straightforward relation between the seltau and tertau. To give = our lujvo-making guidelines as wide an application as possible, and to enco= urage analyzing the seltau-tertau relation in lujvo, lujvo like=20 =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 @@ -786,21 +782,21 @@ la djak. cu se blakanla Jack is-the-bearer-of-blue-eyes But look now at the place structure of=20 blakanla: it is a symmetrical lujvo, so the pla= ce structure is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e10d3"/> - bl1=3Dk1 is a blue eye of bl2=3Dk2 +

bl1=3Dk1 is a blue eye of bl2=3Dk2

We end up being most interested in talking about the second plac= e, not the first (we talk much more of people than of their eyes), so=20 se would almost always be required. What is happening here is that we are translating the tertau wro= ngly, under the influence of English. The English suffix=20 -eyed does not mean=20 eye, but someone with an eye, which is=20 selkanla. Because we've got the wrong tertau (eliding a=20 se that really should be there), any attempt to= accommodate the resulting lujvo into our guidelines for place structure is= fitting a square peg in a round hole. Since they can be so misleading, luj= vo with SE rafsi elided from the tertau should be avoided in favor of their= more explicit counterparts: in this case,=20 blaselkanla. @@ -852,21 +848,21 @@ to go within, criminally because the alternative, <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e11d4"/>

[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama - (crime inside) go + (crime inside) go

doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go = into a place where it is criminal to be inside =E2=80=93 an interpretation = almost identical with=20 anyway?) shellfishexample shellfish There are cases, however, = where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful= . For example,=20 xaskemcakcurnu means=20 oceanic shellfish, and has the veljvo =20 shell wormexample FIXME: TAG SPOT @@ -968,79 +964,79 @@ .)

Abstract lujvo lujvo place struc= ture"nu" lujvo abstract lujvo lujvoabstract The cmavo of NU can participate in the c= onstruction of lujvo of a particularly simple and well-patterned kind. Cons= ider that old standard example,=20 klama: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d1"/> - k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5. +

k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by m= eans k5.

The selbri=20 nu klama [kei] has only one place, the event-of= -going, but the full five places exist implicitly between=20 nu and=20 kei, since a full bridi with all sumti may be p= laced there. In a lujvo, there is no room for such inside places, and conse= quently the lujvo=20 nunkla (=20 nun- is the rafsi for=20 nu), needs to have six places: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d2"/> - nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route = k4 by means k5. +

nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 f= rom k3 via route k4 by means k5.

Here the first place of=20 nunklama is the first and only place of=20 nu, and the other five places have been pushed = down by one to occupy the second through the sixth places. Full information= on=20 nu, as well as the other abstractors mentioned = in this section, is given in=20 . lujvo place struc= turemulti-place abstraction lujvo lujvo place structure"ni" lujvo For those ab= stractors which have a second place as well, the standard convention is to = place this place after, rather than before, the places of the brivla being = abstracted. The place structure of=20 nilkla, the lujvo derived from=20 ni klama, is the imposing: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d3"/> - ni1 is the amount of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route= k4 by means k5, measured on scale ni2. + ni1 is the amount of k1's coming/going to k2 = from k3 via route k4 by means k5, measured on scale ni2.<= /para> It is not uncommon for abstractors to participate in the making = of more complex lujvo as well. For example,=20 nunsoidji, from the veljvo <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d4"/>

nu sonci kei djica event-of being-a-soldier desirer

has the place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d5"/> - d1 desires the event of (s1 being a soldier of army s2) for pu= rpose d3 +

d1 desires the event of (s1 being a soldier o= f army s2) for purpose d3

where the d2 place has disappeared altogether, being replaced by= the places of the seltau. As shown in=20 , the ordering follows this = idea of replacement: the seltau places are inserted at the point where the = omitted abstraction place exists in the tertau. The lujvo=20 nunsoidji is quite different from the ordinary = asymmetric lujvo=20 =20 soidji, a=20 soldier desirer, whose place structure is just <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e12d6"/> - d1 desires (a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3 +

d1 desires (a soldier of army s2) for purpose= d3

A=20 nunsoidji might be someone who is about to enli= st, whereas a=20 soidji might be a camp-follower. One use of abstract lujvo is to eliminate the need for explicit= =20 =20 kei in tanru:=20 nunkalri gasnu means much the same as=20 nu kalri kei gasnu, but is shorter. In addition= , many English words ending in=20 -hood are represented with=20 @@ -1111,46 +1107,44 @@ citka: c1 eats c2 gasnu: g1 does action/is the agent of event g= 2 In accordance with the procedure for analyzing three-part lujvo = given in=20 , we will first create an inte= rmediate lujvo,=20 nuncti, whose veljvo is=20 nu citka [kei]. By the rules given in=20 ,=20 nuncti has the place structure - + <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d2"/> - - n1 is the event of c1 eating c2 - +

n1 is the event of c1 eating c2

Now we can transform the veljvo of=20 nunctikezgau into=20 nuncti gasnu. The g2 place (what is brought abo= ut by the actor g1) obviously denotes the same thing as n1 (the event of ea= ting). So we can eliminate g2 as redundant, leaving us with a tentative pla= ce structure of <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d3"/> - g1 is the actor in the event n1=3Dg2 of c1 eating c2 +

g1 is the actor in the event n1=3Dg2 of c1 ea= ting c2

But it is also possible to omit the n1 place itself! The n1 plac= e describes the event brought about; an event in Lojban is described as a b= ridi, by a selbri and its sumti; the selbri is already known (it's the selt= au), and the sumti are also already known (they're in the lujvo place struc= ture). So n1 would not give us any information we didn't already know. In f= act, the n1=3Dg2 place is dependent on c1 and c2 jointly =E2=80=93 it does = not depend on either c1 or c2 by itself. Being dependent and derived from t= he seltau, it is omissible. So the final place structure of=20 =20 =20 nunctikezgau is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d4"/> - g1 is the actor in the event of c1 eating c2 +

g1 is the actor in the event of c1 eating c2<= /place-structure>

There is one further step that can be taken. As we have already = seen with=20 balsoi in=20 , the interpretati= on of lujvo is constrained by the semantics of gismu and of their sumti pla= ces. Now, any asymmetrical lujvo with=20 gasnu as its tertau will involve an event abstr= action either implicitly or explicitly, since that is how the g2 place of= =20 =20 gasnu is defined. Therefore, if we assume that=20 nu is the type of abstraction one would expect = to be a=20 se gasnu, then the rafsi=20 @@ -1171,69 +1165,69 @@ socialize with someone and=20 have sex with someone, are not relevant to=20 gasnu.) So we can simply use=20 ctigau with the same place structure as=20 nunctikezgau: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d5"/> - agent g1 causes c1 to eat c2 - g1 feeds c2 to c1. +

agent g1 causes c1 to eat c2

g1 feeds c2 to c1

This particular kind of asymmetrical lujvo, in which the seltau = serves as the selbri of an abstraction which is a place of the tertau, is c= alled an implicit-abstraction lujvo, because one deduces the presence of an= abstraction which is unexpressed (implicit). =20 =20 To give another example: the gismu=20 basti, whose place structure is <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d6"/> - b1 replaces b2 in circumstances b3 +

b1 replaces b2 in circumstances b3

can form the lujvo=20 basygau, with the place structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d7"/> - g1 (agent) replaces b1 with b2 in circumstances b3 +

g1 (agent) replaces b1 with b2 in circumstanc= es b3

where both=20 basti and=20 basygau are translated=20 replace in English, but represent different relations:= =20 basti may be used with no mention of any agent = doing the replacing. In addition,=20 gasnu-based lujvo can be built from what we wou= ld consider nouns or adjectives in English. In Lojban, everything is a pred= icate, so adjectives, nouns and verbs are all treated in the same way. This= is consistent with the use of similar causative affixes in other languages= . For example, the gismu=20 =20 =20 =20 litki, meaning=20 liquid, with the place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d8"/> - l1 is a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions = l3 +

l1 is a quantity of liquid of composition l2 = under conditions l3

can give=20 likygau, meaning=20 to liquefy: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d9"/> - g1 (agent) causes l1 to be a quantity of liquid of composition= l2 under conditions l3. +

g1 (agent) causes l1 to be a quantity of liqu= id of composition l2 under conditions l3.

While=20 likygau correctly represents=20 causes to be a liquid, a different lujvo based on=20 galfi (meaning=20 modify) may be more appropriate for=20 causes to become a liquid. On the other hand,=20 fetsygau is potentially confusing, because it c= ould mean=20 agent in the event of something becoming female (the im= plicit-abstraction interpretation) or simply=20 female agent (the parallel interpretation), so using im= plicit-abstraction lujvo is always accompanied with some risk of being misu= nderstood. @@ -1241,21 +1235,21 @@ =20 Many other Lojban gismu have places for event abstractions, and = therefore are good candidates for the tertau of an implicit-abstraction luj= vo. For example, lujvo based on=20 =20 =20 =20 rinka, with its place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e13d10"/> - event r1 causes event r2 to occur +

event r1 causes event r2 to occur

are closely related to those based on=20 gasnu. However,=20 rinka is less generally useful than=20 gasnu, because its r1 place is another event ra= ther than a person:=20 lo rinka is a cause, not a causer. Thus the pla= ce structure of=20 likyri'a, a lujvo analogous to=20 likygau, is @@ -1285,40 +1279,40 @@ <para> <jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>: c1 expresses text c2 to audience c3 in= medium c4</para> </example> <para>and=20 <jbophrase>selsku</jbophrase>, the tertau of=20 <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, has the place structure</para> <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-qW3w"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d2"/> - s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 in medium s4 +

s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 i= n medium s4

Now it is easy to see that the l2 and s2 places are equivalent: = the believer in the religion (l2) is the one who expresses the prayer (s2).= This is not one of the cases for which a place ordering rule has been give= n in=20 or=20 ; therefore, for lack = of a better rule, we put the tertau places first and the remaining seltau p= laces after them, leading to the place structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d3"/> - s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=3Dl2 to audience s3 in medium s= 4 pertaining to religion l1 +

s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=3Dl2 to audien= ce s3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1

The l3 place (the beliefs of the religion) is dependent on the l= 1 place (the religion) and so is omitted. We could make this lujvo less messy by replacing it with=20 se seljdasku, where=20 seljdasku is a normal symmetrical lujvo with pl= ace structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d4"/> - c1=3Dl2 religiously expresses prayer c2 to audience c3 in medi= um s4 pertaining to religion l1 +

c1=3Dl2 religiously expresses prayer c2 to au= dience c3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1

which, according to the rule expressed in=20 , can be further expressed as=20 selseljdasku. However, there is no need for the= ugly=20 selsel- prefix just to get the rules right:=20 jdaselsku is a reasonable, if anomalous, lujvo.= However, there is a further problem with=20 jdaselsku, not resolvable by using=20 seljdasku. No veljvo involving just the two gis= mu=20 lijda and=20 @@ -1334,21 +1328,21 @@ =20 =20 lanme and=20 gerku at all. Rather, the lujvo refers to a dog= which controls sheep flocks, a=20 terlanme jitro gerku, the lujvo from which is= =20 terlantroge'u with place structure: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d5"/> - g1=3Dj1 is a dog that controls sheep flock l3=3Dj2 made up of = sheep l1 in activity j3 of dog breed g2 + g1=3Dj1 is a dog that controls sheep flock l3= =3Dj2 made up of sheep l1 in activity j3 of dog breed g2<= /para> based on the gismu place structures <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d6"/> lanme: l1 is a sheep of breed l2 belonging to= flock l3 gerku: g1 is a dog of breed g2 @@ -1383,21 +1377,21 @@ se xance minde, misses the point: the real rela= tion expressed by the lujvo is not just=20 one who commands and has a hand, but=20 =20 to command using the hand. The concept of=20 using suggests the gismu=20 pilno, with place structure <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d8"/> - p1 uses tool p2 for purpose p3 +

p1 uses tool p2 for purpose p3

Some possible three-part veljvo are (depending on how strictly y= ou want to constrain the veljvo) <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e14d9"/> [ke] xance pilno [ke'e] minde (hand user) type-of commander @@ -1489,21 +1483,21 @@ I am six years younger than you. =20 The place structure for=20 citmau is <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e15d4"/> - z1=3Dc1 is younger than z2=3Dc1 by amount z4 +

z1=3Dc1 is younger than z2=3Dc1 by amount z4<= /place-structure>

=20 Similarly, in Lojban you can say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e15d5"/>

do citme'a mi lo nanca be li xa You are-less-young-than me by-years the-number six. @@ -1601,47 +1595,47 @@ I increase in strength.

Finally, lujvo with a tertau of=20 traji are used to build superlatives. The place= structure of=20 traji is <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e15d9"/> - t1 is superlative in property t2, being the t3 extremum (large= st by default) of set t4 +

t1 is superlative in property t2, being the t= 3 extremum (largest by default) of set t4

Consider the gismu=20 xamgu, whose place structure is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e15d10"/> - xa1 is good for xa2 by standard xa3 +

xa1 is good for xa2 by standard xa3

better<= secondary>example The comparative form is=20 xagmau, corresponding to English=20 better, with a place structure (by the rules given abov= e) of <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e15d11"/> - z1 is better than z2 for xa2 by standard xa3 in amount z4 +

z1 is better than z2 for xa2 by standard xa3 = in amount z4

lujvo place order= superlatives lujvo place structuresu= perlatives We would expect the place structure of= =20 xagrai, the superlative form, to somehow mirror= that, given that comparatives and superlatives are comparable concepts, re= sulting in: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e15d12"/> - xa1=3Dt1 is the best of the set t4 for xa2 by standard xa3. +

xa1=3Dt1 is the best of the set t4 for xa2 by= standard xa3.

The t2 place in=20 traji, normally filled by a property abstractio= n, is replaced by the seltau places, and the t3 place specifying the extrem= um of=20 =20 =20 traji (whether the most or the least, that is) = is presumed by default to be=20 the most. lujvo place order= superlatives as exceptions But= the set against which the t1 place of=20 traji is compared is not the t2 place (which wo= uld make the place structure of=20 traji fully parallel to that of=20 @@ -1730,22 +1724,21 @@ rinka does not have a place for the agent, the = one who causes, as a result of the pressure toward metaphysical necessity. = A cause-effect relationship does not have to include an agent: an event (su= ch as snow melting in the mountains) may cause another event (such as the f= looding of the Nile) without any human intervention or even knowledge. =20 lujvoas suppliers of agent place Indeed, there = is a general tendency to omit agent places from most gismu except for a few= such as=20 gasnu and=20 zukte which are then used as tertau in order to= restore the agent place when needed: see=20 . <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e16d4"/> - - cinfo: c1 is a lion of species/breed c2 +

cinfo: c1 is a lion o= f species/breed c2

diversified speci= es gen= eral terms The c2 place of=20 cinfo is provided as a result of the pressure t= oward regularity. All animal and plant gismu have such an x2 place; althoug= h there is in fact only one species of lion, and breeds of lion, though the= y exist, aren't all that important in talking about lions. The species/bree= d place must exist for such diversified species as dogs, and for general te= rms like=20 =20 =20 cinki (insect), and are provided for all other = animals and plants as a matter of regularity. =20 gismuplace orderrationale = Less can be said about gismu place structure ordering, but some regularitie= s are apparent. The places tend to appear in decreasing order of psychologi= cal saliency or importance. There is an implication within the place struct= ure of=20 klama, for example, that=20 lo klama (the one going) will be talked about m= ore often, and is thus more important, than=20 diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml index 018a76f..8541211 100644 --- a/todocbook/13.xml +++ b/todocbook/13.xml @@ -659,44 +659,41 @@ e, which stand roughly in the= relation to those beginning with=20 a as the pure-emotion indicat= ors beginning with=20 o do to those beginning with= =20 u- they are more complex or d= ifficult:

.e'a

permission

prohibition

- .e'e

competence

incompetence

- .ei

obligation

freedom

.e'i

constraint

independence

resistance to constraint

.e'o

request

negative request

- .e'u

suggestion

no suggestion warning

after sleepexample More examples (after a good = night's sleep): @@ -860,33 +857,33 @@ <quote>random</quote> orientation, which would have unknown biases and= be difficult to learn, and orientation based on our guesses as to which sc= ale orientations made the most frequent usages shorter, which would be bias= ed in favor of American perceptions of=20 <quote>usefulness</quote>. If bias must exist in our indicator set, it= might as well be a known bias that eases learning, and in addition might a= s well favor a harmonious and positive world-view.)</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>CAI selma'o</= primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai= cai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primar= y>naisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><p= rimary>nairu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-import= ed"><primary>cu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imp= orted"><primary>ru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-= imported"><primary>sai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-wor= d-imported"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-= imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>seven-position</se= condary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>emotion= al scale</primary></indexterm> In fact, though, each emotional scale has se= ven positions defined, three=20 =20 <quote>positive</quote> ones (shown below on the left), three=20 <quote>negative</quote> ones (shown below on the right), and a neutral= one indicating that no particular attitude on this scale is felt. The foll= owing chart indicates the seven positions of the scale and the associated c= mavo. All of these cmavo, except=20 <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, are in selma'o CAI.</para> <cmavo-list>  <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>cai</cmavo> - <source-gismu>carmi</source-gismu> + <gismu>carmi</gismu> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>sai</cmavo> - <source-gismu>tsali</source-gismu> + <gismu>tsali</gismu> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ru'e</cmavo> - <source-gismu>ruble</source-gismu> + <gismu>ruble</gismu> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>cu'i</cmavo> - <source-gismu>cumki</source-gismu> + <gismu>cumki</gismu> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <compound>nairu'e</compound> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <compound>naisai</compound> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <compound>naicai</compound> </cmavo-entry> @@ -1000,55 +997,49 @@ <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categ= ories</primary><secondary>rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm typ= e=3D"general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary></indexterm= > <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>emotional categories</prim= ary></indexterm> The Lojban attitudinal system was designed by starting wit= h a long list of English emotion words, far too many to fit into the 39 ava= ilable VV-form cmavo. To keep the number of cmavo limited, the emotion word= s in the list were grouped together by common features: each group was then= assigned a separate cmavo. This was like making tanru in reverse, and the = result is a collection of indicators that can be combined, like tanru, to e= xpress very complex emotions. Some examples in a moment.</para> <para>The most significant=20 <quote>common feature</quote> we identified was that the emotional wor= ds on the list could easily be broken down into six major groups, each of w= hich was assigned its own cmavo:</para> <cmavo-list> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'a</cmavo> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">social</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"cu'i">asocial</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">antisocial</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'e</cmavo> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">mental</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">mindless</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'i</cmavo> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">emotional</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"cu'i">denying</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">emotion</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'o</cmavo> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">physical</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"cu'i">denying</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">physical</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'u</cmavo> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">sexual</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"cu'i">sexual</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">abstinence</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>re'e</cmavo> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"cu'i">secular</attitudinal-scale> <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">sacrilegious</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - </cmavo-list> <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'e</primary= ></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'u</prim= ary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'o</p= rimary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'i= </primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>r= o'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primar= y>ro'a</primary></indexterm> Using these, we were able to assign=20 <jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase> to mark a scale of what we might call=20 =20 <quote>generalized comfort</quote>. When you are comfortable, relaxed,= satisfied, you express comfort with=20 <jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase>, possibly followed by a scale indicator to = indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to tu= rn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.</para> =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>mental discomfort= </primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"ex= ample-imported"><primary>physical distress</primary><secondary>example</sec= ondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>stress</= primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"exam= ple-imported"><primary>embarrassment</primary><secondary>example</secondary= ></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>spiritual disc= omfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type= =3D"example-imported"><primary>sexual discomfort</primary><secondary>exampl= e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>at= titudinal categories</primary><secondary>example of effect</secondary></ind= exterm> For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as= =20 =20 <jbophrase>.o'unairo'a</jbophrase>. Some emotions that we label=20 @@ -1066,120 +1057,109 @@ <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on these six category words, and you can al= so use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus,=20 <quote>I'm trying to concentrate</quote> could be expressed simply as= =20 <jbophrase>ro'e</jbophrase>, and if you are feeling anti-social in som= e non-specific way,=20 =20 <jbophrase>ro'anai</jbophrase> will express it.</para> =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categ= ories</primary><secondary>mnemonic for</secondary></indexterm> There is a m= nemonic device for the six emotion categories, based on moving your arms ab= out. In the following table, your hands begin above your head and move down= your body in sequence.</para> <cmavo-list> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'a</cmavo> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">hands above head</attitudinal-sca= le> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">social</attitudinal-scale> + <description>hands above head</description> + <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">social</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'e</cmavo> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">hands on head</attitudinal-scale> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">intellectual</attitudinal-scale> + <description>hands on head</description> + <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">intellectual</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'i</cmavo> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">hands on heart</attitudinal-scale= > - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">emotional</attitudinal-scale> + <description>hands on heart</description> + <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">emotional</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'o</cmavo> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">hands on belly</attitudinal-scale= > - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">physical</attitudinal-scale> + <description>hands on belly</description> + <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">physical</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ro'u</cmavo> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">hands on groin</attitudinal-scale= > - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">sexual</attitudinal-scale> + <description>hands on groin</description> + <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">sexual</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>re'e</cmavo> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">hands moving around</attitudinal-= scale> - <attitudinal-scale point=3D"nai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale> + <description>hands moving around</description> + <attitudinal-scale point=3D"sai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale> </cmavo-entry> - </cmavo-list> <para>The implicit metaphors=20 <quote>heart</quote> for emotional and=20 <quote>belly</quote> for physical are not really Lojbanic, but they wo= rk fine for English-speakers.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-modifiers"> <title>Attitudinal modifiers The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

