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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Nov 7 15:21:02 EST 2010
commit ce725ec74670c4b00a5fec6977687028c377c8af
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Nov 7 12:18:50 2010 -0800
Conformance with the red book, minor bug fixes.
diff --git a/3/10/index.html b/3/10/index.html
index 7bb3a81..3e0fa16 100644
--- a/3/10/index.html
+++ b/3/10/index.html
@@ -51,21 +51,21 @@
<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban “e”. This sound is not found in English, but is the Spanish “e”, or the tense “e” of Italian. The vowel of English “say” is similar except for the off-glide: you can learn to make this sound by holding your tongue steady while saying the first part of the English vowel.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ə]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “y”. As in the “a” of English “sofa” or “about”. Schwa is generally unstressed in Lojban, as it is in English. It is a totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[f]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “f”. As in “fee”, “loafer”, or “chef”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ɸ]</dt>
<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban “f”. Not an English sound; the Japanese “f” sound.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[g]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “g”. As in English “go”, “eagle”, or “dog”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[h]</dt>
-<dd>The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in English “aha” or “oh, hello”.</dd>
+<dd>The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in English “aha” or the second "h" in “oh, hello”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[i]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “i”. Essentially like the English vowel of “pizza” or “machine”, although the English vowel is sometimes pronounced with an off-glide, which should not be present in Lojban.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ɪ]</dt>
<dd>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The “i” of English “bit”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ɨ]</dt>
<dd>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The “u” of “just” in some varieties of GA, those which make the word sound more or less like “jist”. Also Russian “y” as in “byt'” (to be); like a schwa <span class="c3">[ə]</span>, but higher in the mouth.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[j]</dt>
<dd>Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with “i”. Like the “y” in English “yard” or “say”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[k]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “k”. As in English “kill”, “token”, or “flak”.</dd>
@@ -76,21 +76,21 @@
<dt class="c4">[m]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “m”. As in English “me”, “humor”, or “ham”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[m̩]</dt>
<dd>The syllabic version of Lojban “m”. As in English “catch ’em” or “bottom”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[n]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “n”. As in English “no”, “honor”, or “son”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[n̩]</dt>
<dd>The syllabic version of Lojban “n”. As in English “button”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ŋ]</dt>
<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban “n”, especially in Lojbanized names and before “g” or “k”. As in English “sing” or “singer” (but not “finger” or “danger”).</dd>
-<dt class="c4">[ŋ̩]</dt>
+<dt class="c4">[ŋ̍]</dt>
<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban syllabic “n”, especially in Lojbanized names.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[o]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “o”. As in the French “haute (cuisine)” or Spanish “como”. There is no exact English equivalent of this sound. The nearest GA equivalent is the “o” of “dough” or “joke”, but it is essential that the off-glide (a <span class="c3">[w]</span>-like sound) at the end of the vowel is not pronounced when speaking Lojban. The RP sound in these words is <span class="c3">[əw]</span> in IPA terms, and has no <span class="c3">[o]</span> in it at all; unless you can speak with a Scots, Irish, or American accent, you may have trouble with this sound.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ɔ]</dt>
<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban “o”, especially before “r”. This sound is a shortened form of the “aw” in GA “dawn” (for those people who don’t pronounce “dawn” and “Don” alike; if you do, you may have trouble with this sound). In RP, but not GA, it is the “o” of “hot”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[p]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “p”. As in English “pay”, “super”, or “up”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[r]</dt>
<dd>One version of Lojban “r”. Not an English sound. The Spanish “rr” and the Scots “r”, a tongue-tip trill.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ɹ]</dt>
@@ -99,21 +99,21 @@
<dd>One version of Lojban “r”. In GA, appears as a variant of “t” or “d” in the words “metal” and “medal” respectively. A tongue-tip flap.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ʀ]</dt>
<dd>One version of Lojban “r”. Not an English sound. The French or German “r” in “reine” or “rot” respectively. A uvular trill.</dd>
<dt><span class="c3">[r̩]</span>, <span class="c3">[ɹ̩]</span>, <span class="c3">[ɾ̩]</span>, <span class="c3">[ʀ̩]</span></dt>
