<indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>toward my right</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e8d1"/>

Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a ten= se-like relationship between nouns,=20 @@ -3391,21 +3391,21 @@ sowed grainexample

do puzi je cu'e sombo le gurni You [past] [short] and [when?] sow the grain? You sowed the grain a little while ago; when else do you = sow it? =20

Additionally, the logical connective itself can be replaced by a= question word: - tense questionsby using logical connective question FIXME: TAG SPOT + tense questionsby using logical connective question <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e24d10"/> la .artr. pu je'i ba nolraitru =20 Arthur [past] [which?] [future] is-a-king Was Arthur a king or will he be? @@ -3467,21 +3467,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c10e26d1"/>

.a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe fi le lojbo = temci selsku ciste

Summary of tense selma'o - tense selma'osummary of FIXME: TAG SPOT + tense selma'osummary of PU temporal direction

pu past diff --git a/chapters/12.xml b/chapters/12.xml index 1dba90f..d3fa8d9 100644 --- a/chapters/12.xml +++ b/chapters/12.xml @@ -429,21 +429,21 @@ Mon Reposexample

la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat. noi gerku Mon Repos is a house of Spot, who is a dog. =20

since that is the interpretation we have given=20 gerzda. But that in turn means - unspecified breed= example FIXME: TAG SPOT + unspecified breed= example <anchor xml:id=3D"c12e6d4"/> la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat noi ke'a gerku zo'e Mon Repos is a house of Spot, who is a dog of unspecified= breed. =20 =20 diff --git a/chapters/13.xml b/chapters/13.xml index 756481e..9a91282 100644 --- a/chapters/13.xml +++ b/chapters/13.xml @@ -2687,21 +2687,21 @@ attitudeavoidance of expression Finally, the in= dicator=20 ge'e has been discussed in=20 =20 and=20 . It is used to = express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid e= xpressing any attitude. Another use for=20 ge'e is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on= a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:=20 =20 .iige'e means roughly=20 I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not. - indirect question= FIXME: TAG SPOT + indirect question=

kau

indirect question

This cmavo is explained in detail in=20 . It marks the word it i= s attached to as the focus of an indirect question: =20 diff --git a/chapters/14.xml b/chapters/14.xml index 51f1902..1da9cb4 100644 --- a/chapters/14.xml +++ b/chapters/14.xml @@ -106,21 +106,21 @@ and/or. There is a different truth table for the kind o= f=20 =20 or that means=20 either ... or ... but not both. truth tablesnotation convention truth tablesabbreviate= d format To save space, we will write truth tables = in a shorter format henceforth. Let the letters T and F stand for True and = False. The rows will always be given in the order shown above: TT, TF, FT, = FF for the two sentences. Then it is only necessary to give the four letter= s from the result column, which can be written TTTF, as can be seen by read= ing down the third column of the table above. So TTTF is the abbreviated tr= uth table for the=20 =20 =20 or truth function. Here are the 16 possible truth funct= ions, with an English version of what it means to assert that each function= is, in fact, true (=20 first refers to the first sentence, and=20 second to the second sentence): - truth tableslist of 16 in abbreviated form FIXM= E: TAG SPOT + truth tableslist of 16 in abbreviated form TTTT(always true) TTTFfirst is true and/or second is true. TTFTfirst is true if second is true. @@ -169,21 +169,21 @@ =20

The Four basic vowels logical connectiv= esrelation to truth functions = truth functionsrelation to logical connectives truth functionsfun= damental 4 in Lojban Lojban regards four of these 1= 6 truth functions as fundamental, and assigns them the four vowels=20 A,=20 E,=20 O, and=20 U. These letters do not repres= ent actual cmavo or selma'o, but rather a component vowel from which actual= logical-connective cmavo are built up, as explained in the next section. H= ere are the four vowels, their truth tables, and rough English equivalents:= =20 - fancy U= notation convention fancy Onotation convention<= /secondary> fanc= y Enotation convention fancy Anotatio= n convention = truth tablesfor 4 fundamental Lojban truth fu= nctions FIXME: TAG SPOT + fancy U= notation convention fancy Onotation convention<= /secondary> fanc= y Enotation convention fancy Anotatio= n convention = truth tablesfor 4 fundamental Lojban truth fu= nctions A TTTF or, and/or =20 E TFFF @@ -789,21 +789,21 @@

