<anchor xml:id=3D"c10e1d1"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>go to market</primary><seco= ndary>example</secondary></indexterm>=20

Interval properties: TAhE and=20 <valsi>roi</valsi> =20 The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

@@ -929,40 +938,44 @@ VEhA whole space interval =20

TAhE selma'= o inte= rvalsspread of actions over <= indexterm type=3D"general-imported">discreteo= f tense intervals continuousof tense intervals= Consider Lojban bridi which express events taking place in tim= e. Whether a very short interval (a point) or a long interval of time is in= volved, the event may not be spread consistently throughout that interval. = Lojban can use the cmavo of selma'o TAhE to express the idea of continuous = or non-continuous actions. =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d1"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>attend school</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm>=20

mi puzu ze'u velckule I [past] [long distance] [long interval] am-a-school-atte= ndee (pupil). Long ago I attended school for a long time.

- attend schoolexample probably does not mean t= hat I attended school continuously throughout the whole of that long-ago in= terval. Actually, I attended school every day, except for school holidays. = More explicitly, + =20 + probably does not mean that I attended school continuously through= out the whole of that long-ago interval. Actually, I attended school every = day, except for school holidays. More explicitly, <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d2"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>regularly</primary><seconda= ry>example</secondary></indexterm> =20

mi puzu ze'u di'i velckule =20 I [past] [long distance] [long interval] [regularly] am-a= -pupil. Long ago I regularly attended school for a long time.

- ta'e na'o di'i<= /primary> ru= 'i reg= ularlyexample interval spreadmutually= contrasted The four TAhE cmavo are differentiated = as follows:=20 + ta'e na'o di'i<= /primary> ru= 'i =20 + interval spreadmutually contrasted The four TAhE c= mavo are differentiated as follows:=20 ru'i covers the entirety of the interval,=20 =20 di'i covers the parts of the interval which are syste= matically spaced subintervals;=20 =20 na'o covers part of the interval, but exactly which p= art is determined by context;=20 =20 ta'e covers part of the interval, selected with refer= ence to the behavior of the actor (who often, but not always, appears in th= e x1 place of the bridi). =20 interval spread= with unspecified interval Usin= g TAhE does not require being so specific. Either the time direction or the= time interval or both may be omitted (in which case they are vague). For e= xample: @@ -983,58 +996,62 @@

mi na'o klama le zarci =20 I [typically] go-to the market. I typically go/went/will go to the market.

illustrates an interval property in isolation. There are no di= stance or direction cmavo, so the point of time is vague; likewise, there i= s no interval cmavo, so the length of the interval during which these going= s-to-the-market take place is also vague. As always, context will determine= these vague values. - nai intermittentl= yexample interval spreadexpressing En= glish "intermittently"=20 + nai =20 + interval spreadexpressing English "intermittently"=20 Intermittently is the polar opposite notion to=20 continuously, and is expressed not with its own cmavo= , but by adding the negation suffix=20 -nai (which belongs to selma'o NAI) to= =20 ru'i. For example: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d5"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>intermittently</primary><se= condary>example</secondary></indexterm> =20

le verba ru'inai cadzu le bisli The child [continuously-not] walks-on the ice. The child intermittently walks on the ice. =20

interval spread= negation with nai As shown in = the cmavo table above, all the cmavo of TAhE may be negated with=20 -nai;=20 ru'inai and=20 di'inai are probably the most useful. - ROI selma'o= r= oi onc= eexample tensequantified<= /indexterm> quantified tempo= ral tensedefinition An intermi= ttent event can also be specified by counting the number of times during th= e interval that it takes place. The cmavo=20 + ROI selma'o roi= =20 + tensequantified quantified temporal tensedefinition An intermittent event can also be specified by counting th= e number of times during the interval that it takes place. The cmavo=20 roi (which belongs to selma'o ROI) can be appended to a= number to make a quantified tense. Quantified tenses are common in English= , but not so commonly named: they are exemplified by the adverbs=20 =20 =20 never,=20 once,=20 twice,=20 thrice, ...=20 always, and by the related phrases=20 many times,=20 a few times,=20 too many times, and so on. All of these are handled in = Lojban by a number plus=20 -roi: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d6"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>once</primary><secondary>exam= ple</secondary></indexterm> =20

mi paroi klama le zarci I [one time] go-to the market. I go to the market once.

<anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d7"/> @@ -1055,69 +1072,73 @@ <gloss>I [past] [two times] go-to the market.</gloss> <natlang>I went to the market twice.</natlang> </interlinear-gloss> </example> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>quantified tempor= al tense with direction</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English = in implications</secondary></indexterm> The English is slightly over-specif= ic here: it entails that both goings-to-the-market were in the past, which = may or may not be true in the Lojban sentence, since the implied interval i= s vague. Therefore, the interval may start in the past but extend into the = present or even the future.</para> <para> <indexterm type=3D"general-imported"><primary>quantified tempor= al tense</primary><secondary>negating with nai</secondary></indexterm> Addi= ng=20 <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> to=20 <valsi>roi</valsi> is also permitted, and has the meaning=20 =20 <quote>other than (the number specified)</quote>:</para> -<para> <indexterm type=3D"example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese</prim= ary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para> <example role=3D"interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id=3D"example-random-i= d-rXXf"> <title> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d9"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm>=20

le ratcu reroinai citka le cirla The rat [twice-not] eats the cheese. The rat eats the cheese other than twice.

This may mean that the rat eats the cheese fewer times, or more = times, or not at all. - ze'e only onceexample whole time intervalexpressing quantifi= ed temporal tenses"once" contrasted with &qu= ot;only once" quantified temporal tensescaveat on imp= lication of It is necessary to be careful with sent= ences like=20 + ze'e =20 + whole time intervalexpressing quantified temporal tenses&qu= ot;once" contrasted with "only once"= quantified temporal tenses<= /primary>caveat on implication of It is = necessary to be careful with sentences like=20 and=20 , where a quantified tense a= ppears without an interval. What=20 really says is that during = an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set in the past= , the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example says noth= ing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is often les= s than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market once and = only once, we can use the cmavo=20 =20 ze'e which represents the=20 =20 whole time interval: conceptually, an interval which st= retches from time's beginning to its end: =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d10"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>only once</primary><secondary= >example</secondary></indexterm> =20

mi ze'e paroi klama le zarci =20 I [whole interval] [once] go-to the market.

Since specifying no ZEhA leaves the interval vague,=20 might in appropriate contex= t mean the same as=20 after all – but=20 allows us to be specific wh= en specificity is necessary. =20 - ze'eca ze'eba ze'= epu PU selma'o have neverexample ze'ecameanin= g of ze'ebameaning of ze'epumeaning of ze'eeffect on following PU direction= temporal directionexception in meaning when following ze'e A PU cmavo following=20 + ze'eca ze'eba ze'ep= u = PU selma'o =20 + ze'ecameaning of ze'ebameaning of ze'epumean= ing of ze'eeffect on following PU direction temporal direction= exception in meaning when following ze'e A PU cmavo following=20 ze'e has a slightly different meaning from one that fol= lows another ZEhA cmavo. The compound cmavo=20 =20 ze'epu signifies the interval stretching = from the infinite past to the reference point (wherever the imaginary journ= ey has taken you);=20 =20 ze'eba is the interval stretching from th= e reference point to the infinite future. The remaining form,=20 =20 ze'eca, makes specific the=20 =20 whole of time interpretation just given. These compound= forms make it possible to assert that something has never happened without= asserting that it never will. <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e9d11"/> + <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>have never</primary><secondar= y>example</secondary></indexterm> =20

mi ze'epu noroi klama le zarci =20 I [whole interval] [past] [never] go-to the market. I have never gone to the market. =20

says nothing about whether I might go in future. --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.