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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Tue Nov 2 20:21:18 EDT 2010
commit a4eb756876f14468ebcadd855f4ab9e581cb2692
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Tue Nov 2 17:02:32 2010 -0700
BRinging chapter 15 in line with the red book.
diff --git a/15/3/index.html b/15/3/index.html
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--- a/15/3/index.html
+++ b/15/3/index.html
@@ -96,21 +96,21 @@ although these would clarify the vague negation. Another circumlocution for Engl
</pre>
To be immoral is much more than to just be not moral: it implies the opposite condition. Statements like <a href="../3/#e15">Example 3.15</a> are strong negations which not only deny the truth of a statement, but assert its opposite. Since, “opposite” implies a scale, polar negations are a special variety of scalar negations.
<p>To examine this concept more closely, let us draw a linear scale, showing two examples of how the scale is used:</p>
<pre>
Affirmations (positive) Negations (negative)
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
All Most Some Few None
Excellent Good Fair Poor Awful
</pre>
<p>Some scales are more binary than the examples we diagrammed. Thus we have “not necessary” or “unnecessary” being the polar opposite of necessary. Another scale, especially relevant to Lojban, is interpreted based on situations modified by one’s philosophy: “not true” may be equated with “false” in a bi-valued truth-functional logic, while in tri-valued logic an intermediate between “true” and “false” is permitted, and in fuzzy logic a continuous scale exists from true to false. The meaning of “not true” requires a knowledge of which variety of truth scale is being considered.</p>
-<p>We will define the most general form of scalar negation as indicating only that the particular point or value in the scale or range is not valid and that some other (unspecified) point on the scale is correct. This is the intent expressed in most contexts by “not mild”.</p>
+<p>We will define the most general form of scalar negation as indicating only that the particular point or value in the scale or range is not valid and that some other (unspecified) point on the scale is correct. This is the intent expressed in most contexts by “not mild”, for example.</p>
<p>Using this paradigm, contradictory negation is less restrictive than scalar negation — it says that the point or value stated is incorrect (false), and makes no statement about the truth of any other point or value, whether or not on the scale.</p>
<p>In English, scalar negation semantically includes phrases such as “other than”, “reverse of”, or “opposite from” expressions and their equivalents. More commonly, scalar negation is expressed in English by the prefixes “non-”, “un-”, “il-”, and “im-”. Just which form and permissible values are implied by a scalar negation is dependent on the semantics of the word or concept which is being negated, and on the context. Much confusion in English results from the uncontrolled variations in meaning of these phrases and prefixes.</p>
<p>In the examples of <a href="../4/">Section 4</a>, we will translate the general case of scalar negation using the general formula “other than” when a phrase is scalar-negated, and “non-” when a single word is scalar-negated.</p>
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<div class="nav-section-name">bridi negation</div>
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diff --git a/15/5/index.html b/15/5/index.html
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@@ -18,21 +18,21 @@
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<div class="nav-section-name">sumti negation</div>
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<div class="nav-title-title">“No” Problems: On Lojban Negation</div>
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
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<h3>5. Expressing scales in selbri negation</h3>
-<p>In expressing a scalar negation, we must provide some indication of the scale, range, frame-of-reference, or universe of discourse that is being dealt with in an assertion. As stated in <a href="../4/">Section 4</a>, the default is the set of plausible alternatives. Thus if we say:</p>
+<p>In expressing a scalar negation, we can provide some indication of the scale, range, frame-of-reference, or universe of discourse that is being dealt with in an assertion. As stated in <a href="../4/">Section 4</a>, the default is the set of plausible alternatives. Thus if we say:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">5.1)</a> le stizu cu na'e xunre
The chair is a non-(red-thing).
</pre>
the pragmatic interpretation is that we mean a different color and not
<pre>
<a id="e2" name="e2">5.2)</a> le stizu cu dzukla be le zarci
The chair walkingly-goes-to-the-market.
</pre>
<p>However, if we have reason to be more explicit (an obtuse or contrary listener, or simply an overt logical analysis), we can clarify that we are referring to a color by saying:</p>
diff --git a/15/9/index.html b/15/9/index.html
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@@ -43,29 +43,29 @@ or equivalently
[repeat previous]
</pre>
A plain “go'i” does not mean “Yes it is”; it merely abbreviates repeating the previous statement unmodified, including any negators present; and <a href="../9/#e3">Example 9.3</a> actually states that it is false that John went to both Paris and Rome.
<p>When considering:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e4" name="e4">9.4)</a> na go'i
[false] [repeat previous]
</pre>
as a response to a negative question like <a href="../9/#e2">Example 9.2</a>, Lojban designers had to choose between two equally plausible interpretations with opposite effects. Does <a href="../9/#e4">Example 9.4</a> create a double negative in the sentence by adding a new “na” to the one already there (forming a double negative and hence a positive statement), or does the “na” replace the previous one, leaving the sentence unchanged?
<p>It was decided that substitution, the latter alternative, is the preferable choice, since it is then clear whether we intend a positive or a negative sentence without performing any manipulations. This is the way English usually works, but not all languages work this way — Russian, Japanese, and Navajo all interpret a negative reply to a negative question as positive.</p>
-<p>The positive assertion cmavo of selma'o NA can also replace the “na” in the context, giving:</p>
+<p>The positive assertion cmavo of selma'o NA, which is "ja'a", can also replace the “na” in the context, giving:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e5" name="e5">9.5)</a> ja'a go'i
(John truly-(previously went-to) [both] Paris and Rome.)
</pre>
“ja'a” can replace “na” in a similar manner wherever the latter is used:
<pre>
-<a id="e6" name="e6">9.6)</a> ja'a go'i
- John indeed previously went-to [both] Paris and Rome.
+<a id="e6" name="e6">9.6)</a> mi ja'a klama le zarci
+ I indeed go to the store.
</pre>
<p>“je'a” can replace “na'e” in exactly the same way, stating that scalar negation does not apply, and that the relation indeed holds as stated. In the absence of a negation context, it emphasizes the positive:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e7" name="e7">9.7)</a> ta je'a melbi
that is-indeed beautiful.
</pre>
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