ga'i - [galtu] + [galtu]

hauteur

rank

equal rank

meekness

lack of rank

le'o

aggressive

passive

defensive

- - vu'e - [vrude] + [vrude]

virtue (zabna)

sin (mabla= )

- - se'i - [sevzi] + [sevzi]

self-orientation other-orientation

- ri'e - [zifre] + [zifre]

release

restraint

control

fu'i - [frili] + [frili]

with help

easily

without help

with opposition with difficulty

be'u

lack/need

presence/satisfaction satiation

se'a - [sevzi] + [sevzi]

self-sufficiency dependency

self-orientation<= /primary>example attitudinal modifiers It turn= ed out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recogn= ized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on= scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate e= motions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in cont= ext. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, oth= ers go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try t= o use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in=20 and=20 , and see what emoti= onal pictures you can build: =20 ga'inai ga'i condesce= nsionexample deferenceexample inferiorexample The cmavo=20 ga'i expresses the scale used to indicate conde= scension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is=20 @@ -1527,29 +1507,26 @@ The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

pei

attitude question

dai

empathy

- - bu'o

start emotion

continue emotion end emotion

You can ask someone how they are feeling with a normal bridi sen= tence, but you will get a normal bridi answer in response, one which may be= true or false. Since the response to a question about emotions is no more = logical than the emotion itself, this isn't appropriate. pei= attitudinal que= stions The word=20 pei is therefore reserved for attitude question= s. Asked by itself, it captures all of the denotation of English=20 How are you? coupled with=20 How do you feel? (which has a slightly different range = of usage). attitudinal answe= rsplausibility When asked in t= he context of discourse,=20 pei acts like other Lojban question words =E2= =80=93 it requests the respondent to=20 fill in the blank, in this case with an appropriate att= itudinal describing the respondent's feeling about the referent expression.= As with other questions, plausibility is polite; if you answer with an irr= elevant UI cmavo, such as a discursive, you are probably making fun of the = questioner. (A=20 =20 @@ -1737,83 +1714,75 @@ which is a straightforward bridi claim.=20 states that you have (or ha= ve had) certain emotions;=20 expresses those emotions di= rectly.

Evidentials The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

ja'o - [jalge] + [jalge]

I conclude

ca'e

I define

- ba'a - [balvi] + [balvi]

I expect

I experience

I remember

- su'a - [sucta] + [sucta]

I generalize

I particularize

ti'e - [tirna] + [tirna]

I hear (hearsay)

- - ka'u - [kulnu] + [kulnu]

I know by cultural means

se'o - [senva] + [senva]

I know by internal experience

za'a - [zgana] + [zgana]

I observe

- pe'i - [pensi] + [pensi]

I opine

- ru'a - [sruma] + [sruma]

I postulate

- ju'a - [jufra] + [jufra]

I state

evidentialsinspiration for evidentialsdefinition L=C3=A1ad= an evidentials = American Indian languages and evidentials <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">ElginSuze= tte Haden and evidentials Now we proceed from the a= ttitudinal indicators and their relatives to the other, semantically unrela= ted, categories of indicators. The indicators known as=20 =20 evidentials show how the speaker came to say the uttera= nce; i.e. the source of the information or the idea. Lojban's list of evide= ntials was derived from lists describing several American Indian languages.= Evidentials are also essential to the constructed language L=C3=A1adan, de= signed by the linguist and novelist Suzette Haden Elgin. L=C3=A1adan's set = of indicators was drawn on extensively in developing the Lojban indicator s= ystem. evidentialsin English It is important to realiz= e, however, that evidentials are not some odd system used by some strange p= eople who live at the other end of nowhere: although their English equivale= nts aren't single words, English-speakers have vivid notions of what consti= tutes evidence, and of the different kinds of evidence. =20 =20 evidentialsscales evidentialsgrammar Like the attitudinal indicators, the evidentials belong to selma'o U= I, and may be treated identically for grammatical purposes. Most of them ar= e not usually considered scalar in nature, but a few have associated scales= . =20 =20 @@ -2002,49 +1971,42 @@ in conclusion, and=20 for example. discursivesas metalinguistic claims attitudinalscontra= sted with discursives discursivescontrasted with attitudin= als Discursives are not attitudinals: they express = no particular emotion. Rather, they are abbreviations for metalinguistic cl= aims that reference the sentence or text they are found in. discursivesplacement in sentence Discursives ar= e most often used at the beginning of sentences, often attached to the=20 .i that separates sentences in running discours= e, but can (like all other indicators) be attached to single words when it = seems necessary or useful. discursives for c= onsecutive discourse The discursives discussed in thi= s section are given in groups, roughly organized by function. First, the=20 consecutive discourse group:

ku'i - [karbi] + [karbi]

however/but/in contrast

- ji'a - [jmina] + [jmina]

additionally

- si'a - [simsa] + [simsa]

similarly

- mi'u - [mintu] + [mintu]

ditto

- - - po'o

the only relevant case

go'i po'o mi'u si'a= j= i'a ku'i tooexample butexample<= /indexterm> ditto<= secondary>example go'icontrasted with mi'u mi'ucontrasted with go'i discursives for consecutive discoursecontrasted These five discursives are mutuall= y exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The f= irst four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,=20 ku'i, makes an exception to the previous argume= nt. The second,=20 =20 ji'a, adds weight to the previous argument. The= third,=20 =20 si'a, adds quantity to the previous argument, e= numerating an additional example. The fourth,=20 =20 mi'u, adds a parallel case to the previous argu= ment, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is = being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from=20 =20 @@ -2102,27 +2064,27 @@ hit noseexample hit cousinexample po'oplacement in sentence Note that=20 only can go before or after what it modifies in English= , but=20 po'o, as an indicator, always comes afterward.<= /para> =20 Next, the=20 commentary on words group:

va'i - [valsi] + [valsi]

in other words in the same words

ta'u - [tanru] + [tanru]

expanding a tanru making a tanru

=20

ta'u va'i discursives= expressing how things are said= discursivesword-level The discursives=20 va'i and=20 ta'u operate at the level of words, rather than= discourse proper, or if you like, they deal with how things are said. An a= lternative English expression for=20 =20 va'i is=20 @@ -2138,79 +2100,79 @@ =20 ta'u marks the transition from the use of a bri= ef but possibly confusing tanru to its fuller, clearer expansion; the discu= rsive=20 =20 ta'unai marks a transition in the reverse direc= tion. =20 Next, the=20 commentary on discourse group:

li'a - [klina] + [klina] clearly + obviously

obscurely

=20 - obviously ba'u - [banli] + [banli]

exaggeration

accuracy

understatement

=20 zo'o

humorously

dully

seriously

=20 sa'e - [satci] + [satci]

precisely speaking loosely speaking

=20 to'u - [tordu] + [tordu]

in brief

in detail

=20 do'a - [dunda] + [dunda]

generously

parsimoniously

=20 sa'u - [sampu] + [sampu]

simply

elaborating

=20 pa'e - [pajni] + [pajni]

justice

prejudice

=20 je'u - [jetnu] + [jetnu]

truly

falsely

zo'o ge'u pa'e sa'u= d= o'a to'u sa'e <= primary>zo'o ba'u li'a discoursegesture markers discourse<= secondary>tone of voice markers discoursecommentary on discurs= ivesdiscourse commentary This = group is used by the speaker to characterize the nature of the discourse, s= o as to prevent misunderstanding. It is well-known that listeners often fai= l to recognize a humorous statement and take it seriously, or miss an exagg= eration, or try to read more into a statement than the speaker intends to p= ut there. In speech, the tone of voice often provides the necessary cue, bu= t the reader of ironic or understated or imprecise discourse is often simpl= y clueless. As with the attitudinals, the use of these cmavo may seem fussy= to new Lojbanists, but it is important to remember that=20 =20 zo'o, for example, is the equivalent of smiling= while you speak, not the equivalent of a flat declaration like=20 =20 What I'm about to say is supposed to be funny. sa'enai A few additional English equivalents: for=20 @@ -2251,86 +2213,79 @@ .ianai (disbelief). =20 su'a When used as a discursive,=20 su'a (see=20 ) belongs to this group. Next, the=20 knowledge group:

ju'o - [djuno] + [djuno]

certainly

uncertain

certainly not

- la'a - [lakne] + [lakne]

probably

improbably

la'a ju'o knowledge d= iscursivescompared with propositional attitudes propositio= nal attitudescompared with knowledge discursives speaker's= state of knowledge discursivesknowledge knowledge discursives These two discursives describe the speaker's state of = knowledge about the claim of the associated bridi. They are similar to the = propositional attitudes of=20 =20 =20 , as they create a h= ypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and labe= l our bridi with=20 =20 =20 ju'o; but it may be false all the same. =20 Next, the=20 discourse management group:

ta'o - [tanjo] + [tanjo]

by the way

returning to point

- ra'u - [ralju] + [ralju]

chiefly

equally

incidentally

- mu'a - [mupli] + [mupli]

for example

omitting ex.

end examples

zu'u

on the one hand on the other hand

- ke'u - [krefu] + [krefu]

repeating

continuing

- da'i

supposing

in fact

da'i ke'u zu'u mu'a= r= a'u ta'o flow of discoursemanaging with discursives discursives fo= r managing discourse flow discursivesdiscourse management This final group is used to perform what may be calle= d=20 managing the discourse: providing reference points to h= elp the listener understand the flow from one sentence to the next. ta'onao Other English equivalents of=20 ta'onai are=20 anyway,=20 anyhow,=20 in any case,=20 in any event,=20 as I was saying, and=20 @@ -2423,59 +2378,51 @@ metalinguistic confusion na'i

metalinguistic negator

jo'a

metalinguistic affirmer

- li'o

omitted text (quoted material)

- sa'a

material inserted by editor/narra= tor

- xu

true-false question

pau

question premarker rhetorical question

- - pe'a

figurative language literal language

- bi'u

new information old information

- ge'e

non-specific indicator

- ki'a huh?= example confusion about what was said confusionmetali= nguistic The cmavo=20 ki'a is one of the most common of the miscellan= eous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion abou= t what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (wh= ich is=20 .uanai). The confusion may be about the meaning= of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti.= One of the uses of English=20 which corresponds to=20 ki'a: <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e13d1"/> @@ -2503,21 +2450,21 @@ =20 jo'anai means the same as=20 na'i, but is too long to serve as a convenient = metalinguistic negator. =20 li'o partial quotat= ion fr= agmentary text The next two cmavo are used to assist = in quoting texts written or spoken by others. It is often the case that we = wish to quote only part of a text, or to supply additional material either = by way of commentary or to make a fragmentary text grammatical. The cmavo= =20 =20 li'o serves the former function. It indicates t= hat words were omitted from the quotation. What remains of the quotation mu= st be grammatical, however, as=20 =20 li'o does not serve any grammatical function. I= t cannot, for example, take the place of a missing selbri in a bridi, or su= pply the missing tail of a description sumti:=20 =20 - le li'o in isolation is not grammatical. + le li'o in isolation is not gra= mmatical. =20 to'i sei sa'a sa'ainteraction with to'i sa'ainteraction with= sei sa'ainteraction with li'o editorial insertionwith "sa'a The cmavo=20 sa'a indicates in a quotation that the marked w= ord or construct was not actually expressed, but is inserted for editorial,= narrative, or grammatical purposes. Strictly, even a=20 =20 li'o should appear in the form=20 =20 li'osa'a, since the=20 li'o was not part of the original quotation. In= practice, this and other forms which are already associated with metalingu= istic expressions, such as=20 =20 sei (of selma'o SEI) or=20 @@ -2618,22 +2565,20 @@ ge'e is to explicitly avoid expressing one's fe= eling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o = CAI:=20 =20 .iige'e means roughly=20 I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not. kau= indirect questi= on FIXME: TAG SPOT

kau

indirect question

- -

This cmavo is explained in detail in=20 . I= t marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c13e13d3"/>

mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci @@ -2666,21 +2611,21 @@ mi'e (explained below) implicitly defines the m= eaning of the pro-sumti=20 do, as the whole point of vocatives is to speci= fy the listener, or at any rate the desired listener =E2=80=93 even if the = desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms=20 speaker and=20 listener for clarity, although in written Lojban the ap= propriate terms would be=20 writer and=20 reader.

vocativesnotation convention symbol "X" In the following list of vocatives, the translations include the symbol = X. This represents the name (or identifying description, or whatever) of th= e listener. DOI selma'o doi= doieffect on pause before name pause before nameeffect of doi The cmavo=20 doi is the general-purpose vocative. Unlike the= cmavo of selma'o COI, explained below,=20 doi can precede a name directly without an inte= rvening pause. It is not considered a scale, and=20 - doinai is not grammatical. In general,=20 + doinai is not grammatical. In g= eneral,=20 doi needs no translation in English (we just us= e names by themselves without any preceding word, although in poetic styles= we sometimes say=20 Oh X, which is equivalent to=20 doi). One may attach an attitudinal to=20 doi to express various English vocatives. For e= xample,=20 doi .io means=20 Sir/Madam!, whereas=20 doi .ionai means=20 =20 You there!. COI selma'oeffect on pause before name pause before nameeffect of vocatives of COI All members of selma'o= COI require a pause when used immediately before a name, in order to preve= nt the name from absorbing the COI word. This is unlike selma'o DOI and LA,= which do not require pauses because the syllables of these cmavo are not p= ermitted to be embedded in a Lojban name. When calling out to someone, this= is fairly natural, anyway.=20 @@ -2690,251 +2635,219 @@ Hey John!. No pause is needed if the vocative reference= is something other than a name, as in the title of the Lojban journal,=20 ju'i lobypli. =20 (Alternatively,=20 doi can be inserted between the COI cmavo and t= he name, making a pause unnecessary:=20 coi doi djan.)

coi greetings - =20 coi<= /indexterm>=20 Hello, X;=20 Greetings, X; indicates a greeting to the listene= r.

co'o partings - =20 co'o= =20 Good-bye, X; indicates parting from immediate com= pany by either the speaker or the listener.=20 coico'o means=20 greeting in passing.

ju'i - [jundi] + [jundi]

attention

at ease

ignore me/us - =20 ju'i= =20 Attention/Lo/Hark/Behold/Hey!/Listen, X; indicate= s an important communication that the listener should listen to.

nu'e - [nupre] + [nupre]

promise

release promise non-promise - =20 nu'e= =20 I promise, X; indicates a promise to the listener= . In some contexts,=20 nu'e may be prefixed to an oath or other = formal declaration.

- =20 ta'a - [tavla] + [tavla] interruption - =20 ta'e= =20 I interrupt, X,=20 I desire the floor, X; a vocative expression to (= possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. = This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude inte= rruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate r= esponse to an interruption might be=20 re'i (or=20 - =20 re'inai to ignore the interruption).

pe'u - [cpedu] + [cpedu] request - =20 pe'u= e'ocontrasted with pe'u pe'ucontrasted with e'o=20 Please, X; indicates a request to the listener. I= t is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of=20 .e'o with a specific recipient being addr= essed. On the other hand,=20 - =20 .e'o may be used when there is no specifi= c listener, but merely a=20 - =20 sense of petition floating in the air, as it were= .

ki'e - [ckire] + [ckire]

appreciation

gratitude

disappreciation ingratitude - =20 fi'i= je'e ki'e thank you= example politenessyou're welcome politene= ssthank you and you're welcome= =20 Thank you, X; indicates appreciation or gratitude= toward the listener. The usual response is=20 je'e, but=20 - =20 fi'i is appropriate on rare occasions: se= e the explanation of=20 - =20 fi'i.