Of the three properties – German-ness, wealth, and manho= od – I possess either exactly one or else all three.

logical connectio= nnegation in connecting more than 2 sentences logical conn= ectionof more than 2 sentencesth= ings to avoid Because of the counterintuitiveness of= this outcome, it is safest to avoid=20 O with more than two sentences= . Likewise, the connectives which involve negation also have unexpected tru= th values when used with more than two sentences. logical connectio= nof more than 2 sentencesall or = none In fact, no combination of logical connectives = can produce the=20 all or none interpretation intended (but not achieved) = by=20 without repeating one of th= e bridi. See=20 . There is an additional difficulty with the use of more than two = sentences. What is the meaning of: - logical connectio= n of more than 2 sentencesmixed "and" and &q= uot;or" FIXME: TAG SPOT + logical connectio= n of more than 2 sentencesmixed "and" and &q= uot;or" <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e7d4"/>

mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ija mi nelci la m= eris. I like John. And I like Martha. Or I like Mary.

Does this mean: @@ -1337,21 +1337,21 @@ requires two termsets joine= d by a logical connective. A=20 term is either a sumti or a sumti preceded by a tense o= r modal tag such as=20 pu or=20 bai. Afterthought termsets are formed by linking terms = together by inserting the cmavo=20 ce'e (of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermor= e, the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo=20 pe'e (of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combinat= ion of=20 =20 pe'e and a jek as a=20 =20 pehejek, I suppose.) - to the market fro= m the office FIXME: TAG SPOT + to the market fro= m the office <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e11d2"/>

mi klama le zarci ce'e le briju pe'e je le zdani ce'e le ckul= e I go to-the market [plus] from-the office [joint] and to-th= e house [plus] from-the school.

The literal translation uses=20 @@ -1556,21 +1556,21 @@ ke'e may be elided. JA selma'o nai<= /primary> se= n= a jeks= syntax of The syntax of jeks i= s:

[na] [se] JA [nai]

parallel to eks and giheks. =20 GUhA selma'o<= /primary> guhek<= /primary>definition forethought tanru connection Forethought tanru connection does not use geks, but uses guheks instead.= Guheks have exactly the same form as geks: =20 =20 - GUhA selma'o<= /primary> na= i = se guh= ekssyntax of FIXME: TAG SPOT + GUhA selma'o<= /primary> na= i = se guh= ekssyntax of

[se] GUhA [nai]

logical connectio= nof tanru as opposed to bridi-tail logical connectionof bridi-tail as opposed to tanru = guheks for tanru connectionrationale Using guheks in tanru = connection (rather than geks) resolves what would otherwise be an unaccepta= ble ambiguity between bridi-tail and tanru connection: =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e12d10"/> @@ -1947,21 +1947,21 @@ John massed-with Alice carry the piano. =20 components contra= sted with massin properties of= mass contrasted with compon= entsin properties of supervisingas a = contribution to mass action=20 covers the case mentioned, = where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all= the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because= the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can l= ead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then J= ohn-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in=20 =20 . JA selma'o A se= lma'o = non-logical connectionin tanrudi= stinguishing from connection of sumti non-logical connectionof sumtidistinguishing from connection in tanru joi gramm= arcontrasted with jeks joi grammarcon= trasted with eks non-logical connectionand elidability of = terminators Grammatically,=20 joi can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or betwee= n two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in t= he form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided: - terminatorseliding ku in non-logical connections FIXME: TAG SPOT + terminatorseliding ku in non-logical connections <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e14d4"/>

le nanmu ku joi le ninmu [ku] cu klama le zarci The man massed-with the woman go-to the market.

The cmavo=20 @@ -2597,21 +2597,21 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisai

do dicra .e'a mi ca la daucac. bi'onai la gaicac. =20 You disturb (allowed) me at 10 not-from ... to 12 You can contact me except from 10 to 12. =20

The complete syntax of joiks is: - GAhO selma'o<= /primary> JO= I selma'o <= primary>nai se joikssyntax of FIXME: T= AG SPOT + GAhO selma'o<= /primary> JO= I selma'o <= primary>nai se joikssyntax of

