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commit 385b6bf8ec38e90155db1ec33bb37ef8a3972655
Merge: e65462f 8b2144b
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:45:41 2011 -0800
Merge commit '8b2144ba4e8d09639733730ed909494b830ba571' into gh-pages
commit e65462f4d12feb46b4ea87479579599858432a75
Merge: be95c6c df4032d
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:35:48 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'df4032d0b23ddcc679f1d6ab82d089b0fffc0dea' into gh-pages
commit be95c6ca787dd8231664f8efc31d507f7f8fe0c7
Merge: 432bd85 a067bb6
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:35:41 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'a067bb6c45aa940dd7b780820162688e64d2c19f' into gh-pages
commit 432bd85feee5b51a822bce6b0ddc1428e0195f67
Merge: 35ef9c4 09a5bb0
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:35:37 2011 -0800
Merge commit '09a5bb0c2bd1d247e5ff8d58108a091dd0222aa9' into gh-pages
commit 35ef9c40cdb19a7fa50536f91860e6ac80985507
Merge: 3456d19 9cfa810
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:17:23 2011 -0800
Merge commit '9cfa81054f97d22e66820dccdbb4474d9c63f37c' into gh-pages
commit 8b2144ba4e8d09639733730ed909494b830ba571
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Wed Feb 2 23:42:53 2011 -0500
Again miscellania, including revert of what I previously thought was an erratum, example numbers to xrefs, unicode apostrophes to ascii, and <citation> to <citetitle>.
diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml
index ba516c0..d2d1625 100644
--- a/todocbook/1.xml
+++ b/todocbook/1.xml
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
<chapter xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"; xml:id="chapter-about">
<title>Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book</title>
<section xml:id="section-what-is-lojban">
<title>What is Lojban?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Logical Language Group</primary><secondary>relation to Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojban</primary><secondary>history of</secondary></indexterm> Lojban (pronounced
<quote>LOZH-bahn</quote>) is a constructed language. Previous versions of the language were called
<quote>Loglan</quote> by Dr. James Cooke Brown, who founded the Loglan Project and started the development of the language in 1955. The goals for the language were first described in the open literature in the article
- <quote>Loglan</quote>, published in
- <citation>Scientific American</citation>, June, 1960. Made well-known by that article and by occasional references in science fiction (most notably in Robert Heinlein's novel
+ <quote><citetitle pubwork="article">Loglan</citetitle></quote>, published in
+ <citetitle pubwork="journal">Scientific American</citetitle>, June, 1960. Made well-known by that article and by occasional references in science fiction (most notably in Robert Heinlein's novel
- <citation>The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress</citation>) and computer publications, Loglan and Lojban have been built over four decades by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters, led since 1987 by The Logical Language Group (who are the publishers of this book).</para>
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress</citetitle>) and computer publications, Loglan and Lojban have been built over four decades by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters, led since 1987 by The Logical Language Group (who are the publishers of this book).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojban</primary><secondary>features of</secondary></indexterm> There are thousands of artificial languages (of which Esperanto is the best-known), but Loglan/Lojban has been engineered to make it unique in several ways. The following are the main features of Lojban:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Lojban is designed to be used by people in communication with each other, and possibly in the future with computers.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Lojban is designed to be neutral between cultures.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Lojban grammar is based on the principles of predicate logic.</para>
@@ -58,21 +58,21 @@
<quote>invented</quote> by any one person or committee. Often, grammatical features were introduced into the language long before their usage was fully understood. Sometimes they were introduced for one reason, only to prove more useful for other reasons not recognized at the time.</para>
<para>By intention, this book is complete in description but not in explanation. For every rule in the formal Lojban grammar (given in
<xref linkend="chapter-grammars"/>), there is a bit of explanation and an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit. In essence,
<xref linkend="chapter-tour"/> gives a brief overview of the language,
<xref linkend="chapter-grammars"/> gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linguistic drift</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojban</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Nevertheless, the publication of this book is, in one sense, the completion of a long period of language evolution. With the exception of a possible revision of the language that will not even be considered until five years from publication date, and any revisions of this book needed to correct outright errors, the language described in this book will not be changing by deliberate act of its creators any more. Instead, language change will take place in the form of new vocabulary – Lojban does not yet have nearly the vocabulary it needs to be a fully usable language of the modern world, as
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> explains – and through the irregular natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Teach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with assurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as most other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling by language-meisters.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this book</primary><secondary>structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>structure of this book</primary></indexterm> It is probably worth mentioning that this book was written somewhat piecemeal. Each chapter began life as an explication of a specific Lojban topic; only later did these begin to clump together into a larger structure of words and ideas. Therefore, there are perhaps not as many cross-references as there should be. However, I have attempted to make the index as comprehensive as possible.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chapter titles</primary><secondary>intent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jokes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojbanistan</primary></indexterm> Each chapter has a descriptive title, often involving some play on words; this is an attempt to make the chapters more memorable. The title of
<xref linkend="chapter-about"/> (which you are now reading), for example, is an allusion to the book
- <citation>English As We Speak It In Ireland</citation>, by P. W. Joyce, which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiberno-English.
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">English As We Speak It In Ireland</citetitle>, by P. W. Joyce, which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiberno-English.
<quote>Lojbanistan</quote> is both an imaginary country where Lojban is the native language, and a term for the actual community of Lojban-speakers, scattered over the world. Why
<quote>mangle</quote>? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks the language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; that is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-conventions">
<title>What are the typographical conventions of this book?</title>
<para>Each chapter is broken into numbered sections; each section contains a mixture of expository text, numbered examples, and possibly tables.</para>
@@ -136,28 +136,28 @@
<quote>pc</quote>), and Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para>Nick Nicholas (NSN) would like to thank the following Lojbanists: Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, and Iain Alexander for their suggestions and comments; John Cowan, for his extensive comments, his exemplary trailblazing of Lojban grammar, and for solving the
<jbophrase>manskapi</jbophrase> dilemma for NSN; Jorge Llambias, for his even more extensive comments, and for forcing NSN to think more than he was inclined to; Bob LeChevalier, for his skeptical overview of the issue, his encouragement, and for scouring all Lojban text his computer has been burdened with for lujvo; Nora Tansky LeChevalier, for writing the program converting old rafsi text to new rafsi text, and sparing NSN from embarrassing errors; and Jim Carter, for his dogged persistence in analyzing lujvo algorithmically, which inspired this research, and for first identifying the three lujvo classes.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Brown</primary><secondary>James Cooke</secondary></indexterm> Of course, the entire Loglan Project owes a considerable debt to James Cooke Brown as the language inventor, and also to several earlier contributors to the development of the language. Especially noteworthy are Doug Landauer, Jeff Prothero, Scott Layson, Jeff Taylor, and Bob McIvor. Final responsibility for the remaining errors and infelicities is solely mine.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-bibliography">
<title>Informal Bibliography</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Loglan</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bibliography</primary></indexterm> The founding document for the Loglan Project, of which this book is one of the products, is
- <citation>Loglan 1: A Logical Language</citation> by James Cooke Brown (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.) The language described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be considered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that nothing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very existence of Lojban is disapproved of by him.</para>
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">Loglan 1: A Logical Language</citetitle> by James Cooke Brown (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.). The language described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be considered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that nothing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very existence of Lojban is disapproved of by him.</para>
<para>The logic of Lojban, such as it is, owes a good deal to the American philosopher W. v.O. Quine, especially
- <citation>Word and Object</citation> (1960, M.I.T. Press). Much of Quine's philosophical writings, especially on observation sentences, reads like a literal translation from Lojban.</para>
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">Word and Object</citetitle> (1960, M.I.T. Press). Much of Quine's philosophical writings, especially on observation sentences, reads like a literal translation from Lojban.</para>
<para>The theory of negation expounded in
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation"/> is derived from a reading of Larry Horn's work
- <citation>The Natural History of Negation</citation>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation"/> is derived from a reading of Laurence Horn's work
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">A Natural History of Negation</citetitle>.</para>
<para>Of course, neither Brown nor Quine nor Horn is in any way responsible for the uses or misuses I have made of their works.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>books about Lojban</primary></indexterm> Depending on just when you are reading this book, there may be three other books about Lojban available: a textbook, a Lojban/English dictionary, and a book containing general information about Lojban. You can probably get these books, if they have been published, from the same place where you got this book. In addition, other books not yet foreseen may also exist.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-captions">
<title>Captions to Pictures</title>
<para>The following examples list the Lojban caption, with a translation, for the picture at the head of each chapter. If a chapter's picture has no caption,
<quote>(none)</quote> is specified instead.</para>
<itemizedlist>
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 5c81c50..3fce6bc 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -302,21 +302,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mqTU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [within] bites the dog.</gloss>
- <en>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, the man bites the dog.</en> </interlinear-gloss>
+ <en>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter the Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mqTU"/> is than the English version.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-temporal-tenses">
<title>Temporal tenses: PU and ZI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu</cmavo>
@@ -559,65 +560,65 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval direction</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>meaning when following interval specification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>following interval in tense construct</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>followed by direction in tense construct</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>specifying relation of interval to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>specifying relation to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>relation of point specified by direction and distance to interval</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>relation of interval to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>relation to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gHPI"/>, the relationship of the interval to the specified point in time or space is indeterminate. Does the interval start at the point, end at the point, or is it centered on the point? By adding an additional direction cmavo after the interval, this question can be conclusively answered:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q4Aw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca ze'ica cusku dei</jbo>
- <gloss>I [present] [short time interval – present] express this-utterance.</gloss>
+ <gloss>I [present] [short time interval - present] express this-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I am now saying this sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>as context-dependent</secondary></indexterm> means that for an interval starting a short time in the past and extending to a short time in the future, I am expressing the utterance which is
<xref linkend="example-random-id-q4Aw"/>. Of course,
<quote>short</quote> is relative, as always in tenses. Even a long sentence takes up only a short part of a whole day; in a geological context, the era of
<emphasis>Homo sapiens</emphasis> would only be a
<jbophrase>ze'i</jbophrase> interval.</para>
<para>By contrast,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-imdX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca ze'ipu cusku dei</jbo>
- <gloss>I [present] [short time interval – past] express this-utterance.</gloss>
+ <gloss>I [present] [short time interval - past] express this-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I have just been saying this sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>with interval direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu</primary><secondary>meaning when following interval specification</secondary></indexterm> means that for a short time interval extending from the past to the present I have been expressing
<xref linkend="example-random-id-imdX"/>. Here the imaginary journey starts at the present, lays down one end point of the interval, moves into the past, and lays down the other endpoint. Another example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AqvW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
- <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval – future] eat my meal.</gloss>
+ <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
<en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>With
<jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AqvW"/> becomes
<xref linkend="example-random-id-a5dp"/>,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-a5dp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
- <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval – present] eat my meal.</gloss>
+ <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - present] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
<en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the interval would then be centered on the past moment rather than oriented toward the future of that moment. The colloquial English translations are the same – English is not well-suited to representing this distinction.</para>
<para>Here are some examples of the use of space intervals with and without specified directions:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish on right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mrzt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d8"/>
@@ -631,21 +632,21 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mrzt"/>, there is no equivalent in the colloquial English translation of the
<quote>small interval</quote> which the fish occupies. Neither the Lojban nor the English expresses the orientation of the fish. Compare
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AVU3"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AVU3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ri'u ve'ica'u finpe</jbo>
- <gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval – front] is-a-fish.</gloss>
+ <gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval - front] is-a-fish.</gloss>
<en>That thing on my right extending forwards is a fish.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the space interval occupied by the fish extends from a point on my right to another point in front of the first point.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vagueness">
<title>Vague intervals and non-specific tenses</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>vague</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> What is the significance of failing to specify an interval size of the type discussed in
<xref linkend="section-interval-sizes"/>? The Lojban rule is that if no interval size is given, the size of the space or time interval is left vague by the speaker. For example:</para>
@@ -1485,21 +1486,21 @@
<jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo
<jbophrase>be'a</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning
<quote>north of</quote>.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L4un">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu ve'abe'a fe'e co'a rokci</jbo>
- <gloss>That-yonder [medium space interval – north] [space] [initiative] is-a-rock.</gloss>
+ <gloss>That-yonder [medium space interval - north] [space] [initiative] is-a-rock.</gloss>
<gloss>That is the beginning of a rock extending to my north.</gloss>
<en>That is the south face of a rock.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rock face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>south face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with spatial</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with temporal event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beginning point</primary><secondary>spatial</secondary></indexterm> Here the notion of a
<quote>beginning point</quote> represented by the cmavo
<jbophrase>co'a</jbophrase> is transferred from
<quote>beginning in time</quote> to
@@ -2251,29 +2252,29 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of bridi-tails</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of sumti</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> In both
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vSCv"/>, the underlying sentences
<jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mi klama le zdani</jbophrase> are not claimed; only the relationship in time between them is claimed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense afterthought connection forms</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense forethought connection forms</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection</primary><secondary>expansions of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection</primary><secondary>equivalent meanings</secondary></indexterm> Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are appropriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equivalent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cmavo):</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>subordinate:</term>
- <listitem><para>X TENSE le nu Y</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><compound-syntax>X TENSE le nu Y</compound-syntax></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>afterthought coordinate:</term>
- <listitem><para>Y .i+TENSE+bo X</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><compound-syntax>Y .i+TENSE+bo X</compound-syntax></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>forethought coordinate:</term>
- <listitem><para>TENSE+gi X gi Y</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><compound-syntax>TENSE+gi X gi Y</compound-syntax></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-logical-connection">
<title>Tensed logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>tensed</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connective system. That system is a separate topic, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and touched on only in summary here. By the rules of the logical connective system,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qehB"/> through 17.3 are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qehB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -3150,31 +3151,31 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bagi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do</jbo>
<en>After you like me, I like you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>table of equivalent schemata</secondary></indexterm> The following modal sentence schemata (where X and Y represent sentences) all have the same meaning:</para>
- <place-structure>
+ <compound-syntax>
X .i BAI bo Y
BAI gi Y gi X
X BAI le nu Y
- </place-structure>
+ </compound-syntax>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense sentence connection</primary><secondary>table of equivalent schemata</secondary></indexterm> whereas the following tensed sentence schemata also have the same meaning:</para>
- <place-structure>
+ <compound-syntax>
X .i TENSE bo Y
TENSE gi X gi Y
Y TENSE le nu X
- </place-structure>
+ </compound-syntax>
<para>neglecting the question of what is claimed. In the modal sentence schemata, the modal tag is always followed by Y, the sentence representing the event in the x1 place of the gismu that underlies the BAI. In the tensed sentences, no such simple rule exists.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-questions">
<title>Tense questions:
<jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>CUhE</selmaho>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 3940270..4d0b104 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -804,54 +804,52 @@
<cmavo>du'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>predication abstraction</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>mental activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with knowing</secondary><tertiary>believing, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary></indexterm> There are some selbri which demand an entire predication as a sumti; they make claims about some predication considered as a whole. Logicians call these the
<quote>propositional attitudes</quote>, and they include (in English) things like knowing, believing, learning, seeing, hearing, and the like. Consider the English sentence:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7N2q">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-7N2q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I know that Frank is a fool.</jbo>
+ <para>I know that Frank is a fool.</para>
- </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>How's that in Lojban? Let us try:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brpf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I know the event of Frank being a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mental activity</primary></indexterm> Not quite right. Events are actually or potentially physical, and can't be contained inside one's mind, except for events of thinking, feeling, and the like;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-brpf"/> comes close to claiming that Frank's being-a-fool is purely a mental activity on the part of the speaker. (In fact,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-brpf"/> is an instance of improperly marked
<quote>sumti raising</quote>, a concept discussed further in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-raising"/>).</para>
<para>Try again:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oCgP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
- <gloss>I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool.</gloss>
+ <en>I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Closer.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oCgP"/> says that I know whether or not Frank is a fool, but doesn't say that he is one, as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7N2q"/> does. To catch that nuance, we must say:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'u</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6p1K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d4"/>
@@ -945,37 +943,33 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
<description>indirect question marker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'u</primary></indexterm> There is an alternative type of sentence involving
<jbophrase>du'u</jbophrase> and a selbri expressing a propositional attitude. In addition to sentences like</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Fpid">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-Fpid">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I know that John went to the store.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>I know that John went to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>we can also say things like</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N4Ja">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-N4Ja">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I know who went to the store.</jbo>
+ <para>I know who went to the store.</para>
- </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with wonder</secondary><tertiary>doubt, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> This form is called an
<quote>indirect question</quote> in English because the embedded English sentence is a question:
<quote>Who went to the store?</quote> A person who says
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N4Ja"/> is claiming to know the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who went to the store.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a
@@ -984,24 +978,22 @@
<quote>who</quote> (
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> in Lojban), we use any word that will fit grammatically and mark it with the suffix particle
<jbophrase>kau</jbophrase>. This cmavo belongs to selma'o UI, so grammatically it can appear anywhere. The simplest Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N4Ja"/> is therefore:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QUxG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi djuno le du'u</jbo>
- <gloss>makau pu klama le zarci</gloss>
- <gloss>I know the predication-of</gloss>
- <gloss>X [indirect question] [past] going to the store.</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi djuno le du'u makau pu klama le zarci</jbo>
+ <gloss>I know the predication-of X [indirect question] [past] going to the store.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>contrasted with know that</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect questions</primary><secondary>"ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kau</primary><secondary>"ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau"</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-QUxG"/>, we have chosen to use
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> as the word marked by
<jbophrase>kau</jbophrase>. In fact, any other sumti would have done as well:
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> or even
@@ -1144,26 +1136,26 @@
<jbophrase>li'i</jbophrase> is:</para>
<place-structure>
<jbophrase>li'i</jbophrase>: x1 is the experience of (the bridi) as experienced by x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>idea abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concept abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, an idea requires a mind to hold it, so the place structure of
<jbophrase>si'o</jbophrase> is:</para>
<place-structure>
- si'o: x1 is the idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2
+ <jbophrase>si'o</jbophrase>: x1 is the idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> Finally, there needs to be some way of specifying just what sort of abstraction
<jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> is representing, so its place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- su'u: x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi) of type x2
+ <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase>: x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi) of type x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>creating new types</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>template</primary></indexterm> The x2 place of
<jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> allows it to serve as a substitute for any of the other abstractors, or as a template for creating new ones. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FnNR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi klama</jbo>
@@ -1214,27 +1206,25 @@
<cmavo>jai</cmavo>
<selmaho>JAI</selmaho>
<description>abstraction conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstract description</primary></indexterm> It is sometimes inconvenient, in a situation where an abstract description is logically required, to express the abstraction. In English we can say:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BYp8">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-BYp8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I try to open the door.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>I try to open the door.</para>
</example>
<para>which in Lojban is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1WER">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci le nu [mi] gasnu le nu le vorme cu karbi'o</jbo>
<gloss>I try the event-of (I am-agent-in the event-of (the door open-becomes)).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 37ba1e1..2729222 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -63,46 +63,46 @@
<jbophrase>veljvo</jbophrase> in Lojban, and since there is no concise English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, the left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the
<jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase>, and the right (modified) part the
<jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase>, following the usage of