- =20 fi'i - [friti] + [friti]

welcome

offering

unwelcome

inhospitality - =20 fi'i= hospitalityexample you're welcomeje'e contrasted wit= h fi'i you're welcomefi'i contrasted with je'e= =20 At your service, X;=20 Make yourself at home, X; offers hospitality (pos= sibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note tha= t=20 - =20 fi'i is=20 - =20 not the equivalent of American English=20 You're welcome as a mechanical response to=20 Thank you; that is=20 je'e, as noted below. - =20 be'e - [benji] + [benji]

request to send - =20 be'e= telephone conve= rsationhello=20 Request to send to X; indicates that the speaker = wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is list= ening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conv= ersant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is=20 - =20 Hello? Can I speak to X?.

re'i - [bredi] + [bredi]

ready to receive not ready - =20 re'i= =20 Ready to receive, X; indicates that the speaker i= s attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used in= stead of=20 mi'e to respond when called to the teleph= one. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing = to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated= =20 Hold on! or=20 Just a minute.

mu'o - [mulno] + [mulno]

completion of utterance more to follow - =20 mu'o= =20 Over, X; indicates that the speaker has completed= the current utterance and is ready to hear a response from the listener. T= he negative form signals that the pause or non-linguistic sound which follo= ws does not represent the end of the current utterance: more colloquially,= =20 I'm not done talking!

je'e - [jimpe] + [jimpe]

successful receipt unsuccessful receipt - =20 je'e= roger= example politenessyou're welcome=20 Roger, X!,=20 I understand; acknowledges the successful receipt= of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure = to receive correctly, and is usually followed by=20 ke'o. The colloquial English equivalents = of=20 - =20 je'e and=20 - =20 je'enai are the grunt typically written= =20 uh-huh and=20 What?/Excuse me?.=20 je'e is also used to mean=20 - =20 You're welcome when that is a response to=20 Thank you.

vi'o

will comply

will not comply - =20 vi'o= vi'o<= secondary>contrasted with je'e je'econtrasted with vi'o=20 Wilco, X,=20 I understand and will comply. Similar to=20 je'e but signals an intention (similar to= =20 - =20 .ai) to comply with th= e other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying=20 OK in Lojban, in the usual sense of=20 Agreed!, although=20 .ie carries some of th= e same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received b= ut that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is=20 No way!.

ke'o - [krefu] + [krefu]

please repeat

no repeat needed - =20 ke'o= ki'a<= secondary>compared to ke'o ke'ocompared to ki'a=20 What did you say, X?; a request for repetition or= clarification due to unsuccessful receipt or understanding. This is the vo= cative equivalent of=20 ki'a, and is related to=20 je'enai. The negative form may be rendere= d=20 Okay, already; I get the point!

fe'o - [fanmo] + [fanmo]

end of communication not done - =20 fe'o= =20 Over and out, X; indicates completion of statemen= t(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to termin= ate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already = been identified (as in memos). The negative form means=20 Wait, hold it, we're not done! and differs from= =20 mu'onai in that it means more exchanges a= re to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.

fa'o<= secondary>contrasted with fe'o fe'ocontrasted with fa'o Do not confuse=20 fe'o with=20 fa'o (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, ex= tra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say=20 - =20 fe'o to one participant of a multi-way conver= sation and then go on speaking to the others.

mi'e - [cmavo: mi] + [cmavo: mi]

self-identification non-identification - =20 mi'e= meexplicitly specifying mi'econtrasted with other me= mbers of COI = introduce oneself=20 And I am X; a generalized self-vocative. Although= grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI,=20 mi'e is quite different semantically. In = particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or = description) follows=20 mi'e is taken to be the speaker. Therefor= e, using=20 mi'e specifies the meaning of the pro-sum= ti=20 mi. It can be used to introduce oneself, = to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.

diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml index a9b708a..43ee029 100644 --- a/todocbook/14.xml +++ b/todocbook/14.xml @@ -881,21 +881,21 @@ The English translation feebly indicates with a comma what the L= ojban marks far more clearly: the=20 I like Martha and=20 I like Mary sentences are joined by=20 .ija first, before the result is joined to=20 I like John by=20 .ije. =20 Eks can have=20 bo attached in exactly the same way, so that=20 - is equivalent in meaning to= Example 8.1: + is equivalent in meaning to= : <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e8d2"/>

mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris.

bo and forethough= t connectives <= primary>forethought connectives and bo Forethought co= nnectives, however, never can be suffixed with=20 bo, for every use of forethought connectives cl= early indicates the intended pattern of grouping. @@ -2089,21 +2089,21 @@ brothersexample possibly adding a discursive el= ement meaning=20 and vice versa. However,=20 James and George are brothers cannot be correctly trans= lated as: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d9"/>

- la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna + la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna James and George is-a-brother.

since that expands to two bridi and means that James is a brothe= r and so is George, but not necessarily of each other. If the=20 .e is changed to=20 jo'u, however, the meaning of=20 =20 is preserved: @@ -2391,21 +2391,21 @@ <example xml:id=3D"example-random-id-qgsp" role=3D"interlinear-gloss-e= xample"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e15d13"/>

joi Mixed-mass-and. Both as a mass (i.e, mixed together).

- ughexample coffee mixed with teaexample Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisairo'o.) + ughexample coffee mixed with teaexample Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisairo'o.)

Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</ti= tle> =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary= ></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</prim= ary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</p= rimary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI= selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><prima= ry>intervals</primary><secondary>expressed as endpoints</secondary></indext= erm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives= </primary><secondary>intervals</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the n= on-logical connectives of selma'o JOI explained in=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-non-logical-connectives"/> and=20 <xref linkend=3D"section-non-logical-continued"/>, there are three oth= er connectives which can appear in joiks:=20 <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase>,=20 <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase>, and=20 <jbophrase>mi'i</jbophrase>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo = are used to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. T= he cmavo=20 diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml index 3ec20a9..1eeaa47 100644 --- a/todocbook/16.xml +++ b/todocbook/16.xml @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ <chapter xml:id=3D"chapter-quantifiers"> <title> <quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</t= itle> <section xml:id=3D"section-introduction"> <title>What's wrong with this picture? - nobody<= secondary>interpretation of The following brief dia= logue is from Chapter 7 of=20 - Through The Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll. + nobody<= secondary>interpretation of The following brief dia= logue is from Chapter 7 of=20 + Through The Looking Glass by L= ewis Carroll. + <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e1d1"/> Who did you pass on the road? the King went on, holdi= ng out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay. <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e1d2"/> @@ -778,21 +779,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d1"/> Anyone who goes to the store, walks across the field. Using the facilities already discussed, a plausible translation = might be <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d2"/>

- ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi + ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi All X such-that-it goes-to the store walks-on the field. Everyone who goes to the store walks across the field.

everyonecontrasted with anyone in assumption of existence anyone<= secondary>contrasted with everyone in assumption of existence anyas a restricted universal claim But there is= a subtle difference between=20 and=20 .=20 tells us that, in fact, the= re are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the field. A s= umti of the type=20 ro da poi klama requires that there are things = which=20 klama: Lojban universal claims always imply the= corresponding existential claims as well.=20 @@ -825,21 +826,21 @@ =20 =20 any box= need any box=20 does not at all mean that I= need every box bigger than this one, for indeed I do not; I require only o= ne box. But the naive translation <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d5"/>

- mi nitcu da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti + mi nitcu da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti I need some-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one

does not work either, because it asserts that there really is su= ch a box, as the prenex paraphrase demonstrates: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d6"/>

da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu da diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml index 76b4413..09adbb2 100644 --- a/todocbook/18.xml +++ b/todocbook/18.xml @@ -3124,21 +3124,21 @@ ni'enu'a, which transforms the operator into a = matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.

=20 te'u ma'o operatorconverting from operand operandconvertin= g into operator conversion of operand into operator To ch= ange an operand into an operator, we use the cmavo=20 ma'o, already introduced as a means of changing= a lerfu string such as=20 fy. into an operator. In fact,=20 ma'o can be followed by any mekso operand, usin= g the elidable terminator=20 te'u if necessary. ma'opotential ambiguity caveat There is a poten= tial semantic ambiguity in=20 ma'o fy. [te'u] if=20 fy. is already in use as a variable: it comes t= o mean=20 - the function whose value is always =E2=80=98f'. However= , mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings as bot= h functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice. + the function whose value is always f. Ho= wever, mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings a= s both functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice.<= /para>

Four score and seven: a mekso problem =20 Four score and se= venexample Gettysburg Addressexample<= /secondary> meks= oand literary translation Abra= ham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begins with the words=20 =20 =20 Four score and seven years ago. This section exhibits s= everal different ways of saying the number=20 =20 four score and seven. (A=20 diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml index 7a6f2ef..1d560dd 100644 --- a/todocbook/19.xml +++ b/todocbook/19.xml @@ -156,21 +156,26 @@ mi klama le zarci I went to the market topic-commentdescription In Chinese, the normal= sentence form is different: a topic is stated, and a comment about it is m= ade. (Japanese also has the concept of a topic, but indicates it by attachi= ng a suffix; other languages also distinguish topics in various ways.) The = topic says what the sentence is about: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e4d2"/>

- zhe + + zhe4 xiao1= xi2 wo3 zhi1dao le + +

which is vague in exactly the same way. Grammatically, it is possible to have more than one sumti before= =20 zo'u. This is not normally useful in topic-comm= ent sentences, but is necessary in the other use of=20 =20 =20 zo'u: to separate a quantifying section from a = bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion o= f quantifier logic in Lojban (see=20 ), but an e= xample would be: @@ -731,37 +739,36 @@ <jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase>, and=20 <jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase>.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>subscripts</prima= ry><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on lerfu word= s are used in the standard mathematical way to extend the number of variabl= es:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-wez6"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e6d9"/>

li xy.boixipa du li xy.boixire su'i xy.boixici The-number x-sub-1 equals the-number x-sub-2 plus x-sub-3 - =20 - x +

x 1 =3D x 2 + x<=
subscript>3

and can be used to extend the number of pro-sumti as well, since= lerfu strings outside mathematical contexts are grammatically and semantic= ally equivalent to pro-sumti of the ko'a-series. (In=20 , note the required terminat= or=20 boi after each=20 xy. cmavo; this terminator allows the subscript= to be attached without ambiguity.) subscriptsand names Names, which are similar to= pro-sumti, can also be subscripted to distinguish two individuals with the= same name: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e6d10"/>

la djan. xipa cusku lu mi'enai do li'u la djan. xire =20 - John1 expresses ``I-am-not you'' to = John2. + John1 expresses I-am-not you<= /quote> to John2.

subscriptsand tense Subscripts on tenses allow = talking about more than one time or place that is described by the same gen= eral cmavo. For example,=20 puxipa could refer to one point in the past, an= d=20 puxire a second point (earlier or later). subscriptsand fuzzy truths You can place a subs= cript on the word=20 ja'a, the bridi affirmative of selma'o NA, to e= xpress so-called fuzzy truths. The usual machinery for fuzzy logic (stateme= nts whose truth value is not merely=20 true or=20 false, but is expressed by a number in the range 0 to 1= ) in Lojban is the abstractor=20 jei: @@ -1060,21 +1067,21 @@ In=20 ,=20 ri is a pro-sumti which refers to the most rece= nt previous sumti, namely=20 le ninmu. Compare: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e9d5"/>

la tcarlis. cusku lo'u le ninmu cu morsi le'u .iku'i ri jmive= - Charlie says [quote] le ninmu cu morsi [unquote]. However, = the-last-mentioned is-alive. + Charlie says [quote] le ninmu cu morsi [unquote]. However, the-last-mentioned is-alive. Charlie says le ninmu cu morsi, but he = is alive.

In=20 ,=20 ri cannot refer to the referent of the alleged = sumti=20 le ninmu, because=20 le ninmu cu morsi is a mere uninterpreted seque= nce of Lojban words. Instead,=20 =20 ri ends up referring to the referent of the sum= ti=20 @@ -1229,44 +1236,44 @@ zo .bab. is the word, whereas=20 la bab. is the thing named by the word. The cma= vo=20 la'e and=20 lu'e (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth b= etween references and their referents: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e10d7"/>

zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab. - The-word=20 + The-word=20 Bob is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word=20 - Bob. + Bob.

lu'e la bab. cmene la bab. A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.

through=20 all mean approximately th= e same thing, except for differences in emphasis.=20 is different: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e10d9"/>

- la bab. cmene la bab. + la bab. cmene la bab. Bob is the name of Bob.

and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlik= ely situation. People are not names. (In=20 through=20 , the name=20 bab. was separated from a preceding=20 zo by a pause, thus:=20 zo .bab.. The reason for this extra pause is th= at all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word othe= r than=20 @@ -1345,38 +1352,38 @@ In Lojban, the cmavo=20 ba'e (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word w= hich is to be emphasized: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e11d4"/>

mi viska la ba'e .djordj. I saw the-one-named [emphasis]=20 George. - I saw + I saw George.

Note the pause before the name=20 djordj., which serves to separate it unambiguou= sly from the=20 ba'e. Alternatively, the=20 ba'e can be moved to a position before the=20 la, which in effect emphasizes the whole constr= uct=20 la djordj.: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e11d5"/>

mi viska ba'e la djordj. I saw [emphasis] the-one-named=20 George. - I saw + I saw George.

Marking a word with a cmavo of BAhE does not change the word's g= rammar in any way. Any word in a bridi can receive contrastive emphasis mar= king: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e11d6"/>

ba'e mi viska la djordj. @@ -1394,21 +1401,21 @@

Emphasis on one of the structural components of a Lojban bridi c= an also be achieved by rearranging it into an order that is not the speaker= 's or writer's usual order. Any sumti moved out of place, or the selbri whe= n moved out of place, is emphatic to some degree. For completeness, the cmavo=20 za'e should be mentioned, also of selma'o BAhE.= It marks a word as possibly irregular, non-standard, or nonce (created for= the occasion): =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e11d8"/>

- mi klama la za'e. .albeinias + mi klama la za'e .albeinias. =20 I go-to so-called Albania =20

marks a Lojbanization of an English name, where a more appropria= te standard form might be something like=20 =20 la ckiipyris., reflecting the country's name in= Albanian. unabridged dictio= nary Before a lujvo or fu'ivla,=20 za'e indicates that the word has been made up o= n the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged d= ictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!). @@ -1540,22 +1547,22 @@ =20 he said in a conversation is metalinguistic. For this p= urpose, quotations are considered to be at a lower metalinguistic level tha= n the surrounding context (a quoted text cannot refer to the statements of = the one who quotes it), whereas parenthetical remarks are considered to be = at a higher level than the context. Lojban works differently from English in that the=20 he said can be marked instead of the quotation. In Lojb= an, you can say: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e12d6"/>

la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u - John expresses=20 - I go to-the store. + John expresses=20 + I go to-the store.

said Johnexample which literally claims that Jo= hn uttered the quoted text. If the central claim is that John made the utte= rance, as is likely in conversation, this style is the most sensible. Howev= er, in written text which quotes a conversation, you don't want the=20 he said or=20 she said to be considered part of the conversation. If = unmarked, it could mess up the anaphora counting. Instead, you can use: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e12d7"/> @@ -1648,65 +1655,65 @@ erasure= zo In order to erase the word=20 zo, it is necessary to use three=20 si cmavo in a row: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d3"/>

zo .bab. se cmene zo si si si la bab. - The-word=20 + The-word=20 Bob is-the-name-of the word=20 - si, er, er, Bob. + si, er, er, Bob.

The first use of=20 si does not erase anything, but completes the= =20 zo quotation. Two more=20 si cmavo are then necessary to erase the first= =20 si and the=20 zo. Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with=20 si: erasure= names FIXME: TAG SPOT <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d4"/>

mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton. - I talk in-language that-named=20 + I talk in-language that-named=20 and - speranto, er, er, Esperanto. + speranto, er, er, Esperanto.

The Lojbanized spelling=20 - .esperanto breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban mo= rphology rules (see=20 + .esperanto breaks up, as a conse= quence of the Lojban morphology rules (see=20 ) into two Lojban words, the cma= vo=20 .e and the undefined fu'ivla=20 - speranto. Therefore, two=20 + speranto. Therefore, two=20 si cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course,= =20 .e speranto is not grammatical after=20 la, but recognition of=20 si is done before grammatical analysis. erasure= quotes Even more messy is the result of = an incorrect=20 zoi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d5"/>

mi cusku zoi fy. gy. .fy. si si si si zo .djan - I express [foreign] [quote]=20 + I express [foreign] [quote]=20 gy [unquote], er, er, er, er,=20 - John. + John.

In=20 , the first=20 fy is taken to be the delimiting word. The next= word must be different from the delimiting word, and=20 gy., the Lojban name for the letter=20 g, was chosen arbitrarily. Th= en the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of=20 si erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to = be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more=20 =20 si cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. S= imilarly, a stray=20 @@ -1719,47 +1726,46 @@ zo or=20 zoi in it, without its expected sequels, and wh= ich is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by=20 zo, it turns out to be necessary to erase the= =20 zo as well: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d6"/>

mi se cmene zo .djan. si si zo .djordj. - I am-named-by the-word=20 + I am-named-by the-word=20 John, er, er, the-word=20 - George. + George.

The parser will reject=20 - zo .djan. si .djordj., because in that context= =20 + zo .djan. si .djordj., because = in that context=20 djordj. is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather tha= n a quoted word. Note: The current machine parser does not implement=20 si erasure. =20 SA selma'o sa erasure= multiple word precise erasures starting marker As the above examples plainly show, precise erasures with=20 =20 si can be extremely hard to get right. Therefor= e, the cmavo=20 sa (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more= than one word. The cmavo following=20 sa should be the starting marker of some gramma= tical construct. The effect of the=20 =20 sa is to erase back to and including the last s= tarting marker of the same kind. For example: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d7"/>

mi viska le sa .i mi cusku zo .djan. - I see the ... I say the-word=20 - John. + I see the ... I say the-word John.

Since the word following=20 sa is=20 .i, the sentence separator, its effect is to er= ase the preceding sentence. So=20 =20 is equivalent to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d8"/> @@ -1768,21 +1774,21 @@ <jbo>mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para>Another example, erasing a partial description rather than a par= tial sentence:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-SszI"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d9"/>

mi viska le blanu zdan. sa le xekri zdani - I see the blue hou ... the black house. + I see the blue hou ... the black house.

In=20 ,=20 le blanu zdan. is ungrammatical, but clearly re= flects the speaker's original intention to say=20 le blanu zdani. However, the=20 zdani was cut off before the end and changed in= to a name. The entire ungrammatical=20 le construct is erased and replaced by=20 le xekri zdani. Note: The current machine parser does not implement=20 @@ -1850,114 +1856,126 @@ lo'u ... le'u. In particular, it is not used at= the end of subordinate texts quoted with=20 lu ... li'u or parenthesized with=20 to ... toi.

