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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Wed Nov 3 01:21:02 EDT 2010
commit 5f722160b02fcb23a53decbc582c8493240acecd
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Tue Nov 2 21:44:45 2010 -0700
Chapter 19 mods to conform with the book.
diff --git a/19/10/index.html b/19/10/index.html
index 9f608f3..6b3f49e 100644
--- a/19/10/index.html
+++ b/19/10/index.html
@@ -30,21 +30,21 @@
zo ZO quote single word
zoi ZOI non-Lojban quotation
la'o ZOI non-Lojban name
</pre>
<p>The cmavo “zo” (of selma'o ZO) is a strong quotation mark for the single following word, which can be any Lojban word whatsoever. Among other uses, “zo” allows a metalinguistic word to be referenced without having it act on the surrounding text. The word must be a morphologically legal (but not necessarily meaningful) single Lojban word; compound cmavo are not permitted. For example:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">10.1)</a> zo si cu lojbo valsi
“si” is a Lojbanic word.
</pre>
Since “zo” acts on a single word only, there is no corresponding terminator. Brevity, then, is a great advantage of “zo”, since the terminators for other kinds of quotation are rarely or never elidable.
-<p>The cmavo “zoi” (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting unlexable (non-Lojban) text. Its syntax is “zoi X. text .X”, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:</p>
+<p>The cmavo “zoi” (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is “zoi X. text .X”, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e2" name="e2">10.2)</a> zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra
“John is a man” is an English sentence.
</pre>
where “gy” stands for “glico”. Other popular choices of delimiting words are “.kuot.”, a Lojban name which sounds like the English word “quote”, and the word “zoi” itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.
<p>Within written text, the Lojban written word used as a delimiting word may not appear, whereas within spoken text, the sound of the delimiting word may not be uttered. This leads to occasional breakdowns of audio-visual isomorphism: <a href="../10/#e3">Example 10.3</a> is fine in speech but ungrammatical as written, whereas <a href="../10/#e4">Example 10.4</a> is correct when written but ungrammatical in speech.</p>
<pre>
<a id="e3" name="e3">10.3)</a> ?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi gy. gyrations .gy.
I know about the word which-is “gyrations”.
diff --git a/19/12/index.html b/19/12/index.html
index 17be163..f5f8f71 100644
--- a/19/12/index.html
+++ b/19/12/index.html
@@ -52,21 +52,21 @@
<p>When marked with “sei”, a metalinguistic utterance can be embedded in another utterance as a discursive. In this way, discursives which do not have cmavo assigned in selma'o UI can be expressed:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e3" name="e3">12.3)</a> la frank. prami sei la frank. gleki la djein.
Frank loves (Frank is happy) Jane.
</pre>
Using the happiness attitudinal, “.ui”, would imply that the speaker was happy. Instead, the speaker attributes happiness to Frank. It would probably be safe to elide the one who is happy, and say:
<pre>
<a id="e4" name="e4">12.4)</a> la frank. prami sei gleki la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</pre>
-The grammar of the bridi following “sei” has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either all precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with “be” and “bei”:
+The grammar of the bridi following “sei” has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with “be” and “bei”:
<pre>
<a id="e5" name="e5">12.5)</a> la frank. prami sei gleki be fa la suzn. la djein.
Frank loves (Susan is happy) Jane.
</pre>
This restriction allows the terminator cmavo “se'u” to almost always be elided.
<p>Since a discursive utterance is working at a “higher” level of abstraction than a non-discursive utterance, a non-discursive utterance cannot refer to a discursive utterance. Specifically, the various back-counting, reciprocal, and reflexive constructs in selma'o KOhA ignore the utterances at “higher” metalinguistic levels in determining their referent. It is possible, and sometimes necessary, to refer to lower metalinguistic levels. For example, the English “he said” in a conversation is metalinguistic. For this purpose, quotations are considered to be at a lower metalinguistic level than the surrounding context (a quoted text cannot refer to the statements of the one who quotes it), whereas parenthetical remarks are considered to be at a higher level than the context.</p>
<p>Lojban works differently from English in that the “he said” can be marked instead of the quotation. In Lojban, you can say:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6" name="e6">12.6)</a> la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
John expresses “I go to-the store”.
diff --git a/19/13/index.html b/19/13/index.html
index 208351b..fe8c60f 100644
--- a/19/13/index.html
+++ b/19/13/index.html
@@ -49,21 +49,21 @@ In order to erase the word “zo”, it is necessary to use three “si” cmavo
The first use of “si” does not erase anything, but completes the “zo” quotation. Two more “si” cmavo are then necessary to erase the first “si” and the “zo”.
<p>Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with “si”:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e4" name="e4">13.4)</a> mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton.
I talk in-language that-named “and” “speranto”, er, er, Esperanto.
</pre>
The Lojbanized spelling “.esperanto” breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see <a href="../../4/1/">Chapter 4</a>) into two Lojban words, the cmavo “.e” and the undefined fu'ivla “speranto”. Therefore, two “si” cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course, “.e speranto” is not grammatical after “la”, but recognition of “si” is done before grammatical analysis.
<p>Even more messy is the result of an incorrect “zoi”:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e5" name="e5">13.5)</a> mi cusku zoi fy. gy. .fy. si si si si zo .djan
- I express [foreign] [quote] “sy” [unquote], er, er, er, er, “John”.
+ I express [foreign] [quote] “gy” [unquote], er, er, er, er, “John”.
