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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Tue Nov 2 14:21:03 EDT 2010
commit 14c0bc266abf8a9a6e6df389aa3f742f45998eaa
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Mon Nov 1 23:36:46 2010 -0700
Chapter 14 updates to align with the physical book and fix errata.
diff --git a/14/1/index.html b/14/1/index.html
index a3b6e96..2f0a24c 100644
--- a/14/1/index.html
+++ b/14/1/index.html
@@ -20,34 +20,34 @@
</div>
<div class="nav-title">
<div class="nav-title-title">If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</div>
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h2>Chapter 14<br />
If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</h2>
<h3>1. Logical connection and truth tables</h3>
-<p>Lojban is a logical language: the name of the language itself means “logical language”. The fundamentals of ordinary logic (there are variant logics, which aren’t addressed in this book) include the notions of a “sentence”, (sometimes called a “statement” or “proposition”), which asserts a truth or falsehood, and a small set of “truth functions”, which combine two sentences to create a new sentence. The truth functions have the special characteristic that the truth value (that is, the truth or falsehood) of the results depends only on the truth value of the component sentences. For example,</p>
+<p>Lojban is a logical language: the name of the language itself means “logical language”. The fundamentals of ordinary logic (there are variant logics, which aren’t addressed in this book) include the notions of a “sentence” (sometimes called a “statement” or “proposition”), which asserts a truth or falsehood, and a small set of “truth functions”, which combine two sentences to create a new sentence. The truth functions have the special characteristic that the truth value (that is, the truth or falsehood) of the results depends only on the truth value of the component sentences. For example,</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">1.1)</a> John is a man or James is a woman.
</pre>
is true if “John is a man” is true, or if “James is a woman” is true. If we know whether John is a man, and we know whether James is a woman, we know whether “John is a man or James is a woman” is true, provided we know the meaning of “or”. Here “John is a man” and “James is a woman” are the component sentences.
<p>We will use the phrase “negating a sentence” to mean changing its truth value. An English sentence may always be negated by prefixing “It is false that ... ”, or more idiomatically by inserting “not” at the right point, generally before the verb. “James is not a woman” is the negation of “James is a woman”, and vice versa. Recent slang can also negate a sentence by following it with the exclamation “Not!”</p>
<p>Words like “or” are called “logical connectives”, and Lojban has many of them, as befits a logical language. This chapter is mostly concerned with explaining the forms and uses of the Lojban logical connectives. There are a number of other logical connectives in English such as “and”, “and/or”, “if”, “only if”, “whether or not”, and others; however, not every use of these English words corresponds to a logical connective. This point will be made clear in particular cases as needed. The other English meanings are supported by different Lojban connective constructs.</p>
<p>The Lojban connectives form a system (as the title of this chapter suggests), regular and predictable, whereas natural-language connectives are rather less systematic and therefore less predictable.</p>
<p>There exist 16 possible different truth functions. A truth table is a graphical device for specifying a truth function, making it clear what the value of the truth function is for every possible value of the component sentences. Here is a truth table for “or”:</p>
<table class="or">
<tr>
<th>first</th>
<th>second</th>
-<th>third</th>
+<th>result</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>True</td>
<td>True</td>
<td>True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>True</td>
<td>False</td>
<td>True</td>
diff --git a/14/12/index.html b/14/12/index.html
index e4e75c2..f7a7d3b 100644
--- a/14/12/index.html
+++ b/14/12/index.html
@@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ is probably false, because the blueness is associated with the house, not with A
<p>It suffices to note here, then, a few purely grammatical points about tanru logical connection. “bo” may be appended to jeks as to eks, with the same rules:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e8" name="e8">12.8)</a> la teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi
Terry is rich and ( male or female ).
</pre>
The components of tanru may be grouped with “ke” both before and after a logical connective:
<pre>
<a id="e9" name="e9">12.9)</a> la .teris. cu [ke] ricfu ja pindi [ke'e] je ke nakni ja fetsi [ke'e]
Terry is (rich or poor) and (male or female).
</pre>
-where the first “ke ... ke'e” pair may be omitted altogether by the rule of left-grouping, but is optionally permitted (as in bridi connection). In any case, both instances of “ke'e” may be elided.