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>. For brevity, we will speak of the seltau or tertau of a lujvo, meaning of course the seltau or tertau of the veljvo of that lujvo. (If this terminology is confusing, substituting
<quote>modifier</quote> for
<jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase> and
<quote>modified</quote> for
<jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase> may help.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always the same as the place structure of its tertau. As a result, the meaning of the tanru is a modified version of the meaning of the tertau; the tanru will typically, but not always, refer to a subset of the things referred to by the tertau.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>purpose</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>wine-dark sea</primary></indexterm> The purpose of a tanru is to join concepts together without necessarily focusing on the exact meaning of the seltau. For example, in the
- <citation>Iliad</citation>, the poet talks about
+ <citetitle>Iliad</citetitle>, the poet talks about
<quote>the wine-dark sea</quote>, in which
<quote>wine</quote> is a seltau relative to
<quote>dark</quote>, and the pair of words is a seltau relative to
<quote>sea</quote>. We're talking about the sea, not about wine or color. The other words are there to paint a scene in the listener's mind, in which the real action will occur, and to evoke relations to other sagas of the time similarly describing the sea. Logical inferences about wine or color will be rejected as irrelevant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>goer-house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As a simple example, consider the rather non-obvious tanru
<jbophrase>klama zdani</jbophrase>, or
<quote>goer-house</quote>. The gismu
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> has two places:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-xcfi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d1"/>
</title>
- <para>x1 is a nest/house/lair/den for inhabitant x2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>x1 is a nest/house/lair/den for inhabitant x2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>(but in this chapter we will use simply
<quote>house</quote>, for brevity), and the gismu
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> has five:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-zUVg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d2"/>
</title>
- <para>x1 goes to destination x2 from origin point x3 via route x4 using means x5</para>
+ <para><place-structure>x1 goes to destination x2 from origin point x3 via route x4 using means x5</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The tanru
<jbophrase>klama zdani</jbophrase> will also have two places, namely those of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. Since a
<jbophrase>klama zdani</jbophrase> is a type of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, we can assume that all goer-houses – whatever they may be – are also houses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>possible meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fleas</primary></indexterm> But is knowing the places of the tertau everything that is needed to understand the meaning of a tanru? No. To see why, let us switch to a less unlikely tanru:
<jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>, literally
<quote>dog house</quote>. A tanru expresses a very loose relation: a
@@ -186,51 +186,51 @@
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>explicated walk-through</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>new notation</primary></indexterm> The place structure of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> is given as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xcfi"/>, but is repeated here using the new notation:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-95t5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d1"/>
</title>
- <para>z1 is a nest/house/lair/den of z2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1 is a nest/house/lair/den of z2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-H4ed">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d2"/>
</title>
- <para>g1 is a dog of breed g2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1 is a dog of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>But z2 is the same as g1; therefore, the tentative place structure for
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> now becomes:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-VHXr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d3"/>
</title>
- <para>z1 is a house for dweller z2 of breed g2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1 is a house for dweller z2 of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>which can also be written</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-MnKf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d4"/>
</title>
- <para>z1 is a house for dog g1 of breed g2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1 is a house for dog g1 of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>or more comprehensively</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Wx42">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d5"/>
</title>
- <para>z1 is a house for dweller/dog z2=g1 of breed g2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1 is a house for dweller/dog z2=g1 of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Despite the apparently conclusive nature of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wx42"/>, our task is not yet done: we still need to decide whether any of the remaining places should also be eliminated, and what order the lujvo places should appear in. These concerns will be addressed in the remainder of the chapter; but we are now equipped with the terminology needed for those discussions.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-selecting-places">
<title>Selecting places</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>basis of</secondary></indexterm> The set of places of an ordinary lujvo are selected from the places of its component gismu. More precisely, the places of such a lujvo are derived from the set of places of the component gismu by eliminating unnecessary places, until just enough places remain to give an appropriate meaning to the lujvo. In general, including a place makes the concept expressed by a lujvo more general; excluding a place makes the concept more specific, because omitting the place requires assuming a standard value or range of values for it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> It would be possible to design the place structure of a lujvo from scratch, treating it as if it were a gismu, and working out what arguments contribute to the notion to be expressed by the lujvo. There are two reasons arguing against doing so and in favor of the procedure detailed in this chapter.</para>
<para>The first is that it might be very difficult for a hearer or reader, who has no preconceived idea of what concept the lujvo is intended to convey, to work out what the place structure actually is. Instead, he or she would have to make use of a lujvo dictionary every time a lujvo is encountered in order to work out what a
<jbophrase>se jbopli</jbophrase> or a
@@ -245,59 +245,59 @@
<quote>symmetrical lujvo</quote>. A symmetrical lujvo is one based on a tanru interpretation such that the first place of the seltau is equivalent to the first place of the tertau: each component of the tanru characterizes the same object. As an illustration of this, consider the lujvo
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase>: it is intended to mean
<quote>both great and a soldier</quote>- that is,
<quote>great soldier</quote>, which is the interpretation we would tend to give its veljvo,
<jbophrase>banli sonci</jbophrase>. The underlying gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7AFc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d1"/>
</title>
- <para> <jbophrase>banli</jbophrase>: b1 is great in property b2 by standard b3</para>
- <para> <jbophrase>sonci</jbophrase>: s1 is a soldier of army s2</para>
+ <para><place-structure> <jbophrase>banli</jbophrase>: b1 is great in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
+ <para><place-structure> <jbophrase>sonci</jbophrase>: s1 is a soldier of army s2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>In this case the s1 place of
<jbophrase>sonci</jbophrase> is redundant, since it is equivalent to the b1 place of
<jbophrase>banli</jbophrase>. Therefore the place structure of
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> need not include places for both s1 and b1, as they refer to the same thing. So the place structure of
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> is at most</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-UtwF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d2"/>
</title>
- <para>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>listen attentively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant plus others</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical veljvo</primary></indexterm> Some symmetrical veljvo have further equivalent places in addition to the respective first places. Consider the lujvo
<jbophrase>tinju'i</jbophrase>,
<quote>to listen</quote> (
<quote>to hear attentively, to hear and pay attention</quote>). The place structures of the gismu
<jbophrase>tirna</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>jundi</jbophrase> are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-rFiE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d3"/>
</title>
- <para>
- <jbophrase>tirna</jbophrase>: t1 hears sound t2 against background noise t3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>
+ <jbophrase>tirna</jbophrase>: t1 hears sound t2 against background noise t3</place-structure></para>
- <para>
- <jbophrase>jundi</jbophrase>: j1 pays attention to j2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>
+ <jbophrase>jundi</jbophrase>: j1 pays attention to j2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>background noise</primary></indexterm> and the place structure of the lujvo is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-EUr1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d4"/>
</title>
- <para>j1=t1 listens to j2=t2 against background noise t3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>j1=t1 listens to j2=t2 against background noise t3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Why so? Because not only is the j1 place (the one who pays attention) equivalent to the t1 place (the hearer), but the j2 place (the thing paid attention to) is equivalent to the t2 place (the thing heard).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first place redundant with non-first</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>asymmetrical</secondary></indexterm> A substantial minority of lujvo have the property that the first place of the seltau (
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> in this case) is equivalent to a place other than the first place of the tertau; such lujvo are said to be
<quote>asymmetrical</quote>. (There is a deliberate parallel here with the terms
<quote>asymmetrical tanru</quote> and
<quote>symmetrical tanru</quote> used in
@@ -306,88 +306,84 @@
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-meanings"/>, where we learned that the g1 place was equivalent to the z2 place. In order to get the places aligned, we could convert
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> to
<jbophrase>se zdani</jbophrase> (or
<jbophrase>selzda</jbophrase> when expressed as a lujvo). The place structure of
<jbophrase>selzda</jbophrase> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-IXoj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d5"/>
</title>
- <para>s1 is housed by nest s2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>s1 is housed by nest s2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>and so the three-part lujvo
<jbophrase>gerselzda</jbophrase> would have the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KqE4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d6"/>
</title>
- <para>s1=g1 is a dog housed in nest s2 of dog breed g2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>s1=g1 is a dog housed in nest s2 of dog breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>However, although
<jbophrase>gerselzda</jbophrase> is a valid lujvo, it doesn't translate
<quote>doghouse</quote>; its first place is the dog, not the doghouse. Furthermore, it is more complicated than necessary;
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> is simpler than
<jbophrase>gerselzda</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>From the reader's or listener's point of view, it may not always be obvious whether a newly met lujvo is symmetrical or asymmetrical, and if the latter, what kind of asymmetrical lujvo. If the place structure of the lujvo isn't given in a dictionary or elsewhere, then plausibility must be applied, just as in interpreting tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>car goer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The lujvo
<jbophrase>karcykla</jbophrase>, for example, is based on
<jbophrase>karce klama</jbophrase>, or
<quote>car goer</quote>. The place structure of
<jbophrase>karce</jbophrase> is:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-S7W3">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-S7W3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d7"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>karce: ka1 is a car carrying ka2 propelled by ka3</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>karce: ka1 is a car carrying ka2 propelled by ka3</para>
</example>
<para>A asymmetrical interpretation of
<jbophrase>karcykla</jbophrase> that is strictly analogous to the place structure of
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>, equating the kl2 (destination) and ka1 (car) places, would lead to the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-GgxL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d8"/>
</title>
- <para>kl1 goes to car kl2=ka1 which carries ka2 propelled by ka3 from origin kl3</para>
- <para>via route kl4 by means of kl5</para>
+ <para><place-structure>kl1 goes to car kl2=ka1 which carries ka2 propelled by ka3 from origin kl3 via route kl4 by means of kl5</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>But in general we go about in cars, rather than going to cars, so a far more likely place structure treats the ka1 place as equivalent to the kl5 place, leading to</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-QiHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d9"/>
</title>
- <para>kl1 goes to destination kl2 from origin kl3 via route kl4</para>
- <para>by means of car kl5=ka1 carrying ka2 propelled by ka3.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>kl1 goes to destination kl2 from origin kl3 via route kl4 by means of car kl5=ka1 carrying ka2 propelled by ka3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>instead.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-dependent-places">
<title>Dependent places</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dependent places</secondary></indexterm> In order to understand which places, if any, should be completely removed from a lujvo place structure, we need to understand the concept of dependent places. One place of a brivla is said to be dependent on another if its value can be predicted from the values of one or more of the other places. For example, the g2 place of
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> is dependent on the g1 place. Why? Because when we know what fits in the g1 place (Spot, let us say, a well-known dog), then we know what fits in the g2 place (
<quote>St. Bernard</quote>, let us say). In other words, when the value of the g1 place has been specified, the value of the g2 place is determined by it. Conversely, since each dog has only one breed, but each breed contains many dogs, the g1 place is not dependent on the g2 place; if we know only that some dog is a St. Bernard, we cannot tell by that fact alone which dog is meant.</para>
<para>For
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, on the other hand, there is no dependency between the places. When we know the identity of a house-dweller, we have not determined the house, because a dweller may dwell in more than one house. By the same token, when we know the identity of a house, we do not know the identity of its dweller, for a house may contain more than one dweller.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping dependent seltau places</secondary></indexterm> The rule for eliminating places from a lujvo is that dependent places provided by the seltau are eliminated. Therefore, in
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> the dependent g2 place is removed from the tentative place structure given in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wx42"/>, leaving the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-zMyY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d1"/>
</title>
- <para>z1 is the house dwelt in by dog z2=g1</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1 is the house dwelt in by dog z2=g1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Informally put, the reason this has happened – and it happens a lot with seltau places – is that the third place was describing not the doghouse, but the dog who lives in it. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PI6B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat.</jbo>
<en>Mon Repos is a doghouse of Spot.</en>
@@ -457,21 +453,21 @@
<para>
<jbophrase>cinki</jbophrase>: ci1 is an insect/arthropod of species ci2</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping cross-dependent places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>cross-dependent places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross-dependency</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>arthropod</primary></indexterm> This example illustrates a cross-dependency between a place of one gismu and a place of the other. The ca3 place is dependent on ci1, because all insects (which fit into ci1) have shells made of chitin (which fits into ca3). Furthermore, ca1 is dependent on ci1 as well, because each insect has only a single shell. And since ca2 (the thing with the shell) is equivalent to ci1 (the insect), the place structure is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-n7JB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d8"/>
</title>
- <para>ci1=ca2 is a beetle of species ci2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>ci1=ca2 is a beetle of species ci2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>with not a single place of
<jbophrase>calku</jbophrase> surviving independently!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beetles</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Coleoptera</primary></indexterm> (Note that there is nothing in this explanation that tells us just why
<jbophrase>cakcinki</jbophrase> means
<quote>beetle</quote> (member of Coleoptera), since all insects in their adult forms have chitin shells of some sort. The answer, which is in no way predictable, is that the shell is a prominent, highly noticeable feature of beetles in particular.)</para>
@@ -497,21 +493,21 @@
<jbophrase>kuldi'u</jbophrase> (from
<jbophrase>ckule dinju</jbophrase>, and meaning
<quote>school building</quote>) needs to be</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-u6Xz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d9"/>
</title>
- <para>d1 is a building housing school c1 teaching subject c3 to audience c4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>d1 is a building housing school c1 teaching subject c3 to audience c4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>even though c3 and c4 are plainly dependent on c1. The other places of
<jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>, the location (c2) and operators (c5), don't seem to be necessary to the concept
<quote>school building</quote>, and are dependent on c1 to boot, so they are omitted. Again, the need for case-by-case consideration of place structures is demonstrated.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-order-of-places">
<title>Ordering lujvo places.</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary></indexterm> So far, we have concentrated on selecting the places to go into the place structure of a lujvo. However, this is only half the story. In using selbri in Lojban, it is important to remember the right order of the sumti. With lujvo, the need to attend to the order of sumti becomes critical: the set of places selected should be ordered in such a way that a reader unfamiliar with the lujvo should be able to tell which place is which.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>prayer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> If we aim to make understandable lujvo, then, we should make the order of places in the place structure follow some conventions. If this does not occur, very real ambiguities can turn up. Take for example the lujvo
@@ -554,21 +550,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>symmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elimination process</primary></indexterm> We use two different ordering rules: one for symmetrical lujvo and one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lujvo like
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> (from
<xref linkend="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical"/>) has the places of its tertau followed by whatever places of the seltau survive the elimination process. For
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase>, the surviving places of
<jbophrase>banli</jbophrase> are b2 and b3, leading to the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-rv1m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d4"/>
</title>
- <para>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>just what appears in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7AFc"/>. In fact, all place structures shown until now have been in the correct order by the conventions of this section, though the fact has been left tacit until now.</para>
<para>The motivation for this rule is the parallelism between the lujvo bridi-schema</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7juc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -608,21 +604,21 @@
<jbophrase>mikce</jbophrase>: m1 is a doctor to patient m2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ailment</primary></indexterm> and the lujvo place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-WeBW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d8"/>
</title>
- <para>m1 is a doctor for animal m2=d1 of species d2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>m1 is a doctor for animal m2=d1 of species d2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal patient</primary></indexterm> Since the shared place is m2=d1, the animal patient, the remaining seltau place d2 is inserted immediately after the shared place; then the remaining tertau places form the last two places of the lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-n-part-lujvo">
<title>lujvo with more than two parts.</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tomorrow</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>based on 3-or-more part veljvo</secondary></indexterm> The theory we have outlined so far is an account of lujvo with two parts. But often lujvo are made containing more than two parts. An example is
<jbophrase>bavlamdei</jbophrase>,
<quote>tomorrow</quote>: it is composed of the rafsi for
@@ -635,115 +631,115 @@
<quote>next</quote>, and
<jbophrase>djedi</jbophrase>. If we know or invent the lujvo place structure for the components, we can compose the new lujvo place structure in the usual way.</para>
<para>In this case,
<jbophrase>bavla'i</jbophrase> is given the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-aCg7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d1"/>
</title>
- <para>b1=l1 is next after b2=l2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>b1=l1 is next after b2=l2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>making it a symmetrical lujvo. We combine this with
<jbophrase>djedi</jbophrase>, which has the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Lera">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d2"/>
</title>
<para>duration d1 is d2 days long (default 1) by standard d3</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anomalous ordering of lujvo places</primary></indexterm> While symmetrical lujvo normally put any trailing tertau places before any seltau places, the day standard is a much less important concept than the day the tomorrow follows, in the definition of
<jbophrase>bavlamdei</jbophrase>. This is an example of how the guidelines presented for selecting and ordering lujvo places are just that, not laws that must be rigidly adhered to. In this case, we choose to rank places in order of relative importance. The resulting place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KEwW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d3"/>
</title>
- <para>d1=b1=l1 is a day following b2=l2, d2 days later (default 1) by standard d3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>d1=b1=l1 is a day following b2=l2, d2 days later (default 1) by standard d3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long-sword</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>medieval weapon</primary></indexterm> Here is another example of a multi-part lujvo:
<jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>long-sword</quote>, a specific type of medieval weapon. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-XpNf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d4"/>
</title>
<para>
<jbophrase>clani</jbophrase>: c1 is long in direction c2 by standard c3</para>
- <gloss>
- <jbophrase>dakfu</jbophrase>: d1 is a knife for cutting d2 with blade made of d3</gloss>
+ <para>
+ <jbophrase>dakfu</jbophrase>: d1 is a knife for cutting d2 with blade made of d3</para>
<para>
<jbophrase>xarci</jbophrase>: xa1 is a weapon for use against xa2 by wielder xa3</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sword blade</primary></indexterm> Since
<jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase> is a symmetrical lujvo based on
<jbophrase>cladakfu xarci</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>cladakfu</jbophrase> is itself a symmetrical lujvo, we can do the necessary analyses all at once. Plainly c1 (the long thing), d1 (the knife), and xa1 (the weapon) are all the same. Likewise, the d2 place (the thing cut) is the same as the xa2 place (the target of the weapon), given that swords are used to cut victims. Finally, the c2 place (direction of length) is always along the sword blade in a longsword, by definition, and so is dependent on c1=d1=xa1. Adding on the places of the remaining gismu in right-to-left order we get:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-eAbF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d5"/>
</title>
- <para>xa1=d1=c1 is a long-sword for use against xa2=d2 by wielder xa3, with a blade made of d3, length measured by standard c3.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>xa1=d1=c1 is a long-sword for use against xa2=d2 by wielder xa3, with a blade made of d3, length measured by standard c3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>If the last place sounds unimportant to you, notice that what counts legally as a
<quote>sword</quote>, rather than just a
<quote>knife</quote>, depends on the length of the blade (the legal limit varies in different jurisdictions). This fifth place of
<jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase> may not often be explicitly filled, but it is still useful on occasion. Because it is so seldom important, it is best that it be last.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-seltau-SE">
<title>Eliding SE rafsi from seltau</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>dropping SE rafsi</secondary></indexterm> It is common to form lujvo that omit the rafsi based on cmavo of selma'o SE, as well as other cmavo rafsi. Doing so makes lujvo construction for common or useful constructions shorter. Since it puts more strain on the listener who has not heard the lujvo before, the shortness of the word should not necessarily outweigh ease in understanding, especially if the lujvo refers to a rare or unusual concept.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>proposed law</primary></indexterm> Consider as an example the lujvo
<jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase>, from the veljvo
<jbophrase>stidi flalu</jbophrase>, and meaning
<quote>bill, proposed law</quote>. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-n1LH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d1"/>
</title>
<para>
<jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase>: agent st1 suggests idea/action st2 to audience st3</para>
- <gloss>
- <jbophrase>flalu</jbophrase>: f1 is a law specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4</gloss>
+ <para>
+ <jbophrase>flalu</jbophrase>: f1 is a law specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4</para>
<para>by lawgiver f5</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lined up</primary></indexterm> This lujvo does not fit any of our existing molds: it is the second seltau place, st2, that is equivalent to one of the tertau places, namely f1. However, if we understand
<jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase> as an abbreviation for the lujvo
<jbophrase>selti'ifla</jbophrase>, then we get the first places of seltau and tertau lined up. The place structure of
<jbophrase>selti'i</jbophrase> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-j98h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d2"/>
</title>
<para>
<jbophrase>selti'i</jbophrase>: idea/action se1 is suggested by agent se2 to audience se3</para>
</example>
<para>Here we can see that se1 (what is suggested) is equivalent to f1 (the law), and we get a normal symmetrical lujvo. The final place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-S0n4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d3"/>
</title>
- <para>f1=se1 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4 by suggester se2 to audience/lawgivers f5=se3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>f1=se1 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4 by suggester se2 to audience/lawgivers f5=se3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>or, relabeling the places,</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-RM3D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d4"/>
</title>
- <para>f1=st2 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4 by suggester st1 to audience/lawgivers f5=st3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>f1=st2 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4 by suggester st1 to audience/lawgivers f5=st3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where the last place (st3) is probably some sort of legislature.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>abbreviated</secondary></indexterm> Abbreviated lujvo like
<jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase> are more intuitive (for the lujvo-maker) than their more explicit counterparts like