[se] JOI [nai] [se] BIhI [nai] @@ -2629,21 +2629,21 @@ Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisaibi'o have forethought form:=20 between ... and for=20 bi'i, and=20 from ... to for=20 bi'o. In Lojban too, non-logical connectives can be exp= ressed in forethought. Rather than using a separate selma'o, the forethough= t logical connectives are constructed from the afterthought ones by suffixi= ng=20 =20 gi. Such a compound cmavo is not unnaturally called a= =20 joigik; the syntax of joigiks is any of: =20 =20 - GAhO selma'o<= /primary> JO= I selma'o <= primary>BIhI selma'o nai se joigikssyntax of FIXME: TAG SPOT + GAhO selma'o<= /primary> JO= I selma'o <= primary>BIhI selma'o nai se joigikssyntax of

[se] JOI [nai] GI [se] BIhI [nai] GI @@ -2893,21 +2893,21 @@ Note that the I [past] go-to the market. And I [past] buy items-of food.<= /gloss> fails to fully represent a feature of the English, namely that t= he buying came after the going. (It also fails to represent that the buying= was a consequence of the going, which can be expressed by a modal that is = discussed in=20 .) However, the tense informati= on – that the event of my going to the market preceded the event of m= y buying food – can be added to the logical connective as follows. Th= e=20 .ije is replaced by=20 .ijebo, and the tense cma= vo=20 ba is inserted between=20 .ije and=20 bo: - .ijebabo FIXME: TAG SPOT + .ijebabo <anchor xml:id=3D"c14e18d6"/>

mi pu klama le zarci .ijebabo mi pu tervecnu lo cidja =20 I [past] go-to the market. And [later] I [past] buy items-o= f food.

diff --git a/chapters/16.xml b/chapters/16.xml index 9b0ae77..260ea59 100644 --- a/chapters/16.xml +++ b/chapters/16.xml @@ -463,21 +463,21 @@

ro da poi gerku cu vasxu For-every X which is-a-dog, it-breathes. Every dog breathes. =20

prenex<= secondary>effect of order of variables in prenexpurpose of= You might well suppose, then, that the purpose of = the prenex is to allow the variables in it to appear in a different order t= han the bridi order, and that would be correct. Consider - everyone bitten b= y dog FIXME: TAG SPOT + everyone bitten b= y dog <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e5d3"/>

ro da poi prenu ku'o de poi gerku ku'o zo'u de batci da For-every X which is-a-person, there-is-a-Y which is-a-dog:= Y bites X.

The prenex of=20 @@ -584,21 +584,21 @@ re prenu means=20 two persons. In fact, unadorned=20 da is also taken to have an implicit number in front of= it, namely=20 su'o, which means=20 at least one. Why is this? Consider=20 again, this time with an ex= plicit=20 su'o: =20 =20 =20 - somethingexpressing using "su'o" FIXME: TAG SP= OT + somethingexpressing using "su'o" <anchor xml:id=3D"c16e6d1"/> <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>something sees me</primary><s= econdary>example</secondary></indexterm> su'o da zo'u da viska mi For-at-least-one X : X sees me. Something sees me. diff --git a/chapters/18.xml b/chapters/18.xml index 068d8d9..73ad61d 100644 --- a/chapters/18.xml +++ b/chapters/18.xml @@ -1911,21 +1911,21 @@ I who am-an-individual express this-sentence. In=20 ,=20 mi refers to a mass,=20 the mass consisting of me. Personal pronouns are vague = between masses, sets, and individuals. However, when the number expressed before=20 -mei is an objective indefinite number of the kind expl= ained in=20 , a slightly different p= lace structure is required: - individuals of se= texpressing measurement standard for indefinites setexpressing measurement standard for indefinites<= /indexterm> massexpressing measurement standard for indefinites meiplace structure formed for objective indefinites = FIXME: TAG SPOT + individuals of se= texpressing measurement standard for indefinites setexpressing measurement standard for indefinites<= /indexterm> massexpressing measurement standard for indefinites meiplace structure formed for objective indefinites<= /para> x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, o= ne or more of which is/are x3, measured relative to the set x4. An example: <anchor xml:id=3D"c18e11d3"/> <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>rats in park</primary><second= ary>example</secondary></indexterm> =20 <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>fewsome</primary><secondary>e= xample</secondary></indexterm> =20 <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>set of all rats</primary><sec= ondary>example</secondary></indexterm>

@@ -3434,21 +3434,21 @@ XI subscript flag

Complete table of VUhU cmavo, with operand structures The operand structures specify what various operands (labeled a,= b, c, ...) mean. The implied context is forethought, since only forethough= t operators can have a variable number of operands; however, the same rules= apply to infix and RP uses of VUhU. - operatorslist of simple FIXME: TAG SPOT + operatorslist of simple

su'i plus (((a + b) + c) + ...)

pi'i times diff --git a/chapters/19.xml b/chapters/19.xml index 7acaebf..8129e52 100644 --- a/chapters/19.xml +++ b/chapters/19.xml @@ -1687,21 +1687,21 @@ The first use of=20 si does not erase anything, but completes the=20 zo quotation. Two more=20 si cmavo are then necessary to erase the first=20 si and the=20 zo. Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with=20 si: - erasure= names FIXME: TAG SPOT + erasure= names <anchor xml:id=3D"c19e13d4"/> mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton. I talk in-language that-named=20 and speranto, er, er, Esperanto. diff --git a/chapters/5.xml b/chapters/5.xml index 31eb982..7fc0abe 100644 --- a/chapters/5.xml +++ b/chapters/5.xml @@ -1977,21 +1977,21 @@ Since only=20 pamoi is negated, an appropriate inference is that he i= s some other kind of speaker. negationcomplex examples complex negationexamples Here is an assortment of more complex examples showing = the interaction of scalar negation with=20 bo grouping,=20 ke and=20 ke'e grouping, logical connection, and sumti linked wit= h=20 be and=20 bei: - na'econtrasted with na'e ke FIXME: TAG SPOT + na'econtrasted with na'e ke <anchor xml:id=3D"c5e12d4"/>

mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o klama le zarci I ( (non-quickly) ( walking using the arms) ) go-to the mar= ket. I go to the market, walking using my arms other than quic= kly.

diff --git a/chapters/6.xml b/chapters/6.xml index bdd93f1..59acd47 100644 --- a/chapters/6.xml +++ b/chapters/6.xml @@ -583,21 +583,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e4d2"/>

loi ratcu cu cmalu Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really-are rats are-small.<= /gloss> Rats are small.

- lo'icontrasted with lo and loi loicontrasted with lo a= nd lo'i locontrasted with loi and lo'i FIXME: TAG SPOT + lo'icontrasted with lo and loi loicontrasted with lo a= nd lo'i locontrasted with loi and lo'i <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e4d3"/>

lo'i ratcu cu barda The-set-of rats is-large. There are a lot of rats.

@@ -866,21 +866,21 @@ I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences.= One might suppose that=20 means that I express exactl= y one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, = as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least= once. The Lojban cmavo meaning=20 at least is=20 su'o, and if no ordinary number follows,=20 su'o means=20 at least once. (See=20 for the use of=20 su'o with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitl= y quantified version of=20 is - implicit quantifi= erfor quotations quotationsimplicit q= uantifier for su'oas implicit quantifier for quotations FIXME: TAG SPOT + implicit quantifi= erfor quotations quotationsimplicit q= uantifier for su'oas implicit quantifier for quotations <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e6d7"/>

mi cusku su'o lu do cadzu le bisli li'u I express at-least-one-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unqu= ote]. I say one or more instances of=20 You walk on the ice. I say=20 @@ -1253,21 +1253,21 @@

sumti-based descri= ptions with leas increasing restricting to in-mind In each case,=20 le ci cribe restricts the bears (or alleged bea= rs) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.= =20 says that two of them (whic= h two is not stated) are brown.=20 says that a specific pair o= f them are brown.=20 says that of a specific pai= r chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.

sumti qualifiers The following cmavo are discussed in this section: - sumti qualifiers<= /primary>list of FIXME: TAG SPOT + sumti qualifiers<= /primary>list of

la'e LAhE something referred to by

lu'e LAhE a reference to @@ -1329,21 +1329,21 @@ =20 bo of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti= qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to = add the elidable terminator=20 =20 lu'u to show where the qualified sumti ends.) =20 sumti qualifiers<= /primary>as short forms for common special cases Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain co= mmon special cases. Suppose you want to say=20 I see 'The Red Pony', where=20 =20 The Red Pony is the title of a book. How about: =20 - unqualified sumti<= /primary>contrasted with qualified sumti= qualified sumticontrasted with unqualified sumti FIXME: T= AG SPOT + unqualified sumti<= /primary>contrasted with qualified sumti= qualified sumticontrasted with unqualified sumti =20 =20 =20 <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>Red Pony</primary><secondary>example<= /secondary></indexterm> =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d1"/>

@@ -1389,21 +1389,21 @@

referent= referring to with la'e la'eeffect of on meanin= g de= referencing a pointerwith la'e= la'eas= short for le selsinxa be So= when=20 la'e is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it p= roduces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jarg= on,=20 =20 la'e dereferences a pointer.) By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (= =20 ), which too closely resembl= es its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (=20 ), without having to change = it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the use= s of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind. symbolreferring to with lu'e lu'eeffect of on meaning The sumti qualifier=20 lu'e provides the converse operation: it can be prefixe= d to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign= or symbol for the thing. For example, - lu'eas short for le sinxa be FIXME: TAG SPOT + lu'eas short for le sinxa be =20 =20 <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>exa= mple</secondary></indexterm> =20 =20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e10d4"/>

@@ -1567,21 +1567,21 @@ je'e =20 [acknowledgement] Uh-huh. Roger!

vocative wordphrase following In these cases, t= he person being addressed is obvious from the context. However, a vocative = word (more precisely, one or more cmavo of COI, possibly followed by=20 doi, or else just=20 doi by itself) can be followed by one of several kinds = of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. The most c= ommon case is a name: - coi FIXME: TAG SP= OT + coi <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e11d3"/>

coi. djan. Hello, John.

A pause is required (for morphological reasons) between a member= of COI and a name. You can use=20 @@ -2085,21 +2085,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d1"/>

mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote]. I say I'm John.

word quotationinternal grammar of word quotationas mor= phologically valid Words quotations are quotations = of one or more Lojban words. The words need not mean anything, but they mus= t be morphologically valid so that the end of the quotation can be discerne= d. - le'u lo'u FIXME:= TAG SPOT + le'u lo'u <anchor xml:id=3D"c6e14d2"/>

mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u I say the-words [quote] li mi [unquote]. I say li mi= .

diff --git a/chapters/9.xml b/chapters/9.xml index 6d5d78d..001fdde 100644 --- a/chapters/9.xml +++ b/chapters/9.xml @@ -649,21 +649,21 @@ means:

I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing.

Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects w= hich are explained in=20 . multiple conversi= oneffect of ordering conversioneffect= of multiple on a selbri multiple SEeffect of ordering SE selm= a'oeffect of multiple on a selbri It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; later (in= ner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For example, the = place structure of=20 se te klama is achieved by exchanging the x1 an= d x2 place of=20 =20 te klama, producing: - se te FIXME: TAG SPOT + se te x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via = x4 using x5 On the other hand,=20 te se klama has a place structure derived from = swapping the x1 and x3 places of=20 se klama: x1 is the origin of x2's going to x3 via x4 using x5 multiple conversi= onavoiding which is quite diff= erent. However, multiple conversions like this are never necessary. Arbitra= ry scrambling of places can be achieved more easily and far more intelligib= ly with FA tags, and only a single conversion is ever needed in a descripti= on. @@ -1102,21 +1102,21 @@ plant growsexa= mple=20 le spati cu banro .iri'abo do djacu dunda fi le spati =20 The plant grows. Because you water-give to the plant. The plant grows because you water it. - modal sentence con= nection FIXME: TAG SPOT + modal sentence con= nection <indexterm type=3D"example"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>exa= mple</secondary></indexterm>=20 <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e7d8"/> do djacu dunda fi le spati .iseri'abo le spati cu banro You water-give to the plant. Therefore it grows. You water the plant; therefore, it grows. @@ -1240,21 +1240,21 @@ <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d5"/>

mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini = mi I gave the book to John. Motivated-by John gave the-mass-of= money to-me. I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me.

means the same as: - nu'u nu'i FIXME: TAG SPOT + nu'u nu'i <anchor xml:id=3D"c9e8d6"/>

nu'i mu'igi la djan. lei jdini mi gi mi le cukta la djan. nu'= u dunda [start] because John, the-mass-of money, me; I, the book, J= ohn [end] gives.

Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because = the two bridi share only their selbri. --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= BPFK" group. To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googleg= roups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-l= ist?hl=3Den.