</pre>
In <a href="../13/#e5">Example 13.5</a>, the first “fy” is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and “gy.”, the Lojban name for the letter “g”, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of “si” erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more “si” cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray “lo'u” quotation mark must be erased with “fy. le'u si si si”, by completing the quotation and then erasing it all with three “si” cmavo.
<p>What if less than the entire “zo” or “zoi” construct is erased? The result is something which has a loose “zo” or “zoi” in it, without its expected sequels, and which is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by “zo”, it turns out to be necessary to erase the “zo” as well:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6" name="e6">13.6)</a> mi se cmene zo .djan. si si zo .djordj.
I am-named-by the-word “John”, er, er, the-word “George”.
</pre>
The parser will reject “zo .djan. si .djordj.”, because in that context “djordj.” is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word.
<p>Note: The current machine parser does not implement “si” erasure.</p>
<p>As the above examples plainly show, precise erasures with “si” can be extremely hard to get right. Therefore, the cmavo “sa” (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more than one word. The cmavo following “sa” should be the starting marker of some grammatical construct. The effect of the “sa” is to erase back to and including the last starting marker of the same kind. For example:</p>
diff --git a/19/2/index.html b/19/2/index.html
index 34284ce..f954cc4 100644
--- a/19/2/index.html
+++ b/19/2/index.html
@@ -18,31 +18,31 @@
<div class="nav-section-link-next"><a href="../../19/3/">Next</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">Paragraphs: NIhO</div>
</div>
<div class="nav-title">
<div class="nav-title-title">Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts</div>
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h3>2. Sentences: I</h3>
-<p>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</p>
+<p>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</p>
<pre>
.i I sentence separator
</pre>
<p>Since Lojban is audio-visually isomorphic, there needs to be a spoken and written way of signaling the end of a sentence and the start of the following one. In written English, a period serves this purpose; in spoken English, a tone contour (rising or falling) usually does the job, or sometimes a long pause. Lojban uses a single separator: the cmavo “.i” (of selma'o I):</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">2.1)</a> mi klama le zarci .i do cadzu le bisli
I go to-the store. You walk on-the ice.
</pre>
The word “separator” should be noted. “.i” is not normally used after the last sentence nor before the first one, although both positions are technically grammatical. “.i” signals a new sentence on the same topic, not necessarily by the same speaker. The relationship between the sentences is left vague, except in stories, where the relationship usually is temporal, and the following sentence states something that happened after the previous sentence.
-<p>Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is capitalized, the cmavo “.i” is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before “.i” to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing that have been used so far, every “.i” is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.</p>
+<p>Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is capitalized, the cmavo “.i” is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before “.i” to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing, every “.i” is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.</p>
<p>An “.i” cmavo may or may not be used when the speaker of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or not.</p>
<p>An “.i” cmavo can be compounded with a logical or non-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both: these constructs are explained in <a href="../../9/1/">Chapter 9</a>, <a href="../../10/1/">Chapter 10</a>, and <a href="../../14/1/">Chapter 14</a>. In all cases, the “.i” comes first in the compound. Attitudinals can also be attached to an “.i” if they are meant to apply to the whole sentence: see <a href="../../13/1/">Chapter 13</a>.</p>
<p>There exist a pair of mechanisms for binding a sequence of sentences closely together. If the “.i” (with or without connectives) is followed by “bo” (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by “.i” alone.</p>
<p>Similarly, a group of sentences can be preceded by “tu'e” (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by “tu'u” (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of “tu'e ... tu'u” is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by “.i”. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by “tu'e ... tu'u” and contain one or more sentences separated by “.i”. Grouping with “tu'e” and “tu'u” is analogous to grouping with “ke” and “ke'e” to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see <a href="../../14/1/">Chapter 14</a>).</p>
<hr />
<div class="nav">
<div class="nav-prev">
<div class="nav-section-link-prev"><a href="../../19/1/">Previous</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">Introductory</div>
</div>
diff --git a/19/6/index.html b/19/6/index.html
index 61c25ee..195b607 100644
--- a/19/6/index.html
+++ b/19/6/index.html
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@ And reordering of the place structures might produce:
<a id="e3" name="e3">6.3)</a> fo le dargu fi le zdani fa mi fe le zarci fu le karce cu klama
Via the road, from the house, I, to the market, using-the car, go.
</pre>
<a href="../6/#e1">Examples 6.1</a> to <a href="../6/#e3">6.3</a> all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo “nunkla”, formed by applying the abstraction operator “nu” to “klama”:
<pre>
<a id="e4" name="e4">6.4)</a> la'edi'u cu nunkla
mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce
The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going
by-me to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.
</pre>
-<a href="../6/#e4">Example 6.4</a> shows that “nunkla” has six places: the five places of “klama” plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of <a href="../6/#e2">Example 6.2</a> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript:
+<a href="../6/#e4">Example 6.4</a> shows that “nunkla” has six places: the five places of “klama” plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of <a href="../6/#e2">Example 6.2</a> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (see Chapter 19):
<pre>
<a id="e5" name="e5">6.5)</a> le karce cu sexixa nunkla mi
le zarci le zdani le dargu la'edi'u
The car is-a-transportation-means-in-the-event-of-going by-me
to-the market via-the road which-is-referred-to-by-the-last-sentence.
</pre>
Likewise, a sixth place tag can be created by using any cmavo of FA with a subscript:
<pre>
<a id="e6" name="e6">6.6)</a> fu le dargu fo le zdani fe mi fa la'edi'u
fi le zarci faxixa le karce cu nunkla
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