<jbophrase>selti'ifla</jbophrase> (as well as shorter). They don't require the coiner to sit down and work out the precise relation between the seltau and the tertau: he or she can just rattle off a rafsi pair. But should the lujvo get to the stage where a place structure needs to be worked out, then the precise relation does need to be specified. And in that case, such abbreviated lujvo form a trap in lujvo place ordering, since they obscure the most straightforward relation between the seltau and tertau. To give our lujvo-making guidelines as wide an application as possible, and to encourage analyzing the seltau-tertau relation in lujvo, lujvo like
@@ -786,21 +782,21 @@
<jbo>la djak. cu se blakanla</jbo>
<gloss>Jack is-the-bearer-of-blue-eyes</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But look now at the place structure of
<jbophrase>blakanla</jbophrase>: it is a symmetrical lujvo, so the place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ncPN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e10d3"/>
</title>
- <para>bl1=k1 is a blue eye of bl2=k2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>bl1=k1 is a blue eye of bl2=k2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>We end up being most interested in talking about the second place, not the first (we talk much more of people than of their eyes), so
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> would almost always be required.</para>
<para>What is happening here is that we are translating the tertau wrongly, under the influence of English. The English suffix
<quote>-eyed</quote> does not mean
<quote>eye</quote>, but someone with an eye, which is
<jbophrase>selkanla</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Because we've got the wrong tertau (eliding a
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> that really should be there), any attempt to accommodate the resulting lujvo into our guidelines for place structure is fitting a square peg in a round hole. Since they can be so misleading, lujvo with SE rafsi elided from the tertau should be avoided in favor of their more explicit counterparts: in this case,
<jbophrase>blaselkanla</jbophrase>.</para>
@@ -852,21 +848,21 @@
<en>to go within, criminally</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the alternative,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xAYJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama</jbo>
- <en>(crime inside) go</en>
+ <gloss>(crime inside) go</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go into a place where it is criminal to be inside – an interpretation almost identical with
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aXrm"/> anyway?)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary></indexterm> There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example,
<jbophrase>xaskemcakcurnu</jbophrase> means
<quote>oceanic shellfish</quote>, and has the veljvo</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shell worm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0W5t">
@@ -968,79 +964,79 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-abstraction-lujvo">
<title>Abstract lujvo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>"nu" lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstract lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>abstract</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of NU can participate in the construction of lujvo of a particularly simple and well-patterned kind. Consider that old standard example,
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KEao">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d1"/>
</title>
- <para>k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The selbri
<jbophrase>nu klama [kei]</jbophrase> has only one place, the event-of-going, but the full five places exist implicitly between
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>kei</jbophrase>, since a full bridi with all sumti may be placed there. In a lujvo, there is no room for such inside places, and consequently the lujvo
<jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase> (
<jbophrase role="rafsi">nun-</jbophrase> is the rafsi for
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>), needs to have six places:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-m60H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d2"/>
</title>
- <para>nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Here the first place of
<jbophrase>nunklama</jbophrase> is the first and only place of
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, and the other five places have been pushed down by one to occupy the second through the sixth places. Full information on
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, as well as the other abstractors mentioned in this section, is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>multi-place abstraction lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>"ni" lujvo</secondary></indexterm> For those abstractors which have a second place as well, the standard convention is to place this place after, rather than before, the places of the brivla being abstracted. The place structure of
<jbophrase>nilkla</jbophrase>, the lujvo derived from
<jbophrase>ni klama</jbophrase>, is the imposing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-yURu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d3"/>
</title>
- <para>ni1 is the amount of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5, measured on scale ni2.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>ni1 is the amount of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5, measured on scale ni2.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>It is not uncommon for abstractors to participate in the making of more complex lujvo as well. For example,
<jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase>, from the veljvo</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RKcH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu sonci kei djica</jbo>
<gloss>event-of being-a-soldier desirer</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-8Nos">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d5"/>
</title>
- <para>d1 desires the event of (s1 being a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>d1 desires the event of (s1 being a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where the d2 place has disappeared altogether, being replaced by the places of the seltau. As shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8Nos"/>, the ordering follows this idea of replacement: the seltau places are inserted at the point where the omitted abstraction place exists in the tertau.</para>
<para>The lujvo
<jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase> is quite different from the ordinary asymmetric lujvo
<jbophrase>soidji</jbophrase>, a
<quote>soldier desirer</quote>, whose place structure is just</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-2VMP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d6"/>
</title>
- <para>d1 desires (a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>d1 desires (a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>A
<jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase> might be someone who is about to enlist, whereas a
<jbophrase>soidji</jbophrase> might be a camp-follower.</para>
<para>One use of abstract lujvo is to eliminate the need for explicit
<jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> in tanru:
<jbophrase>nunkalri gasnu</jbophrase> means much the same as
<jbophrase>nu kalri kei gasnu</jbophrase>, but is shorter. In addition, many English words ending in
<jbophrase>-hood</jbophrase> are represented with
@@ -1111,46 +1107,44 @@
<jbophrase>citka</jbophrase>: c1 eats c2</para>
<para>
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>: g1 does action/is the agent of event g2</para>
</example>
<para>In accordance with the procedure for analyzing three-part lujvo given in
<xref linkend="section-n-part-lujvo"/>, we will first create an intermediate lujvo,
<jbophrase>nuncti</jbophrase>, whose veljvo is
<jbophrase>nu citka [kei]</jbophrase>. By the rules given in
<xref linkend="section-abstraction-lujvo"/>,
<jbophrase>nuncti</jbophrase> has the place structure</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Xhrx">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-Xhrx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>n1 is the event of c1 eating c2</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para><place-structure>n1 is the event of c1 eating c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Now we can transform the veljvo of
<jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> into
<jbophrase>nuncti gasnu</jbophrase>. The g2 place (what is brought about by the actor g1) obviously denotes the same thing as n1 (the event of eating). So we can eliminate g2 as redundant, leaving us with a tentative place structure of</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-izvp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d3"/>
</title>
- <para>g1 is the actor in the event n1=g2 of c1 eating c2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1 is the actor in the event n1=g2 of c1 eating c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>But it is also possible to omit the n1 place itself! The n1 place describes the event brought about; an event in Lojban is described as a bridi, by a selbri and its sumti; the selbri is already known (it's the seltau), and the sumti are also already known (they're in the lujvo place structure). So n1 would not give us any information we didn't already know. In fact, the n1=g2 place is dependent on c1 and c2 jointly – it does not depend on either c1 or c2 by itself. Being dependent and derived from the seltau, it is omissible. So the final place structure of
<jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-9oTP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d4"/>
</title>
- <para>g1 is the actor in the event of c1 eating c2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1 is the actor in the event of c1 eating c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>There is one further step that can be taken. As we have already seen with
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical"/>, the interpretation of lujvo is constrained by the semantics of gismu and of their sumti places. Now, any asymmetrical lujvo with
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> as its tertau will involve an event abstraction either implicitly or explicitly, since that is how the g2 place of
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> is defined.</para>
<para>Therefore, if we assume that
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> is the type of abstraction one would expect to be a
<jbophrase>se gasnu</jbophrase>, then the rafsi
@@ -1171,69 +1165,69 @@
<quote>socialize with someone</quote> and
<quote>have sex with someone</quote>, are not relevant to
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>.)</para>
<para>So we can simply use
<jbophrase>ctigau</jbophrase> with the same place structure as
<jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ITvd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d5"/>
</title>
- <para>agent g1 causes c1 to eat c2</para>
- <para>g1 feeds c2 to c1.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>agent g1 causes c1 to eat c2</place-structure></para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1 feeds c2 to c1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>This particular kind of asymmetrical lujvo, in which the seltau serves as the selbri of an abstraction which is a place of the tertau, is called an implicit-abstraction lujvo, because one deduces the presence of an abstraction which is unexpressed (implicit).</para>
<para>To give another example: the gismu
<jbophrase>basti</jbophrase>, whose place structure is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-3LIm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d6"/>
</title>
- <para>b1 replaces b2 in circumstances b3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>b1 replaces b2 in circumstances b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>can form the lujvo
<jbophrase>basygau</jbophrase>, with the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-byp8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d7"/>
</title>
- <para>g1 (agent) replaces b1 with b2 in circumstances b3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1 (agent) replaces b1 with b2 in circumstances b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where both
<jbophrase>basti</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>basygau</jbophrase> are translated
<quote>replace</quote> in English, but represent different relations:
<jbophrase>basti</jbophrase> may be used with no mention of any agent doing the replacing.</para>
<para>In addition,
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>-based lujvo can be built from what we would consider nouns or adjectives in English. In Lojban, everything is a predicate, so adjectives, nouns and verbs are all treated in the same way. This is consistent with the use of similar causative affixes in other languages. For example, the gismu
<jbophrase>litki</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>liquid</quote>, with the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-tDsX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d8"/>
</title>
- <para>l1 is a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>l1 is a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>can give
<jbophrase>likygau</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>to liquefy</quote>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-p5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d9"/>
</title>
- <para>g1 (agent) causes l1 to be a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1 (agent) causes l1 to be a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>While
<jbophrase>likygau</jbophrase> correctly represents
<quote>causes to be a liquid</quote>, a different lujvo based on
<jbophrase>galfi</jbophrase> (meaning
<quote>modify</quote>) may be more appropriate for
<quote>causes to become a liquid</quote>. On the other hand,
<jbophrase>fetsygau</jbophrase> is potentially confusing, because it could mean
<quote>agent in the event of something becoming female</quote> (the implicit-abstraction interpretation) or simply
<quote>female agent</quote> (the parallel interpretation), so using implicit-abstraction lujvo is always accompanied with some risk of being misunderstood.</para>
@@ -1241,21 +1235,21 @@
<para>Many other Lojban gismu have places for event abstractions, and therefore are good candidates for the tertau of an implicit-abstraction lujvo. For example, lujvo based on
<jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase>, with its place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Pmz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d10"/>
</title>
- <para>event r1 causes event r2 to occur</para>
+ <para><place-structure>event r1 causes event r2 to occur</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>are closely related to those based on
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>. However,
<jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> is less generally useful than
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>, because its r1 place is another event rather than a person:
<jbophrase>lo rinka</jbophrase> is a cause, not a causer. Thus the place structure of
<jbophrase>likyri'a</jbophrase>, a lujvo analogous to
<jbophrase>likygau</jbophrase>, is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-1HT3">
<title>
@@ -1285,40 +1279,40 @@
<para>
<jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>: c1 expresses text c2 to audience c3 in medium c4</para>
</example>
<para>and
<jbophrase>selsku</jbophrase>, the tertau of
<jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qW3w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d2"/>
</title>
- <para>s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 in medium s4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 in medium s4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Now it is easy to see that the l2 and s2 places are equivalent: the believer in the religion (l2) is the one who expresses the prayer (s2). This is not one of the cases for which a place ordering rule has been given in
<xref linkend="section-order-of-places"/> or
<xref linkend="section-implicit-abstraction"/>; therefore, for lack of a better rule, we put the tertau places first and the remaining seltau places after them, leading to the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-41dc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d3"/>
</title>
- <para>s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=l2 to audience s3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1</para>
+ <para><place-structure>s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=l2 to audience s3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The l3 place (the beliefs of the religion) is dependent on the l1 place (the religion) and so is omitted.</para>
<para>We could make this lujvo less messy by replacing it with
<jbophrase>se seljdasku</jbophrase>, where
<jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase> is a normal symmetrical lujvo with place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7Tdb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d4"/>
</title>
- <para>c1=l2 religiously expresses prayer c2 to audience c3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1</para>
+ <para><place-structure>c1=l2 religiously expresses prayer c2 to audience c3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>which, according to the rule expressed in
<xref linkend="section-seltau-SE"/>, can be further expressed as
<jbophrase>selseljdasku</jbophrase>. However, there is no need for the ugly
<jbophrase>selsel-</jbophrase> prefix just to get the rules right:
<jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase> is a reasonable, if anomalous, lujvo.</para>
<para>However, there is a further problem with
<jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, not resolvable by using
<jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase>. No veljvo involving just the two gismu
<jbophrase>lijda</jbophrase> and
@@ -1334,21 +1328,21 @@
<jbophrase>lanme</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> at all. Rather, the lujvo refers to a dog which controls sheep flocks, a
<jbophrase>terlanme jitro gerku</jbophrase>, the lujvo from which is
<jbophrase>terlantroge'u</jbophrase> with place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-TW5Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d5"/>
</title>
- <para>g1=j1 is a dog that controls sheep flock l3=j2 made up of sheep l1 in activity j3 of dog breed g2</para>
+ <para><place-structure>g1=j1 is a dog that controls sheep flock l3=j2 made up of sheep l1 in activity j3 of dog breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>based on the gismu place structures</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-CXeL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d6"/>
</title>
<para>
<jbophrase>lanme</jbophrase>: l1 is a sheep of breed l2 belonging to flock l3</para>
<para>
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>: g1 is a dog of breed g2</para>
@@ -1383,21 +1377,21 @@
<jbophrase>se xance minde</jbophrase>, misses the point: the real relation expressed by the lujvo is not just
<quote>one who commands and has a hand</quote>, but
<quote>to command using the hand</quote>. The concept of
<quote>using</quote> suggests the gismu
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>, with place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-sqQN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d8"/>
</title>
- <para>p1 uses tool p2 for purpose p3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>p1 uses tool p2 for purpose p3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Some possible three-part veljvo are (depending on how strictly you want to constrain the veljvo)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfe4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] xance pilno [ke'e] minde</jbo>
<gloss>(hand user) type-of commander</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1489,21 +1483,21 @@
<en>I am six years younger than you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The place structure for
<jbophrase>citmau</jbophrase> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-I3Uh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d4"/>
</title>
- <para>z1=c1 is younger than z2=c1 by amount z4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1=c1 is younger than z2=c1 by amount z4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Similarly, in Lojban you can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tJDa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do citme'a mi lo nanca be li xa</jbo>
<gloss>You are-less-young-than me by-years the-number six.</gloss>
@@ -1601,47 +1595,47 @@
<en>I increase in strength.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Finally, lujvo with a tertau of
<jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> are used to build superlatives. The place structure of
<jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-N3cU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d9"/>
</title>
- <para>t1 is superlative in property t2, being the t3 extremum (largest by default) of set t4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>t1 is superlative in property t2, being the t3 extremum (largest by default) of set t4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Consider the gismu
<jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-MWdr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d10"/>
</title>
- <para>xa1 is good for xa2 by standard xa3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>xa1 is good for xa2 by standard xa3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>better</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The comparative form is
<jbophrase>xagmau</jbophrase>, corresponding to English
<quote>better</quote>, with a place structure (by the rules given above) of</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-pR5R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d11"/>
</title>
- <para>z1 is better than z2 for xa2 by standard xa3 in amount z4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>z1 is better than z2 for xa2 by standard xa3 in amount z4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> We would expect the place structure of
<jbophrase>xagrai</jbophrase>, the superlative form, to somehow mirror that, given that comparatives and superlatives are comparable concepts, resulting in:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Cc6J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d12"/>
</title>
- <para>xa1=t1 is the best of the set t4 for xa2 by standard xa3.</para>
+ <para><place-structure>xa1=t1 is the best of the set t4 for xa2 by standard xa3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The t2 place in
<jbophrase>traji</jbophrase>, normally filled by a property abstraction, is replaced by the seltau places, and the t3 place specifying the extremum of
<jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> (whether the most or the least, that is) is presumed by default to be
<quote>the most</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>superlatives as exceptions</secondary></indexterm> But the set against which the t1 place of
<jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> is compared is not the t2 place (which would make the place structure of
<jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> fully parallel to that of
@@ -1730,22 +1724,21 @@
<jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> does not have a place for the agent, the one who causes, as a result of the pressure toward metaphysical necessity. A cause-effect relationship does not have to include an agent: an event (such as snow melting in the mountains) may cause another event (such as the flooding of the Nile) without any human intervention or even knowledge.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>as suppliers of agent place</secondary></indexterm> Indeed, there is a general tendency to omit agent places from most gismu except for a few such as
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase> which are then used as tertau in order to restore the agent place when needed: see
<xref linkend="section-implicit-abstraction"/>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Atby">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d4"/>
</title>
- <para>
- <jbophrase>cinfo</jbophrase>: c1 is a lion of species/breed c2</para>
+ <para><place-structure> <jbophrase>cinfo</jbophrase>: c1 is a lion of species/breed c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diversified species</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>general terms</primary></indexterm> The c2 place of
<jbophrase>cinfo</jbophrase> is provided as a result of the pressure toward regularity. All animal and plant gismu have such an x2 place; although there is in fact only one species of lion, and breeds of lion, though they exist, aren't all that important in talking about lions. The species/breed place must exist for such diversified species as dogs, and for general terms like
<jbophrase>cinki</jbophrase> (insect), and are provided for all other animals and plants as a matter of regularity.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>place order</secondary><tertiary>rationale</tertiary></indexterm> Less can be said about gismu place structure ordering, but some regularities are apparent. The places tend to appear in decreasing order of psychological saliency or importance. There is an implication within the place structure of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, for example, that
<jbophrase>lo klama</jbophrase> (the one going) will be talked about more often, and is thus more important, than
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index 018a76f..8541211 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -659,44 +659,41 @@
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>, which stand roughly in the relation to those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> as the pure-emotion indicators beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> do to those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>- they are more complex or difficult:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">permission</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">prohibition</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">competence</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">incompetence</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ei</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">obligation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">freedom</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">constraint</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">independence</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">resistance to constraint</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">negative request</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">suggestion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no suggestion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">warning</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>after sleep</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> More examples (after a good night's sleep):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFQ7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -860,33 +857,33 @@
<quote>random</quote> orientation, which would have unknown biases and be difficult to learn, and orientation based on our guesses as to which scale orientations made the most frequent usages shorter, which would be biased in favor of American perceptions of
<quote>usefulness</quote>. If bias must exist in our indicator set, it might as well be a known bias that eases learning, and in addition might as well favor a harmonious and positive world-view.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nairu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>seven-position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional scale</primary></indexterm> In fact, though, each emotional scale has seven positions defined, three
<quote>positive</quote> ones (shown below on the left), three
<quote>negative</quote> ones (shown below on the right), and a neutral one indicating that no particular attitude on this scale is felt. The following chart indicates the seven positions of the scale and the associated cmavo. All of these cmavo, except
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, are in selma'o CAI.</para>
<cmavo-list> <!--orient="land"-->
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cai</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>carmi</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>carmi</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sai</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>tsali</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>tsali</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ru'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>ruble</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>ruble</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>cumki</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>cumki</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<compound>nairu'e</compound>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<compound>naisai</compound>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<compound>naicai</compound>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1000,55 +997,49 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional categories</primary></indexterm> The Lojban attitudinal system was designed by starting with a long list of English emotion words, far too many to fit into the 39 available VV-form cmavo. To keep the number of cmavo limited, the emotion words in the list were grouped together by common features: each group was then assigned a separate cmavo. This was like making tanru in reverse, and the result is a collection of indicators that can be combined, like tanru, to express very complex emotions. Some examples in a moment.</para>
<para>The most significant
<quote>common feature</quote> we identified was that the emotional words on the list could easily be broken down into six major groups, each of which was assigned its own cmavo:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">social</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">asocial</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">antisocial</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">mental</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">mindless</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">emotional</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">denying</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">emotion</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">denying</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">abstinence</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">secular</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">sacrilegious</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'a</primary></indexterm> Using these, we were able to assign
<jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase> to mark a scale of what we might call
<quote>generalized comfort</quote>. When you are comfortable, relaxed, satisfied, you express comfort with
<jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase>, possibly followed by a scale indicator to indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to turn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mental discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>physical distress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>embarrassment</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spiritual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>example of effect</secondary></indexterm> For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as
<jbophrase>.o'unairo'a</jbophrase>. Some emotions that we label
@@ -1066,120 +1057,109 @@
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on these six category words, and you can also use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus,
<quote>I'm trying to concentrate</quote> could be expressed simply as
<jbophrase>ro'e</jbophrase>, and if you are feeling anti-social in some non-specific way,
<jbophrase>ro'anai</jbophrase> will express it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>mnemonic for</secondary></indexterm> There is a mnemonic device for the six emotion categories, based on moving your arms about. In the following table, your hands begin above your head and move down your body in sequence.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands above head</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">social</attitudinal-scale>
+ <description>hands above head</description>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">social</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'e</cmavo>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on head</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">intellectual</attitudinal-scale>
+ <description>hands on head</description>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">intellectual</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'i</cmavo>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on heart</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">emotional</attitudinal-scale>
+ <description>hands on heart</description>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">emotional</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'o</cmavo>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on belly</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
+ <description>hands on belly</description>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'u</cmavo>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on groin</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
+ <description>hands on groin</description>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re'e</cmavo>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands moving around</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
+ <description>hands moving around</description>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para>The implicit metaphors
<quote>heart</quote> for emotional and
<quote>belly</quote> for physical are not really Lojbanic, but they work fine for English-speakers.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-modifiers">
<title>Attitudinal modifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ga'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[galtu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[galtu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">hauteur</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">rank</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">equal rank</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">meekness</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">lack of rank</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">aggressive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">passive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">defensive</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vu'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[vrude]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[vrude]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">virtue (<jbophrase>zabna</jbophrase>)</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">sin (<jbophrase>mabla</jbophrase>)</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[sevzi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[sevzi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-orientation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">other-orientation</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ri'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[zifre]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[zifre]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">release</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">restraint</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">control</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fu'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[frili]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[frili]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">with help</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">easily</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">without help</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">with opposition</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">with difficulty</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">lack/need</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">presence/satisfaction</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">satiation</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[sevzi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[sevzi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-sufficiency</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">dependency</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
<xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/> and
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
@@ -1527,29 +1507,26 @@
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pei</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attitude question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>dai</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">empathy</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">start emotion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">continue emotion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">end emotion</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para>You can ask someone how they are feeling with a normal bridi sentence, but you will get a normal bridi answer in response, one which may be true or false. Since the response to a question about emotions is no more logical than the emotion itself, this isn't appropriate.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal questions</primary></indexterm> The word
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> is therefore reserved for attitude questions. Asked by itself, it captures all of the denotation of English
<quote>How are you?</quote> coupled with
<quote>How do you feel?</quote> (which has a slightly different range of usage).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal answers</primary><secondary>plausibility</secondary></indexterm> When asked in the context of discourse,
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> acts like other Lojban question words – it requests the respondent to
<quote>fill in the blank</quote>, in this case with an appropriate attitudinal describing the respondent's feeling about the referent expression. As with other questions, plausibility is polite; if you answer with an irrelevant UI cmavo, such as a discursive, you are probably making fun of the questioner. (A
@@ -1737,83 +1714,75 @@
<para>which is a straightforward bridi claim.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6EiY"/> states that you have (or have had) certain emotions;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qg0p"/> expresses those emotions directly.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-evidentials">
<title>Evidentials</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ja'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[jalge]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[jalge]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I conclude</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ca'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I define</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ba'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[balvi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[balvi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I expect</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">I experience</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">I remember</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>su'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[sucta]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[sucta]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I generalize</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">I particularize</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ti'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[tirna]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[tirna]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I hear (hearsay)</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ka'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[kulnu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[kulnu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I know by cultural means</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[senva]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[senva]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I know by internal experience</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>za'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[zgana]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[zgana]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I observe</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[pensi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[pensi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I opine</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ru'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[sruma]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[sruma]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I postulate</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[jufra]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[jufra]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I state</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>inspiration for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Láadan evidentials</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>American Indian languages and evidentials</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Elgin</primary><secondary>Suzette Haden and evidentials</secondary></indexterm> Now we proceed from the attitudinal indicators and their relatives to the other, semantically unrelated, categories of indicators. The indicators known as
<quote>evidentials</quote> show how the speaker came to say the utterance; i.e. the source of the information or the idea. Lojban's list of evidentials was derived from lists describing several American Indian languages. Evidentials are also essential to the constructed language Láadan, designed by the linguist and novelist Suzette Haden Elgin. Láadan's set of indicators was drawn on extensively in developing the Lojban indicator system.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>in English</secondary></indexterm> It is important to realize, however, that evidentials are not some odd system used by some strange people who live at the other end of nowhere: although their English equivalents aren't single words, English-speakers have vivid notions of what constitutes evidence, and of the different kinds of evidence.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Like the attitudinal indicators, the evidentials belong to selma'o UI, and may be treated identically for grammatical purposes. Most of them are not usually considered scalar in nature, but a few have associated scales.</para>
@@ -2002,49 +1971,42 @@
<quote>in conclusion</quote>, and
<quote>for example</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>as metalinguistic claims</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>contrasted with attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are not attitudinals: they express no particular emotion. Rather, they are abbreviations for metalinguistic claims that reference the sentence or text they are found in.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are most often used at the beginning of sentences, often attached to the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> that separates sentences in running discourse, but can (like all other indicators) be attached to single words when it seems necessary or useful.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary></indexterm> The discursives discussed in this section are given in groups, roughly organized by function. First, the
<quote>consecutive discourse</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ku'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[karbi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[karbi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">however/but/in contrast</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ji'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[jmina]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[jmina]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">additionally</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>si'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[simsa]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[simsa]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">similarly</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[mintu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[mintu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">ditto</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>po'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">the only relevant case</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>po'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ditto</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with mi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary><secondary>contrasted</secondary></indexterm> These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,
<jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase>, makes an exception to the previous argument. The second,
<jbophrase>ji'a</jbophrase>, adds weight to the previous argument. The third,
<jbophrase>si'a</jbophrase>, adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth,
<jbophrase>mi'u</jbophrase>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
@@ -2102,27 +2064,27 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit cousin</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'o</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<quote>only</quote> can go before or after what it modifies in English, but
<jbophrase>po'o</jbophrase>, as an indicator, always comes afterward.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on words</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>va'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[valsi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[valsi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">in other words</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">in the same words</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[tanru]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[tanru]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">expanding a tanru</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">making a tanru</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>expressing how things are said</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>word-level</secondary></indexterm> The discursives
<jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> operate at the level of words, rather than discourse proper, or if you like, they deal with how things are said. An alternative English expression for
<jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> is
@@ -2138,79 +2100,79 @@
<jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> marks the transition from the use of a brief but possibly confusing tanru to its fuller, clearer expansion; the discursive
<jbophrase>ta'unai</jbophrase> marks a transition in the reverse direction.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on discourse</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>li'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[klina]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[klina]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">clearly</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">obviously</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">obscurely</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
- obviously
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ba'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[banli]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[banli]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">exaggeration</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">accuracy</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">understatement</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">humorously</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">dully</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">seriously</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sa'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[satci]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[satci]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">precisely speaking</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">loosely speaking</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>to'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[tordu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[tordu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">in brief</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">in detail</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>do'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[dunda]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[dunda]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">generously</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">parsimoniously</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sa'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[sampu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[sampu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">simply</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">elaborating</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pa'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[pajni]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[pajni]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">justice</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">prejudice</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>je'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[jetnu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[jetnu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">truly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">falsely</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>gesture markers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>tone of voice markers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>commentary on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>discourse commentary</secondary></indexterm> This group is used by the speaker to characterize the nature of the discourse, so as to prevent misunderstanding. It is well-known that listeners often fail to recognize a humorous statement and take it seriously, or miss an exaggeration, or try to read more into a statement than the speaker intends to put there. In speech, the tone of voice often provides the necessary cue, but the reader of ironic or understated or imprecise discourse is often simply clueless. As with the attitudinals, the use of these cmavo may seem fussy to new Lojbanists, but it is important to remember that
<jbophrase>zo'o</jbophrase>, for example, is the equivalent of smiling while you speak, not the equivalent of a flat declaration like
<quote>What I'm about to say is supposed to be funny.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'enai</primary></indexterm> A few additional English equivalents: for
@@ -2251,86 +2213,79 @@
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> (disbelief).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm> When used as a discursive,
<jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> (see
<xref linkend="section-evidentials"/>) belongs to this group.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>knowledge</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[djuno]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[djuno]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">certainly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">uncertain</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">certainly not</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[lakne]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[lakne]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">probably</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">improbably</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary><secondary>compared with propositional attitudes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary><secondary>compared with knowledge discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker's state of knowledge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>knowledge</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary></indexterm> These two discursives describe the speaker's state of knowledge about the claim of the associated bridi. They are similar to the propositional attitudes of
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, as they create a hypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and label our bridi with
<jbophrase>ju'o</jbophrase>; but it may be false all the same.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>discourse management</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[tanjo]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[tanjo]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">by the way</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">returning to point</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ra'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[ralju]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[ralju]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">chiefly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">equally</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">incidentally</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mu'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[mupli]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[mupli]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">for example</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">omitting ex.</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">end examples</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zu'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">on the one hand</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">on the other hand</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[krefu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[krefu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">repeating</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">continuing</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">supposing</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">in fact</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ra'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flow of discourse</primary><secondary>managing with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for managing discourse flow</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>discourse management</secondary></indexterm> This final group is used to perform what may be called
<quote>managing the discourse</quote>: providing reference points to help the listener understand the flow from one sentence to the next.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'onao</primary></indexterm> Other English equivalents of
<jbophrase>ta'onai</jbophrase> are
<quote>anyway</quote>,
<quote>anyhow</quote>,
<quote>in any case</quote>,
<quote>in any event</quote>,
<quote>as I was saying</quote>, and
@@ -2423,59 +2378,51 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic confusion</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>na'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic negator</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>jo'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic affirmer</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>li'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">omitted text (quoted material)</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sa'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">material inserted by editor/narrator</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">true-false question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pau</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">question premarker</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">rhetorical question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">figurative language</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">literal language</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bi'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">new information</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">old information</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ge'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">non-specific indicator</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>huh?</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion about what was said</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase> is one of the most common of the miscellaneous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion about what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (which is
<jbophrase>.uanai</jbophrase>). The confusion may be about the meaning of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti. One of the uses of English
<quote>which</quote> corresponds to
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gWFX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d1"/>
</title>
@@ -2503,21 +2450,21 @@
<jbophrase>jo'anai</jbophrase> means the same as
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase>, but is too long to serve as a convenient metalinguistic negator.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>partial quotation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fragmentary text</primary></indexterm> The next two cmavo are used to assist in quoting texts written or spoken by others. It is often the case that we wish to quote only part of a text, or to supply additional material either by way of commentary or to make a fragmentary text grammatical. The cmavo
<jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> serves the former function. It indicates that words were omitted from the quotation. What remains of the quotation must be grammatical, however, as
<jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> does not serve any grammatical function. It cannot, for example, take the place of a missing selbri in a bridi, or supply the missing tail of a description sumti:
- <jbophrase>le li'o</jbophrase> in isolation is not grammatical.</para>
+ <jbophrase valid="false">le li'o</jbophrase> in isolation is not grammatical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>interaction with to'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>interaction with sei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>interaction with li'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial insertion</primary><secondary>with "sa'a</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> indicates in a quotation that the marked word or construct was not actually expressed, but is inserted for editorial, narrative, or grammatical purposes. Strictly, even a
<jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> should appear in the form
<jbophrase>li'osa'a</jbophrase>, since the
<jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> was not part of the original quotation. In practice, this and other forms which are already associated with metalinguistic expressions, such as
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEI) or
@@ -2618,22 +2565,20 @@
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:
<jbophrase>.iige'e</jbophrase> means roughly
<quote>I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">indirect question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
-
-
</cmavo-list>
<para>This cmavo is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-indirect-questions"/>. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-umCQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -2666,21 +2611,21 @@
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> (explained below) implicitly defines the meaning of the pro-sumti
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, as the whole point of vocatives is to specify the listener, or at any rate the desired listener – even if the desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms
<quote>speaker</quote> and
<quote>listener</quote> for clarity, although in written Lojban the appropriate terms would be
<quote>writer</quote> and
<quote>reader</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>notation convention symbol "X"</secondary></indexterm> In the following list of vocatives, the translations include the symbol X. This represents the name (or identifying description, or whatever) of the listener.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on pause before name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause before name</primary><secondary>effect of doi</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> is the general-purpose vocative. Unlike the cmavo of selma'o COI, explained below,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> can precede a name directly without an intervening pause. It is not considered a scale, and
- <jbophrase>doinai</jbophrase> is not grammatical. In general,
+ <jbophrase valid="false">doinai</jbophrase> is not grammatical. In general,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> needs no translation in English (we just use names by themselves without any preceding word, although in poetic styles we sometimes say
<quote>Oh X</quote>, which is equivalent to
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>). One may attach an attitudinal to
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> to express various English vocatives. For example,
<jbophrase>doi .io</jbophrase> means
<quote>Sir/Madam!</quote>, whereas
<jbophrase>doi .ionai</jbophrase> means
<quote>You there!</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on pause before name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause before name</primary><secondary>effect of vocatives of COI</secondary></indexterm> All members of selma'o COI require a pause when used immediately before a name, in order to prevent the name from absorbing the COI word. This is unlike selma'o DOI and LA, which do not require pauses because the syllables of these cmavo are not permitted to be embedded in a Lojban name. When calling out to someone, this is fairly natural, anyway.