<dd>are syllabic versions of the above. <span class="c3">[ɹ̩]</span> appears in the GA (but not RP) pronunciation of “bird”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[s]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “s”. As in English “so”, “basin”, or “yes”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ʃ]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “c”. The “sh” of English “ship”, “ashen”, or “dish”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[ʂ]</dt>
-<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban “s”. Not an English sound. The Hindi retroflex “s” with underdot, or Klingon “S”.</dd>
+<dd>An allowed variant of Lojban “s”. Not an English sound. The Hindi retroflex “s” with dot below, or Klingon “S”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[t]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “t”. As in English “tea”, “later”, or “not”. It is important to avoid the GA habit of pronouncing the “t” between vowels as <span class="c3">[d]</span> or <span class="c3">[ɾ]</span>.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[θ]</dt>
<dd>Not normally a Lojban sound, but a possible variant of Lojban “'”. The “th” of English “thin” (but not “then”).</dd>
<dt class="c4">[v]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “v”. As in English “voice”, “savor”, or “live”.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[w]</dt>
<dd>Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with “u”. Like the “w” in English “wet” <span class="c3">[wɛt]</span> or “cow” <span class="c3">[kɑw]</span>.</dd>
<dt class="c4">[x]</dt>
<dd>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban “x”. Not normally an English sound, but used in some pronunciations of “loch” and “Bach”; “gh” in Scots “might” and “night”. The German “Ach-Laut”. To pronounce <span class="c3">[x]</span>, force air through your throat without vibrating your vocal chords; there should be lots of scrape.</dd>
diff --git a/3/12/index.html b/3/12/index.html
index 40caf53..3e26103 100644
--- a/3/12/index.html
+++ b/3/12/index.html
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@
<div class="nav-section-name">Introductory</div>
</div>
<div class="nav-title">
<div class="nav-title-title">The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban</div>
<div class="nav-title-link"><a href="../../">The Lojban Reference Grammar</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
<h3>12. Oddball Orthographies</h3>
<p>The following notes describe ways in which Lojban has been written or could be written that differ from the standard orthography explained in the rest of this chapter. Nobody needs to read this section except people with an interest in the obscure. Technicalities are used without explanation or further apology.</p>
-<p>There exists an alternative orthography for Lojban, which is designed to be as compatible as possible (but no more so) with the authority used in pre-Lojban versions of Loglan. The consonants undergo no change, except that “x” is replaced by “h”. The individual vowels likewise remain unchanged. However, the vowel pairs and diphthongs are changed as follows:</p>
+<p>There exists an alternative orthography for Lojban, which is designed to be as compatible as possible (but no more so) with the orthography used in pre-Lojban versions of Loglan. The consonants undergo no change, except that “x” is replaced by “h”. The individual vowels likewise remain unchanged. However, the vowel pairs and diphthongs are changed as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>“ai”, “ei”, “oi”, “au” become “ai”, “ei”, “oi”, “ao”.</li>
<li>“ia” through “iu” and “ua” through “uu” remain unchanged.</li>
<li>“a'i”, “e'i”, “o'i” and “a'o” become “a,i”, “e,i”, “o,i” and “a,o”.</li>
<li>“i'a” through “i'u” and “u'a” through “u'u” are changed to “ia” through “iu” and “ua” through “uu” in lujvo and cmavo other than attitudinals, but become “i,a” through “i,u” and “u,a” through “u,u” in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.</li>
<li>All other vowel pairs simply drop the apostrophe.</li>
</ul>
<p>The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altogether, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. In addition, names and the cmavo “.i” are capitalized, and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stressed syllable.</p>
<p>Three points must be emphasized about this alternative orthography:</p>
<ul>
@@ -51,21 +51,21 @@
- thule f formen
c harma x hwesta
- anto v ampa
j anca - unque
n numen m malta
- noldo - nwalme
r ore u vala
i anna - vilya
</pre>
The letters “vala” and “anna” are used for “u” and “i” only when those letters are used to represent glides. Of the additional letters, “r”, “l”, “s”, and “z” are written with “rómen”, “lambe”, “silme”, and “áre”/“esse” respectively; the inverted forms are used as free variants.
-<p>Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are used for the five regular vowels, and the under-dot for “y”. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by “halla”. There is no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.</p>
+<p>Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for “y”. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by “halla”. There is no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.</p>
<hr />
<div class="nav">
<div class="nav-prev">
<div class="nav-section-link-prev"><a href="../../3/11/">Previous</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs</div>
</div>
<div class="nav-next">
<div class="nav-section-link-next"><a href="../../4/1/">Next</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">Introductory</div>
</div>
diff --git a/3/6/index.html b/3/6/index.html
index 0e9d69d..792fa38 100644
--- a/3/6/index.html
+++ b/3/6/index.html
@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@
p b
t d
k g
f v
c j
s z
x -
</pre>
The consonant “x” has no voiced counterpart in Lojban. The remaining consonants, “l”, “m”, “n”, and “r”, are typically pronounced with voice, but can be pronounced unvoiced.