+where the first “ke ... ke'e” pair may be omitted altogether by the rule of left-grouping, but is optionally permitted. In any case, the last instance of “ke'e” may be elided.
<p>The syntax of jeks is:</p>
<pre>
[na] [se] JA [nai]
</pre>
parallel to eks and giheks.
<p>Forethought tanru connection does not use geks, but uses guheks instead. Guheks have exactly the same form as geks:</p>
<pre>
[se] GUhA [nai]
</pre>
Using guheks in tanru connection (rather than geks) resolves what would otherwise be an unacceptable ambiguity between bridi-tail and tanru connection:
diff --git a/14/13/index.html b/14/13/index.html
index 6681cc1..063dcd9 100644
--- a/14/13/index.html
+++ b/14/13/index.html
@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h3>13. Truth questions and connective questions</h3>
<p>So far we have addressed only sentences which are statements. Lojban, like all human languages, needs also to deal with sentences which are questions. There are many ways of asking questions in Lojban, but some of these (like questions about quantity, tense, and emotion) are discussed in other chapters.</p>
<p>The simplest kind of question is of the type “Is it true that ... ” where some statement follows. This type is called a “truth question”, and can be represented in English by <a href="../13/#e1">Example 13.1</a>:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">13.1)</a> Is it true that Fido is a dog?
Is Fido a dog?
</pre>
-Note the two formulations. English truth questions can always be formed by prefixing “Is is true that” to the beginning of a statement; there is also usually a more idiomatic way involving putting the verb before its subject. “Is Alice a dog?” is the truth question corresponding to “Fido is a dog”. In Lojban, the equivalent mechanism is to prefix the cmavo “xu” (of selma'o UI) to the statement:
+Note the two formulations. English truth questions can always be formed by prefixing “Is is true that” to the beginning of a statement; there is also usually a more idiomatic way involving putting the verb before its subject. “Is Fido a dog?” is the truth question corresponding to “Fido is a dog”. In Lojban, the equivalent mechanism is to prefix the cmavo “xu” (of selma'o UI) to the statement:
<pre>
<a id="e2" name="e2">13.2)</a> xu la faidon. gerku
Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog?
</pre>
<a href="../13/#e1">Example 13.1</a> and <a href="../13/#e2">Example 13.2</a> are equivalent in meaning.
<p>A truth question can be answered “yes” or “no”, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of the underlying statement. The standard way of saying “yes” in Lojban is “go'i” and of saying “no” is “nago'i”. (The reasons for this rule are explained in <a href="../../7/1/">Chapter 7</a>.) In answer to <a href="../13/#e2">Example 13.2</a>, the possible answers are:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e3" name="e3">13.3)</a> go'i
Fido is a dog.
</pre>
diff --git a/14/14/index.html b/14/14/index.html
index 3b6d07d..5d60c59 100644
--- a/14/14/index.html
+++ b/14/14/index.html
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@ where “joi” is used to create the necessary mass.
Here the information carried by the English adverb “respectively”, namely that James loves Mary and George loves Martha, is divided between the two occurrences of “fa'u”. If both uses of “fa'u” were to be changed to “.e”, we would get:
<pre>
<a id="e13" name="e13">14.13)</a> la djeimyz. .e la djordj. prami la meris. .e la martas.
James and George love Mary and Martha.
</pre>
which can be transformed to four bridi:
<pre>
<a id="e14" name="e14">14.14)</a> la djeimyz. prami la meris. .ije la djordj. prami la meris.
.ije la djeimyz. prami la martas. .ije la djordj. prami la martas.
James loves Mary, and George loves Mary,
- and James loves Martha, and George loves Martha
+ and James loves Martha, and George loves Martha.
</pre>
which represents quite a different state of affairs from <a href="../14/#e12">Example 14.12</a>. The meaning of <a href="../14/#e12">Example 14.12</a> can also be conveyed by a termset:
<pre>
<a id="e15" name="e15">14.15)</a> la djeimyz. ce'e la meris. pe'e .e la djordj. ce'e la martas. prami
James [plus] Mary [joint] and George [plus] Martha loves.
</pre>
at the expense of re-ordering the list of names so as to make the pairs explicit. This option is not available when one of the lists is only described rather than enumerated:
<pre>
<a id="e16" name="e16">14.16)</a> la djeimyz. fa'u la djordj. prami re mensi
James and-respectively George love two sisters.
diff --git a/14/15/index.html b/14/15/index.html
index 905c8df..ceafc79 100644
--- a/14/15/index.html
+++ b/14/15/index.html
@@ -70,27 +70,27 @@ so the x1 place must be occupied by a mass (for reasons not explained here); how
( I [plus] in-language Lojban
massed-with you [plus] in-language English ) discuss.
</pre>
<p>Like all non-logical connectives, the usage shown in <a href="../15/#e7">Example 15.7</a> cannot be mechanically converted into a non-logical connective placed at another location in the bridi. The forethought equivalent of <a href="../15/#e7">Example 15.7</a> is:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e8" name="e8">15.8)</a> nu'i joigi mi bau la lojban gi do bau la gliban. nu'u casnu
</pre>
<p>Non-logical forethought termsets are also useful when the things to be non-logically connected are sumti preceded with tense or modal (BAI) tags:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e9" name="e9">15.9)</a> la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban.
- nu'u fa'u bai la djordj. [nu'u]
+ nu'u fa'u bai tu'a la djordj. [nu'u]
John respectively-with Frank express [start termset] in-language Lojban
[joint] respectively-with under-compulsion-by George.
John and Frank speak in Lojban and under George’s compulsion, respectively.
</pre>
<a href="../14/#e17">Example 14.17</a> associates speaking in Lojban with John, and speaking under George’s compulsion with Frank. We do not know what language Frank uses, or whether John speaks under anyone’s compulsion.
-<p>Joiks may be prefixed with “.i” to produce ijoiks, which serve to non-logically connect sentences. The main known use here is “.ice'o”, which indicates that the event of the second bridi follows that of the first bridi in some way other than a time relationship (which is handled with a tense):</p>
+<p>Joiks may be prefixed with “.i” to produce ijoiks, which serve to non-logically connect sentences. The ijoik “.ice'o” indicates that the event of the second bridi follows that of the first bridi in some way other than a time relationship (which is handled with a tense):</p>
<pre>
<a id="e10" name="e10">15.10)</a> mi ba gasnu la'edi'e
.i tu'e kanji lo ni cteki
.ice'o lumci le karce
.ice'o dzukansa le gerku tu'u
I [future] do the-referent-of-the-following:
( Compute the quantity of taxes.
And-then wash the car.
And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. )
List of things to do:
diff --git a/14/17/index.html b/14/17/index.html
index 4cddf39..4e95d71 100644
--- a/14/17/index.html
+++ b/14/17/index.html
@@ -58,21 +58,21 @@ The forethought form of <a href="../17/#e3">Example 17.3</a> is:
the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one
[0,1)
the numbers from zero to one, including zero but not including one
</pre>
<p>You can also combine two operands with “ce'o”, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6" name="e6">17.6)</a> xy. boi xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]
“x” sub ( “b” sequence “d” )
x<sub>b,d</sub>
</pre>
-Note that the “boi” in <a href="../17/#e5">Example 17.5</a> is not elidable, because the “xi” subscript needs something to attach to.
+Note that the “boi” in <a href="../17/#e6">Example 17.6</a> is not elidable, because the “xi” subscript needs something to attach to.
<hr />
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<div class="nav-section-name">Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</div>
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<div class="nav-section-name">Tenses, modals, and logical connection</div>
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index dd93657..e5f60cb 100644
--- a/14/18/index.html
+++ b/14/18/index.html
@@ -18,21 +18,21 @@
<div class="nav-section-link-next"><a href="../../14/19/">Next</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions</div>
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<div class="nav-title-title">If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</div>
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
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</div>
<hr />
<h3>18. Tenses, modals, and logical connection</h3>
-<p>The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are simplified to the simple time cmavo “pu”, “ca”, and “ba” (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a “le nu” abstraction; see <a href="../../11/1/">Chapter 11</a>).</p>
+<p>The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo “pu”, “ca”, and “ba” (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a “le nu” abstraction; see <a href="../../11/1/">Chapter 11</a>).</p>
<p>The two types of interaction between tenses and logical connectives are logically connected tenses and tensed logical connections. The former are fairly simple. Jeks may be used between tense cmavo to specify two connected bridi that differ only in tense:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">18.1)</a> la .artr. pu nolraitru
.ije la .artr. ba nolraitru
Arthur [past] is-a-noblest-governor.
And Arthur [future] is-a-noblest-governor.
Arthur was a king, and Arthur will be a king.
</pre>
can be reduced to:
<pre>
diff --git a/14/20/index.html b/14/20/index.html
index 33cdea4..dbc5873 100644
--- a/14/20/index.html
+++ b/14/20/index.html
@@ -23,21 +23,22 @@
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h3>20. Constructs and appropriate connectives</h3>
<p>The following table specifies, for each kind of construct that can be logically or non-logically connected in Lojban, what kind of connective is required for both afterthought and (when possible) forethought modes. An asterisk (*) indicates that tensed connection is permitted.</p>
<p>A dash indicates that connection of the specified type is not possible.</p>
<table class="conn">
<tr>
<th>construct</th>
-<th>afterthought<br /></th>
+<th>afterthought<br />
+logical</th>
<th>forethought<br />
logical</th>
<th>afterthought<br />
non-logical</th>
<th>forethought<br />
non-logical</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bridi</td>
<td>ijek*</td>
diff --git a/14/21/index.html b/14/21/index.html
index 7e31a38..8482e00 100644
--- a/14/21/index.html
+++ b/14/21/index.html
@@ -18,21 +18,21 @@
<div class="nav-section-link-next"><a href="../../14/22/">Next</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">Rules for making logical and non-logical connectives</div>
</div>
<div class="nav-title">
<div class="nav-title-title">If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</div>
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h3>21. Truth functions and corresponding logical connectives</h3>
-<p>The following table specifies, for each truth function, the most-often used compound cmavo which expresses it for each of the six types of logical connective. (Other compound cmavo are often possible: for example, “se.a” means the same as “a”, and could be used instead.)</p>
+<p>The following table specifies, for each truth function, the most-often used cmavo or compound cmavo which expresses it for each of the six types of logical connective. (Other compound cmavo are often possible: for example, “se.a” means the same as “a”, and could be used instead.)</p>
<table class="conn">
<tr>
<th>truth</th>
<th>ek</th>
<th>jek</th>
<th>gihek</th>
<th>gek–gik</th>
<th>guhek–gik</th>
</tr>
<tr>
diff --git a/14/22/index.html b/14/22/index.html
index 5ceaa45..2c77137 100644
--- a/14/22/index.html
+++ b/14/22/index.html
@@ -24,39 +24,39 @@
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h3>22. Rules for making logical and non-logical connectives</h3>
<p>The full set of rules for inserting “na”, “se”, and “nai” into any connective is:</p>
<p>Afterthought logical connectives (eks, jeks, giheks, ijeks):</p>
<ul>
<li>Negate first construct:<br />
Place “na” before the connective cmavo (but after the “.i” of an ijek).</li>
<li>Negate second construct:<br />
-place “nai” after the connective cmavo.</li>
+Place “nai” after the connective cmavo.</li>
<li>Exchange constructs:<br />
-place “se” before the connective cmavo (after “na” if any).</li>
+Place “se” before the connective cmavo (after “na” if any).</li>
</ul>
Forethought logical connectives (geks, guheks):
<ul>
<li>Negate first construct:<br />
-place “nai” after the connective cmavo.</li>
+Place “nai” after the connective cmavo.</li>
<li>Negate second construct:<br />
-place “nai” after the “gi”.</li>
+Place “nai” after the “gi”.</li>
<li>Exchange constructs:<br />
-place “se” before the connective cmavo.</li>
+Place “se” before the connective cmavo.</li>
</ul>
Non-logical connectives (joiks, joigiks):
<ul>
<li>Negate connection:<br />
-place “nai” after the connective cmavo (but before the “gi” of a joigik).</li>
+Place “nai” after the connective cmavo (but before the “gi” of a joigik).</li>
<li>Exchange constructs:<br />
-place “se” before the connective cmavo.</li>
+Place “se” before the connective cmavo.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
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diff --git a/14/3/index.html b/14/3/index.html
index ff87652..b1796f8 100644
--- a/14/3/index.html
+++ b/14/3/index.html
@@ -29,21 +29,21 @@
<p>Consider the English sentence:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">3.1)</a> Mary went to the window and ...
</pre>
where the last word could be followed by “the door”, a noun phrase, or by “saw the horses”, a sentence with subject omitted, or by “John went to the door”, a full sentence, or by one of a variety of other English grammatical constructions. Lojban cannot tolerate such grammatical looseness.
<p>Instead, there are a total of five different selma'o used for logical connection: A, GA, GIhA, GUhA, and JA. Each of these includes four cmavo, one based on each of the four vowels, which is always the last vowel in the cmavo. In selma'o A, the vowel is the entire cmavo.</p>
<p>Thus, in selma'o A, the cmavo for the function <span class="tru">A</span> is “a”. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with <span class="tru">A</span>, which is a truth function, or “a”, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for <span class="tru">E</span> in selma'o GIhA is “gi'e”, and the cmavo for <span class="tru">U</span> in selma'o GA is “gu”. This systematic regularity makes the cmavo easier to learn.</p>
<p>Obviously, four cmavo are not enough to express the 14 truth functions explained in <a href="../1/">Section 1</a>. Therefore, compound cmavo must be used. These compound cmavo follow a systematic pattern: each has one cmavo from the five logical connection selma'o at its heart, and may also contain one or more of the auxiliary cmavo “se”, “na”, or “nai”. Which auxiliaries are used with which logical connection cmavo, and with what grammar and meaning, will be explained in the following sections. The uses of each of these auxiliary cmavo relates to its other uses in other parts of Lojban grammar.</p>
<p>For convenience, each of the types of compound cmavo used for logical connection is designated by a Lojban name. The name is derived by changing the final “-A” of the selma'o name to “-ek”; the reasons for using “-ek” are buried deep in the history of the Loglan Project. Thus, compound cmavo based on selma'o A are known as eks, and those based on selma'o JA are known as jeks. (When writing in English, it is conventional to use “eks” as the plural of “ek”.) When the term “logical connective” is used in this chapter, it refers to one or more of these kinds of compound cmavo.</p>
<p>Why does the title of this section refer to “six types” when there are only five selma'o? A jek may be preceded by “.i”, the usual Lojban cmavo for connecting two sentences. The compound produced by “.i” followed by a jek is known as an ijek. It is useful to think of ijeks as a sixth kind of logical connective, parallel to eks, jeks, geks, giheks, and guheks.</p>
-<p>There also exist giks, joiks, ijoiks, and joigiks, which are not logical connectives but are other kinds of compound cmavo which will be introduced later.</p>
+<p>There also exist giks, joiks, ijoiks, and joigiks, which are not logical connectives, but are other kinds of compound cmavo which will be introduced later.</p>
<hr />
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<div class="nav-section-name">The Four basic vowels</div>
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<div class="nav-section-name">Logical connection of bridi</div>
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diff --git a/14/4/index.html b/14/4/index.html
index 63826ee..f503c4a 100644
--- a/14/4/index.html
+++ b/14/4/index.html
@@ -61,28 +61,28 @@ The meaning of both <a href="../4/#e5">Example 4.5</a> and <a href="../4/#e6">Ex
John is-a-man or James is-not-a-woman.
John is a man if James is a woman.
</pre>
How’s that again? Are those two English sentences in <a href="../4/#e8">Example 4.8</a> really equivalent? In English, no. The Lojban TTFT truth function can be glossed “A if B”, but the “if” does not quite have its English sense. <a href="../4/#e8">Example 4.8</a> is true so long as John is a man, even if James is not a woman; likewise, it is true just because James is not a woman, regardless of John’s gender. This kind of “if-then” is technically known as a “material conditional”.
<p>Since James is not a woman (by our assertions in <a href="../1/">Section 1</a>), the English sentence “John is a man if James is a woman” seems to be neither true nor false, since it assumes something which is not true. It turns out to be most convenient to treat this “if” as TTFT, which on investigation means that <a href="../4/#e8">Example 4.8</a> is true. <a href="../4/#e9">Example 4.9</a>, however, is equally true:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e9" name="e9">4.9)</a> la djan. ninmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu
John is a woman if James is a woman.
</pre>
This can be thought of as a principle of consistency, and may be paraphrased as follows: “If a false statement is true, any statement follows from it.” All uses of English “if” must be considered very carefully when translating into Lojban to see if they really fit this Lojban mold.
-<p><a href="../4/#e10">Example 4.10</a>, which uses the TFTT truth function, is subject to the same rules: the stated gloss of TFTT as “only if” works naturally only when the left-hand bridi is true; if it is false, the right-hand bridi may be either true or false. The last gloss of <a href="../4/#e10">Example 4.10</a> illustrates the use of “if ... then” as a more natural substitute for “only if”.</p>
+<p><a href="../4/#e10">Example 4.10</a>, which uses the TFTT truth function, is subject to the same rules: the stated gloss of TFTT as “only if” works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false. The last gloss of <a href="../4/#e10">Example 4.10</a> illustrates the use of “if ... then” as a more natural substitute for “only if”.</p>
<pre>
<a id="e10" name="e10">4.10)</a> la djan. nanmu .inaja la djeimyz. ninmu
John is-not-a-man or James is-a-woman.
John is a man only if James is a woman.
If John is a man, then James is a woman.
</pre>
-<p>The following example illustrates the use of “se” to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of “se” is to (in effect) tranpose places of a bridi, as explained in <a href="../../5/1/">Chapter 5</a>.</p>
+<p>The following example illustrates the use of “se” to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of “se” is to (in effect) transpose places of a bridi, as explained in <a href="../../5/1/">Chapter 5</a>.</p>
<pre>
<a id="e11" name="e11">4.11)</a> la djan. nanmu .iseju la djeimyz. ninmu
Whether or not John is a man, James is a woman.
</pre>
If both “na” and “se” are present, which is legal but never necessary, “na” would come before “se”.
<p>The full syntax of ijeks, therefore, is:</p>
<pre>
.i [na] [se] JA [nai]
</pre>
where the cmavo in brackets are optional.
diff --git a/14/5/index.html b/14/5/index.html
index 3011964..8d271eb 100644
--- a/14/5/index.html
+++ b/14/5/index.html
@@ -27,22 +27,22 @@
<h3>5. Forethought bridi connection</h3>
<p>Many concepts in Lojban are expressible in two different ways, generally referred to as “afterthought” and “forethought”. <a href="../4/">Section 4</a> discussed what is called “afterthought bridi logical connection”. The word “afterthought” is used because the connective cmavo and the second bridi were added, as it were, afterwards and without changing the form of the first bridi. This form might be used by someone who makes a statement and then wishes to add or qualify that statement after it has been completed. Thus,</p>
<pre>
<a id="e1" name="e1">5.1)</a> la djan. nanmu
</pre>
is a complete bridi, and adding an afterthought connection to make
<pre>
<a id="e2" name="e2">5.2)</a> la djan. nanmu .ija la djeimyz. ninmu
John is a man or James is a woman (or both)
</pre>
-provides additional information without requiring any change in the form of what has come before, which may not be possible or practical, especially in speaking. (The meaning, however, may be changed by the use of a negating connective.) Afterthought connectives make it possible to construct all the important truth-functional relationships in a variety of ways.
-<p>In forethought style the speaker decides in advance, before expressing the first bridi, that a logical connection will be expressed. Forethought and afterthought connectives are expressed with separate selma'o: the forethought logical connectives corresponding to afterthought ijeks are geks:</p>
+provides additional information without requiring any change in the form of what has come before; changes which may not be possible or practical, especially in speaking. (The meaning, however, may be changed by the use of a negating connective.) Afterthought connectives make it possible to construct all the important truth-functional relationships in a variety of ways.
+<p>In forethought style the speaker decides in advance, before expressing the first bridi, that a logical connection will be expressed. Forethought and afterthought connectives are expressed with separate selma'o. The forethought logical connectives corresponding to afterthought ijeks are geks:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e3" name="e3">5.3)</a> ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu
Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both).
</pre>
“ga” is the cmavo which represents the <span class="tru">A</span> truth function in selma'o GA. The word “gi” does not belong to GA at all, but constitutes its own selma'o: it serves only to separate the two bridi without having any content of its own. The English translation of “ga ... gi” is “either ... or”, but in the English form the truth function is specified both by the word “either” and by the word “or”: not so in Lojban.
<p>Even though two bridi are being connected, geks and giks do not have any “.i” in them. The forethought construct binds up the two bridi into a single sentence as far as the grammar is concerned.</p>
<p>Some more examples of forethought bridi connection are:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e4" name="e4">5.4)</a> ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu
(It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman.
diff --git a/14/8/index.html b/14/8/index.html
index 670b6b4..dff5103 100644
--- a/14/8/index.html
+++ b/14/8/index.html
@@ -50,21 +50,21 @@ where the semantics tells us that the instances of “and” are meant to have h
I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.
</pre>
marking two of the ijeks with “bo” for high precedence. (The first “bo” is not strictly necessary, because of the left-grouping rule, and is shown here in brackets.)
<p>But it may be clearer to use explicit parenthesis words and say:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e6" name="e6">8.6)</a> tu'e mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi tu'u
.ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]
( I kiss you and you kiss me )
if ( I love you and you love me ).
</pre>
-where the “tu'e ... tu'u” pairs set off the structure. The cmavo “tu'u” is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in <a href="../8/#e6">Example 8.6</a> is bracketed, because all terminators may be elided at the end of text.
+where the “tu'e ... tu'u” pairs set off the structure. The cmavo “tu'u” is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in <a href="../8/#e6">Example 8.6</a> is bracketed, because all terminators may be elided at the end of a text.
<p>In addition, parentheses are a general solution: multiple parentheses may be nested inside one another, and additional afterthought material may be added without upsetting the existing structure. Neither of these two advantages apply to “bo” grouping. In general, afterthought constructions trade generality for simplicity.</p>
<p>Because of the left-grouping rule, the first set of “tu'e ... tu'u” parentheses may actually be left off altogether, producing:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e7" name="e7">8.7)</a> mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi
.ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]
I kiss you and you kiss me
if ( I love you and you love me ).
</pre>
<p>What about parenthesized sumti connection? Consider</p>
<pre>
diff --git a/14/9/index.html b/14/9/index.html
index 6b2c0be..ec04008 100644
--- a/14/9/index.html
+++ b/14/9/index.html
@@ -72,21 +72,21 @@ where the double “vau” at the end of <a href="../9/#e8">Example 9.8</a> term
<pre>
<a id="e9" name="e9">9.9)</a> klama le zarci gi'e dzukla le briju
A goer to-the market and a walker to-the office.
</pre>
Since x1 is omitted in both of the bridi underlying <a href="../9/#e9">Example 9.9</a>, this compound bridi does not necessarily imply that the goer and the walker are the same. Only the presence of an explicit x1 (other than “zo'e”, which is equivalent to omission) can force the goer and the walker to be identical.
<p>A strong argument for this convention is provided by analysis of the following example:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e10" name="e10">9.10)</a> klama la nu,IORK. la finyks. gi'e klama la nu,IORK. la rom.
A goer to-New York from-Phoenix and a goer to-New York from-Rome.
</pre>
-If the rule were that the x1 places of the two underlying bridi were identical, then (since there is nothing special about x1), the unspecified x4 (route) and x5 (means) places would also have to be the same, leading to the absurd result that the route from Phoenix to New York is the same as the route from Rome to New York. Inserting “da”, meaning roughly “something”, into the x1 place cures the problem:
+If the rule were that the x1 places of the two underlying bridi were considered identical, then (since there is nothing special about x1), the unspecified x4 (route) and x5 (means) places would also have to be the same, leading to the absurd result that the route from Phoenix to New York is the same as the route from Rome to New York. Inserting “da”, meaning roughly “something”, into the x1 place cures the problem:
<pre>
<a id="e11" name="e11">9.11)</a> da klama la nu,IORK. la finyks.
gi'e klama la nu,IORK. la rom.
Something is-a-goer to-New York from-Phoenix
and is-a-goer to-New York from-Rome.
</pre>
<p>The syntax of giheks is:</p>
<pre>
[na] [se] GIhA [nai]
</pre>
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