@@ -2690,251 +2635,219 @@
<quote>Hey John!</quote>. No pause is needed if the vocative reference is something other than a name, as in the title of the Lojban journal,
<jbophrase>ju'i lobypli</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>(Alternatively,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> can be inserted between the COI cmavo and the name, making a pause unnecessary:
<jbophrase>coi doi djan.</jbophrase>)</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>coi</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">greetings</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Hello, X</quote>;
<quote>Greetings, X</quote>; indicates a greeting to the listener.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">partings</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Good-bye, X</quote>; indicates parting from immediate company by either the speaker or the listener.
<jbophrase>coico'o</jbophrase> means
<quote>greeting in passing</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[jundi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[jundi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attention</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">at ease</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ignore me/us</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Attention/Lo/Hark/Behold/Hey!/Listen, X</quote>; indicates an important communication that the listener should listen to.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>nu'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[nupre]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[nupre]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">promise</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">release promise</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-promise</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I promise, X</quote>; indicates a promise to the listener. In some contexts,
<jbophrase>nu'e</jbophrase> may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'a</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[tavla]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[tavla]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">interruption</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I interrupt, X</quote>,
<quote>I desire the floor, X</quote>; a vocative expression to (possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude interruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate response to an interruption might be
<jbophrase>re'i</jbophrase> (or
-
<jbophrase>re'inai</jbophrase> to ignore the interruption).
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe'u</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[cpedu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[cpedu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with pe'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with e'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Please, X</quote>; indicates a request to the listener. It is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of
<jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand,
-
<jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a
-
<quote>sense of petition floating in the air</quote>, as it were.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[ckire]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[ckire]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">appreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">gratitude</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">disappreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ingratitude</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Thank you, X</quote>; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, but
-
<jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
-
<jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[friti]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[friti]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">welcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">offering</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unwelcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">inhospitality</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>At your service, X</quote>;
<quote>Make yourself at home, X</quote>; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that
-
<jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is
-
<emphasis>not</emphasis> the equivalent of American English
<quote>You're welcome</quote> as a mechanical response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>; that is
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, as noted below.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
-
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[benji]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[benji]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request to send</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>telephone conversation</primary><secondary>hello</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Request to send to X</quote>; indicates that the speaker wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is listening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conversant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is
-
<quote>Hello? Can I speak to X?</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re'i</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[bredi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[bredi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">ready to receive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">not ready</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Ready to receive, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker is attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used instead of
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated
<quote>Hold on!</quote> or
<quote>Just a minute</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mu'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[mulno]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[mulno]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">completion of utterance</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">more to follow</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Over, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker has completed the current utterance and is ready to hear a response from the listener. The negative form signals that the pause or non-linguistic sound which follows does not represent the end of the current utterance: more colloquially,
<quote>I'm not done talking!</quote>
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>je'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[jimpe]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[jimpe]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">successful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unsuccessful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Roger, X!</quote>,
<quote>I understand</quote>; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by
<jbophrase>ke'o</jbophrase>. The colloquial English equivalents of
-
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> and
-
<jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> are the grunt typically written
<quote>uh-huh</quote> and
<quote>What?/Excuse me?</quote>.
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> is also used to mean
-
<quote>You're welcome</quote> when that is a response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vi'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">will comply</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">will not comply</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>je'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with vi'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Wilco, X</quote>,
<quote>I understand and will comply</quote>. Similar to
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> but signals an intention (similar to
-
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ai</jbophrase>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
<quote>OK</quote> in Lojban, in the usual sense of
<quote>Agreed!</quote>, although
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
<quote>No way!</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[krefu]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[krefu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">please repeat</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">no repeat needed</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary><secondary>compared to ke'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary><secondary>compared to ki'a</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>What did you say, X?</quote>; a request for repetition or clarification due to unsuccessful receipt or understanding. This is the vocative equivalent of
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, and is related to
<jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase>. The negative form may be rendered
<quote>Okay, already; I get the point!</quote>
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'o</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[fanmo]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[fanmo]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">end of communication</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">not done</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Over and out, X</quote>; indicates completion of statement(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to terminate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already been identified (as in memos). The negative form means
<quote>Wait, hold it, we're not done!</quote> and differs from
<jbophrase>mu'onai</jbophrase> in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fe'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fa'o</secondary></indexterm> Do not confuse
<jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> with
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say
-
<jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.</para>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'e</cmavo>
- <source-gismu>[cmavo: mi]</source-gismu>
+ <gismu>[cmavo: mi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-identification</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-identification</attitudinal-scale>
-
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>explicitly specifying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with other members of COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>introduce oneself</primary></indexterm>
<quote>And I am X</quote>; a generalized self-vocative. Although grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI,
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index a9b708a..43ee029 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -881,21 +881,21 @@
</example>
<para>The English translation feebly indicates with a comma what the Lojban marks far more clearly: the
<quote>I like Martha</quote> and
<quote>I like Mary</quote> sentences are joined by
<jbophrase>.ija</jbophrase> first, before the result is joined to
<quote>I like John</quote> by
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Eks can have
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> attached in exactly the same way, so that
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/> is equivalent in meaning to Example 8.1:</para>
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/> is equivalent in meaning to <xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JVhK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo and forethought connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives and bo</primary></indexterm> Forethought connectives, however, never can be suffixed with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, for every use of forethought connectives clearly indicates the intended pattern of grouping.</para>
@@ -2089,21 +2089,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brothers</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> possibly adding a discursive element meaning
<quote>and vice versa</quote>. However,
<quote>James and George are brothers</quote> cannot be correctly translated as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PHN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna</jbo>
+ <jbo gloss="iffy">la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna</jbo>
<gloss>James and George is-a-brother.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since that expands to two bridi and means that James is a brother and so is George, but not necessarily of each other. If the
<jbophrase>.e</jbophrase> is changed to
<jbophrase>jo'u</jbophrase>, however, the meaning of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sy2V"/> is preserved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gnwy">
<title>
@@ -2391,21 +2391,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgsp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joi</jbo>
<gloss>Mixed-mass-and.</gloss>
<en>Both as a mass (i.e, mixed together).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ugh</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee mixed with tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisairo'o.)</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ugh</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee mixed with tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Ugh. (Or in Lojban: <jbophrase>.a'unaisairo'o</jbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-continued-continued">
<title>Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>expressed as endpoints</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>intervals</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the non-logical connectives of selma'o JOI explained in
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-continued"/>, there are three other connectives which can appear in joiks:
<jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>mi'i</jbophrase>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo are used to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. The cmavo
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 3ec20a9..1eeaa47 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-quantifiers">
<title>
<quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</title>
<section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>What's wrong with this picture?</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nobody</primary><secondary>interpretation of</secondary></indexterm> The following brief dialogue is from Chapter 7 of
- <citation>Through The Looking Glass</citation> by Lewis Carroll.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nobody</primary><secondary>interpretation of</secondary></indexterm> The following brief dialogue is from <citetitle pubwork="chapter">Chapter 7</citetitle> of
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">Through The Looking Glass</citetitle> by Lewis Carroll.</para>
+ <!-- Perhaps these should be combined into one example. -->
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KB90">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>
<quote>Who did you pass on the road?</quote> the King went on, holding out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay.</para>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-1UVT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d2"/>
@@ -778,21 +779,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d1"/>
</title>
<para>Anyone who goes to the store, walks across the field.</para>
</example>
<para>Using the facilities already discussed, a plausible translation might be</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Kn8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi</jbo>
<gloss>All X such-that-it goes-to the store walks-on the field.</gloss>
<en>Everyone who goes to the store walks across the field.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>everyone</primary><secondary>contrasted with anyone in assumption of existence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anyone</primary><secondary>contrasted with everyone in assumption of existence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as a restricted universal claim</secondary></indexterm> But there is a subtle difference between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Kn8"/>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Kn8"/> tells us that, in fact, there are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the field. A sumti of the type
<jbophrase>ro da poi klama</jbophrase> requires that there are things which
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>: Lojban universal claims always imply the corresponding existential claims as well.