<p>Consonant sounds occur in languages as single consonants, or as doubled, or as clustered combinations. Single consonant sounds are isolated by word boundaries or by intervening vowel sounds from other consonant sounds. Doubled consonant sounds are either lengthened like <span class="c3">[s]</span> in English “hiss”, or repeated like <span class="c3">[k]</span> in English “backcourt”. Consonant clusters consist of two or more single or doubled consonant sounds in a group, each of which is different from its immediate neighbor. In Lojban, doubled consonants are excluded altogether, and clusters are limited to two or three members, except in Lojbanized names.</p>
-<p>Consonants can occur in three positions in words: initial (at the beginning), medial (in the middle), and final (at the end). In many languages, the sound of a consonant varies depending upon its position in the word. In Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its position. In particular, the common American English trait of changing a “t” between vowels into a “d” or even a tap (IPA <span class="c3">[ɾ]</span>) is unacceptable in Lojban.</p>
+<p>Consonants can occur in three positions in words: initial (at the beginning), medial (in the middle), and final (at the end). In many languages, the sound of a consonant varies depending upon its position in the word. In Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its position. In particular, the common American English trait of changing a “t” between vowels into a “d” or even an alveolar tap (IPA <span class="c3">[ɾ]</span>) is unacceptable in Lojban.</p>
<p>Lojban imposes no restrictions on the appearance of single consonants in any valid consonant position; however, no consonant (including syllabic consonants) occurs final in a word except in Lojbanized names.</p>
<p>Pairs of consonants can also appear freely, with the following restrictions:</p>
<dl>
<dt>1)</dt>
<dd>It is forbidden for both consonants to be the same, as this would violate the rule against double consonants.</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>2)</dt>
<dd>It is forbidden for one consonant to be voiced and the other unvoiced. The consonants “l”, “m”, “n”, and “r” are exempt from this restriction. As a result, “bf” is forbidden, and so is “sd”, but both “fl” and “vl”, and both “ls” and “lz”, are permitted.</dd>
<dt>3)</dt>
diff --git a/3/7/index.html b/3/7/index.html
index 2a45b9b..1cbc0d8 100644
--- a/3/7/index.html
+++ b/3/7/index.html
@@ -56,21 +56,21 @@
tc tr ts kl kr
dj dr dz gl gr
ml mr xl xr
</pre>
Note that if both consonants of an initial pair are voiced, the unvoiced equivalent is also permissible, and the voiced pair can be pronounced simply by voicing the unvoiced pair. (The converse is not true: “cn” is a permissible initial pair, but “jn” is not.)
<p>Consonant triples can occur medially in Lojban words. They are subject to the following rules:</p>
<ol>
<li>The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair;</li>
<li>The last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonant pair;</li>
-<li>The triples “ndj”, “ndz”, “ntc”, and “nts” are forbilien.</li>
+<li>The triples “ndj”, “ndz”, “ntc”, and “nts” are forbidden.</li>
</ol>
<p>Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, not just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonant triples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are permissible. In addition, names can contain consonant clusters with more than three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is valid.</p>
<hr />
<div class="nav">
<div class="nav-prev">
<div class="nav-section-link-prev"><a href="../../3/6/">Previous</a></div>
<div class="nav-section-name">Consonant Clusters</div>
</div>
<div class="nav-next">
<div class="nav-section-link-next"><a href="../../3/8/">Next</a></div>
diff --git a/3/8/index.html b/3/8/index.html
index 22744e1..956c4eb 100644
--- a/3/8/index.html
+++ b/3/8/index.html
@@ -34,21 +34,21 @@
<pre>
<a id="e2" name="e2">8.2)</a> .AMsterdam.
<span class="c3">[ʔam ster damʔ]</span>
or <span class="c3">[ˈʔa mɪ sɪ tɛ rɪ da mɪʔ]</span>
</pre>
<p>When a buffer vowel is used, it splits each buffered consonant into its own syllable. However, the buffering syllables are never stressed, and are not counted in determining stress. They are, in effect, not really syllables to a Lojban listener, and thus their impact is ignored.</p>
<p>Here are more examples of unbuffered and buffered pronunciations:</p>
<pre>
<a id="e3" name="e3">8.3)</a> klama
<span class="c3">[ˈkla ma]</span>
- <span class="c3">[kɪ la ma]</span>
+ <span class="c3">[kɪ ˈla ma]</span>
<a id="e4" name="e4">8.4)</a> xapcke
<span class="c3">[ˈxap ʃkɛ]</span>
<span class="c3">[ˈxa pɪ ʃkɛ]</span>
<span class="c3">[ˈxa pɪ ʃɪ kɛ]</span>
</pre>
In <a href="../8/#e4">Example 8.4</a>, we see that buffering vowels can be used in just some, rather than all, of the possible places: the second pronunciation buffers the “pc” consonant pair but not the “ck”. The third pronunciation buffers both.
<pre>
<a id="e5" name="e5">8.5)</a> ponyni'u
<span class="c3">[po nə 'ni hu]</span>
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