List of cmavo interactions The following list gives the cmavo and selma'o that are recogniz= ed by the earliest stages of the parser, and specifies exactly which of the= m interact with which others. All of the cmavo are at least mentioned in th= is chapter. The cmavo are written in lower case, and the selma'o in UPPER C= ASE. - zo quotes the following word, no matter wha= t it is. + zo quotes the following word, no matter w= hat it is. + si erases the preceding word unless it is= a=20 - zo. + zo. + sa erases the preceding word and other wo= rds, unless the preceding word is a=20 - zo. + zo. + su is the same as=20 - sa, but erases more words. + sa, but erases more words. + lo'u quotes all following words up to a= =20 le'u (but not a=20 - zo le'u). + zo le'u). + - le'u is ungrammatical except at the end of = a =E2=80=9Clo'u quotation. + le'u is ungrammatical except at the end o= f a =E2=80=9Clo'u quotation. + ZOI cmavo use the following word as a delimiting word, no ma= tter what it is, but using=20 - le'u may create difficulties. + le'u may create difficulties. + zei combines the preceding and the follow= ing word into a lujvo, but does not affect=20 zo,=20 si,=20 sa,=20 su,=20 lo'u, ZOI cmavo,=20 fa'o, and=20 =20 - zei. + zei. + BAhE cmavo mark the following word, unless it is=20 si,=20 sa, or=20 su, or unless it is preceded by=20 - zo. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succ= ession. + zo. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succ= ession. + bu makes the preceding word into a lerfu = word, except for=20 zo,=20 si,=20 sa,=20 su,=20 lo'u, ZOI cmavo,=20 fa'o,=20 =20 zei, BAhE cmavo, and=20 bu. Multiple=20 - bu cmavo may be used in succession. + bu cmavo may be used in succession. + UI and CAI cmavo mark the previous word, except for=20 zo,=20 si,=20 sa,=20 su,=20 lo'u, ZOI,=20 fa'o,=20 =20 zei, BAhE cmavo, and=20 bu. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succes= sion. A following=20 - nai is made part of the UI. + nai is made part of the UI. + .y.,=20 da'o,=20 =20 fu'e, and=20 =20 fu'o are the same as UI, but do not absor= b a following=20 =20 - nai. + nai. +

List of Elidable Terminators The following list shows all the elidable terminators of Lojban.= The first column is the terminator, the second column is the selma'o that = starts the corresponding construction, and the third column states what kin= ds of grammatical constructs are terminated. Each terminator is the only cm= avo of its selma'o, which naturally has the same name as the cmavo. - =20 +

be'o BE sumti attached to a tanru unit

boi PA/BY number or lerfu string diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml index 73d8192..ce3ffec 100644 --- a/todocbook/20.xml +++ b/todocbook/20.xml @@ -241,21 +241,21 @@ selma'o DOI () =20 The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without= =20 . No pause is required between =E2=80=9Cdoi=E2= =80=9D and a following name. See=20 . doi frank. mi tavla do O Frank, I speak-to you. - Frank, I=E2=80=99m talking to you. + Frank, I'm talking to you. selma'o DOhU () =20 Elidable terminator for=20 or=20 . Signals the end of a vocative. coi do'u @@ -437,21 +437,21 @@ John (referred to as it-1) is blue. selma'o GOhA () =20 A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of briv= la. There are several groups of these. A: mi klama le zarci B: mi go'i - A: I=E2=80=99m going to the market. + A: I'm going to the market. B: Me, too. selma'o GUhA () =20 Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. = Takes the place of=20 when forming logically-connected tanru. See=20 . @@ -757,31 +757,31 @@ selma'o ME (=20 ,=20 ) =20 Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the t= hings referenced by the sumti. Terminated by=20 . ta me la ford. karce That is-a-Ford-type car - That=E2=80=99s a Ford car. + That's a Ford car. selma'o MEhU () =20 The elidable terminator for=20 . Indicates the end of a sumti converted to a ta= nru unit. ta me mi me'u zdani - That=E2=80=99s a me type of house. + That's a me type of house. selma'o MOI (=20 ,=20 ) =20 Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various n= umerically-based selbri. la djan. joi la frank. cu bruna remei @@ -977,25 +977,25 @@ selma'o RAhO () =20 The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicit= ly attached to a pro-bridi (see=20 ) to fit the current context rather than the o= riginal context. A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i A: I [future] wash my car. - B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A=E2=80=99s car). + B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A's car). A: mi ba lumci le mi karce B: mi go'i ra'o A: I [future] wash my car. - B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B=E2=80=99s car). + B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B's car). selma'o ROI () =20 When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once= , twice, many times). mi reroi klama le zarci I twice go-to the market. @@ -1140,21 +1140,21 @@ selma'o TUhU () =20 Elidable terminator for=20 . Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.<= /para> selma'o UI () =20 - Particles which indicate the speaker=E2=80=99s emotional state o= r source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse. + Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source= of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse. .ui la djan. klama [Happiness!] John is-coming. Hurrah! John is coming! selma'o VA () =20 A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither). @@ -1262,21 +1262,21 @@ O, uh, uh, John! selma'o ZAhO () =20 A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginn= ing, ending, continuing). mi pu'o damba I [inchoative] fight. - I=E2=80=99m on the verge of fighting. + I'm on the verge of fighting. selma'o ZEI () =20 A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands b= etween into the equivalent of a lujvo. ta xy. zei kantu kacma That is-an-(X =E2=80=93 ray) camera. That is an X-ray camera. diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml index e274759..0b58101 100644 --- a/todocbook/21.xml +++ b/todocbook/21.xml @@ -2,78 +2,78 @@ Formal Grammars

YACC Grammar of Lojban The following two listings constitute the formal grammar of Lojb= an. The first version is written in the YACC language, which is used to des= cribe parsers, and has been used to create a parser for Lojban texts. This = parser is available from the Logical Language Group. The second listing is = in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) and represents the same grammar in a mo= re human-readable form. (In case of discrepancies, the YACC version is offi= cial.) There is a cross-reference listing for each format that shows, for e= ach selma'o and rule, which rules refer to it. =20 /* /*Lojban Machine Grammar, Final Baseline The Lojban Machine G= rammardocument is explicitly dedicated to the public domain by its author,T= he Logical Language Group, Inc. grammar.300 */ /* The Lojban machine parsing algorithm is a multi-step process.= The YACC machine grammar presented here is an amalgam of those steps, conc= atenated so as to allow YACC to verify the syntactic ambiguity of the gramm= ar. YACC is used to generate a parser for a portion of the grammar, which i= s LALR1 (the type of grammar that YACC is designed to identify and process = successfully), but most of the rest of the grammar must be parsed using som= e language-coded processing. =20 Step 1 =E2=80=93 Lexing - From phonemes, stress, and pause, it is possible to resolve Lojb= an unambiguously into a stream of words. Any machine processing of speech w= ill have to have some way to deal with =E2=80=99non-Lojban=E2=80=99 failure= s of fluent speech, of course. The resolved words can be expressed as a tex= t file using Lojban=E2=80=99s phonetic spelling rules. + From phonemes, stress, and pause, it is possible to resolve Lojb= an unambiguously into a stream of words. Any machine processing of speech w= ill have to have some way to deal with non-Lojban failures o= f fluent speech, of course. The resolved words can be expressed as a text f= ile using Lojban's phonetic spelling rules. The following steps assume that there is the possibility of non-= Lojban text within the Lojban text (delimited appropriately). Such non-Lojb= an text may not be reducible from speech phonetically. However, step 2 allo= ws the filtering of a phonetically transcribed text stream, to recognize su= ch portions of non-Lojban text where properly delimited, without interferen= ce with the parsing algorithm. =20 Step 2 =E2=80=93 Filtering From start to end, performing the following filtering and lexing= tasks using the given order of precedence in case of conflict: If the Lojban word zoi (selma'o ZOI) = is identified, take the following Lojban word (which should be end delimite= d with a pause for separation from the following non-Lojban text) as an ope= ning delimiter. Treat all text following that delimiter, until that delimit= er recurs=20 - after a pause, as grammatically a single toke= n (labelled =E2=80=99=20 - =E2=80=99 in this grammar). There = is no need for processing within this text except as necessary to find the = closing delimiter. + after a pause, as grammatically a single toke= n (labelled =20 + in this grammar). There i= s no need for processing within this text except as necessary to find the c= losing delimiter. - If the Lojban word zo (selma'o ZO) is= identified, treat the following Lojban word as a token labelled =E2=80=99= =20 - =E2=80=99, instead of lexing it by= its normal grammatical function. + If the Lojban word zo (selma'o ZO) is= identified, treat the following Lojban word as a token labelled =20 + , instead of lexing it by = its normal grammatical function. - If the Lojban word lo'u (selma'o LOhU= ) is identified, search for the closing delimiter le'u (selma'o LEhU), ignoring any such closing delimiters absorbed by the pre= vious two steps. The text between the delimiters should be treated as the s= ingle token =E2=80=99=20 - =E2=80=99. + If the Lojban word lo'u (selma'o LOhU= ) is identified, search for the closing delimiter le'u (selma'o LEhU), ignoring any such closing delimiters absorbed by the pre= vious two steps. The text between the delimiters should be treated as the s= ingle token =20 + . Categorize all remaining words into their Lojban selma'o cat= egory, including the various delimiters mentioned in the previous steps. In= all steps after step 2, only the selma'o token type is significant for eac= h word. If the word si (selma'o SI) is identi= fied, erase it and the previous word (or token, if the previous text has be= en condensed into a single token by one of the above rules). If the word sa (selma'o SA) is identi= fied, erase it and all preceding text as far back as necessary to make what= follows attach to what precedes. (This rule is hard to formalize and may r= eceive further definition later.) - If the word su (selma'o SU) is identi= fied, erase it and all preceding text back to and including the first prece= ding token word which is in one of the selma'o: NIhO, LU, TUhE, and TO. How= ever, if speaker identification is available, a SU shall only erase to the = beginning of a speaker=E2=80=99s discourse, unless it occurs at the beginni= ng of a speaker=E2=80=99s discourse. (Thus, if the speaker has said somethi= ng, two adjacent uses of su are required to erase th= e entire conversation. + If the word su (selma'o SU) is identi= fied, erase it and all preceding text back to and including the first prece= ding token word which is in one of the selma'o: NIhO, LU, TUhE, and TO. How= ever, if speaker identification is available, a SU shall only erase to the = beginning of a speaker's discourse, unless it occurs at the beginning of a = speaker's discourse. (Thus, if the speaker has said something, two adjacent= uses of su are required to erase the entire convers= ation. Step 3 =E2=80=93 Termination If the text contains a FAhO, treat that as the end-of-text and i= gnore everything that follows it. Step 4 =E2=80=93 Absorption of Grammar-Free Tokens In a new pass, perform the following absorptions (absorption mea= ns that the token is removed from the grammar for processing in following s= teps, and optionally reinserted, grouped with the absorbing token after par= sing is completed). - Token sequences of the form any =E2=80=93 (ZEI =E2=80=93 any= ) ..., where there may be any number of ZEIs, are merged into a single toke= n of selma'o BRIVLA. + Token sequences of the form any - (ZEI - any) ..., where the= re may be any number of ZEIs, are merged into a single token of selma'o BRI= VLA. Absorb all selma'o BAhE tokens into the following token. If = they occur at the end of text, leave them alone (they are errors). Absorb all selma'o BU tokens into the previous token. Relabe= l the previous token as selma'o BY. If selma'o NAI occurs immediately following any of tokens UI= or CAI, absorb the NAI into the previous token. - Absorb all members of selma'o DAhO, FUhO, FUhE, UI, Y, and C= AI into the previous token. All of these null grammar tokens are permitted = following any word of the grammar, without interfering with that word=E2=80= =99s grammatical function, or causing any effect on the grammatical interpr= etation of any other token in the text. Indicators at the beginning of text= are explicitly handled by the grammar. + Absorb all members of selma'o DAhO, FUhO, FUhE, UI, Y, and C= AI into the previous token. All of these null grammar tokens are permitted = following any word of the grammar, without interfering with that word's gra= mmatical function, or causing any effect on the grammatical interpretation = of any other token in the text. Indicators at the beginning of text are exp= licitly handled by the grammar. Step 5 =E2=80=93 Insertion of Lexer Lexemes Lojban is not in itself LALR1. There are words whose grammatical= function is determined by following tokens. As a result, parsing of the YA= CC grammar must take place in two steps. In the first step, certain strings= of tokens with defined grammars are identified, and either - are replaced by a single specified =E2=80=99lexer token=E2= =80=99 for step 6, or + are replaced by a single specified lexer token for step 6, or the lexer token is inserted in front of the token string to = identify it uniquely. The YACC grammar included herein is written to make YACC generat= ion of a step 6 parser easy regardless of whether a. or b. is used. The str= ings of tokens to be labelled with lexer tokens are found in rule terminals= labelled with numbers between 900 and 1099. These rules are defined with t= he lexer tokens inserted, with the result that it can be verified that the = language is LALR1 under option b. after steps 1 through 4 have been perform= ed. Alternatively, if option a. is to be used, these rules are commented ou= t, and the rule terminals labelled from 800 to 900 refer to the lexer token= s=20 =20 without the strings of defining tokens. Two sets = of lexer tokens are defined in the token set so as to be compatible with ei= ther option. In this step, the strings must be labelled with the appropriate = lexer tokens. Order of inserting lexer tokens=20 IS significant, since some shorter strings that w= ould be marked with a lexer token may be found inside longer strings. If th= e tokens are inserted before or in place of the shorter strings, the longer= strings cannot be identified. @@ -186,21 +186,21 @@ DOhU_526 = /* terminator for DOI-marked vocatives */ %token=20 FA_527 = /* modifier head generic case tag */ %token=20 FAhA_528 = /* superdirections in space */ %token=20 - FAhO_529 = /* normally elided =E2=80=99done pause=E2=80=99 to indicate end + FAhO_529 = /* normally elided done pause to indicate end of utterance string */ %token=20 FEhE_530 = /* space interval mod flag */ %token=20 FEhU_531 = /* ends bridi to modal conversion */ =20 %token=20 @@ -686,21 +686,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ text_C_3 = : =20 /* Only indicators which follow certain selma'o: cmene,=20 ,=20 , and the lexer_K and lexer_S I_roots and = compounds, and at the start of text(_0), will survive the lexer; all other valid = ones will be absorbed. The only strings for which indicators generate a potential ambiguity are those which contain NAI. An indicator cannot = be - inserted in between a token and its negating NAI, else you can=E2=80= =99t tell + inserted in between a token and its negating NAI, else you can't tell whether it is the indicator or the original token being negated. */ | /* empty */ /* An empty text is legal; formerly this was handled by the explicit appearance of=20 , but this is now absorbed by the preparse= r. */ ; =20 =20 paragraphs_4 = : =20 @@ -1920,71 +1920,71 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ =20 ZOI_quote_4= 34 : =20 /*pause*/ =20 /*pause*/ =20 ; =20 -/* =E2=80=99pause=E2=80=99 is morphemic, represented by . The lexer assembles=20 +/* pause is morphemic, represented by . The lexer assembles=20 */ =20 ZO_quote_43= 5 : =20 ; =20 -/* =E2=80=99word=E2=80=99 may not be a compound; but it can be any valid L= ojban selma'o value, +/* word may not be a compound; but it can be any valid Lojb= an selma'o value, including ZO, ZOI, SI, SA, SU. The preparser will not lex the word per = its normal selma'o. */ =20 LOhU_quote_= 436 : =20 ; =20 -/* =E2=80=99words=E2=80=99 may be any Lojban words, with no claim of gramm= aticality; the +/* words may be any Lojban words, with no claim of grammati= cality; the preparser will not lex the individual words per their normal selma'o; used to quote ungrammatical Lojban, equivalent to the * or ? writing convention for such text. */ =20 /* The preparser needs one bit of sophistication for this rule. A quoted string should be able to contain other quoted strings =E2=80=93 = this is only a problem for a LOhU quote itself, since the LEhU clossing this quote would otherwise close the outer quotes, which is incorrect. For this purpose, we will cheat on the use of ZO in such a quote (since thi= s is ungrammatical text, it is a sign ignored by the parser). Use ZO to mark any nested quotation LOhU. The preparser then will absorb it by the ZO rule, before testing for LOhU. This is obviously not the standard usage for ZO, which would otherwise cause the result to be a sumti. But, since the result will be part of an unparsed string anyway= , - it doesn=E2=80=99t matter. */ + it doesn't matter. */ =20 /* It may be seen that any of the ZO/ZOI/LOhU trio of quotation markers may contain the powerful metalinguistic erasers. Since these quotation= s =20 are not parsed internally, these operators are ignored within the quote= . - To erase a ZO, then, two SI=E2=80=99s are needed after giving a quoted = word of - any type. ZOI takes four SI=E2=80=99s, with the ENTIRE BODY OF THE QUO= TE - treated as a single =E2=80=99word=E2=80=99 since it is one selma'o. Th= us one for the + To erase a ZO, then, two SI's are needed after giving a quoted word of + any type. ZOI takes four SI's, with the ENTIRE BODY OF THE QUOTE + treated as a single word since it is one selma'o. Thus = one for the quote body, two for the single word delimiters, and one for the ZOI. I= n - LOhU, the entire body is treated as a single word, so three SI=E2=80=99= s can + LOhU, the entire body is treated as a single word, so three SI's can erase it. */ =20 -/* All rule terminator names with =E2=80=99gap=E2=80=99 in them are potent= ially +/* All rule terminator names with gap in them are potential= ly elidable, where such elision does not cause an ambiguity. This is - implemented through use of the YACC =E2=80=99error=E2=80=99 token, whic= h effectively + implemented through use of the YACC error token, which e= ffectively recovers from an elision. */ =20 FIhO_437 = : =20 | =20 ; =20 @@ -3073,22 +3073,22 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ | =20 ; /* specifies actuality/potentiality of the bridi */ =20 =20 /* puca'a =3D actually was */ /* baca'a =3D actually will be */ /* bapu'i =3D can and will have */ -/* banu'o =3D can, but won=E2=80=99t have yet */ -/* canu'ojebapu'i =3D can, hasn=E2=80=99t yet, but will */ +/* banu'o =3D can, but won't have yet */ +/* canu'ojebapu'i =3D can, hasn't yet, but will */ =20 tense_C_979= : =20 /* time-only */ /* space defaults to time-space reference space */ =20 | =20 /* can include time if specified with VIhA; otherwise time defaults to = the @@ -3480,21 +3480,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ =20 /* The following are Lexer-only rules, covered by steps 1-4= described at the beginning. The grammar of these constructs is nonexistent, except possibly in cases where they interact with each other. Even there, however, the effects are semantic rather than grammatical. Wher= e it is believed possible that conflicts could exist, the grammar of thes= e constructs has been put in the above grammar, even though the lexer/Preparser will actually prevent these from being passed thru to the parse routine. (Otherwise we have to put unacceptably fancy code i= n the PreParser to determine just when these can be passed thru, and when - they can=E2=80=99t.) Constructs in this category include quotes and in= dicators + they can't.) Constructs in this category include quotes and indicators as defined above. (The above grammar handles utterance scope (free_modifier) and clause scope (gap) applications of the latter, however, and indicators should be allowed to be absorbed into almost an= y word without changing its grammar. =20 =20 ,=20 , and=20 are metalinguistic erasers. =20 @@ -3558,21 +3558,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */ erases back to the last individual token I or NIhO or start of text, ignoring the insides of ZOI, ZO, and LOhU/LEhU quotes. Start of text is defined for SU below. | =20 | possibly unparsable text (PAUSE) =20 erases back to start of text which is the - beginning of a speaker=E2=80=99s statement, + beginning of a speaker's statement, a parenthesis (TO/TOI), a LU/LIhU quote, or a TUhE/TUhU utterance string. ; =20 =20 */ %% 2. YACC Grammar Cross-Reference diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml index 32654b1..2c512c2 100644 --- a/todocbook/3.xml +++ b/todocbook/3.xml @@ -420,21 +420,21 @@ Letters IPA Description - + ai = =20 [aj] an open vowel with palatal off-glide ei = =20 [=C9=9Bj] a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide @@ -1280,21 +1280,21 @@ The normal English pronunciation of the name=20 Armstrong could be Lojbanized as: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e9d10"/> - .ARMstron. + .ARMstron. since Lojban=20 n is allowed to be pronounced= as the velar nasal=20 [=C5=8B]. Here is another example showing the use of=20 y: <anchor xml:id=3D"c3e9d11"/> @@ -1364,375 +1364,375 @@ <xref linkend=3D"example-random-id-qIXo"/>, which is unacceptable in L= ojban: a single pronunciation cannot represent both.</para> </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-anglophone-phonetics"> <title>IPA For English Speakers IPA pronunciation= description television Received Pronunciation General American There are many dialects of English, thus making it difficu= lt to define the standardized symbols of the IPA in terms useful to every r= eader. All the symbols used in this chapter are repeated here, in more or l= ess alphabetical order, with examples drawn from General American. In addit= ion, some attention is given to the Received Pronunciation of (British) Eng= lish. These two dialects are referred to as GA and RP respectively. Speaker= s of other dialects should consult a book on phonetics or their local telev= ision sets. =20 =20 =20 - [=CB=88] + [=CB=88] An IPA indicator of primary stress; the syllable which fol= lows=20 [=CB=88] receives primary stress.<= /para> - [=CA=94] + [=CA=94] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 .. This sound is not us= ually considered part of English. It is the catch in your throat that somet= imes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) whi= ch starts with a vowel. In some dialects, like Cockney and some kinds of Am= erican English, it is used between vowels instead of=20 t:=20 bottle [bo=CA=94l=CC=A9]. The English int= erjection=20 uh-oh! almost always has it between the syllables= . - [=CB=90] + [=CB=90] A symbol indicating that the previous vowel is to be spoke= n for a longer time than usual. Lojban vowels can be pronounced long in ord= er to make a greater contrast with buffer vowels. - [a] + [a] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 a. This sound doesn't o= ccur in GA, but sounds somewhat like the=20 ar of=20 park, as spoken in RP or New England American. It= is pronounced further forward in the mouth than=20 [=C9=91]. - [=C9=91] + [=C9=91] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 a. The=20 a of GA=20 father. The sound=20 [a] is preferred because GA speake= rs often relax an unstressed=20 [=C9=91] into a schwa=20 [=C9=99], as in the usual pronunci= ations of=20 about and=20 sofa. Because schwa is a distinct vowel in Lojban= , English speakers must either learn to avoid this shift or to use=20 [a] instead: the Lojban word for= =20 sofa is=20 sfofa, pronounced=20 [sfofa] or=20 [sfof=C9=91] but never=20 [sfof=C9=99] which would be the no= n-word=20 sfofy. - [=C3=A6] + [=C3=A6] Not a Lojban sound. The=20 a of English=20 cat. - [b] + [b] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 b. As in English=20 boy,=20 sober, or=20 job. - [=CE=B2] + [=CE=B2] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 v. Not an English sound= ; the Spanish=20 b or=20 v between vowels. This sound shou= ld not be used for Lojban=20 b. - [d] + [d] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 d. As in English=20 dog,=20 soda, or=20 mad. - [=C9=9B] + [=C9=9B] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 e. The=20 e of English=20 met. - [e] + [e] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 e. This sound is not fo= und in English, but is the Spanish=20 e, or the tense=20 e of Italian. The vowel of Englis= h=20 say is similar except for the off-glide: you can = learn to make this sound by holding your tongue steady while saying the fir= st part of the English vowel. - [=C9=99] + [=C9=99] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 y. As in the=20 a of English=20 sofa or=20 about. Schwa is generally unstressed in Lojban, a= s it is in English. It is a totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in t= he middle of the mouth. - [f] + [f] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 f. As in=20 fee,=20 loafer, or=20 chef. - [=C9=B8] + [=C9=B8] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 f. Not an English sound= ; the Japanese=20 f sound. - [g] + [g] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 g. As in English=20 go,=20 eagle, or=20 dog. - [h] + [h] The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound= . As in English=20 aha or the second "h" in=20 oh, hello. - [i] + [i] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 i. Essentially like the= English vowel of=20 pizza or=20 machine, although the English vowel is sometimes = pronounced with an off-glide, which should not be present in Lojban. - [=C9=AA] + [=C9=AA] A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The=20 =20 i of English=20 bit. - [=C9=A8] + [=C9=A8] A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The=20 =20 u of=20 just in some varieties of GA, those which make th= e word sound more or less like=20 jist. Also Russian=20 y as in=20 byt' (to be); like a schwa=20 [=C9=99], but higher in the mouth.= - [j] + [j] Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with=20 i. Like the=20 y in English=20 yard or=20 say. - [k] + [k] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 k. As in English=20 kill,=20 token, or=20 flak. - [l] + [l] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 l. As in English=20 low,=20 nylon, or=20 excel. [l=CC=A9] The syllabic version of Lojban=20 l, as in English=20 bottle or=20 middle. - [m] + [m] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 m. As in English=20 me,=20 humor, or=20 ham. [m=CC=A9] The syllabic version of Lojban=20 m. As in English=20 catch 'em or=20 bottom. - [n] + [n] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 n. As in English=20 no,=20 honor, or=20 son. [n=CC=A9] The syllabic version of Lojban=20 n. As in English=20 button. - [=C5=8B] + [=C5=8B] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 n, especially in Lojban= ized names and before=20 g or=20 k. As in English=20 sing or=20 singer (but not=20 finger or=20 danger). [=C5=8B=CC=8D] An allowed variant of Lojban syllabic=20 n, especially in Lojban= ized names. - [o] + [o] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 o. As in the French=20 haute (cuisine) or Spanish=20 como. There is no exact English e= quivalent of this sound. The nearest GA equivalent is the=20 o of=20 dough or=20 joke, but it is essential that the off-glide (a= =20 [w]-like sound) at the end of the = vowel is not pronounced when speaking Lojban. The RP sound in these words i= s=20 [=C9=99w] in IPA terms, and has no= =20 [o] in it at all; unless you can s= peak with a Scots, Irish, or American accent, you may have trouble with thi= s sound. - [=C9=94] + [=C9=94] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 o, especially before=20 r. This sound is a shor= tened form of the=20 aw in GA=20 dawn (for those people who don't pronounce=20 dawn and=20 Don alike; if you do, you may have trouble with t= his sound). In RP, but not GA, it is the=20 o of=20 hot. - [p] + [p] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 p. As in English=20 pay,=20 super, or=20 up. - [r] + [r] One version of Lojban=20 r. Not an English sound= . The Spanish=20 rr and the Scots=20 r, a tongue-tip trill. - [=C9=B9] + [=C9=B9] One version of Lojban=20 r. As in GA=20 right,=20 baron, or=20 car. Not found in RP. - [=C9=BE] + [=C9=BE] One version of Lojban=20 r. In GA, appears as a = variant of=20 t or=20 d in the words=20 metal and=20 medal respectively. A tongue-tip flap. - [=CA=80] + [=CA=80] One version of Lojban=20 r. Not an English sound= . The French or German=20 r in reine or=20 rot respectively. A uvular trill.= @@ -1740,139 +1740,139 @@ [=C9=B9=CC=A9],=20 [=C9=BE=CC=A9],=20 [=CA=80=CC=A9] are syllabic versions of the above.=20 [=C9=B9=CC=A9] appears in the GA (= but not RP) pronunciation of=20 bird. - [s] + [s] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 s. As in English=20 so,=20 basin, or=20 yes. - [=CA=83] + [=CA=83] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 c. The=20 sh of English=20 ship,=20 ashen, or=20 dish. - [=CA=82] + [=CA=82] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 s. Not an English sound= . The Hindi retroflex=20 s with dot below, or Klingon=20 S. - [t] + [t] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 t. As in English=20 tea,=20 later, or=20 not. It is important to avoid the GA habit of pro= nouncing the=20 t between vowels as=20 [d] or=20 [=C9=BE]. - [=CE=B8] + [=CE=B8] Not normally a Lojban sound, but a possible variant of Loj= ban=20 '. The=20 th of English=20 thin (but not=20 then). - [v] + [v] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 v. As in English=20 voice,=20 savor, or=20 live. - [w] + [w] Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with=20 u. Like the=20 w in English=20 wet [w=C9=9Bt] or=20 cow [k=C9=91w]. - [x] + [x] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 x. Not normally an Engl= ish sound, but used in some pronunciations of=20 loch and=20 Bach;=20 gh in Scots=20 might and=20 night. The German=20 Ach-Laut. To pronounce=20 [x], force air through your throat= without vibrating your vocal chords; there should be lots of scrape. - [=CA=8F] + [=CA=8F] A possible Lojban buffer vowel. Not an English sound: the= =20 =20 =C3=BC of German=20 h=C3=BCbsch. - [z] + [z] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 z. As in English=20 zoo,=20 hazard, or=20 fizz. - [=CA=92] + [=CA=92] The preferred pronunciation of Lojban=20 j. The=20 si of English=20 vision, or the consonant at the end of GA=20 garage. - [=CA=90] + [=CA=90] An allowed variant of Lojban=20 z. Not an English sound= . The voiced version of=20 [=CA=82].

English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs @@ -1923,21 +1923,20 @@ iu = =20 unicorn or few ua = =20 suave ue = =20 - =20 wet ui = =20 we uo = =20 woe (in GA only) @@ -2063,21 +2062,21 @@ =D1=82,=20 =D1=83,=20 =D1=84,=20 =D1=85, and=20 =D1=88 in the obvious ways. The Latin letter=20 y is mapped onto the hard sign=20 =D1=8A, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and per= iod are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman r= epresentation. Tolkien= and non-standard Lojban orthography non-standard orthographiesTengwar Finally, an orthography usin= g the Tengwar of F=C3=A9anor, a fictional orthography invented by J. R. R. = Tolkien and described in the Appendixes to=20 =20 =20 - The Lord Of The Rings, has been devised for Lojba= n. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, wi= ll be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, th= e tincot=C3=A9ma and parmat=C3=A9ma are used in the conventional ways; the = calmat=C3=A9ma represents palatal consonants, and the quesset=C3=A9ma repre= sents velar consonants. + The Lord Of The Rings, has bee= n devised for Lojban. The following mapping, which closely resembles that u= sed for Westron, will be meaningful only to those who have read those appen= dixes. In brief, the tincot=C3=A9ma and parmat=C3=A9ma are used in the conv= entional ways; the calmat=C3=A9ma represents palatal consonants, and the qu= esset=C3=A9ma represents velar consonants. =20 t tinco diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 6ef4ff6..0c4999c 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -358,22 +358,22 @@ flexible vocabula= ry The same principle allows you, when speaking or wr= iting, to invent new brivla for new concepts=20 on the fly; yet it offers people that you are trying to= communicate with a good chance to figure out your meaning. In this way, Lo= jban has a flexible vocabulary which can be expanded indefinitely. =20 brivla<= secondary>properties of All brivla have the followi= ng properties: always end in a vowel; always contain a consonant pair in the first five letters, w= here=20 - y and apostrophe are not = counted as letters for this purpose. (See=20 - .) + y and apostrophe are not = counted as letters for this purpose (see=20 + .); always are stressed on the next-to-the-last (penultimate) sy= llable; this implies that they have two or more syllables. cmene formcontrasted with brivla form cmavo formcontra= sted with brivla form brivla formcontrasted with cmene for= m br= ivla formcontrasted with cmavo form brivlarecognition of The presence of a consonant pai= r distinguishes brivla from cmavo and their compounds. The final vowel dist= inguishes brivla from cmene, which always end in a consonant. Thus=20 da'amei must be a compound cmavo because it lac= ks a consonant pair;=20 lojban. must be a name because it lacks a final= vowel. consonant pairsletter y within yletterbetween letters of consonant pair consonant pairsin b= rivla brivlaconsonant pairs in Thu= s,=20 bisycla has the consonant pair=20 @@ -1304,21 +1304,21 @@ =20 fu'ivla categoriz= erfor distinguishing fu'ivla form fu'ivladisambiguation of The use of the prefix helps d= istinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending= on the field. As it happens,=20 spageti and=20 kuarka are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but=20 xaceru looks like a compound cm= avo, and=20 kobra like a gismu. fu'ivla categoriz= erfor distinguishing specialized meanings<= /indexterm> For another example,=20 integral has a specific meaning to a mathematician. But= the Lojban fu'ivla=20 =20 integrale, which is a valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, do= es not convey that mathematical sense to a non-mathematical listener, even = one with an English-speaking background; its source =E2=80=93 the English w= ord=20 - integral- has various other specialized meanings in oth= er fields. + integral =E2=80=93 has various other specialized meanin= gs in other fields. =20 Left uncontrolled,=20 integrale almost certainly would eventually com= e to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English asso= ciates with=20 integral, with only the context to indicate (possibly) = that the mathematical term is meant. =20 <= indexterm type=3D"example-imported">integrala= rchitectural conceptexample <= indexterm type=3D"example-imported">integralm= athematical conceptexample The= prefix method would render the mathematical concept as=20 cmacrntegrale, if the=20 i of=20 integrale is removed, or something like=20 cmacrnintegrale, if a new consonant is added to= the beginning;=20 @@ -1492,39 +1492,39 @@ keit. Kate =20 namesunusual stress in cmeneunusual stress in namesstress in cmenestress in namesrules for formation cmenerules for formation= Names may have almost any form, but always end in a consonant,= and are followed by a pause. They are penultimately stressed, unless unusu= al stress is marked with capitalization. A name may have multiple parts, ea= ch ending with a consonant and pause, or the parts may be combined into a s= ingle word with no pause. For example, =20  - <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>John Jones</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> - <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Jones</primary><seco= ndary>John</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>John Smith</primary>= <secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> + <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Smith</primary><seco= ndary>John</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d9"/> - djan. djonz. + djan. smif. - and + and <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d10"/> - djandjonz. + djansmif. are both valid Lojbanizations of=20 - John Jones. + John Smith. =20 namesauthority for cmeneauthority for The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing= the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how= they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name=20 Mary can thus be Lojbanized as=20 meris.,=20 maris.,=20 meiris.,=20 merix., or even=20 marys.. The last alternative = is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to= someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need n= ot be an=20 s; there must, however, be so= me Lojban consonant at the end. namesrestrictions on form of cmenerestrictions on fo= rm of Names are not permitted to have the sequences= =20 diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml index 69c9bb2..ba3c76b 100644 --- a/todocbook/5.xml +++ b/todocbook/5.xml @@ -391,21 +391,21 @@ In=20 , the selbri is a tanru with= seltau=20 mutce bo barda and tertau=20 gerku bo kavbu. It is worth emphasizing once ag= ain that this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban = tanru: the sense in which the=20 dog type-of capturer is said to be=20 very type-of large is not precisely specified. Presumab= ly it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his = other properties. pretty<= secondary>English ambiguity of We will now justify = the title of this chapter by exploring the ramifications of the phrase=20 pretty little girls' school, an expansion of the tanru = used in=20 =20 to four brivla. (Although= this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginnin= g =E2=80=93 it first appeared in Quine's book=20 - Word and Object (1960) =E2=80=93 it is actually a= mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English=20 + Word and Object (1960) =E2=80= =93 it is actually a mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English= =20 pretty; it can mean=20 beautiful, the sense intended here, or it can mean=20 very. Lojban=20 melbi is not subject to this ambiguity: it mean= s only=20 beautiful.) Here are four ways to group this phrase: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e4d2"/> @@ -633,32 +633,32 @@ Consider the English phrase=20 big red dog. How shall this be rendered as a Lojban tan= ru? The naive attempt: =20 <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d1"/>

- barda xunre gerku + barda xunre gerku (big type-of red) type-of dog

will not do, as it means a dog whose redness is big, in whatever= way redness might be described as=20 big. Nor is <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d2"/>

- barda xunre bo gerku + barda xunre bo gerku big type-of (red type-of dog)

adjective orderin= g much better. After all, the straightforward underst= anding of the English phrase is that the dog is big as compared with other = dogs, not merely as compared with other red dogs. In fact, the bigness and = redness are independent properties of the dog, and only obscure rules of En= glish adjective ordering prevent us from saying=20 =20 red big dog. je<= /indexterm> logical connecti= vesin tanru The Lojban approac= h to this problem is to introduce the cmavo=20 je, which is one of the many equivalents of Eng= lish=20 and. A big red dog is one that is both big and red, and= we can say: =20 @@ -687,30 +687,30 @@ ke ... ke'e associates brivla more closely than= =20 je does: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d5"/>

barda je pelxu bo xunre gerku barda je ke pelxu xunre ke'e gerku (big and (yellow type-of red)) dog - big yellowish-red dog + big yellowish-red dog

With no grouping indicators, we get: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d6"/>

- barda je pelxu xunre gerku + barda je pelxu xunre gerku ((big and yellow) type-of red) type-of dog biggish- and yellowish-red dog

which again raises the question of=20 : what does=20 biggish-red mean? logical connectiv= es in tanruusefulness of Unlik= e=20 bo and=20 ke ... ke'e,=20 @@ -783,21 +783,21 @@ logical connectiv= es in tanrueffect on formal logical manipulations In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot und= ergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical co= nnectives that exist outside tanru; see=20 for further deta= ils. JA selma'o The logical connective=20 je is only one of the fourteen logical connecti= ves that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d13"/>

le bajra cu jinga ja te jinga - the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s). + the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).

blanu naja lenku skapi (blue only-if cold) skin skin which is blue only if it is cold @@ -859,21 +859,21 @@ ja and=20 jabo group less closely than= =20 =20 bo does:

ricfu je blanu jabo crino bo blanu - rich and (blue or green =E2=80=93 blue) + rich and (blue or green - blue) rich and (blue or greenish-blue)

An alternative form of=20 is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e6d19"/>

@@ -1031,21 +1031,21 @@ be (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or m= ore sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place stru= cture, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting wit= h x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo=20 bei (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is = terminated by the elidable terminator=20 be'o (of selma'o BEhO).

linked sumtidefinition Grammatically, a brivla = with sumti linked to it in this fashion plays the same role in tanru as a s= imple brivla. To illustrate, here is a fully fleshed-out version of=20 , with all places filled in:= <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Brooklyn</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e7d3"/> - +

ti cmalu be le ka canlu bei lo'e ckule be'o nixli be li mu be= i lo merko be'o bo ckule la bryklyn. loi pemci le mela nu,IORK. prenu le je= cta This is a small (in-dimension the property-of volume by-sta= ndard the-typical school) (girl (of-years the-number five by-standard some = American-thing) school) in-Brooklyn with-subject poems for-audience New-Yor= k persons with-operator the state. This is a school, small in volume compared to the typical scho= ol, pertaining to five-year-old girls (by American standards), in Brooklyn,= teaching poetry to the New York community and operated by the state.

Here the three places of=20 cmalu, the three of=20 nixli, and the four of=20 ckule are fully specified. Since the places of= =20 @@ -1662,36 +1662,36 @@ means the same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d6"/>

do me la djan. You are-the-referent-of=20 - the-one-called =E2=80=98John'. + the-one-called John. You are John.

meused with names It is common to use=20 me selbri, especially those based on name sumti= using=20 la, as seltau. For example: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Chrysler</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e10d7"/>

ta me lai kraislr. [me'u] karce That (is-a-referent of=20 - the-mass-called =E2=80=98Chrysler') car. + the-mass-called Chrysler) car. =20 That is a Chrysler car. =20

logical connect= ivesrelative precedence with me'u me'urelative precedence with logical connectives elidability of me'u The elidable terminator=20 me'u can usually be omitted. It is absolutely r= equired only if the=20 me selbri is being used in an indefinite descri= ption (a type of sumti explained in=20 =20 =20 @@ -3771,32 +3771,32 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d5"/>

melbi je cmalu je nixli ckule ((pretty and little) and girl) type-of school school for things which are beautiful, small, and girls - Note: same as 16.21 + Note: same as

melbi bo cmalu je nixli je ckule ((pretty type-of little) and girl) and school thing which is beautifully small, a school, and a girl - Note: same as 16.14 + Note: same as

ke melbi je cmalu nixli ke'e je ckule ((pretty and little) type-of girl) and school thing which is a school and a girl who is both beautiful and s= mall @@ -3865,32 +3865,32 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d14"/>

melbi bo cmalu je nixli jebo ckule (pretty type-of little) and (girl and school) thing which is beautifully small, a school, and a girl

- Note: same as 16.6 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d15"/>

melbi jebo cmalu je nixli bo ckule (pretty and little) and (girl type-of school) thing which is beautiful and small and a girl's school

- Note: same as 16.30 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d16"/>

melbi jebo cmalu je nixli jebo ckule (pretty and little) and (girl and school) thing which is beautiful, small, a girl, and a school

@@ -3938,32 +3938,32 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d21"/>

melbi je cmalu jebo nixli ckule (pretty and (little and girl)) type-of school school for things which are beautiful, small, and girls

- Note: same as 16.5 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d22"/>

melbi je cmalu bo nixli je ckule (pretty and (little type-of girl)) and school thing which is beautiful, a small girl, and a school

- Note: same as 16.38 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d23"/>

ke melbi cmalu je nixli ke'e je ckule (pretty type-of (little and girl)) and school thing which is beautifully small, a beautiful girl, and a scho= ol

@@ -4024,33 +4024,33 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d29"/>

melbi cmalu je nixli jebo ckule melbi cmalu je ke nixli je ckule [ke'e] pretty type-of (little and (girl and school)) thing which is beautifully small, a beautiful girl, and a beau= tiful school

- Note: same as 16.37 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d30"/>

melbi je cmalu jebo nixli bo ckule melbi je ke cmalu je nixli bo ckule [ke'e] pretty and (little and (girl type-of school)) thing which is beautiful, small and a girls' school

- Note: same as 16.15 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d31"/>

melbi je ke cmalu nixli je ckule [ke'e] pretty and (little type-of (girl and school)) beautiful thing which is a small girl and a small school

@@ -4107,32 +4107,32 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d37"/>

melbi cmalu je nixli je ckule pretty type-of ((little and girl) and school) thing which is beautifully small, a beautiful girl, and a beau= tiful school

- Note: same as 16.29 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d38"/>

melbi je ke cmalu bo nixli je ckule [ke'e] pretty and ((little type-of girl) and school) thing which is beautiful, a small girl and a school

- Note: same as 16.22 + Note: same as <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e16d39"/>

melbi je ke cmalu je nixli ckule [ke'e] pretty and ((little and girl) type-of school) thing which is beautiful and is a small school and a girls' sc= hool

diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index 03c7e88..03a35d0 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -993,21 +993,21 @@ ru one that was further back in the speech or t= ext. The use of=20 ra and=20 ru forces the listener to guess at the referent= , but makes life easier for the speaker. Can=20 ra refer to the last sumti, like=20 ri? The answer is no if=20 ri has also been used. If=20 ri has not been used, then=20 ra might be the last sumti. Likewise, if=20 ra has been used, then any use of=20 ru would repeat a sumti earlier than the one=20 - ra is repeating. A more reasonable version of E= xample 6.5, but one that depends more on context, is: + ra is repeating. A more reasonable version of E= xample , but one that depends mor= e on context, is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c7e6d6"/>

lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra .i la .alis. pilno r= u A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing]. Alice use= s [some more remote thing].

In=20 diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml index f68d478..e908b1c 100644 --- a/todocbook/9.xml +++ b/todocbook/9.xml @@ -392,21 +392,21 @@ fe, and=20 le karce skips over the already-occupied x3 and= x4 places to land in the x5 place. FA selma'oavoidance of complex usage of Such a = convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a = literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; t= he rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation = is possible. multiple sumti in= one placemeaning sumtimultiple in on= e place with FA FA selma'ofor putting more than one sumti = in a single place It is grammatically permitted to = tag more than one sumti with the same FA cmavo. The effect is that of makin= g more than one claim: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e3d9"/>

[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe = le zarci - [x1=3D] Rick x1=3D Jane goes-to x2=3D the movie x2=3D the h= ouse x2=3D the office + [x1=3D] Rick x1=3D Jane goes-to [x2=3D] the movie x2=3D the= house x2=3D the office

to moviehouseoffice: example multiple sumti in one pla= ceavoiding may be taken to say= that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, mergin= g six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the lis= tener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in= =20 ), to say such things in Lojban= . In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it c= an only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the provis= o above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti ca= n be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmav= o tagging it. give or receiveexample questionsplace structure positio= n pl= ace structure questions The cmavo=20 fi'a also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Loj= ban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing=20 =20 fi'a is a question, asking the listener to supp= ly the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true stat= ement: =20 @@ -1456,31 +1456,31 @@ mleca modal Relative phrases and clauses are explained in much more detail i= n=20 . However, there is a cons= truction which combines a modal with a relative phrase which is relevant to= this chapter. Consider the following examples of relative clauses: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d1"/>

- la .apasionatas. ku poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se n= elci mi + la .apasionatas. poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelc= i mi The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is= -liked-by me. =20

- la .apasionatas. ku noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi + la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-b= y me. =20 =20

Beethovenexample Artur Rubensteinexample Appassionataexample In=20 ,=20 la .apasionatas. refers to a particular perform= ance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the = relative clause=20 poi se cusku uses the cmavo=20 poi (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of= =20 @@ -1495,31 +1495,31 @@ ne (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to= =20 poi and=20 noi respectively, but are followed by sumti rat= her than full bridi. We can abbreviate=20 and=20 to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e10d3"/>

- la .apasionatas. ku pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi + la .apasionatas. pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me. =20

- la .apasionatas. ku ne la betovn. se nelci mi + la .apasionatas. ne la betovn. se nelci mi The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me. =20 =20

relative phrases<= /primary>contrasted with relative clauses in preciseness Here the precise selbri of the relative clauses is lost: a= ll we can tell is that the Appassionata is connected in some way with Rubin= stein (in=20 =20 ) and Beethoven (in=20 =20 ), and that the relationship= s are respectively restrictive and incidental. diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html.css b/todocbook/docbook2html.css index f333691..e981486 100644 --- a/todocbook/docbook2html.css +++ b/todocbook/docbook2html.css @@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ em[lang=3Djbo] { font-style: italic; font-size: 1em; } =20 .example-final { font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; } */ =20 -table { +div.informaltable table { border-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; } =20 -td { +div.informaltable td { padding: 15px; border: 1px solid #000; -} +} \ No newline at end of file commit df4032d0b23ddcc679f1d6ab82d089b0fffc0dea Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Sun Jan 30 16:37:38 2011 -0500 Miscellania, including jbophrases, CSS, fixing a table, s, and= errata. diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml index 36d37aa..a9b708a 100644 --- a/todocbook/14.xml +++ b/todocbook/14.xml @@ -613,21 +613,21 @@ . and=20 illustrates a truth functio= n, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We alr= eady understand how to negate the first bridi: <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d8"/>

gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu - John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman, + John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman. Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.

GI selma'o gina= i How can the second bridi be negated? By adding=20 -nai to the=20 gi. <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e5d9"/> @@ -3030,21 +3030,21 @@ sumti ek* gek joik*= joigik bridi-tails gihek*<= /entry> - gek + gek - joigik termsets ek* gek joik* joigik diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml index 53effd9..3ec20a9 100644 --- a/todocbook/16.xml +++ b/todocbook/16.xml @@ -103,21 +103,21 @@ [zo'e] viska mi Something-unspecified sees me. zo'e somethingunspecified definite with "zo'e" zo'eas a translation for "something" The= cmavo=20 zo'e indicates that a sumti has been omitted (i= ndeed, even=20 zo'e itself can be omitted in this case, as exp= lained in=20 ) = and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other word= s,=20 means=20 - =E2=80=98You-know-what' sees me. + You-know-what sees me. However,=20 is just as likely to assert= simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translat= ion is: <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e2d3"/> da zo'u da viska mi There-is-an-X such-that X sees me. @@ -801,22 +801,22 @@ =20 , on the other hand, does no= t require that there are any people who go to the store: it simply states, = conditionally, that if there is anyone who goes to the store, he or she wal= ks across the field as well. This conditional form mirrors the true Lojban = translation of=20 =20 =20 : <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d3"/>

- ro da zo'u ganai da klama le zarci gi cadzu le foldi - For-every X: if X is-a-goer-to the store then X is-a-walker= -on the field. + ro da zo'u da go klama le zarci gi cadzu le foldi + For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if is-a-w= alker-on the field.

anyas a universal claimlater restricted Although=20 is a universal claim as wel= l, its universality only implies that there are objects of some sort or ano= ther in the universe of discourse. Because the claim is conditional, nothin= g is implied about the existence of goers-to-the-store or of walkers-on-the= -field, merely that any entity which is one is also the other. anyas an existential claim There is another use= of=20 any in English that is not universal but existential. C= onsider =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e8d4"/> diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml index 5532cda..9f681a7 100644 --- a/todocbook/17.xml +++ b/todocbook/17.xml @@ -677,54 +677,44 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy. =20 =20 <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>Amharic writing</= primary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>syllaba= ries</primary><secondary>lerfu word representation</secondary></indexterm> = <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary= >contrasted with kanji</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-= imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and = syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><= primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets an= d syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> Chinese characters (=20 =20 =20 =20 <quote>han=20 <superscript>4</superscript> zi=20 <superscript>4</superscript></quote> in Chinese,=20 <jbophrase>kanji</jbophrase> in Japanese) represent an entirely differ= ent approach to writing from alphabets or syllabaries. (A syllabary, such a= s Japanese hiragana or Amharic writing, has one lerfu for each syllable of = the spoken language.) Very roughly, Chinese characters represent single ele= ments of meaning; also very roughly, they represent single syllables of spo= ken Chinese. There is in principle no limit to the number of Chinese charac= ters that can exist, and many thousands are in regular use.</para> - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 - =20 <para>It is hopeless for Lojban, with its limited lerfu and shift word= s, to create an alphabet which will match this diversity. However, there ar= e various possible ways around the problem.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>romaji</primary><= secondary>as a basis for kanji characters in Lojban lerfu words</secondary>= </indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>pinyin</primary= ><secondary>as a basis for Chinese characters in Lojban lerfu words</second= ary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>kanji</prim= ary><secondary>representing based on romaji spelling</secondary></indexterm= > <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primar= y><secondary>representing based on pinyin spelling</secondary></indexterm> = First, both Chinese and Japanese have standard Latin-alphabet representatio= ns, known as=20 <quote>pinyin</quote> for Chinese and=20 =20 <quote>romaji</quote> for Japanese, and these can be used. Thus, the w= ord=20 =20 <quote>han=20 <superscript>4</superscript> zi=20 <superscript>4</superscript></quote> is conventionally written with tw= o characters, but it may be spelled out as:</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-fBfe"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c17e8d1"/>

.y'y.bu .abu ny. vo zy. .ibu vo h a - n 4=20 + n + 4 z - i 4 + i + 4 +

han^{4}zi^{4} lerfu wor= ds with numeric digitsgrammar considerations numeric digit= s in lerfu wordsgrammar considerations The cmavo=20 vo is the Lojban digit=20 4. It is grammatical to intersperse digits (of selma'o = PA) into a string of lerfu words; as long as the first cmavo is a lerfu wor= d, the whole will be interpreted as a string of lerfu words. In Chinese, th= e digits can be used to represent tones. Pinyin is more usually written usi= ng accent marks, the mechanism for which was explained in=20 =20 . The Japanese company named=20 Mitsubishi in English is spelled the same way in romaji= , and could be spelled out in Lojban thus: =20 @@ -1841,64 +1831,63 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.

Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters= =20 =20 multiple letters<= /primary>proposed lerfu words for diacritic marksproposed lerfu words for accent marksproposed lerfu word= s for lerfu wordsproposed for multiple letters= lerfu wordsproposed for diacritic marks lerfu wordsp= roposed for accent marks This list is intended to b= e suggestive, not complete: there are lerfu such as Polish=20 dark l and Maltese h-bar that do not yet have symbols.<= /para> - + - acute - .akut. bu or .prity= gal. bu[pritu galtu] + .akut. bu or .prity= gal. bu [pritu galtu] grave - .grav. bu or .zulga= l. bu[zunle galtu= ] + .grav. bu or .zulga= l. bu [zunle galtu] circumflex - .cirkumfleks. bu or = .midgal. bu[midju galtu] + .cirkumfleks. bu or = .midgal. bu [midju galtu] tilde .tildes. bu =20 macron .makron. bu =20 breve .brevis. bu over-dot - .gapmoc. bu[gapru mokca] + .gapmoc. bu [gapru mokca] =20 umlaut/trema - .relmoc. bu[re mokca] + .relmoc. bu [re mokca] =20 over-ring - .gapyjin. bu[gapru djine] + .gapyjin. bu [gapru djine] =20 cedilla .seDIlys. bu =20 double-acute .re'akut. bu [re akut.] diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml index c2e99df..6ee099b 100644 --- a/todocbook/2.xml +++ b/todocbook/2.xml @@ -135,21 +135,21 @@ v and=20 z. The letter=20 c, on the other hand is prono= unced as the=20 sh in=20 hush, while=20 j is its voiced counterpart, = the sound of the=20 s in=20 pleasure.=20 g is always pronounced as it = is in=20 gift, never as in=20 - giant.=20 + giant.=20 s is as in=20 sell, never as in=20 rose. The sound of=20 x is not found in English in = normal words. It is found as=20 ch in Scottish=20 loch, as=20 j in Spanish=20 junta, and as=20 ch in German=20 Bach; it also appears in the English in= terjection=20 diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml index bb9baf5..32654b1 100644 --- a/todocbook/3.xml +++ b/todocbook/3.xml @@ -1940,21 +1940,21 @@ uo = =20 woe (in GA only) uu = =20 woo iy = =20 - million (the io p= art, that is) + million (the io part, tha= t is) uy = =20 was (when unstressed)

diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml index 9e54728..6ef4ff6 100644 --- a/todocbook/4.xml +++ b/todocbook/4.xml @@ -688,66 +688,66 @@ unreduced lujvo. =20 Some examples of unreduced lujvo forms are: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d1"/> mamtypatfu - from mamta patfu + mamta patfu mother father or maternal grandfather <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d2"/> lerfyliste - from lerfu liste + lerfu liste letter list or a list of letters (letters of the alphabet) <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d3"/> nancyprali - from nanca prali + nanca prali year profit or annual profit <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d4"/> prunyplipe - from pruni plipe + pruni plipe elastic (springy) leap or spring (the verb) <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>supper</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d5"/> vancysanmi - from vanci sanmi + vanci sanmi evening meal or supper =20 short rafsi rafsishort In addition to these two for= ms, each gismu may have up to three additional short rafsi, three letters l= ong. All short rafsi have one of the forms CVC, CCV, or CVV. The total numb= er of rafsi forms that are assigned to a gismu depends on how useful the gi= smu is, or is presumed to be, in making lujvo, when compared to other gismu= that could be assigned the rafsi. -eruse of zmadu in forming comparativesuse of zmadu in= forming For example,=20 zmadu (=20 more than) has the two short rafsi=20 zma and=20 @@ -868,84 +868,83 @@ oi, or=20 au; and a CCV-form rafsi is = possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pa= ir (see=20 ). Thus=20 mamta, which has the same form as=20 salci, can only have=20 mam,=20 mat, and=20 ma'a as possible= rafsi: in fact, only=20 =20 mam is assigned to it. - numbers= rafsi for rafsi for numbers Some cmavo also ha= ve associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerica= l digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by= adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used = in composing tanru (for a complete list, see=20 - ). + numbers= rafsi for rafsi for numbers Some cmavo also ha= ve associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerica= l digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by= adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used = in composing tanru. fully reduced luj= vodefinition lujvofully reduced The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is= =20 fully reduced lujvo. Here are some examples of fully re= duced lujvo: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d6"/> cumfri - from cumki lifri + cumki lifri possible experience <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d7"/> klezba - from klesi zbasu + klesi zbasu category make <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d8"/> kixta'a - from krixa tavla + krixa tavla cry-out talk <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d9"/> sniju'o - from sinxa djuno + sinxa djuno sign know - In addition, some of the unreduced forms in the previous example= s may be fully reduced to: + In addition, the unreduced forms in and may be fully = reduced to: <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d10"/> mampa'u - from mamta patfu + mamta patfu mother father =20 or maternal grandfather <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e6d11"/> lerste - from lerfu liste + lerfu liste letter list or a list of letters lujvorecognizing lujvo formnumber of letters in lujvo form= consonant cluster requirement in lujvo formfinal letter of lujvosummary of form characteristics= As noted above, CVC-form rafsi cannot appear as th= e final rafsi in a lujvo, because all lujvo must end with one or two vowels= . As a brivla, a lujvo must also contain a consonant cluster within the fir= st five letters =E2=80=93 this ensures that they cannot be mistaken for com= pound cmavo. Of course, all lujvo have at least six letters since they have= two or more rafsi, each at least three letters long; hence they cannot be = confused with gismu. lujvo formrequirements for hyphen insertion in = hyphen letterdefinition hyphensuse of Whe= n attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen lett= er. In Lojban, the term=20 =20 hyphen always refers to a letter, either the vowel=20 y or one of the consonants=20 r and=20 n. (The letter=20 @@ -1187,122 +1186,122 @@ In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the exam= ples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not= be pronounced as a separate syllable. Here are a few examples: <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>spaghetti</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>syllabic pronunciati= ons of consonants</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla category attachment</secon= dary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>  <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d3"/> - - spaghetti (from English or Italian) + + spaghetti from English or Italian =20 - spageti (Lojbanize) - cidj,r,spageti (prefix long rafsi) + spageti Lojbanize + cidj,r,spageti prefix long rafsi =20 - dja,r,spageti (prefix short rafsi) + dja,r,spageti prefix short rafsi where=20 cidj- is the 4-letter rafsi for= =20 cidja, the Lojban gismu for=20 food, thus categorizing=20 cidjrspageti as a kind of food. The form with t= he short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: = in any event, it means the same thing. <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary= ><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d4"/> - - Acer (the scientific name of maple trees) + + Acer the scientific name of maple trees =20 =20 - acer (Lojbanize) - xaceru (add initial consonant and final vowel) - tric,r,xaceru (prefix rafsi) - ric,r,xaceru (prefix short rafsi) + acer Lojbanize + xaceru add initial consonant and final vowel + tric,r,xaceru prefix rafsi + ric,r,xaceru prefix short rafsi where=20 tric- and=20 ric- are rafsi for=20 tricu, the gismu for=20 tree. Note that by the same principles,=20 maple sugar could get the fu'ivla=20 =20 saktrxaceru, or could be represented by the tan= ru=20 tricrxaceru sakta. Technically,=20 ricrxaceru and=20 tricrxaceru are distinct fu'ivla, but they woul= d surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use. <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>brie</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d5"/> - brie (from French) + brie from French =20 - bri (Lojbanize) - cirl,r,bri (prefix rafsi) + bri Lojbanize + cirl,r,bri prefix rafsi where=20 cirl- represents=20 cirla (=20 cheese). <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d6"/> cobra =20 - kobra (Lojbanize) - sinc,r,kobra (prefix rafsi) + kobra Lojbanize + sinc,r,kobra prefix rafsi where=20 sinc- represents=20 since (=20 snake). <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d7"/> quark =20 - kuark (Lojbanize) - kuarka (add final vowel) - sask,r,kuarka (prefix rafsi) + kuark Lojbanize + kuarka add final vowel + sask,r,kuarka prefix rafsi allowable diphtho= ngsin gismu and lujvo contrasted with in fu'ivla allowable= diphthongsin fu'ivla contrasted with in gismu and luj= vo d= iphthongsin fu'ivla fu'ivladiphthongs= in where=20 sask- represents=20 saske (=20 science). Note the extra vowel=20 a added to the end of the wor= d, and the diphthong=20 ua, which never appears in g= ismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla. <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d8"/> - =EC=9E=90=EB=AA=A8 (from Korean) - djamo (Lojbanize) - lerf,r,djamo (prefix rafsi) - ler,l,djamo (prefix rafsi) + =EC=9E=90=EB=AA=A8 from Korean + djamo Lojbanize + lerf,r,djamo prefix rafsi + ler,l,djamo prefix rafsi where=20 ler- represents=20 lerfu (=20 letter). Note the l-hyphen in "lerldjamo", since "lernd= jamo" contains the forbidden cluster "ndj". =20 fu'ivla categoriz= erfor distinguishing fu'ivla form fu'ivladisambiguation of The use of the prefix helps d= istinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending= on the field. As it happens,=20 spageti and=20 kuarka are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but=20 @@ -1334,62 +1333,62 @@ tarmi mean=20 building and=20 form respectively. Here are some fu'ivla representing cultures and related things, = shown with more than one rafsi prefix: <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d9"/> bang,r,blgaria - Bulgarian (in language) + Bulgarian in language =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d10"/> kuln,r,blgaria - Bulgarian (in culture) + Bulgarian in culture =20 <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Bulgarian</primary><= secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d11"/> gugd,r,blgaria - Bulgaria (the country) + Bulgaria the country <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d12"/> bang,r,kore,a - Korean (the language) + Korean the language =20 <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Korean</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e7d13"/> kuln,r,kore,a - Korean (the culture) + Korean the culture =20 Navajoexample fu= 'ivlaconsiderations for choosing basis word fu'ivlawith invalid diphthongs invalid diphthongsin= fu'ivla Note the commas in=20 and=20 , used because=20 ea is not a = valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name=20 Chosen should have been used instead of the internation= ally known=20 Korea; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. I= n general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severel= y impede understanding:=20 =20 @@ -1590,21 +1589,21 @@ from the gismu solri, meaning sola= r, or actually pertaining to the Sun <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Chief</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d13"/>

ralj. - Chief (as a title) + Chief as a title

from the gismu ralju, meaning prin= cipal. <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secon= dary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e8d14"/>

@@ -3103,21 +3102,21 @@

is of the appropriate form, and passes all tests required of a= Stage 4 fu'ivla. No two fu'ivla of this form would be allowed to coexist i= f they differed only in the final vowel; this rule was applied to gismu, bu= t does not apply to other fu'ivla or to lujvo. The second, and fully experimental, part of the proposal is to a= llow rafsi to be formed from these cultural fu'ivla by removing the final v= owel and treating the result as a 4-letter rafsi (although it would contain= five letters, not four). These rafsi could then be used on a par with all = other rafsi in forming lujvo. The tanru <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e16d2"/>

tci'ile ke canre tutra - Chilean type-of (sand territory) + Chilean type-of sand territory Chilean desert =20

could be represented by the lujvo <anchor xml:id=3D"c4e16d3"/>

diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml index ffce490..786f164 100644 --- a/todocbook/6.xml +++ b/todocbook/6.xml @@ -1743,21 +1743,21 @@ *doi,l do'il or dai,l =20 Lyra *lairas ly'iras - Lottie (American pronunciation)<= /entry> + Lottie (American pronunciation)<= /entry> *latis LYtis. or lotis. Doyleexample Lyraexample Lottieexample= namesu= sing rafsi Names may be borrowed from other languag= es or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more ra= fsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi=20 loj- for=20 logji (logical) and=20 ban- for=20 diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml index 1c01632..4f36181 100644 --- a/todocbook/8.xml +++ b/todocbook/8.xml @@ -713,21 +713,21 @@ illustrates that more than = two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with=20 zi'e. It almost defies colloquial translation b= ecause of the very un-English contrast between=20 pe mi, implying that the chair is temporarily c= onnected with me, and=20 po do, implying that the chair has a more perma= nent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which ca= se the chair would naturally be your property.) Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relati= ve clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e4d5"/>

- mi ba citka le dembi pe mi zi'e poi cpana le mi palta zi'e no= i do dunda ke'a mi + mi ba citka le dembi pe mi zi'e poi cpana le mi palta zi'e no= i do dunda ke'a mi I [future] eat the beans associated-with me and which are-u= pon my plate and which-incidentally you gave IT to-me. I'll eat my beans that are on my plate, the ones you gave me.<= /en> =20

Non-veridical relative clauses:=20 <jbophrase>voi</jbophrase>

@@ -1172,21 +1172,21 @@ which may serve to identify the author of the quotation or some = other relevant, but subsidiary, fact about it. All such relative clauses ap= pear only after the simple sumti, never before it. =20 NAhE selma'o<= /primary> LA= hE selma'o NAhE selma'oeffect of relative clause placement w= ith = LAhE selma'oeffect of relative clause placement with relat= ive clauses and NAhEplacement considerations relative clau= sesimpact of NAhE on placement= relative clauses and LAhEplacement considerations relative clausesimpact of LAhE on placement In addition, sumti wi= th attached sumti qualifiers of selma'o LAhE or NAhE+BO (which are explaine= d in detail in=20 =20 ) can have a= relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sum= ti, as in: <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d3"/>

- la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le v= u kumfa + la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le v= u kumfa A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [u= nquote] is-at the [far distance] room. An old=20 The Red Pony is in the far room. =20

red pony= example=20 is a bit complex, and may n= eed some picking apart. The quotation=20 lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u means the string of w= ords=20 The Red Pony. If the=20 @@ -1196,21 +1196,21 @@ la'e is to modify the sumti so that it refers n= ot to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by = John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of= =20 The Red Pony is identified by the restrictive relative = clause.=20 =20 =20 means exactly the same as:<= /para> <anchor xml:id=3D"c8e8d4"/>

- la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u poi to'ercitno cu zvati l= e vu kumfa + la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u poi to'ercitno cu zvati l= e vu kumfa A-referent-of ([quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]) which= is-old is-at the [far distance] room.

and the two sentences can be considered stylistic variants. Note= the required=20 lu'u terminator, which prevents the relative cl= ause from attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an = old quotation! =20 relative clauses<= /primary>on connected sumti Sometimes, h= owever, it is important to make a relative clause apply to the whole of a m= ore complex sumti, one which involves logical or non-logical connection (ex= plained in=20 =20 ). For example, diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml index 585ff18..f68d478 100644 --- a/todocbook/9.xml +++ b/todocbook/9.xml @@ -2005,20 +2005,25 @@ and=20 ). When a termset contains more= than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the t= wo tags are derived from a common event.

+ + cmavo + gismu + comments + Monosyllables of the form CVV:

bai bapli

bau bangu

diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO index f86fb93..a8ca086 100644 --- a/todocbook/TODO +++ b/todocbook/TODO @@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =20 Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it actually is; you'll get used to it. =20 SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed (like index work). =20 Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 -Zort: All chapters except 2 excepting index stuff (plenty of FIXMEs, thoug= h) +Zort: All chapters except 20 & 21 excepting index stuff (plenty of FIXMEs,= though) Matthew Walton: 3 =20 ------ =20 IF YOU CHANGE, ADD, OR REMOVE ANY ACTUAL CONTENT, I WILL EAT YOUR FAMILY. WITH STEAK SAUCE. MMMMMM. =20 If you make a change that is not *solely* XML tags, that's a content change, and I will hunt you down and bad things will occur. =20 @@ -145,23 +145,26 @@ All such indexterm entries should end up in the examp= le itself, like so: - It seems that there is a problem with the cmavo lists at the beginning of sections having missing entries; in particular, ones wwith + in the selma'o, maybe?; they need to be manually checked - lojban words, lojban phrases, terms of art ("abstraction"), others?... should each have their own index - cll_chapter5-section1 should be content-words-brivla or so ; those IDs should not change when things are moved around - list the members of each selma'o in chapter 20 - make sure the examples that aren't interlinear glosses don't have that as their role - - so far there's pronunciation-example, - compound-cmavo-example, lujvo-making-example, - lojbanization-example, english-example + - so far there's + - pronunciation-example + - compound-cmavo-example + - lujvo-making-example + - lojbanization-example + - lujvo-example - =E2=88=9E is *not* IPA - <@xalbo> I do think having distinct structures for quoted correct lojban and for intentionally incorrect lojban (if there's any, but I would expect there is) would probably be a good thing. <@xalbo> (found one: search for djeimz) <@xalbo> I see three cases, though I don't know if they're all represented in the text: valid, good lojban, invalid lojban, and something in between ({lo nanmu bajra}, for instance; maybe worth flagging with a "this isn't what you think it is" type of thing - use ... for purposeful na diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html.css b/todocbook/docbook2html.css index eb5faf7..f333691 100644 --- a/todocbook/docbook2html.css +++ b/todocbook/docbook2html.css @@ -7,21 +7,20 @@ body { font-size: 1em; display: block; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #bbb; background-color: #eee; color: #000; =20 overflow: auto; border-radius: 2.5px; -moz-border-radius: 2.5px; margin: 0.5em 2em; -=20 } =20 .programlisting { font-family: monospace; font-size: 1em; display: block; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #bbb; /* programlisting *bad* for CLL; make it obvious */ background-color: #000; =20 @@ -66,14 +65,19 @@ em[lang=3Djbo] { font-style: italic; font-size: 1em; } =20 .example-final { font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; } */ =20 -td -{ - padding:15px; +table { + border-style: none; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +td { + padding: 15px; + border: 1px solid #000; } diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl b/todocbook/docbook2html= _preprocess.xsl index 95de8ea..bccdab3 100644 --- a/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl +++ b/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl @@ -49,33 +49,44 @@ =20 + =20 - +

=20 + + + + + + + + + + =20

- + commit a067bb6c45aa940dd7b780820162688e64d2c19f Merge: 09a5bb0 66257b0 Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Sun Jan 30 09:16:51 2011 -0500 Merge remote branch 'upstream/gh-pages' into gh-pages commit 09a5bb0c2bd1d247e5ff8d58108a091dd0222aa9 Merge: 9cfa810 4e31f5d Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Sat Jan 29 19:53:22 2011 -0500 Merge remote branch 'upstream/gh-pages' into gh-pages commit 9cfa81054f97d22e66820dccdbb4474d9c63f37c Author: Eitan Postavsky Date: Sat Jan 29 16:50:32 2011 -0500 Improved or converted to the summary tables of chapters 7,= 9, 11, 18. diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml index d4d337d..3940270 100644 --- a/todocbook/11.xml +++ b/todocbook/11.xml @@ -1467,108 +1467,99 @@ le ka je ni la frank. ciska cu xlali The quality and quantity of Frank's writing is bad. =20 This feature of Lojban has hardly ever been used, and nobody kno= ws what uses it may eventually have.

Table of abstractors - The following table gives each abstractor, an English gloss for = it, a Lojban gismu which is connected with it (more or less remotely: the a= ssociations between abstractors and gismu are meant more as memory hooks th= an for any kind of inference), the rafsi associated with it, and (on the fo= llowing line) its place structure. - - - - - - - - - - nu - event of - fasnu - nun - x1 is an event of (the bridi) - - - ka - property of - ckaji - kam - x1 is a property of (the bridi) - - - ni - amount of - klani - nil - x1 is an amount of (the bridi) measured on scale x2 - - - jei - truth-value of - jetnu - jez - x1 is a truth-value of (the bridi) under epistemology x= 2 - - - li'i - experience of - lifri - liz - x1 is an experience of (the bridi) to experiencer x2 - - - si'o - idea of - sidbo - siz - x1 is an idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2<= /entry> - - - du'u - predication of - ----- - dum - x1 is the bridi (the bridi) expressed by sentence x2 - - - su'u - abstraction of - sucta - sus - x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi) - - - za'i - state of - zasti - zam - x1 is a state of (the bridi) - - - zu'o - activity of - zukte - zum - x1 is an activity of (the bridi) - - - pu'u - process of - pruce - pup - x1 is a process of (the bridi) - - - mu'e - point-event of - mulno - mub - x1 is a point-event/achievement of (the bridi) - - - - + The following table gives each abstractor, an English gloss for = it, a Lojban gismu which is connected with it (more or less remotely: the a= ssociations between abstractors and gismu are meant more as memory hooks th= an for any kind of inference), the rafsi associated with it, and (on the fo= llowing line) its place structure. + + + nu + event of + fasnu + nun + x1 is an event of (the bridi= ) + + + ka + property of + ckaji + kam + x1 is a property of (the bri= di) + + + ni + amount of + klani + nil + x1 is an amount of (the brid= i) measured on scale x2 + + + jei + truth-value of + jetnu + jez + x1 is a truth-value of (the = bridi) under epistemology x2 + + + li'i + experience of + lifri + liz + x1 is an experience of (the = bridi) to experiencer x2 + + + si'o + idea of + sidbo + siz + x1 is an idea/concept of (th= e bridi) in the mind of x2 + + + du'u + predication of + ----- + dum + x1 is the bridi (the bridi) = expressed by sentence x2 + + + su'u + abstraction of + sucta + sus + x1 is an abstract nature of = (the bridi) + + + za'i + state of + zasti + zam + x1 is a state of (the bridi)= + + + zu'o + activity of + zukte + zum + x1 is an activity of (the br= idi) + + + pu'u + process of + pruce + pup + x1 is a process of (the brid= i) + + + mu'e + point-event of + mulno + mub + x1 is a point-event/achievem= ent of (the bridi) + +

diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml index 12005da..76b4413 100644 --- a/todocbook/18.xml +++ b/todocbook/18.xml @@ -3384,21 +3384,21 @@ =20 sa'i matrix column vector combiner (all operands are column vectors) =20 ri'o integral - integral of a with respect to b over ra= nge c + integral of a with respect to b over ra= nge c =20 sa'o derivative derivative of a with respect to b of de= gree c (default 1)

fu'u non-specific operator @@ -3418,122 +3418,127 @@ re'a matrix transpose/dual a*

Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numb= ers. - digitslist of decimal Decimal digits: + <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>digits</pri= mary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</ti= tle> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>no</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">non</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>no</cmavo> + <rafsi>non</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">0</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>pa</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">pav</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>pa</cmavo> + <rafsi>pav</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">1</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>re</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">rel</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>re</cmavo> + <rafsi>rel</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">2</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>ci</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">cib</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>ci</cmavo> + <rafsi>cib</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">3</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>vo</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">von</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>vo</cmavo> + <rafsi>von</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">4</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>mu</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">mum</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>mu</cmavo> + <rafsi>mum</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">5</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>xa</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">xav</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>xa</cmavo> + <rafsi>xav</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">6</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>ze</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">zel</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>ze</cmavo> + <rafsi>zel</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">7</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>bi</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">biv</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>bi</cmavo> + <rafsi>biv</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">8</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> - <cmavo><jbophrase>so</jbophrase></cmavo> - <rafsi><jbophrase role=3D"rafsi">soz</jbophrase></rafsi> + <cmavo>so</cmavo> + <rafsi>soz</rafsi> <description role=3D"math">9</description> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> </listitem> <listitem> - <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>digits</prima= ry><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digit= s:</para> <cmavo-list> + <title><indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>digits</pri= mary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal dig= its:

- dau + dau A/10 -

- fei + + + fei B/11 - - gai + + + gai C/12 - - jau + + + jau D/13 - - rei + + + rei E/14 - - vai + + + vai F/15 - numberslist of special Special numbers: + <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>numbers</pr= imary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</= title> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>pai</cmavo> <description role=3D"math">=CF=80</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ka'o</cmavo> - <description role=3D"math">imaginary i</description> + <description>imaginary i</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>te'o</cmavo> - <description role=3D"math">exponential e</description> + <description>exponential e</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>ci'i</cmavo> - <description role=3D"math">infinity (=E2=88=9E)</description> + <description>infinity (=E2=88=9E)</description> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> </listitem> <listitem> - <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>punctuation</= primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctua= tion:</para> <cmavo-list> + <title><indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>punctuation= </primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punct= uation:

pi piz decimal point

ce'i cez percentage @@ -3566,112 +3571,115 @@ ji'i approximation sign

ka'o complex number separator

- numberslist of indefinite Indefinite number= s:

+ <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>numbers</pr= imary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numb= ers:

ro all rol

so'a soj almost all

so'e sop most

so'i many - sor or so'i + sor + so'i

so'o sos several

so'u sot few

da'a daz all but

- Subjective numbers:

+ Subjective numbers:

rau enough

du'e too few

mo'a too many

- Miscellaneous:

+ Miscellaneous:

xo number question

tu'o null operand

Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures<= /title> <cmavo-list> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>mei</cmavo> - <rafsi>mem, mei</rafsi> - <description>x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one o= r more of which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]= </description> + <rafsi>mem</rafsi>  + <rafsi>mei</rafsi> + <description role=3D"place-structure">x1 is a mass formed from a s= et x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, [measured relative to t= he set x4/by standard x4]</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>moi</cmavo> - <rafsi>mom, moi</rafsi> - <description>x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule= x3 [by standard x4]</description> + <rafsi>mom</rafsi>  + <rafsi>moi</rafsi> + <description role=3D"place-structure">x1 is the (n)th member of se= t x2 when ordered by rule x3 [by standard x4]</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>si'e</cmavo> - <rafsi>none</rafsi> - <description>x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]</d= escription> + <rafsi/>  + <description role=3D"place-structure">x1 is an (n)th portion of ma= ss x2 [by standard x3]</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>cu'o</cmavo> <rafsi>cu'o (borrowed from <jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase>; see <xref= linkend=3D"section-explicit-operator-precedence"/>)</rafsi> - <description>event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under condi= tions x2 [by standard x3]</description> + <description role=3D"place-structure">event x1 has probability (n)= of occurring under conditions x2 [by standard x3]</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>va'e</cmavo> - <rafsi>none</rafsi> - <description>x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2 [by stand= ard x3]</description> + <rafsi/>  + <description role=3D"place-structure">x1 is at scale position (n) = on the scale x2 [by standard x3]</description> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> </section> </chapter> diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml index ee488ac..03c7e88 100644 --- a/todocbook/7.xml +++ b/todocbook/7.xml @@ -2281,21 +2281,24 @@ <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>co'e</cmavo> <description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <jbophrase role= =3D"rafsi">com</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>mo</cmavo> <description>bridi question</description> </cmavo-entry> <cmavo-entry> <cmavo>du</cmavo> - <description>identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi: <jbop= hrase role=3D"rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>)</descript= ion> + <description role=3D"place-structure">identity: x1 is identical to= x2, x3 ...</description> +  + <rafsi>dub</rafsi> + <rafsi>du'o</rafsi> </cmavo-entry> </cmavo-list> </section> <section xml:id=3D"section-other-summary"> <title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter

goi GOI pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series) diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml index 1f3f14b..585ff18 100644 --- a/todocbook/9.xml +++ b/todocbook/9.xml @@ -2004,679 +2004,619 @@ ce'e creates a termset containing two terms (te= rmsets are explained in=20 and=20 ). When a termset contains more= than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the t= wo tags are derived from a common event.

CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms modal cmavoregular form for derivation There ar= e 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (=20 do'e, discussed in=20 =20 ), are derived directly from selected g= ismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, wh= ere C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the= two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in o= ne way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into= sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in = more than one sub-table, and are so noted. - - - - - - - - cmavo - gismu - comments - - - - - - - =20 - - - Monosyllables of the form CVV: - - - - - bai - bapli - - - bau - bangu - - - cau - claxu - - - fau - fasnu - - - gau - gasnu - - - kai - ckaji - uses 2nd consonant of gismu - - - mau - zmadu - uses 2nd consonant of gismu - + + Monosyllables of the form CVV: + + bai + bapli + + + bau + bangu + + + cau + claxu + + + fau + fasnu + + + gau + gasnu + + + kai + ckaji + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + mau + zmadu + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + =20 - - koi - korbi - - - rai - traji - uses 2nd consonant of gismu - - - sau - sarcu - - - tai - tamsmi - based on lujvo, not gismu - - - zau - zanru - - - - - - - =20 - - - Second consonant of the gismu as the C: (the gismu is a= lways of the form CCVCV)=20 - - - - - ga'a - zgana - - - kai - ckaji - has CVV form (monosyllable) - - - ki'i - ckini - - - la'u - klani - has irregular 2nd V - - - le'a - klesi - has irregular 2nd V - - - mau - zmadu - has CVV form (monosyllable) - + + koi + korbi + + + rai + traji + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + sau + sarcu + + + tai + tamsmi + based on lujvo, not gismu + + + zau + zanru + + + + Second consonant of the gismu as the C: (the gismu is always = of the form CCVCV) + + ga'a + zgana + + + kai + ckaji + has CVV form (monosyllable) + + + ki'i + ckini + + + la'u + klani + has irregular 2nd V + + + le'a + klesi + has irregular 2nd V + + + mau + zmadu + has CVV form (monosyllable) + =20 - - me'e - cmene - - - ra'a - srana - - - ra'i - krasi - - - rai - traji - has CVV form (monosyllable) - - - ti'i - stidi - - - tu'i - stuzi - - - - - - - =20 - - - Irregular 2nd V: - - - - - fi'e - finti - + + me'e + cmene + + + ra'a + srana + + + ra'i + krasi + + + rai + traji + has CVV form (monosyllable) + + + ti'i + stidi + + + tu'i + stuzi + + + + Irregular 2nd V: + + fi'e + finti + + + + la'u + klani + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + le'a + klesi + uses 2nd consonant of gismu + + + ma'e + marji + + + mu'u + mupli + + + ti'u + tcika + + + va'o + vanbi + + + + Special cases: + + ri'i + lifri + uses 3rd consonant of gismu + + + tai + tamsmi + based on lujvo, not gismu + + + va'u + xamgu + CV'V cmavo can't begin with x + + =20 - - la'u - klani - uses 2nd consonant of gismu - - - le'a - klesi - uses 2nd consonant of gismu - - - ma'e - marji - - - mu'u - mupli - - - ti'u - tcika - - - va'o - vanbi - - - - - - - =20 - - - Special cases: - - - - - ri'i - lifri - uses 3rd consonant of gismu - - - tai - tamsmi - based on lujvo, not gismu - - - va'u - xamgu - CV'V cmavo can't begin with x - - - -

Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents</tit= le> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo table= </primary><secondary>format of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type=3D"= general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>table with Engli= sh equivalents</secondary></indexterm> The following table shows all the cm= avo belonging to selma'o BAI, and has five columns. The first column is the= cmavo itself; the second column is the gismu linked to it. The third colum= n gives an English phrase which indicates the meaning of the cmavo; and the= fourth column indicates its meaning when preceded by=20 <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para> <para>For those cmavo with meaningful=20 <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,=20 <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and even=20 <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> conversions (depending on the number of plac= es of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two = extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</prim= ary><secondary>basis in gismu place structure</secondary></indexterm> It sh= ould be emphasized that the place structures of the gismu control the meani= ngs of the BAI cmavo. The English phrases shown here are only suggestive, a= nd are often too broad or too narrow to correctly specify what the acceptab= le range of uses for the modal tag are.</para> - <informaltable> - <tgroup cols=3D"7"> - <colspec colnum=3D"1" colname=3D"col1"/> - <colspec colnum=3D"2" colname=3D"col2"/> - <colspec colnum=3D"3" colname=3D"col3"/> - <colspec colnum=3D"4" colname=3D"col4"/> - <colspec colnum=3D"5" colname=3D"col5"/> - <colspec colnum=3D"6" colname=3D"col6"/> - <colspec colnum=3D"7" colname=3D"col7"/> - <tbody> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ba'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>basti</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>replaced by</entry> - <entry>instead of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>bai</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>bapli</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>compelled by</entry> - <entry>compelling</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>bau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in language</entry> - <entry>in language of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>be'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>benji</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>sent by</entry> - <entry>transmitting</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dsent to</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dwith transmit origin</entry= > - <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=3Dtransmitted via</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ca'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>catni</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>by authority of</entry> - <entry>with authority over</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>cau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>claxu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>lacked by</entry> - <entry>without</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ci'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in system</entry> - <entry>with system function</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dof system components</entry= > - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ci'o</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>cinmo</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>felt by</entry> - <entry>feeling emotion</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ckilu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>on the scale</entry> - <entry>on scale measuring</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>as said by</entry> - <entry>expressing</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Das told to</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dexpressed in medium</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>de'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>detri</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>dated</entry> - <entry>on the same date</entry> - <entry>as</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>di'o</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>diklo</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>at the locus of</entry> - <entry>at specific locus</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>-----</entry> - <entry>vaguely related to</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>du'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>as much as</entry> - <entry>equal to</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>according to</entry> - <entry>knowing facts</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dknowing about</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dunder epistemology</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>fa'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>fatne</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>reverse of</entry> - <entry>in reversal of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in the event of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>finti</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>created by</entry> - <entry>creating work</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dcreated for purpose</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ga'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>zgana</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>to observer</entry> - <entry>observing</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dobserved by means</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dobserved under conditions</= entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>gau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with agent</entry> - <entry>as agent in doing</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ja'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>jalge</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>resulting in</entry> - <entry>results because of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ja'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>javni</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>by rule</entry> - <entry>by rule prescribing</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ji'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>jimte</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>up to limit</entry> - <entry>as a</entry> - <entry>limit of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ji'o</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>jitro</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>under direction</entry> - <entry>controlling</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>jicmu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>based on</entry> - <entry>supporting</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>gone to by</entry> - <entry>with destination</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dwith origin</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dvia route</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=3Dby transport mode</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ka'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>krati</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>represented by</entry> - <entry>on behalf of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>characterizing</entry> - <entry>with</entry> - <entry>property</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ki'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ckini</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>as relation of</entry> - <entry>related to</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dwith relation</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>krinu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>justified by</entry> - <entry>with justified result</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>koi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>korbi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>bounded by</entry> - <entry>as boundary of</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dbordering</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ku'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>kulnu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in culture</entry> - <entry>in culture of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>as quantity of</entry> - <entry>in quantity</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in category</entry> - <entry>as category of</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Ddefined by quality</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>li'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>lidne</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>led by</entry> - <entry>leading</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ma'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>marji</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>of material</entry> - <entry>made from material</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Din material form of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>manri</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in reference frame</entry> - <entry>as a</entry> - <entry>standard for</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>exceeded by</entry> - <entry>more than</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>undercut by</entry> - <entry>less than</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>me'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with name</entry> - <entry>as a name for</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Das a name to</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>motivated by</entry> - <entry>motive therefore</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>mu'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>mupli</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>exemplified by</entry> - <entry>as an example of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ni'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>nibli</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>entailed by</entry> - <entry>entails</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>pa'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>panra</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in addition to</entry> - <entry>similar to</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dsimilar in pattern</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dsimilar by standard</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>pa'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>pagbu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with component</entry> - <entry>as a</entry> - <entry>part of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>used by</entry> - <entry>using tool</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>po'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>porsi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>in the sequence</entry> - <entry>sequenced by rule</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>pu'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>pluka</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>pleased by</entry> - <entry>in order to please</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>pu'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>pruce</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>by process</entry> - <entry>processing from</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dprocessing into</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dpassing through stages</ent= ry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>from source as an origin of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with superlative</entry> - <entry>superlative in</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dat extreme</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=3Dsuperlative among</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>caused by</entry> - <entry>causing</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ri'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>experienced by</entry> - <entry>experiencing</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>sau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>sarcu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>requiring</entry> - <entry>necessarily for</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dnecessarily under condition= s</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>si'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>sidju</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>aided by</entry> - <entry>assisting in</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ta'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>tadji</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>by method</entry> - <entry>as a</entry> - <entry>method for</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>as a form of</entry> - <entry>in form</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Din form similar to</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ti'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>suggested by</entry> - <entry>suggesting</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dsuggested to</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>ti'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>tcika</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with time</entry> - <entry>at the time of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>tu'i</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>stuzi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with site</entry> - <entry>as location of</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>va'o</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>vanbi</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>under conditions</entry> - <entry>as conditions for</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>va'u</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>benefiting from</entry> - <entry>with beneficiary</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>zau</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>zanru</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>approved by</entry> - <entry>approving</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><jbophrase>zu'e</jbophrase></entry> - <entry><jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase></entry> - <entry>with actor</entry> - <entry>with means to goal</entry> - <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=3Dwith goal</entry> - </row> - </tbody> - </tgroup> - </informaltable>=20 + <cmavo-list> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ba'i</cmavo> + <gismu>basti</gismu> + <modal-place>replaced by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">instead of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>bai</cmavo> + <gismu>bapli</gismu> + <modal-place>compelled by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">compelling</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>bau</cmavo> + <gismu>bangu</gismu> + <modal-place>in language</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">in language of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>be'i</cmavo> + <gismu>benji</gismu> + <modal-place>sent by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">transmitting</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">sent to</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">with transmit origin</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"xe">transmitted via</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ca'i</cmavo> + <gismu>catni</gismu> + <modal-place>by authority of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with authority over</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>cau</cmavo> + <gismu>claxu</gismu> + <modal-place>lacked by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">without</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ci'e</cmavo> + <gismu>ciste</gismu> + <modal-place>in system</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with system function</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">of system components</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ci'o</cmavo> + <gismu>cinmo</gismu> + <modal-place>felt by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">feeling emotion</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ci'u</cmavo> + <gismu>ckilu</gismu> + <modal-place>on the scale</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">on scale measuring</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>cu'u</cmavo> + <gismu>cusku</gismu> + <modal-place>as said by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">expressing</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">as told to</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">expressed in medium</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>de'i</cmavo> + <gismu>detri</gismu> + <modal-place>dated</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">on the same date</modal-place> + <entry>as</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>di'o</cmavo> + <gismu>diklo</gismu> + <modal-place>at the locus of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">at specific locus</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></cmavo> + <gismu>-----</gismu> + <modal-place>vaguely related to</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>du'i</cmavo> + <gismu>dunli</gismu> + <modal-place>as much as</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">equal to</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>du'o</cmavo> + <gismu>djuno</gismu> + <modal-place>according to</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">knowing facts</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">knowing about</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">under epistemology</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>fa'e</cmavo> + <gismu>fatne</gismu> + <modal-place>reverse of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">in reversal of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>in the event of</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>fi'e</cmavo> + <gismu>finti</gismu> + <modal-place>created by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">creating work</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">created for purpose</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ga'a</cmavo> + <gismu>zgana</gismu> + <modal-place>to observer</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">observing</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">observed by means</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">observed under conditions</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>gau</cmavo> + <gismu>gasnu</gismu> + <modal-place>with agent</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as agent in doing</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ja'e</cmavo> + <gismu>jalge</gismu> + <modal-place>resulting in</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">results because of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ja'i</cmavo> + <gismu>javni</gismu> + <modal-place>by rule</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">by rule prescribing</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ji'e</cmavo> + <gismu>jimte</gismu> + <modal-place>up to limit</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as a</modal-place> + <entry>limit of</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ji'o</cmavo> + <gismu>jitro</gismu> + <modal-place>under direction</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">controlling</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ji'u</cmavo> + <gismu>jicmu</gismu> + <modal-place>based on</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">supporting</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ka'a</cmavo> + <gismu>klama</gismu> + <modal-place>gone to by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with destination</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">with origin</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">via route</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"xe">by transport mode</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ka'i</cmavo> + <gismu>krati</gismu> + <modal-place>represented by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">on behalf of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>kai</cmavo> + <gismu>ckaji</gismu> + <modal-place>characterizing</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with</modal-place> + <entry>property</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ki'i</cmavo> + <gismu>ckini</gismu> + <modal-place>as relation of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">related to</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">with relation</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ki'u</cmavo> + <gismu>krinu</gismu> + <modal-place>justified by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with justified result</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>koi</cmavo> + <gismu>korbi</gismu> + <modal-place>bounded by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as boundary of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">bordering</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ku'u</cmavo> + <gismu>kulnu</gismu> + <modal-place>in culture</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">in culture of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>la'u</cmavo> + <gismu>klani</gismu> + <modal-place>as quantity of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">in quantity</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>le'a</cmavo> + <gismu>klesi</gismu> + <modal-place>in category</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as category of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">defined by quality</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>li'e</cmavo> + <gismu>lidne</gismu> + <modal-place>led by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">leading</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ma'e</cmavo> + <gismu>marji</gismu> + <modal-place>of material</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">made from material</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">in material form of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ma'i</cmavo> + <gismu>manri</gismu> + <modal-place>in reference frame</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as a</modal-place> + <entry>standard for</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>mau</cmavo> + <gismu>zmadu</gismu> + <modal-place>exceeded by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">more than</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>me'a</cmavo> + <gismu>mleca</gismu> + <modal-place>undercut by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">less than</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>me'e</cmavo> + <gismu>cmene</gismu> + <modal-place>with name</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as a name for</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">as a name to</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>mu'i</cmavo> + <gismu>mukti</gismu> + <modal-place>motivated by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">motive therefore</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>mu'u</cmavo> + <gismu>mupli</gismu> + <modal-place>exemplified by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as an example of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ni'i</cmavo> + <gismu>nibli</gismu> + <modal-place>entailed by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">entails</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>pa'a</cmavo> + <gismu>panra</gismu> + <modal-place>in addition to</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">similar to</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">similar in pattern</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">similar by standard</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>pa'u</cmavo> + <gismu>pagbu</gismu> + <modal-place>with component</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as a</modal-place> + <entry>part of</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>pi'o</cmavo> + <gismu>pilno</gismu> + <modal-place>used by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">using tool</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>po'i</cmavo> + <gismu>porsi</gismu> + <modal-place>in the sequence</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">sequenced by rule</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>pu'a</cmavo> + <gismu>pluka</gismu> + <modal-place>pleased by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">in order to please</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>pu'e</cmavo> + <gismu>pruce</gismu> + <modal-place>by process</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">processing from</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">processing into</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">passing through stages</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry> + <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry> + <entry>from source as an origin of</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>rai</cmavo> + <gismu>traji</gismu> + <modal-place>with superlative</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">superlative in</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">at extreme</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"ve">superlative among</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ri'a</cmavo> + <gismu>rinka</gismu> + <modal-place>caused by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">causing</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ri'i</cmavo> + <gismu>lifri</gismu> + <modal-place>experienced by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">experiencing</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>sau</cmavo> + <gismu>sarcu</gismu> + <modal-place>requiring</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">necessarily for</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">necessarily under conditions</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>si'u</cmavo> + <gismu>sidju</gismu> + <modal-place>aided by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">assisting in</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ta'i</cmavo> + <gismu>tadji</gismu> + <modal-place>by method</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as a</modal-place> + <entry>method for</entry> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>tai</cmavo> + <gismu>tamsmi</gismu> + <modal-place>as a form of</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">in form</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">in form similar to</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ti'i</cmavo> + <gismu>stidi</gismu> + <modal-place>suggested by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">suggesting</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">suggested to</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>ti'u</cmavo> + <gismu>tcika</gismu> + <modal-place>with time</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">at the time of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>tu'i</cmavo> + <gismu>stuzi</gismu> + <modal-place>with site</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as location of</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>va'o</cmavo> + <gismu>vanbi</gismu> + <modal-place>under conditions</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">as conditions for</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>va'u</cmavo> + <gismu>xamgu</gismu> + <modal-place>benefiting from</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with beneficiary</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>zau</cmavo> + <gismu>zanru</gismu> + <modal-place>approved by</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">approving</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + <cmavo-entry> + <cmavo>zu'e</cmavo> + <gismu>zukte</gismu> + <modal-place>with actor</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"se">with means to goal</modal-place> + <modal-place se=3D"te">with goal</modal-place> + </cmavo-entry> + </cmavo-list>=20 <para>The lujvo=20 <jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase> on which=20 <jbophrase>tai</jbophrase> is based is derived from the tanru=20 <jbophrase>tarmi simsa</jbophrase> and has the place structure:</para> <place-structure> tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x4 </place-structure> <para>This lujvo is employed because=20 <jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> does not have a place structure useful fo= r the modal's purpose.</para> </section> --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.