@@ -825,21 +826,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any box</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>need any box</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Eu9"/> does not at all mean that I need every box bigger than this one, for indeed I do not; I require only one box. But the naive translation</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KHya">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi nitcu da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">mi nitcu da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti</jbo>
<gloss>I need some-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>does not work either, because it asserts that there really is such a box, as the prenex paraphrase demonstrates:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fAo5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu da</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 76b4413..09adbb2 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -3124,21 +3124,21 @@
<jbophrase>ni'enu'a</jbophrase>, which transforms the operator into a matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting from operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting into operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operand into operator</primary></indexterm> To change an operand into an operator, we use the cmavo
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase>, already introduced as a means of changing a lerfu string such as
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> into an operator. In fact,
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> if necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary><secondary>potential ambiguity caveat</secondary></indexterm> There is a potential semantic ambiguity in
<jbophrase>ma'o fy. [te'u]</jbophrase> if
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> is already in use as a variable: it comes to mean
- <quote>the function whose value is always ‘f'</quote>. However, mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings as both functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice.</para>
+ <quote>the function whose value is always <quote>f</quote></quote>. However, mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings as both functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-four-score-and-seven">
<title>Four score and seven: a mekso problem</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Four score and seven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Gettysburg Address</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>and literary translation</secondary></indexterm> Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begins with the words
<quote>Four score and seven years ago</quote>. This section exhibits several different ways of saying the number
<quote>four score and seven</quote>. (A
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 7a6f2ef..1d560dd 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -156,21 +156,26 @@
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I went to the market</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>topic-comment</primary><secondary>description</secondary></indexterm> In Chinese, the normal sentence form is different: a topic is stated, and a comment about it is made. (Japanese also has the concept of a topic, but indicates it by attaching a suffix; other languages also distinguish topics in various ways.) The topic says what the sentence is about:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ovFJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>zhe</jbo>
+ <foreign xml:lang="zh">
+ zhe<superscript>4</superscript> xiao<superscript>1</superscript>xi<superscript>2</superscript> wo<superscript>3</superscript> zhi<superscript>1</superscript>dao le
+ </foreign> <!-- FIXME: instead of three spaces, why not a colon? -->
+ <gloss>this news I know [perfective]</gloss>
+ <gloss>As for this news, I knew it.</gloss>
+ <en>I've heard this news already.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>news</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The wide space in the first two versions of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ovFJ"/> separate the topic (
<quote>this news</quote>) from the comment (
<quote>I know already</quote>).</para>
<para>Lojban uses the cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-p4ww">
@@ -209,21 +214,24 @@
<jbo>le finpe zo'u citka</jbo>
<gloss>the fish : eat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is the fish eating or being eaten? The sentence doesn't say. The Chinese equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tpcK"/> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-N6H3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d6"/>
</title>
- <foreign xml:lang="zh">yu</foreign>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <foreign xml:lang="zh">yu<superscript>2</superscript> chi<superscript>1</superscript></foreign>
+ <gloss>fish eat</gloss> <!-- FIXME: instead of three spaces, why not a colon? -->
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is vague in exactly the same way.</para>
<para>Grammatically, it is possible to have more than one sumti before
<jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
<jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-da-and-zohu"/>), but an example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6yRx">
<title>
@@ -731,37 +739,36 @@
<jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on lerfu words are used in the standard mathematical way to extend the number of variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wez6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixipa du li xy.boixire su'i xy.boixici</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-1 equals the-number x-sub-2 plus x-sub-3</gloss>
-
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>1</subscript> = x<subscript>2</subscript> + x<subscript>3</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and can be used to extend the number of pro-sumti as well, since lerfu strings outside mathematical contexts are grammatically and semantically equivalent to pro-sumti of the ko'a-series. (In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wez6"/>, note the required terminator
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> after each
<jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> cmavo; this terminator allows the subscript to be attached without ambiguity.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and names</secondary></indexterm> Names, which are similar to pro-sumti, can also be subscripted to distinguish two individuals with the same name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tW4J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. xipa cusku lu mi'enai do li'u la djan. xire</jbo>
- <gloss>John<subscript>1</subscript> expresses ``I-am-not you'' to John<subscript>2</subscript>.</gloss>
+ <gloss>John<subscript>1</subscript> expresses <quote>I-am-not you</quote> to John<subscript>2</subscript>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and tense</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on tenses allow talking about more than one time or place that is described by the same general cmavo. For example,
<jbophrase>puxipa</jbophrase> could refer to one point in the past, and
<jbophrase>puxire</jbophrase> a second point (earlier or later).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and fuzzy truths</secondary></indexterm> You can place a subscript on the word
<jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase>, the bridi affirmative of selma'o NA, to express so-called fuzzy truths. The usual machinery for fuzzy logic (statements whose truth value is not merely
<quote>true</quote> or
<quote>false</quote>, but is expressed by a number in the range 0 to 1) in Lojban is the abstractor
<jbophrase>jei</jbophrase>:</para>
@@ -1060,21 +1067,21 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x8XL"/>,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> is a pro-sumti which refers to the most recent previous sumti, namely
<jbophrase>le ninmu</jbophrase>. Compare:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hvhb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la tcarlis. cusku lo'u le ninmu cu morsi le'u .iku'i ri jmive</jbo>
- <gloss>Charlie says [quote] le ninmu cu morsi [unquote]. However, the-last-mentioned is-alive.</gloss>
+ <gloss>Charlie says [quote] <jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase> [unquote]. However, the-last-mentioned is-alive.</gloss>
<en>Charlie says <jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase>, but he is alive.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hvhb"/>,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cannot refer to the referent of the alleged sumti
<jbophrase>le ninmu</jbophrase>, because
<jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase> is a mere uninterpreted sequence of Lojban words. Instead,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> ends up referring to the referent of the sumti
@@ -1229,44 +1236,44 @@
<jbophrase>zo .bab.</jbophrase> is the word, whereas
<jbophrase>la bab.</jbophrase> is the thing named by the word. The cmavo
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth between references and their referents:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qITB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab.</jbo>
- <en>The-word
+ <gloss>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word
- <quote>Bob</quote>.</en>
+ <quote>Bob</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiTd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu'e la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<gloss>A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiTd"/> all mean approximately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3yXJ"/> is different:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3yXJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>Bob is the name of Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.</para>
<para>(In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qITB"/>, the name
<jbophrase>bab.</jbophrase> was separated from a preceding
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> by a pause, thus:
<jbophrase>zo .bab.</jbophrase>. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than
@@ -1345,38 +1352,38 @@
<para>In Lojban, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word which is to be emphasized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8SVn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la ba'e .djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the-one-named [emphasis]
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
- <en>I saw</en>
+ <en>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the pause before the name
<jbophrase>djordj.</jbophrase>, which serves to separate it unambiguously from the
<jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase>. Alternatively, the
<jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> can be moved to a position before the
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which in effect emphasizes the whole construct
<jbophrase>la djordj.</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ud6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska ba'e la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw [emphasis] the-one-named
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
- <en>I saw</en>
+ <en>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Marking a word with a cmavo of BAhE does not change the word's grammar in any way. Any word in a bridi can receive contrastive emphasis marking:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiTM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ba'e mi viska la djordj.</jbo>
@@ -1394,21 +1401,21 @@
</example>
<para>Emphasis on one of the structural components of a Lojban bridi can also be achieved by rearranging it into an order that is not the speaker's or writer's usual order. Any sumti moved out of place, or the selbri when moved out of place, is emphatic to some degree.</para>
<para>For completeness, the cmavo
<jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> should be mentioned, also of selma'o BAhE. It marks a word as possibly irregular, non-standard, or nonce (created for the occasion):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XtRW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi klama la za'e. .albeinias</jbo>
+ <jbo>mi klama la za'e .albeinias.</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to so-called Albania</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>marks a Lojbanization of an English name, where a more appropriate standard form might be something like
<jbophrase>la ckiipyris.</jbophrase>, reflecting the country's name in Albanian.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unabridged dictionary</primary></indexterm> Before a lujvo or fu'ivla,
<jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> indicates that the word has been made up on the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged dictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!).</para>
@@ -1540,22 +1547,22 @@
<quote>he said</quote> in a conversation is metalinguistic. For this purpose, quotations are considered to be at a lower metalinguistic level than the surrounding context (a quoted text cannot refer to the statements of the one who quotes it), whereas parenthetical remarks are considered to be at a higher level than the context.</para>
<para>Lojban works differently from English in that the
<quote>he said</quote> can be marked instead of the quotation. In Lojban, you can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DY0u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u</jbo>
- <en>John expresses
- <quote>I go to-the store</quote>.</en>
+ <gloss>John expresses
+ <quote>I go to-the store</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>said John</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which literally claims that John uttered the quoted text. If the central claim is that John made the utterance, as is likely in conversation, this style is the most sensible. However, in written text which quotes a conversation, you don't want the
<quote>he said</quote> or
<quote>she said</quote> to be considered part of the conversation. If unmarked, it could mess up the anaphora counting. Instead, you can use:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b7Fi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d7"/>
</title>
@@ -1648,65 +1655,65 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>zo</secondary></indexterm> In order to erase the word
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, it is necessary to use three
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo in a row:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zSQi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. se cmene zo si si si la bab.</jbo>
- <en>The-word
+ <gloss>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the word
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>, er, er, Bob.</en>
+ <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>, er, er, Bob.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first use of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> does not erase anything, but completes the
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation. Two more
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are then necessary to erase the first
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> and the
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>names</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s7V6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton.</jbo>
- <en>I talk in-language that-named
+ <gloss>I talk in-language that-named
<quote>and</quote>
- <quote>speranto</quote>, er, er, Esperanto.</en>
+ <quote>speranto</quote>, er, er, Esperanto.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The Lojbanized spelling
- <quote>.esperanto</quote> breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see
+ <jbophrase valid="iffy">.esperanto</jbophrase> breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>) into two Lojban words, the cmavo
<jbophrase>.e</jbophrase> and the undefined fu'ivla
- <quote>speranto</quote>. Therefore, two
+ <jbophrase>speranto</jbophrase>. Therefore, two
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course,
<jbophrase>.e speranto</jbophrase> is not grammatical after
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, but recognition of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is done before grammatical analysis.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>quotes</secondary></indexterm> Even more messy is the result of an incorrect
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zoWF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi fy. gy. .fy. si si si si zo .djan</jbo>
- <en>I express [foreign] [quote]
+ <gloss>I express [foreign] [quote]
<jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> [unquote], er, er, er, er,
- <quote>John</quote>.</en>
+ <quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zoWF"/>, the first
<jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and
<jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the Lojban name for the letter
<jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray
@@ -1719,47 +1726,46 @@
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> in it, without its expected sequels, and which is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, it turns out to be necessary to erase the
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> as well:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FzoX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se cmene zo .djan. si si zo .djordj.</jbo>
- <en>I am-named-by the-word
+ <gloss>I am-named-by the-word
<quote>John</quote>, er, er, the-word
- <quote>George</quote>.</en>
+ <quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The parser will reject
- <jbophrase>zo .djan. si .djordj.</jbophrase>, because in that context
+ <jbophrase valid="false">zo .djan. si .djordj.</jbophrase>, because in that context
<jbophrase>djordj.</jbophrase> is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>multiple word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precise erasures</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>starting marker</primary></indexterm> As the above examples plainly show, precise erasures with
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> can be extremely hard to get right. Therefore, the cmavo
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more than one word. The cmavo following
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> should be the starting marker of some grammatical construct. The effect of the
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is to erase back to and including the last starting marker of the same kind. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YdX7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le sa .i mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
- <en>I see the ... I say the-word
- <quote>John</quote>.</en>
+ <gloss>I see the ... I say the-word <quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the word following
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, the sentence separator, its effect is to erase the preceding sentence. So
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YdX7"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JJmn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d8"/>
@@ -1768,21 +1774,21 @@
<jbo>mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Another example, erasing a partial description rather than a partial sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SszI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu zdan. sa le xekri zdani</jbo>
- <en>I see the blue hou ... the black house.</en>
+ <gloss>I see the blue hou ... the black house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-SszI"/>,
<jbophrase>le blanu zdan.</jbophrase> is ungrammatical, but clearly reflects the speaker's original intention to say
<jbophrase>le blanu zdani</jbophrase>. However, the
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> was cut off before the end and changed into a name. The entire ungrammatical
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> construct is erased and replaced by
<jbophrase>le xekri zdani</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement
@@ -1850,114 +1856,126 @@
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase>. In particular, it is not used at the end of subordinate texts quoted with
<jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> or parenthesized with
<jbophrase>to ... toi</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cmavo-interactions">
<title>List of cmavo interactions</title>
<para>The following list gives the cmavo and selma'o that are recognized by the earliest stages of the parser, and specifies exactly which of them interact with which others. All of the cmavo are at least mentioned in this chapter. The cmavo are written in lower case, and the selma'o in UPPER CASE.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erases the preceding word unless it is a
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> is the same as
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, but erases more words.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, but erases more words.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotes all following words up to a
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (but not a
- <jbophrase>zo le'u</jbophrase>).</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo le'u</jbophrase>).
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.</para>
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ZOI cmavo use the following word as a delimiting word, no matter what it is, but using
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> may create difficulties.</para>
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> may create difficulties.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>BAhE cmavo mark the following word, unless it is
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, or unless it is preceded by
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cmavo may be used in succession.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>UI and CAI cmavo mark the previous word, except for
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succession. A following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is made part of the UI.</para>
+ <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is made part of the UI.
+ </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> are the same as UI, but do not absorb a following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>.
+ </para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-elidable-terminators">
<title>List of Elidable Terminators</title>
<para>The following list shows all the elidable terminators of Lojban. The first column is the terminator, the second column is the selma'o that starts the corresponding construction, and the third column states what kinds of grammatical constructs are terminated. Each terminator is the only cmavo of its selma'o, which naturally has the same name as the cmavo.</para>
-
+ <!-- These "selmaho" are anomalous in that they're the selmaho of the cmavo that the <cmavo> cmavo terminates, not the selmaho of <cmavo> cmavo. -->
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>BE</selmaho>
<description>sumti attached to a tanru unit</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>boi</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA/BY</selmaho>
<description>number or lerfu string</description>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index 73d8192..ce3ffec 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -241,21 +241,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DOI"/> selma'o DOI (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without
<xref linkend="COI"/>. No pause is required between “doi” and a following name. See
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi frank. mi tavla do
O Frank, I speak-to you.
- Frank, I’m talking to you.
+ Frank, I'm talking to you.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DOhU"/> selma'o DOhU (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="COI"/> or
<xref linkend="DOI"/>. Signals the end of a vocative.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi do'u
@@ -437,21 +437,21 @@
John (referred to as it-1) is blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="GOhA"/> selma'o GOhA (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of brivla. There are several groups of these.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi klama le zarci
B: mi go'i
- A: I’m going to the market.
+ A: I'm going to the market.
B: Me, too.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="GUhA"/> selma'o GUhA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. Takes the place of
<xref linkend="GA"/> when forming logically-connected tanru. See
<xref linkend="GI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
@@ -757,31 +757,31 @@
<anchor xml:id="ME"/> selma'o ME (
<xref linkend="section-me-selbri"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the things referenced by the sumti. Terminated by
<xref linkend="MEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta me la ford. karce
That is-a-Ford-type car
- That’s a Ford car.
+ That's a Ford car.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MEhU"/> selma'o MEhU (<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="ME"/>. Indicates the end of a sumti converted to a tanru unit.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta me mi me'u zdani
- That’s a me type of house.
+ That's a me type of house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MOI"/> selma'o MOI (
<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various numerically-based selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. joi la frank. cu bruna remei
@@ -977,25 +977,25 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="RAhO"/> selma'o RAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicitly attached to a pro-bridi (see
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>) to fit the current context rather than the original context.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i
A: I [future] wash my car.
- B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A’s car).
+ B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A's car).
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i ra'o
A: I [future] wash my car.
- B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B’s car).
+ B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B's car).
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ROI"/> selma'o ROI (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once, twice, many times).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi reroi klama le zarci
I twice go-to the market.
</programlisting>
@@ -1140,21 +1140,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TUhE"/>. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="UI"/> selma'o UI (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
- <para>Particles which indicate the speaker’s emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
+ <para>Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ui la djan. klama
[Happiness!] John is-coming.
Hurrah! John is coming!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VA"/> selma'o VA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-spatial-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).</para>
@@ -1262,21 +1262,21 @@
O, uh, uh, John!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZAhO"/> selma'o ZAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-event-contours"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginning, ending, continuing).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu'o damba
I [inchoative] fight.
- I’m on the verge of fighting.
+ I'm on the verge of fighting.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZEI"/> selma'o ZEI (<xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section-rafsi"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands between into the equivalent of a lujvo.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta xy. zei kantu kacma
That is-an-(X – ray) camera.
That is an X-ray camera.
diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml
index e274759..0b58101 100644
--- a/todocbook/21.xml
+++ b/todocbook/21.xml
@@ -2,78 +2,78 @@
<title>Formal Grammars</title>
<section xml:id="section-YACC">
<title>YACC Grammar of Lojban</title>
<para>The following two listings constitute the formal grammar of Lojban. The first version is written in the YACC language, which is used to describe parsers, and has been used to create a parser for Lojban texts. This parser is available from the Logical Language Group. The second listing is in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) and represents the same grammar in a more human-readable form. (In case of discrepancies, the YACC version is official.) There is a cross-reference listing for each format that shows, for each selma'o and rule, which rules refer to it.</para>
<para>/* /*Lojban Machine Grammar, Final Baseline The Lojban Machine Grammardocument is explicitly dedicated to the public domain by its author,The Logical Language Group, Inc.</para>
<para>grammar.300 */</para>
<para>/* The Lojban machine parsing algorithm is a multi-step process. The YACC machine grammar presented here is an amalgam of those steps, concatenated so as to allow YACC to verify the syntactic ambiguity of the grammar. YACC is used to generate a parser for a portion of the grammar, which is LALR1 (the type of grammar that YACC is designed to identify and process successfully), but most of the rest of the grammar must be parsed using some language-coded processing.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 1 – Lexing</bridgehead>
- <para>From phonemes, stress, and pause, it is possible to resolve Lojban unambiguously into a stream of words. Any machine processing of speech will have to have some way to deal with ’non-Lojban’ failures of fluent speech, of course. The resolved words can be expressed as a text file using Lojban’s phonetic spelling rules.</para>
+ <para>From phonemes, stress, and pause, it is possible to resolve Lojban unambiguously into a stream of words. Any machine processing of speech will have to have some way to deal with <quote>non-Lojban</quote> failures of fluent speech, of course. The resolved words can be expressed as a text file using Lojban's phonetic spelling rules.</para>
<para>The following steps assume that there is the possibility of non-Lojban text within the Lojban text (delimited appropriately). Such non-Lojban text may not be reducible from speech phonetically. However, step 2 allows the filtering of a phonetically transcribed text stream, to recognize such portions of non-Lojban text where properly delimited, without interference with the parsing algorithm.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 2 – Filtering</bridgehead>
<para>From start to end, performing the following filtering and lexing tasks using the given order of precedence in case of conflict:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="lowerroman">
<listitem>
<para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> (selma'o ZOI) is identified, take the following Lojban word (which should be end delimited with a pause for separation from the following non-Lojban text) as an opening delimiter. Treat all text following that delimiter, until that delimiter recurs
- <emphasis>after a pause</emphasis>, as grammatically a single token (labelled ’
- <xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/>’ in this grammar). There is no need for processing within this text except as necessary to find the closing delimiter.</para>
+ <emphasis>after a pause</emphasis>, as grammatically a single token (labelled <quote>
+ <xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/></quote> in this grammar). There is no need for processing within this text except as necessary to find the closing delimiter.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> (selma'o ZO) is identified, treat the following Lojban word as a token labelled ’
- <xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>’, instead of lexing it by its normal grammatical function.</para>
+ <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> (selma'o ZO) is identified, treat the following Lojban word as a token labelled <quote>
+ <xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/></quote>, instead of lexing it by its normal grammatical function.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> (selma'o LOhU) is identified, search for the closing delimiter <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (selma'o LEhU), ignoring any such closing delimiters absorbed by the previous two steps. The text between the delimiters should be treated as the single token ’
- <xref linkend="cll_yacc-697"/>’.</para>
+ <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> (selma'o LOhU) is identified, search for the closing delimiter <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (selma'o LEhU), ignoring any such closing delimiters absorbed by the previous two steps. The text between the delimiters should be treated as the single token <quote>
+ <xref linkend="cll_yacc-697"/></quote>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Categorize all remaining words into their Lojban selma'o category, including the various delimiters mentioned in the previous steps. In all steps after step 2, only the selma'o token type is significant for each word.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the word <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> (selma'o SI) is identified, erase it and the previous word (or token, if the previous text has been condensed into a single token by one of the above rules).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the word <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> (selma'o SA) is identified, erase it and all preceding text as far back as necessary to make what follows attach to what precedes. (This rule is hard to formalize and may receive further definition later.)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the word <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> (selma'o SU) is identified, erase it and all preceding text back to and including the first preceding token word which is in one of the selma'o: NIhO, LU, TUhE, and TO. However, if speaker identification is available, a SU shall only erase to the beginning of a speaker’s discourse, unless it occurs at the beginning of a speaker’s discourse. (Thus, if the speaker has said something, two adjacent uses of <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> are required to erase the entire conversation.</para>
+ <para>If the word <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> (selma'o SU) is identified, erase it and all preceding text back to and including the first preceding token word which is in one of the selma'o: NIhO, LU, TUhE, and TO. However, if speaker identification is available, a SU shall only erase to the beginning of a speaker's discourse, unless it occurs at the beginning of a speaker's discourse. (Thus, if the speaker has said something, two adjacent uses of <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> are required to erase the entire conversation.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<bridgehead>Step 3 – Termination</bridgehead>
<para>If the text contains a FAhO, treat that as the end-of-text and ignore everything that follows it.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 4 – Absorption of Grammar-Free Tokens</bridgehead>
<para>In a new pass, perform the following absorptions (absorption means that the token is removed from the grammar for processing in following steps, and optionally reinserted, grouped with the absorbing token after parsing is completed).</para>
<orderedlist numeration="lowerroman">
<listitem>
- <para>Token sequences of the form any – (ZEI – any) ..., where there may be any number of ZEIs, are merged into a single token of selma'o BRIVLA.</para>
+ <para>Token sequences of the form any - (ZEI - any) ..., where there may be any number of ZEIs, are merged into a single token of selma'o BRIVLA.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Absorb all selma'o BAhE tokens into the following token. If they occur at the end of text, leave them alone (they are errors).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Absorb all selma'o BU tokens into the previous token. Relabel the previous token as selma'o BY.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If selma'o NAI occurs immediately following any of tokens UI or CAI, absorb the NAI into the previous token.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Absorb all members of selma'o DAhO, FUhO, FUhE, UI, Y, and CAI into the previous token. All of these null grammar tokens are permitted following any word of the grammar, without interfering with that word’s grammatical function, or causing any effect on the grammatical interpretation of any other token in the text. Indicators at the beginning of text are explicitly handled by the grammar.</para>
+ <para>Absorb all members of selma'o DAhO, FUhO, FUhE, UI, Y, and CAI into the previous token. All of these null grammar tokens are permitted following any word of the grammar, without interfering with that word's grammatical function, or causing any effect on the grammatical interpretation of any other token in the text. Indicators at the beginning of text are explicitly handled by the grammar.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<bridgehead>Step 5 – Insertion of Lexer Lexemes</bridgehead>
<para>Lojban is not in itself LALR1. There are words whose grammatical function is determined by following tokens. As a result, parsing of the YACC grammar must take place in two steps. In the first step, certain strings of tokens with defined grammars are identified, and either</para>
<orderedlist numeration="lowerroman">
<listitem>
- <para>are replaced by a single specified ’lexer token’ for step 6, or</para>
+ <para>are replaced by a single specified <quote>lexer token</quote> for step 6, or</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the lexer token is inserted in front of the token string to identify it uniquely.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The YACC grammar included herein is written to make YACC generation of a step 6 parser easy regardless of whether a. or b. is used. The strings of tokens to be labelled with lexer tokens are found in rule terminals labelled with numbers between 900 and 1099. These rules are defined with the lexer tokens inserted, with the result that it can be verified that the language is LALR1 under option b. after steps 1 through 4 have been performed. Alternatively, if option a. is to be used, these rules are commented out, and the rule terminals labelled from 800 to 900 refer to the lexer tokens
<emphasis>without</emphasis> the strings of defining tokens. Two sets of lexer tokens are defined in the token set so as to be compatible with either option.</para>
<para>In this step, the strings must be labelled with the appropriate lexer tokens. Order of inserting lexer tokens
<emphasis>IS</emphasis> significant, since some shorter strings that would be marked with a lexer token may be found inside longer strings. If the tokens are inserted before or in place of the shorter strings, the longer strings cannot be identified.</para>
@@ -186,21 +186,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="y526"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #526" xml:id="cll_yacc-526"/> DOhU_526 /* terminator for DOI-marked vocatives */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y527"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #527" xml:id="cll_yacc-527"/> FA_527 /* modifier head generic case tag */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y528"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #528" xml:id="cll_yacc-528"/> FAhA_528 /* superdirections in space */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y529"/>
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #529" xml:id="cll_yacc-529"/> FAhO_529 /* normally elided ’done pause’ to indicate end
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #529" xml:id="cll_yacc-529"/> FAhO_529 /* normally elided <quote>done pause</quote> to indicate end
of utterance string */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y530"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #530" xml:id="cll_yacc-530"/> FEhE_530 /* space interval mod flag */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y531"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #531" xml:id="cll_yacc-531"/> FEhU_531 /* ends bridi to modal conversion */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y532"/>
@@ -686,21 +686,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<anchor xml:id="y3"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #3" xml:id="cll_yacc-3"/> text_C_3 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-4"/>
/* Only indicators which follow certain selma'o:
cmene,
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-607"/>,
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-571"/>, and the lexer_K and lexer_S I_roots and compounds,
and at the start of text(_0), will survive the lexer; all other valid ones
will be absorbed. The only strings for which indicators generate a
potential ambiguity are those which contain NAI. An indicator cannot be
- inserted in between a token and its negating NAI, else you can’t tell
+ inserted in between a token and its negating NAI, else you can't tell
whether it is the indicator or the original token being negated. */
| /* empty */
/* An empty text is legal; formerly this was handled by the explicit
appearance of
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-529"/>, but this is now absorbed by the preparser. */
;
<anchor xml:id="y4"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #4" xml:id="cll_yacc-4"/> paragraphs_4 :
@@ -1920,71 +1920,71 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<anchor xml:id="y434"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #434" xml:id="cll_yacc-434"/> ZOI_quote_434 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-627"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>
/*pause*/
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/> /*pause*/
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>
;
-/* ’pause’ is morphemic, represented by <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase> The lexer assembles
+/* <quote>pause</quote> is morphemic, represented by <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase> The lexer assembles
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/> */
<anchor xml:id="y435"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #435" xml:id="cll_yacc-435"/> ZO_quote_435 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-626"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>
;
-/* ’word’ may not be a compound; but it can be any valid Lojban selma'o value,
+/* <quote>word</quote> may not be a compound; but it can be any valid Lojban selma'o value,
including ZO, ZOI, SI, SA, SU. The preparser will not lex the word per its
normal selma'o. */
<anchor xml:id="y436"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #436" xml:id="cll_yacc-436"/> LOhU_quote_436 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-569"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-697"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-565"/>
;
-/* ’words’ may be any Lojban words, with no claim of grammaticality; the
+/* <quote>words</quote> may be any Lojban words, with no claim of grammaticality; the
preparser will not lex the individual words per their normal selma'o;
used to quote ungrammatical Lojban, equivalent to the * or ? writing
convention for such text. */
/* The preparser needs one bit of sophistication for this rule. A
quoted string should be able to contain other quoted strings – this is
only a problem for a LOhU quote itself, since the LEhU clossing this
quote would otherwise close the outer quotes, which is incorrect. For
this purpose, we will cheat on the use of ZO in such a quote (since this
is ungrammatical text, it is a sign ignored by the parser). Use ZO to
mark any nested quotation LOhU. The preparser then will absorb it by
the ZO rule, before testing for LOhU. This is obviously not the
standard usage for ZO, which would otherwise cause the result to be a
sumti. But, since the result will be part of an unparsed string anyway,
- it doesn’t matter. */
+ it doesn't matter. */
/* It may be seen that any of the ZO/ZOI/LOhU trio of quotation markers
may contain the powerful metalinguistic erasers. Since these quotations
are not parsed internally, these operators are ignored within the quote.
- To erase a ZO, then, two SI’s are needed after giving a quoted word of
- any type. ZOI takes four SI’s, with the ENTIRE BODY OF THE QUOTE
- treated as a single ’word’ since it is one selma'o. Thus one for the
+ To erase a ZO, then, two SI's are needed after giving a quoted word of
+ any type. ZOI takes four SI's, with the ENTIRE BODY OF THE QUOTE
+ treated as a single <quote>word</quote> since it is one selma'o. Thus one for the
quote body, two for the single word delimiters, and one for the ZOI. In
- LOhU, the entire body is treated as a single word, so three SI’s can
+ LOhU, the entire body is treated as a single word, so three SI's can
erase it. */
-/* All rule terminator names with ’gap’ in them are potentially
+/* All rule terminator names with <quote>gap</quote> in them are potentially
elidable, where such elision does not cause an ambiguity. This is
- implemented through use of the YACC ’error’ token, which effectively
+ implemented through use of the YACC <quote>error</quote> token, which effectively
recovers from an elision. */
<anchor xml:id="y437"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #437" xml:id="cll_yacc-437"/> FIhO_437 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-532"/>
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-532"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32"/>
;
@@ -3073,22 +3073,22 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-979"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-514"/>
;
/* specifies actuality/potentiality of the bridi */
/* puca'a = actually was */
/* baca'a = actually will be */
/* bapu'i = can and will have */
-/* banu'o = can, but won’t have yet */
-/* canu'ojebapu'i = can, hasn’t yet, but will */
+/* banu'o = can, but won't have yet */
+/* canu'ojebapu'i = can, hasn't yet, but will */
<anchor xml:id="y979"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #979" xml:id="cll_yacc-979"/> tense_C_979 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1030"/>
/* time-only */
/* space defaults to time-space reference space */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1040"/>
/* can include time if specified with VIhA; otherwise time defaults to the
@@ -3480,21 +3480,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
/* The following are <quote>Lexer-only rules</quote>, covered by steps 1-4 described
at the beginning. The grammar of these constructs is nonexistent,
except possibly in cases where they interact with each other. Even
there, however, the effects are semantic rather than grammatical. Where
it is believed possible that conflicts could exist, the grammar of these
constructs has been put in the above grammar, even though the
lexer/Preparser will actually prevent these from being passed thru to
the parse routine. (Otherwise we have to put unacceptably fancy code in
the PreParser to determine just when these can be passed thru, and when
- they can’t.) Constructs in this category include quotes and indicators
+ they can't.) Constructs in this category include quotes and indicators
as defined above. (The above grammar handles utterance scope
(free_modifier) and clause scope (gap) applications of the latter,
however, and indicators should be allowed to be absorbed into almost any
word without changing its grammar.
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-601"/>,
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-595"/>, and
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-603"/> are metalinguistic erasers.
@@ -3558,21 +3558,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
erases back to the last individual token
I or NIhO or start of text, ignoring the
insides of ZOI, ZO, and LOhU/LEhU quotes.
Start of text is defined for SU below.
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-3"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-603"/>
| possibly unparsable text (PAUSE)
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-603"/>
erases back to start of text which is the
- beginning of a speaker’s statement,
+ beginning of a speaker's statement,
a parenthesis (TO/TOI), a LU/LIhU quote,
or a TUhE/TUhU utterance string.
;
*/
%%
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>2. YACC Grammar Cross-Reference</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 32654b1..2c512c2 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -420,21 +420,21 @@
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Letters</entry>
<entry>IPA</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
- <!--zort found the first row of the very first table pasted here for some reason; if you find anything funny going on that may have to do with it-->
+ <!-- found the first row of the very first table pasted here for some reason; if you find anything funny going on that may have to do with it -->
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[aj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an open vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɛj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
@@ -1280,21 +1280,21 @@
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>The normal English pronunciation of the name
<quote>Armstrong</quote> could be Lojbanized as:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vY2y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d10"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
- <jbo>.ARMstron.</jbo>
+ <jbo role="pronunciation">.ARMstron.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>since Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> is allowed to be pronounced as the velar nasal
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase>.</para>
<para>Here is another example showing the use of
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hNb7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d11"/>
@@ -1364,375 +1364,375 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIXo"/>, which is unacceptable in Lojban: a single pronunciation cannot represent both.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anglophone-phonetics">
<title>IPA For English Speakers</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IPA pronunciation</primary><secondary>description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>television</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Received Pronunciation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>General American</primary></indexterm> There are many dialects of English, thus making it difficult to define the standardized symbols of the IPA in terms useful to every reader. All the symbols used in this chapter are repeated here, in more or less alphabetical order, with examples drawn from General American. In addition, some attention is given to the Received Pronunciation of (British) English. These two dialects are referred to as GA and RP respectively. Speakers of other dialects should consult a book on phonetics or their local television sets.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ˈ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ˈ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An IPA indicator of primary stress; the syllable which follows
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈ]</phrase> receives primary stress.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʔ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase>. This sound is not usually considered part of English. It is the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel. In some dialects, like Cockney and some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of
<quote>t</quote>:
<quote>bottle</quote>
<phrase role="IPA">[boʔl̩]</phrase>. The English interjection
<quote>uh-oh!</quote> almost always has it between the syllables.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ː]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ː]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A symbol indicating that the previous vowel is to be spoken for a longer time than usual. Lojban vowels can be pronounced long in order to make a greater contrast with buffer vowels.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[a]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>. This sound doesn't occur in GA, but sounds somewhat like the
<quote>ar</quote> of
<quote>park</quote>, as spoken in RP or New England American. It is pronounced further forward in the mouth than
<phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɑ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>. The
<quote>a</quote> of GA
<quote>father</quote>. The sound
<phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase> is preferred because GA speakers often relax an unstressed
<phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase> into a schwa
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, as in the usual pronunciations of
<quote>about</quote> and
<quote>sofa</quote>. Because schwa is a distinct vowel in Lojban, English speakers must either learn to avoid this shift or to use
<phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase> instead: the Lojban word for
<quote>sofa</quote> is
<jbophrase>sfofa</jbophrase>, pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[sfofa]</phrase> or
<phrase role="IPA">[sfofɑ]</phrase> but never
<phrase role="IPA">[sfofə]</phrase> which would be the non-word
<jbophrase>sfofy</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[æ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[æ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Not a Lojban sound. The
<quote>a</quote> of English
<quote>cat</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[b]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>boy</quote>,
<quote>sober</quote>, or
<quote>job</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[β]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[β]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase>. Not an English sound; the Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">b</quote> or
<quote xml:lang="es">v</quote> between vowels. This sound should not be used for Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[d]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>dog</quote>,
<quote>soda</quote>, or
<quote>mad</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɛ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɛ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>. The
<quote>e</quote> of English
<quote>met</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[e]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>. This sound is not found in English, but is the Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">e</quote>, or the tense
<quote xml:lang="it">e</quote> of Italian. The vowel of English
<quote>say</quote> is similar except for the off-glide: you can learn to make this sound by holding your tongue steady while saying the first part of the English vowel.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ə]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. As in the
<quote>a</quote> of English
<quote>sofa</quote> or
<quote>about</quote>. Schwa is generally unstressed in Lojban, as it is in English. It is a totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[f]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase>. As in
<quote>fee</quote>,
<quote>loafer</quote>, or
<quote>chef</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɸ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɸ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase>. Not an English sound; the Japanese
<quote xml:lang="ja">f</quote> sound.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[g]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[g]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>go</quote>,
<quote>eagle</quote>, or
<quote>dog</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[h]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in English
<quote>aha</quote> or the second "h" in
<quote>oh, hello</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[i]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>. Essentially like the English vowel of
<quote>pizza</quote> or
<quote>machine</quote>, although the English vowel is sometimes pronounced with an off-glide, which should not be present in Lojban.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɪ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The
<jbophrase>i</jbophrase> of English
<quote>bit</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɨ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɨ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The
<quote>u</quote> of
<quote>just</quote> in some varieties of GA, those which make the word sound more or less like
<quote>jist</quote>. Also Russian
<quote xml:lang="ru">y</quote> as in
<quote xml:lang="ru">byt'</quote> (to be); like a schwa
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, but higher in the mouth.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[j]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>. Like the
<quote>y</quote> in English
<quote>yard</quote> or
<quote>say</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[k]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>kill</quote>,
<quote>token</quote>, or
<quote>flak</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[l]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>low</quote>,
<quote>nylon</quote>, or
<quote>excel</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[l̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>, as in English
<quote>bottle</quote> or
<quote>middle</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[m]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>me</quote>,
<quote>humor</quote>, or
<quote>ham</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[m̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>catch 'em</quote> or
<quote>bottom</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[n]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>. As in English
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase>,
<quote>honor</quote>, or
<quote>son</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[n̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>button</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ŋ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, especially in Lojbanized names and before
<jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>sing</quote> or
<quote>singer</quote> (but not
<quote>finger</quote> or
<quote>danger</quote>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[ŋ̍]</term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban syllabic
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, especially in Lojbanized names.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[o]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>. As in the French
<quote xml:lang="fr">haute (cuisine)</quote> or Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">como</quote>. There is no exact English equivalent of this sound. The nearest GA equivalent is the
<quote>o</quote> of
<quote>dough</quote> or
<quote>joke</quote>, but it is essential that the off-glide (a
<phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase>-like sound) at the end of the vowel is not pronounced when speaking Lojban. The RP sound in these words is
<phrase role="IPA">[əw]</phrase> in IPA terms, and has no
<phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase> in it at all; unless you can speak with a Scots, Irish, or American accent, you may have trouble with this sound.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɔ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɔ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, especially before
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. This sound is a shortened form of the
<quote>aw</quote> in GA
<quote>dawn</quote> (for those people who don't pronounce
<quote>dawn</quote> and
<quote>Don</quote> alike; if you do, you may have trouble with this sound). In RP, but not GA, it is the
<quote>o</quote> of
<quote>hot</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[p]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>pay</quote>,
<quote>super</quote>, or
<quote>up</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[r]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">rr</quote> and the Scots
<quote>r</quote>, a tongue-tip trill.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɹ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɹ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. As in GA
<quote>right</quote>,
<quote>baron</quote>, or
<quote>car</quote>. Not found in RP.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ɾ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. In GA, appears as a variant of
<quote>t</quote> or
<quote>d</quote> in the words
<quote>metal</quote> and
<quote>medal</quote> respectively. A tongue-tip flap.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʀ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʀ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The French or German
<phrase xml:lang="de"><quote xml:lang="fr">r</quote></phrase> in <!--not sure how else to designate two languages at once-->
<quote xml:lang="fr">reine</quote> or
<quote xml:lang="de">rot</quote> respectively. A uvular trill.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
@@ -1740,139 +1740,139 @@
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ʀ̩]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>are syllabic versions of the above.
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase> appears in the GA (but not RP) pronunciation of
<jbophrase>bird</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[s]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>so</quote>,
<quote>basin</quote>, or
<quote>yes</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʃ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>. The
<quote>sh</quote> of English
<quote>ship</quote>,
<quote>ashen</quote>, or
<quote>dish</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʂ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The Hindi retroflex
<quote xml:lang="hi">s</quote> with dot below, or Klingon
<quote xml:lang="tlh">S</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[t]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[t]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>tea</quote>,
<quote>later</quote>, or
<quote>not</quote>. It is important to avoid the GA habit of pronouncing the
<quote>t</quote> between vowels as
<phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase> or
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[θ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[θ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Not normally a Lojban sound, but a possible variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>. The
<quote>th</quote> of English
<quote>thin</quote> (but not
<quote>then</quote>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[v]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>voice</quote>,
<quote>savor</quote>, or
<quote>live</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[w]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>. Like the
<quote>w</quote> in English
<quote>wet</quote>
<phrase role="IPA">[wɛt]</phrase> or
<quote>cow</quote>
<phrase role="IPA">[kɑw]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[x]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase>. Not normally an English sound, but used in some pronunciations of
<quote>loch</quote> and
<quote>Bach</quote>;
<quote>gh</quote> in Scots
<quote>might</quote> and
<quote>night</quote>. The German
<quote xml:lang="de">Ach-Laut</quote>. To pronounce
<phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase>, force air through your throat without vibrating your vocal chords; there should be lots of scrape.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʏ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʏ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. Not an English sound: the
<quote xml:lang="de">ü</quote> of German
<quote xml:lang="de">hübsch</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[z]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. As in English
<quote>zoo</quote>,
<quote>hazard</quote>, or
<quote>fizz</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʒ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>. The
<quote>si</quote> of English
<quote>vision</quote>, or the consonant at the end of GA
<quote>garage</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term>[ʐ]</term>
+ <term><phrase role="IPA">[ʐ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The voiced version of
<phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anglophone-diphthongs">
<title>English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs</title>
@@ -1923,21 +1923,20 @@
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">iu</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>unicorn</quote> or <quote>few</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>suave</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ue</jbophrase></entry>
-
<entry><quote>wet</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ui</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>we</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uo</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>woe</quote> (in GA only)</entry>
</row>
@@ -2063,21 +2062,21 @@
<quote>т</quote>,
<quote>у</quote>,
<quote>ф</quote>,
<quote>х</quote>, and
<quote>ш</quote> in the obvious ways. The Latin letter
<quote>y</quote> is mapped onto the hard sign
<quote>ъ</quote>, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and period are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman representation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Tolkien</primary><secondary>and non-standard Lojban orthography</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-standard orthographies</primary><secondary>Tengwar</secondary></indexterm> Finally, an orthography using the Tengwar of Féanor, a fictional orthography invented by J. R. R. Tolkien and described in the Appendixes to
- <citation>The Lord Of The Rings</citation>, has been devised for Lojban. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, will be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, the tincotéma and parmatéma are used in the conventional ways; the calmatéma represents palatal consonants, and the quessetéma represents velar consonants.</para>
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">The Lord Of The Rings</citetitle>, has been devised for Lojban. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, will be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, the tincotéma and parmatéma are used in the conventional ways; the calmatéma represents palatal consonants, and the quessetéma represents velar consonants.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">tinco</phrase></entry>
</row>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 6ef4ff6..0c4999c 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -358,22 +358,22 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flexible vocabulary</primary></indexterm> The same principle allows you, when speaking or writing, to invent new brivla for new concepts
<quote>on the fly</quote>; yet it offers people that you are trying to communicate with a good chance to figure out your meaning. In this way, Lojban has a flexible vocabulary which can be expanded indefinitely.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> All brivla have the following properties:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>always end in a vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain a consonant pair in the first five letters, where
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> and apostrophe are not counted as letters for this purpose. (See
- <xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.)</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> and apostrophe are not counted as letters for this purpose (see
+ <xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always are stressed on the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable; this implies that they have two or more syllables.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene form</primary><secondary>contrasted with brivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo form</primary><secondary>contrasted with brivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla form</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmene form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla form</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmavo form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>recognition of</secondary></indexterm> The presence of a consonant pair distinguishes brivla from cmavo and their compounds. The final vowel distinguishes brivla from cmene, which always end in a consonant. Thus
<jbophrase>da'amei</jbophrase> must be a compound cmavo because it lacks a consonant pair;
<jbophrase>lojban.</jbophrase> must be a name because it lacks a final vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>letter y within</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>letter</secondary><tertiary>between letters of consonant pair</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>in brivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>consonant pairs in</secondary></indexterm> Thus,
<jbophrase>bisycla</jbophrase> has the consonant pair
@@ -1304,21 +1304,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing fu'ivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>disambiguation of</secondary></indexterm> The use of the prefix helps distinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending on the field. As it happens,
<jbophrase>spageti</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>kuarka</jbophrase> are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but
<jbophrase valid="false">xaceru</jbophrase> looks like a compound cmavo, and
<jbophrase valid="false">kobra</jbophrase> like a gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing specialized meanings</secondary></indexterm> For another example,
<quote>integral</quote> has a specific meaning to a mathematician. But the Lojban fu'ivla
<jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase>, which is a valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, does not convey that mathematical sense to a non-mathematical listener, even one with an English-speaking background; its source – the English word
- <quote>integral</quote>- has various other specialized meanings in other fields.</para>
+ <quote>integral</quote> – has various other specialized meanings in other fields.</para>
<para>Left uncontrolled,
<jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase> almost certainly would eventually come to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English associates with
<quote>integral</quote>, with only the context to indicate (possibly) that the mathematical term is meant.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>integral</primary><secondary>architectural concept</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>integral</primary><secondary>mathematical concept</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as
<jbophrase>cmacrntegrale</jbophrase>, if the
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> of
<jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase> is removed, or something like
<jbophrase>cmacrnintegrale</jbophrase>, if a new consonant is added to the beginning;
@@ -1492,39 +1492,39 @@
<jbo>keit.</jbo>
<en>Kate</en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>unusual stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>unusual stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>rules for formation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rules for formation</secondary></indexterm> Names may have almost any form, but always end in a consonant, and are followed by a pause. They are penultimately stressed, unless unusual stress is marked with capitalization. A name may have multiple parts, each ending with a consonant and pause, or the parts may be combined into a single word with no pause. For example,</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-43uP">
<title>
<!-- FIXME: these two indexterms match two different examples; should they go in both or just the first? -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jones</primary><secondary>John</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Smith</primary><secondary>John</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d9"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
- <jbo>djan. djonz.</jbo>
+ <jbo>djan. smif.</jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
- <para> and</para>
+ <para>and</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QnyL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d10"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
- <jbo>djandjonz.</jbo> <!-- FIXME: "ndj" not an allowed cluster (jcowan-approved) -->
+ <jbo>djansmif.</jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>are both valid Lojbanizations of
- <quote>John Jones</quote>.</para>
+ <quote>John Smith</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>authority for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>authority for</secondary></indexterm> The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name
<quote>Mary</quote> can thus be Lojbanized as
<jbophrase glossay="false">meris.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossay="false">maris.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossay="false">meiris.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossay="false">merix.</jbophrase>, or even
<jbophrase glossay="false">marys.</jbophrase>. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>; there must, however, be some Lojban consonant at the end.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> Names are not permitted to have the sequences
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 69c9bb2..ba3c76b 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -391,21 +391,21 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-m5SD"/>, the selbri is a tanru with seltau
<jbophrase>mutce bo barda</jbophrase> and tertau
<jbophrase>gerku bo kavbu</jbophrase>. It is worth emphasizing once again that this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: the sense in which the
<quote>dog type-of capturer</quote> is said to be
<quote>very type-of large</quote> is not precisely specified. Presumably it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his other properties.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pretty</primary><secondary>English ambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> We will now justify the title of this chapter by exploring the ramifications of the phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, an expansion of the tanru used in
<xref linkend="section-three-part-tanru"/> to four brivla. (Although this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning – it first appeared in Quine's book
- <citation>Word and Object</citation> (1960) – it is actually a mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English
+ <citetitle pubwork="book">Word and Object</citetitle> (1960) – it is actually a mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English
<quote>pretty</quote>; it can mean
<quote>beautiful</quote>, the sense intended here, or it can mean
<quote>very</quote>. Lojban
<jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase> is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only
<quote>beautiful</quote>.)</para>
<para>Here are four ways to group this phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjmr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d2"/>
</title>
@@ -633,32 +633,32 @@
</cmavo-list>
<para> Consider the English phrase
<quote>big red dog</quote>. How shall this be rendered as a Lojban tanru? The naive attempt:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-riAq">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>barda xunre gerku</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">barda xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(big type-of red) type-of dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>will not do, as it means a dog whose redness is big, in whatever way redness might be described as
<quote>big</quote>. Nor is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6MqF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>barda xunre bo gerku</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">barda xunre bo gerku</jbo>
<gloss>big type-of (red type-of dog)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adjective ordering</primary></indexterm> much better. After all, the straightforward understanding of the English phrase is that the dog is big as compared with other dogs, not merely as compared with other red dogs. In fact, the bigness and redness are independent properties of the dog, and only obscure rules of English adjective ordering prevent us from saying
<quote>red big dog</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban approach to this problem is to introduce the cmavo
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, which is one of the many equivalents of English
<quote>and</quote>. A big red dog is one that is both big and red, and we can say:</para>
@@ -687,30 +687,30 @@
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> associates brivla more closely than
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> does:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LES9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda je pelxu bo xunre gerku</jbo>
<jbo>barda je ke pelxu xunre ke'e gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(big and (yellow type-of red)) dog</gloss>
- <gloss>big yellowish-red dog</gloss>
+ <en>big yellowish-red dog</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>With no grouping indicators, we get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fuhg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>barda je pelxu xunre gerku</jbo>
+ <jbo valid="iffy">barda je pelxu xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>((big and yellow) type-of red) type-of dog</gloss>
<gloss>biggish- and yellowish-red dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which again raises the question of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-riAq"/>: what does
<quote>biggish-red</quote> mean?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>usefulness of</secondary></indexterm> Unlike
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase>,
@@ -783,21 +783,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>effect on formal logical manipulations</secondary></indexterm> In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-tanru"/> for further details.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The logical connective
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bajra cu jinga ja te jinga</jbo>
- <gloss>the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).</gloss>
+ <en>the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJsg" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>blanu naja lenku skapi</jbo>
<gloss>(blue only-if cold) skin</gloss>
<en>skin which is blue only if it is cold</en>
@@ -859,21 +859,21 @@
<jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase glossary="false">jabo</jbophrase> group less closely than
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> does:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KxqX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je blanu jabo crino bo blanu</jbo>
- <gloss>rich and (blue or green – blue)</gloss>
+ <gloss>rich and (blue or green - blue)</gloss>
<gloss>rich and (blue or greenish-blue)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>An alternative form of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-NuWM"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2WtT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d19"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1031,21 +1031,21 @@
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase> (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or more sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place structure, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting with x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo
<jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is terminated by the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o BEhO).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, a brivla with sumti linked to it in this fashion plays the same role in tanru as a simple brivla. To illustrate, here is a fully fleshed-out version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, with all places filled in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7vxB">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Brooklyn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d3"/>
</title>
- <!-- these sentences should be broken up to make them easier to read, or at least less intimidating -->
+ <!-- the Lojban should be broken up with newlines at appropriate spots to make it easier to read, or at least less intimidating -->
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti cmalu be le ka canlu bei lo'e ckule be'o nixli be li mu bei lo merko be'o bo ckule la bryklyn. loi pemci le mela nu,IORK. prenu le jecta</jbo>
<gloss>This is a small (in-dimension the property-of volume by-standard the-typical school) (girl (of-years the-number five by-standard some American-thing) school) in-Brooklyn with-subject poems for-audience New-York persons with-operator the state.</gloss>
<en>This is a school, small in volume compared to the typical school, pertaining to five-year-old girls (by American standards), in Brooklyn, teaching poetry to the New York community and operated by the state.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the three places of
<jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase>, the three of
<jbophrase>nixli</jbophrase>, and the four of
<jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> are fully specified. Since the places of
@@ -1662,36 +1662,36 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GMCc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do me la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>You are-the-referent-of
- <quote>the-one-called ‘John'</quote>.</gloss>
+ <quote>the-one-called <quote>John</quote></quote>.</gloss>
<en>You are John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>used with names</secondary></indexterm> It is common to use
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri, especially those based on name sumti using
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, as seltau. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-raQG">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chrysler</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me lai kraislr. [me'u] karce</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-referent of
- <quote>the-mass-called ‘Chrysler'</quote>) car.</gloss>
+ <quote>the-mass-called <quote>Chrysler</quote></quote>) car.</gloss>
<en>That is a Chrysler car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>relative precedence with me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'u</primary><secondary>relative precedence with logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elidability of me'u</primary></indexterm> The elidable terminator
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
@@ -3771,32 +3771,32 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qK5Y" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu je nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>((pretty and little) and girl) type-of school</gloss>
<gloss>school for things which are beautiful, small, and girls</gloss>
- <en>Note: same as 16.21</en>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKjr"/></para>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qK7I" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi bo cmalu je nixli je ckule</jbo>
<gloss>((pretty type-of little) and girl) and school</gloss>
<gloss>thing which is beautifully small, a school, and a girl</gloss>
- <en>Note: same as 16.14</en>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKdY"/></para>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qK90" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ke melbi je cmalu nixli ke'e je ckule</jbo>
<gloss>((pretty and little) type-of girl) and school</gloss>
<en>thing which is a school and a girl who is both beautiful and small</en>
@@ -3865,32 +3865,32 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKdY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi bo cmalu je nixli jebo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty type-of little) and (girl and school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautifully small, a school, and a girl</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.6</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qK7I"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKEI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi jebo cmalu je nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty and little) and (girl type-of school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful and small and a girl's school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.30</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKpm"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKFA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi jebo cmalu je nixli jebo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty and little) and (girl and school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful, small, a girl, and a school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3938,32 +3938,32 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKjr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d21"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu jebo nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty and (little and girl)) type-of school</gloss>
<en>school for things which are beautiful, small, and girls</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.5</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qK5Y"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKKM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d22"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu bo nixli je ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty and (little type-of girl)) and school</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful, a small girl, and a school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.38</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKsA"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKLi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d23"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ke melbi cmalu je nixli ke'e je ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty type-of (little and girl)) and school</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautifully small, a beautiful girl, and a school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -4024,33 +4024,33 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d29"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi cmalu je nixli jebo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>melbi cmalu je ke nixli je ckule [ke'e]</gloss>
<gloss>pretty type-of (little and (girl and school))</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautifully small, a beautiful girl, and a beautiful school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.37</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKR5"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKpm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d30"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu jebo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<jbo>melbi je ke cmalu je nixli bo ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>pretty and (little and (girl type-of school))</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful, small and a girls' school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.15</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKEI"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKPn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d31"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je ke cmalu nixli je ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>pretty and (little type-of (girl and school))</gloss>
<en>beautiful thing which is a small girl and a small school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -4107,32 +4107,32 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKR5" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d37"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi cmalu je nixli je ckule</jbo>
<gloss>pretty type-of ((little and girl) and school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautifully small, a beautiful girl, and a beautiful school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.29</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKp9"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKsA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d38"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je ke cmalu bo nixli je ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>pretty and ((little type-of girl) and school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful, a small girl and a school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note: same as 16.22</para>
+ <para>Note: same as <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKKM"/></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKSK" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d39"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je ke cmalu je nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>pretty and ((little and girl) type-of school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful and is a small school and a girls' school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 03c7e88..03a35d0 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -993,21 +993,21 @@
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> one that was further back in the speech or text. The use of
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> forces the listener to guess at the referent, but makes life easier for the speaker. