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From: MorphemeAddict <lytlesw@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2015 16:22:40 -0400
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Subject: Re: [lojban-beginners] What actually are the rules of word formation?
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Very well done!

As I was reading through it, I wanted more examples, but looking back for
an example of no examples, I don't find any.

stevo

On Sun, Apr 19, 2015 at 4:19 PM, mezohe <wow.jvs@gmail.com> wrote:

> de'i li 2015-04-19 ti'u li 16:18 li'ai TR NS di'e cusku:
>
>> When I first learned about loglan/lojban I thought all words were of the
>> form `CVCCV` or `CCVCV`, and compound words (lujvo) were always
>> `(CVC|CCV)...CV`.
>>
>
> That seems correct for original, pre-rafsi Loglan. Words with other shape=
s
> were invented later.
>
>                    I knew names had more flexibility. Later I learned
>> that borrowed words did too. Even later I learned that compound words
>> too had more flexible rules, e.g. hypen letters. And finally in the end,
>> starring me in the face, it dawned on me that even simple words like
>> `brivla` did not fit the original formations.
>>
>
> Par for the course. Most of the learning materials leave the morphology
> unexplained, and even the CLL leaves some questions open.
>
>  After reading a fair bit, I find myself more confused than ever. Are
>> there any single set of definitive rules defining what and what isn't a
>> legal lojban word?
>>
>
> Each parser has its own set of word formation rules. Most words in use ar=
e
> recognized by all parsers but there are edge cases. I'll try to lay out h=
ow
> camxes does it, since the existing documents explain it a little
> disjointedly.
>
> ------ MEZOHE'S CONDENSED CLL 2.0 MORPHOLOGY CHAPTER COUNTERFEIT ------
>
> =3D=3D=3D Phonemes =3D=3D=3D
>
> At the most basic level, an utterance is made of phonemes. Here are the
> main classes of phonemes (there are subclasses as seen later):
>
> - consonants {zunsna}:
>     bdgjvz (voiced), cfkpstx (unvoiced), lmnr (syllabic)
> - glides {karmlisna}: i u
> - h {me'o .y'y}: '
> - word break (glottal stop) {depybu'i}: .
> - vowels {karsna}: a e i o u
> - diphthongs: au ai ei oi
> - y {me'o .ybu}: y
>
> The comma {me'o slaka bu} isn't a phoneme, but is used to separate
> syllables for clarity. Removing it has no effect.
>
> i and u are vowels, unless a vowel or diphthong follows, in which case
> they are glides. Glide-diphthong pairs win over glide-vowel pairs, which
> win over diphthongs.
>
> At this level, strings of consonants follow these rules:
> - consonants can be next to consonants, word breaks, vowels,
>   diphthongs, and y
> - no consonant can be followed by itself
> - voiced consonants can't be next to voiceless ones, and vice versa
> - sibilants (cjsz) can't be next to each other
> - x can't be next to c or k
> - the substrings mz, nts, ntc, ndz, ndj are not allowed
>
> Glides must follow a word break, vowel, diphthong, or y, and be followed
> by a vowel, diphthong, or y. i as a glide can't follow a diphthong ending
> in i, and u as a glide can't follow the diphthong au.
>
> h can't be next to a consonant, glide, or glottal stop.
>
> Vowels, diphthongs, and y can be next to consonants, glides, h, and word
> breaks.
>
> =3D=3D=3D Syllables =3D=3D=3D
>
> These are the shapes syllables {slaka} can have:
>
> * Vowel syllable
>   - a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
>   - then a vowel or a diphthong
>   - then optionally a consonant
>   - e.g. .a, spa, pan, blaif, stra
>
> * h-syllable
>   - the letter '
>   - then a vowel or diphthong
>   - then optionally a consonant
>   - e.g. 'u, 'ei, 'am
>
> * y-syllable
>   - a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
>   - then the letter y
>   - e.g. by, .y, gry, zbly
>
> * hy-syllable
>   - the string "'y"
>
> * consonantal syllable {zunsnaslaka}
>   - a consonant
>   - then a syllabic consonant
>   - e.g. fl, sm, rn
>
> When a syllable starts with more than one consonant, the rules for these
> clusters {zunsnagri} are more restrictive than the general ones above.
> These are the permissible initial doubles, stolen with love from CLL:
>
>     pl pr                       fl fr
>     bl br                       vl vr
>
>     cp cf      ct ck cm cn      cl cr
>     jb jv      jd jg jm
>     sp sf      st sk sm sn      sl sr
>     zb zv      zd zg zm
>
>     tc tr      ts               kl kr
>     dj dr      dz               gl gr
>
>     ml mr                       xl xr
>
> And the permissible initial triples:
>
>     cfr cfl sfr sfl   jvr jvl zvr zvl
>     cpr cpl spr spl   jbr jbl zbr zbl
>     ckr ckl skr skl   jgr jgl zgr zgl
>     ctr     str       jdr     zdr
>     cmr cml smr sml   jmr jml zmr zml
>
> When segmenting text into syllables, when a consonant could possibly
> either start a syllable or end one, it's always taken to start one. In
> other words, onsets are greedy, codas are lazy.
>
> =3D=3D=3D Words =3D=3D=3D
>
> Words can be cmavo, cmevla, or brivla. cmavo and brivla are made of
> syllables, while cmevla are free strings of phonemes.
>
> cmavo are composed of:
>
> - one vowel- or y-syllable, with at most one initial consonant and no
>   final consonant
> - optionally followed by any number of h- or hy-syllables without any
>   final consonants
>
> Examples: .a, ba, bai, ba'i, ba'ai, by, by'i, ia, iai, iy, ua'ai'y
>
> There are two exceptions: "ybu", also spelled "y.bu", is a single cmavo
> despite the medial consonant and word break, and "y" surrounded by word
> breaks and not followed by "bu" is a word break itself, not a cmavo.
>
> cmavo can be stressed on any syllable.
>
> cmevla are arbitrary strings of phonemes, following phoneme but not
> syllable restrictions, starting with a word break, containing no word
> breaks, and ending with a consonant followed by a word break. They can be
> stressed on any vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant.
>
> A brivla is composed of any number of initial rafsi followed by a final
> rafsi. It must begin with a vowel syllable, end with a vowel- or
> h-syllable, and have at least two syllables. It may not be a slinkuhi, an=
d
> may not start with a sequence of cmavo that yields a valid word when
> removed. Stress (marked here with a grave accent) is on the second-last
> vowel- or h-syllable.
>
> A final rafsi is:
>
> - a zihevla:
>   - a vowel syllable
>   - followed by any number of vowel, h-, or consonantal syllables
>   - followed by a vowel- or h-syllable with no final consonant
>   - is not a gismu or sequence of more than one rafsi
>   - e.g. cpi,k=C3=B9,ku  =C3=A0l,ga  f=C3=AC,pr,koi  gl=C3=A0u,ka  spr=C3=
=A0,'e
> - or a gismu:
>   - a CV vowel syllable followed by a CCV one
>   - or a CVC one then a CV one
>   - or a CCV one then a CV one
>   - e.g. p=C3=A0,stu  v=C3=A8d,li  ts=C3=A0,ni
> - or a short final rafsi:
>   - a CVV or CCV vowel syllable, e.g. xau, cpa
>   - or a CV vowel syllable followed by a 'V h-syllable,
>     e.g. f=C3=A0'i
>
> An initial rafsi is any one of these:
>
> - a gismu followed by the syllable "'y"
>     e.g. fasnu'y
> - a gismu with its final vowel replaced with y
>     e.g. fasny
> - a zihevla followed by the syllable "'y"
>     e.g. sorpeka'y
> - a CV vowel syllable followed by a Cy y-syllable
>     e.g. fa,ky
> - a short y-less rafsi, unless the following rafsi is a zihevla rafsi:
>   - a vowel syllable of the form CVV, CVVr, CVC, or CCV
>   - or a CV syllable followed by a 'V or 'Vr syllable
>     e.g. gau  gaur  gas  jbu  li,'a  li,'ar
> - a short y-less rafsi followed by a short final rafsi followed by "'y"
>     e.g. cau,cni,'y  ri,'ar,ju,'o,'y  mul,fau,'y,  jbo,jbe,'y
> - a zihevla that ends in a vowel syllable with its final vowel replaced
>   with y, unless the result breaks up into a string of any other rafsi
>     e.g. ka,'or,ty  a,sny
>
> If a CVVr or CV'Vr rafsi is followed by a rafsi beginning with "r", and
> only then, the final "r" of the first rafsi is replaced with an "n".
> If a rafsi ending in "y" is followed by a rafsi beginning with a vowel,
> and only then, an "'" is prepended to the second rafsi. In other situatio=
ns
> where sticking two rafsi together violates phoneme or syllable rules, the
> left rafsi needs to be replaced with one ending with "y".
>
> A brivla consisting of just a zihevla is called a zihevla, one consisting
> of just a gismu is a gismu, and all others are called lujvo.
>
> A slinkuhi {valslinku'i} is a [consonant followed by a brivla that up to
> its first y-syllable, or if no y-syllables, in its entirety, is composed =
of
> non-zihevla rafsi] that itself can't be broken up into a string of rafsi.
>   e.g. _p_r=C3=A0,'i  _s_p=C3=B2r,te  _z_bla,zd=C3=A0,vro  _c_nar,jy,fra,=
g=C3=A0,ri
>
> Other non-words also behave like slinkuhi, in that prepending a cmavo
> makes them a word, but these arise from rules other than the one named
> slinkuhi.
>   e.g. cpa  cpau  cpra  cprau  (brivla must have 2+ syllables)
>        cl,p=C3=A0r,nu  (brivla must start with a vowel syllable)
>
> A tosmabru {valrtosmabru} is a sequence of cmavo followed by a brivla.
> tosmabru can be coerced into being brivla by adding a consonant at the en=
d
> of the last syllable of the first cmavo.
>
>   e.g. gau,tc=C3=AC,ni -> gau tcini; cmavo + gismu
>        gaur,tc=C3=AC,ni -> gaurtcini; a single lujvo
>        .a,'u,nain,mo -> .a'u nainmo; cmavo + zi'evla
>        .a,'ur,nain,mo -> .a'urnainmo; a single zihevla
>        boi,k=C3=A8i,foi -> boi k=C3=A8i foi; three cmavo
>        boir,k=C3=A8i,foi -> boirkeifoi; a single lujvo
>
> =3D=3D=3D Word breaks, glottal stops =3D=3D=3D
>
> All word breaks may be pronounced as glottal stops, and some word breaks
> have to. Glottal stops are required before and after all cmevla, as well =
as
> before all words starting with a vowel or "y". They are also required aft=
er
> certain cmavo:
>
> - When pronouncing two words together would break a phonotactic rule,
>   they need to be separated with a glottal stop.
>     e.g. "au" "u=C3=A0n,mo" -> {.au .uanmo}
>
> - Each pair of cmavo of the form CV Cy followed by either a brivla or a
>   cmavo of the form CVV or CV'V needs a glottal stop between the last
>   and second-last word.
>     e.g. "ca" "vy" "c=C3=A0r,vi" -> {ca vy. carvi} /Sa.vy?.'Sar.vi/
>          (/Sa.vy.'Sar.vi/ would be {cavycarvi}, a lujvo)
>
> - Every stressed cmavo followed by a brivla starting with a consonant
>   cluster needs a glottal stop after the cmavo.
>     e.g. "b=C3=A0" "sna,j=C3=B9,'i" -> {b=C3=A0. snaju'i} /'ba?.sna.'Zu.h=
i/
>          (/'ba.sna.'Zu.hi/ would be {basna j=C3=B9'i}, a gismu and a cmav=
o)
>
> =3D=3D=3D Parser peculiarities =3D=3D=3D
>
> jbofihe, popular before camxes came along, has different rules than camxe=
s.
>
> * Vowel syllables
>
>   - They may start with any number of consonants, and the rule for
>     initial triples doesn't exist. The only restriction is that all
>     pairs in the initial cluster need to be valid initial pairs.
>       e.g. {stsmla'u} is a word
>
>   - They may end with up to two consonants, not just one.
>       e.g. {bongnanba} is a word
>
>   - Syllables beginning with glides are their own type, and if not
>     preceded by a glottal stop, they continue the word like an
>     h-syllable.
>       e.g. {.aierne} is one word, not two,
>            {.ia} always starts with a glottal stop
>
>   - Syllables beginning with vowels don't require a word boundary
>     before them.
>       e.g. {sincrboa} is a word, {.joan.} is a word
>
> (Or, more accurately, jbofihe has no notion of syllables in the sense tha=
t
> camxes does, but even under jbofihe practically no one would use words th=
at
> violated these modified syllable rules)
>
> * cmevla
>
> Dotside doesn't apply: the beginning of cmevla can also be delimited by
> some cmavo, namely {la}, {lai}, {la'i}, or {doi}. If one of these cmavo
> precedes a cmevla, no initial glottal stop is required. cmevla can't
> contain any of these cmavo. For example {la .larfin.} parses as three
> words, "la" "la" "rfin"
>
> * brivla
>
> zihevla as final rafsi, rafsi beginning with vowels, and rafsi ending in
> "'y" do not exist.
>   e.g. {bardykentauru}, {.algyro'i}, {sorpeka'ykla} aren't words
>
> rafsi with CVCy shape are illegal if the corresponding CVC rafsi is legal
> in the situation.
>   e.g. {jbobanyjvo} isn't a word, only {jbobanjvo} is
>
> rafsi with CVVr or CV'Vr shape are only recognized as rafsi if using the
> corresponding CVV or CV'V rafsi would result in tosmabru.
>   e.g. {lerpi'oci'arci'e} is a zihevla,
>        {lerpi'oci'aci'e} is a lujvo,
>        {ci'arci'e} is a lujvo
>
> All brivla must have a consonant cluster within the first five letters
> after ' and y are removed. {ko'oinde} is not a word.
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> I hope that I didn't overlook too many rules and that the text is fairly
> understandable. Do tell if something is wrong or unclear.
>
> mu'o do
>
>
> --
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-family:courier =
new,monospace">Very well done!</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"f=
ont-family:courier new,monospace"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" st=
yle=3D"font-family:courier new,monospace">As I was reading through it, I wa=
nted more examples, but looking back for an example of no examples, I don&#=
39;t find any.=C2=A0</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-family=
:courier new,monospace"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"fon=
t-family:courier new,monospace">stevo</div></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra"=
><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Sun, Apr 19, 2015 at 4:19 PM, mezohe <sp=
an dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:wow.jvs@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">w=
ow.jvs@gmail.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote"=
 style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">de=
&#39;i li 2015-04-19 ti&#39;u li 16:18 li&#39;ai TR NS di&#39;e cusku:<span=
 class=3D""><br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
When I first learned about loglan/lojban I thought all words were of the<br=
>
form `CVCCV` or `CCVCV`, and compound words (lujvo) were always<br>
`(CVC|CCV)...CV`.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></span>
That seems correct for original, pre-rafsi Loglan. Words with other shapes =
were invented later.<span class=3D""><br>
<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 I knew names=
 had more flexibility. Later I learned<br>
that borrowed words did too. Even later I learned that compound words<br>
too had more flexible rules, e.g. hypen letters. And finally in the end,<br=
>
starring me in the face, it dawned on me that even simple words like<br>
`brivla` did not fit the original formations.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></span>
Par for the course. Most of the learning materials leave the morphology une=
xplained, and even the CLL leaves some questions open.<span class=3D""><br>
<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
After reading a fair bit, I find myself more confused than ever. Are<br>
there any single set of definitive rules defining what and what isn&#39;t a=
<br>
legal lojban word?<br>
</blockquote>
<br></span>
Each parser has its own set of word formation rules. Most words in use are =
recognized by all parsers but there are edge cases. I&#39;ll try to lay out=
 how camxes does it, since the existing documents explain it a little disjo=
intedly.<br>
<br>
------ MEZOHE&#39;S CONDENSED CLL 2.0 MORPHOLOGY CHAPTER COUNTERFEIT ------=
<br>
<br>
=3D=3D=3D Phonemes =3D=3D=3D<br>
<br>
At the most basic level, an utterance is made of phonemes. Here are the mai=
n classes of phonemes (there are subclasses as seen later):<br>
<br>
- consonants {zunsna}:<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 bdgjvz (voiced), cfkpstx (unvoiced), lmnr (syllabic)<br>
- glides {karmlisna}: i u<br>
- h {me&#39;o .y&#39;y}: &#39;<br>
- word break (glottal stop) {depybu&#39;i}: .<br>
- vowels {karsna}: a e i o u<br>
- diphthongs: au ai ei oi<br>
- y {me&#39;o .ybu}: y<br>
<br>
The comma {me&#39;o slaka bu} isn&#39;t a phoneme, but is used to separate =
syllables for clarity. Removing it has no effect.<br>
<br>
i and u are vowels, unless a vowel or diphthong follows, in which case they=
 are glides. Glide-diphthong pairs win over glide-vowel pairs, which win ov=
er diphthongs.<br>
<br>
At this level, strings of consonants follow these rules:<br>
- consonants can be next to consonants, word breaks, vowels,<br>
=C2=A0 diphthongs, and y<br>
- no consonant can be followed by itself<br>
- voiced consonants can&#39;t be next to voiceless ones, and vice versa<br>
- sibilants (cjsz) can&#39;t be next to each other<br>
- x can&#39;t be next to c or k<br>
- the substrings mz, nts, ntc, ndz, ndj are not allowed<br>
<br>
Glides must follow a word break, vowel, diphthong, or y, and be followed by=
 a vowel, diphthong, or y. i as a glide can&#39;t follow a diphthong ending=
 in i, and u as a glide can&#39;t follow the diphthong au.<br>
<br>
h can&#39;t be next to a consonant, glide, or glottal stop.<br>
<br>
Vowels, diphthongs, and y can be next to consonants, glides, h, and word br=
eaks.<br>
<br>
=3D=3D=3D Syllables =3D=3D=3D<br>
<br>
These are the shapes syllables {slaka} can have:<br>
<br>
* Vowel syllable<br>
=C2=A0 - a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants<br>
=C2=A0 - then a vowel or a diphthong<br>
=C2=A0 - then optionally a consonant<br>
=C2=A0 - e.g. .a, spa, pan, blaif, stra<br>
<br>
* h-syllable<br>
=C2=A0 - the letter &#39;<br>
=C2=A0 - then a vowel or diphthong<br>
=C2=A0 - then optionally a consonant<br>
=C2=A0 - e.g. &#39;u, &#39;ei, &#39;am<br>
<br>
* y-syllable<br>
=C2=A0 - a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants<br>
=C2=A0 - then the letter y<br>
=C2=A0 - e.g. by, .y, gry, zbly<br>
<br>
* hy-syllable<br>
=C2=A0 - the string &quot;&#39;y&quot;<br>
<br>
* consonantal syllable {zunsnaslaka}<br>
=C2=A0 - a consonant<br>
=C2=A0 - then a syllabic consonant<br>
=C2=A0 - e.g. fl, sm, rn<br>
<br>
When a syllable starts with more than one consonant, the rules for these cl=
usters {zunsnagri} are more restrictive than the general ones above. These =
are the permissible initial doubles, stolen with love from CLL:<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pl pr=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0fl fr<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 bl br=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0vl vr<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 cp cf=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 ct ck cm cn=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 cl =
cr<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 jb jv=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 jd jg jm<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 sp sf=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 st sk sm sn=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 sl =
sr<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 zb zv=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 zd zg zm<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 tc tr=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 ts=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0kl kr<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 dj dr=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 dz=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0gl gr<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 ml mr=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0xl xr<br>
<br>
And the permissible initial triples:<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 cfr cfl sfr sfl=C2=A0 =C2=A0jvr jvl zvr zvl<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 cpr cpl spr spl=C2=A0 =C2=A0jbr jbl zbr zbl<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 ckr ckl skr skl=C2=A0 =C2=A0jgr jgl zgr zgl<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 ctr=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0str=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0jdr=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0zdr<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 cmr cml smr sml=C2=A0 =C2=A0jmr jml zmr zml<br>
<br>
When segmenting text into syllables, when a consonant could possibly either=
 start a syllable or end one, it&#39;s always taken to start one. In other =
words, onsets are greedy, codas are lazy.<br>
<br>
=3D=3D=3D Words =3D=3D=3D<br>
<br>
Words can be cmavo, cmevla, or brivla. cmavo and brivla are made of syllabl=
es, while cmevla are free strings of phonemes.<br>
<br>
cmavo are composed of:<br>
<br>
- one vowel- or y-syllable, with at most one initial consonant and no<br>
=C2=A0 final consonant<br>
- optionally followed by any number of h- or hy-syllables without any<br>
=C2=A0 final consonants<br>
<br>
Examples: .a, ba, bai, ba&#39;i, ba&#39;ai, by, by&#39;i, ia, iai, iy, ua&#=
39;ai&#39;y<br>
<br>
There are two exceptions: &quot;ybu&quot;, also spelled &quot;y.bu&quot;, i=
s a single cmavo despite the medial consonant and word break, and &quot;y&q=
uot; surrounded by word breaks and not followed by &quot;bu&quot; is a word=
 break itself, not a cmavo.<br>
<br>
cmavo can be stressed on any syllable.<br>
<br>
cmevla are arbitrary strings of phonemes, following phoneme but not syllabl=
e restrictions, starting with a word break, containing no word breaks, and =
ending with a consonant followed by a word break. They can be stressed on a=
ny vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant.<br>
<br>
A brivla is composed of any number of initial rafsi followed by a final raf=
si. It must begin with a vowel syllable, end with a vowel- or h-syllable, a=
nd have at least two syllables. It may not be a slinkuhi, and may not start=
 with a sequence of cmavo that yields a valid word when removed. Stress (ma=
rked here with a grave accent) is on the second-last vowel- or h-syllable.<=
br>
<br>
A final rafsi is:<br>
<br>
- a zihevla:<br>
=C2=A0 - a vowel syllable<br>
=C2=A0 - followed by any number of vowel, h-, or consonantal syllables<br>
=C2=A0 - followed by a vowel- or h-syllable with no final consonant<br>
=C2=A0 - is not a gismu or sequence of more than one rafsi<br>
=C2=A0 - e.g. cpi,k=C3=B9,ku=C2=A0 =C3=A0l,ga=C2=A0 f=C3=AC,pr,koi=C2=A0 gl=
=C3=A0u,ka=C2=A0 spr=C3=A0,&#39;e<br>
- or a gismu:<br>
=C2=A0 - a CV vowel syllable followed by a CCV one<br>
=C2=A0 - or a CVC one then a CV one<br>
=C2=A0 - or a CCV one then a CV one<br>
=C2=A0 - e.g. p=C3=A0,stu=C2=A0 v=C3=A8d,li=C2=A0 ts=C3=A0,ni<br>
- or a short final rafsi:<br>
=C2=A0 - a CVV or CCV vowel syllable, e.g. xau, cpa<br>
=C2=A0 - or a CV vowel syllable followed by a &#39;V h-syllable,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. f=C3=A0&#39;i<br>
<br>
An initial rafsi is any one of these:<br>
<br>
- a gismu followed by the syllable &quot;&#39;y&quot;<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. fasnu&#39;y<br>
- a gismu with its final vowel replaced with y<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. fasny<br>
- a zihevla followed by the syllable &quot;&#39;y&quot;<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. sorpeka&#39;y<br>
- a CV vowel syllable followed by a Cy y-syllable<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. fa,ky<br>
- a short y-less rafsi, unless the following rafsi is a zihevla rafsi:<br>
=C2=A0 - a vowel syllable of the form CVV, CVVr, CVC, or CCV<br>
=C2=A0 - or a CV syllable followed by a &#39;V or &#39;Vr syllable<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. gau=C2=A0 gaur=C2=A0 gas=C2=A0 jbu=C2=A0 li,&#39;a=C2=A0=
 li,&#39;ar<br>
- a short y-less rafsi followed by a short final rafsi followed by &quot;&#=
39;y&quot;<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. cau,cni,&#39;y=C2=A0 ri,&#39;ar,ju,&#39;o,&#39;y=C2=A0 m=
ul,fau,&#39;y,=C2=A0 jbo,jbe,&#39;y<br>
- a zihevla that ends in a vowel syllable with its final vowel replaced<br>
=C2=A0 with y, unless the result breaks up into a string of any other rafsi=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. ka,&#39;or,ty=C2=A0 a,sny<br>
<br>
If a CVVr or CV&#39;Vr rafsi is followed by a rafsi beginning with &quot;r&=
quot;, and only then, the final &quot;r&quot; of the first rafsi is replace=
d with an &quot;n&quot;.<br>
If a rafsi ending in &quot;y&quot; is followed by a rafsi beginning with a =
vowel, and only then, an &quot;&#39;&quot; is prepended to the second rafsi=
. In other situations where sticking two rafsi together violates phoneme or=
 syllable rules, the left rafsi needs to be replaced with one ending with &=
quot;y&quot;.<br>
<br>
A brivla consisting of just a zihevla is called a zihevla, one consisting o=
f just a gismu is a gismu, and all others are called lujvo.<br>
<br>
A slinkuhi {valslinku&#39;i} is a [consonant followed by a brivla that up t=
o its first y-syllable, or if no y-syllables, in its entirety, is composed =
of non-zihevla rafsi] that itself can&#39;t be broken up into a string of r=
afsi.<br>
=C2=A0 e.g. _p_r=C3=A0,&#39;i=C2=A0 _s_p=C3=B2r,te=C2=A0 _z_bla,zd=C3=A0,vr=
o=C2=A0 _c_nar,jy,fra,g=C3=A0,ri<br>
<br>
Other non-words also behave like slinkuhi, in that prepending a cmavo makes=
 them a word, but these arise from rules other than the one named slinkuhi.=
<br>
=C2=A0 e.g. cpa=C2=A0 cpau=C2=A0 cpra=C2=A0 cprau=C2=A0 (brivla must have 2=
+ syllables)<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0cl,p=C3=A0r,nu=C2=A0 (brivla must start with a v=
owel syllable)<br>
<br>
A tosmabru {valrtosmabru} is a sequence of cmavo followed by a brivla. tosm=
abru can be coerced into being brivla by adding a consonant at the end of t=
he last syllable of the first cmavo.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 e.g. gau,tc=C3=AC,ni -&gt; gau tcini; cmavo + gismu<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0gaur,tc=C3=AC,ni -&gt; gaurtcini; a single lujvo=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0.a,&#39;u,nain,mo -&gt; .a&#39;u nainmo; cmavo +=
 zi&#39;evla<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0.a,&#39;ur,nain,mo -&gt; .a&#39;urnainmo; a sing=
le zihevla<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0boi,k=C3=A8i,foi -&gt; boi k=C3=A8i foi; three c=
mavo<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0boir,k=C3=A8i,foi -&gt; boirkeifoi; a single luj=
vo<br>
<br>
=3D=3D=3D Word breaks, glottal stops =3D=3D=3D<br>
<br>
All word breaks may be pronounced as glottal stops, and some word breaks ha=
ve to. Glottal stops are required before and after all cmevla, as well as b=
efore all words starting with a vowel or &quot;y&quot;. They are also requi=
red after certain cmavo:<br>
<br>
- When pronouncing two words together would break a phonotactic rule,<br>
=C2=A0 they need to be separated with a glottal stop.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. &quot;au&quot; &quot;u=C3=A0n,mo&quot; -&gt; {.au .uanmo=
}<br>
<br>
- Each pair of cmavo of the form CV Cy followed by either a brivla or a<br>
=C2=A0 cmavo of the form CVV or CV&#39;V needs a glottal stop between the l=
ast<br>
=C2=A0 and second-last word.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. &quot;ca&quot; &quot;vy&quot; &quot;c=C3=A0r,vi&quot; -&=
gt; {ca vy. carvi} /Sa.vy?.&#39;Sar.vi/<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0(/Sa.vy.&#39;Sar.vi/ would be {cavycarvi}=
, a lujvo)<br>
<br>
- Every stressed cmavo followed by a brivla starting with a consonant<br>
=C2=A0 cluster needs a glottal stop after the cmavo.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. &quot;b=C3=A0&quot; &quot;sna,j=C3=B9,&#39;i&quot; -&gt;=
 {b=C3=A0. snaju&#39;i} /&#39;ba?.sna.&#39;Zu.hi/<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0(/&#39;ba.sna.&#39;Zu.hi/ would be {basna=
 j=C3=B9&#39;i}, a gismu and a cmavo)<br>
<br>
=3D=3D=3D Parser peculiarities =3D=3D=3D<br>
<br>
jbofihe, popular before camxes came along, has different rules than camxes.=
<br>
<br>
* Vowel syllables<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 - They may start with any number of consonants, and the rule for<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 initial triples doesn&#39;t exist. The only restriction is th=
at all<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pairs in the initial cluster need to be valid initial pairs.<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. {stsmla&#39;u} is a word<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 - They may end with up to two consonants, not just one.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. {bongnanba} is a word<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 - Syllables beginning with glides are their own type, and if not<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 preceded by a glottal stop, they continue the word like an<br=
>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 h-syllable.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. {.aierne} is one word, not two,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0{.ia} always starts with a glottal=
 stop<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 - Syllables beginning with vowels don&#39;t require a word boundary<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 before them.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 e.g. {sincrboa} is a word, {.joan.} is a word<br>
<br>
(Or, more accurately, jbofihe has no notion of syllables in the sense that =
camxes does, but even under jbofihe practically no one would use words that=
 violated these modified syllable rules)<br>
<br>
* cmevla<br>
<br>
Dotside doesn&#39;t apply: the beginning of cmevla can also be delimited by=
 some cmavo, namely {la}, {lai}, {la&#39;i}, or {doi}. If one of these cmav=
o precedes a cmevla, no initial glottal stop is required. cmevla can&#39;t =
contain any of these cmavo. For example {la .larfin.} parses as three words=
, &quot;la&quot; &quot;la&quot; &quot;rfin&quot;<br>
<br>
* brivla<br>
<br>
zihevla as final rafsi, rafsi beginning with vowels, and rafsi ending in &q=
uot;&#39;y&quot; do not exist.<br>
=C2=A0 e.g. {bardykentauru}, {.algyro&#39;i}, {sorpeka&#39;ykla} aren&#39;t=
 words<br>
<br>
rafsi with CVCy shape are illegal if the corresponding CVC rafsi is legal i=
n the situation.<br>
=C2=A0 e.g. {jbobanyjvo} isn&#39;t a word, only {jbobanjvo} is<br>
<br>
rafsi with CVVr or CV&#39;Vr shape are only recognized as rafsi if using th=
e corresponding CVV or CV&#39;V rafsi would result in tosmabru.<br>
=C2=A0 e.g. {lerpi&#39;oci&#39;arci&#39;e} is a zihevla,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0{lerpi&#39;oci&#39;aci&#39;e} is a lujvo,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0{ci&#39;arci&#39;e} is a lujvo<br>
<br>
All brivla must have a consonant cluster within the first five letters afte=
r &#39; and y are removed. {ko&#39;oinde} is not a word.<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
I hope that I didn&#39;t overlook too many rules and that the text is fairl=
y understandable. Do tell if something is wrong or unclear.<br>
<br>
mu&#39;o do<div class=3D"HOEnZb"><div class=3D"h5"><br>
<br>
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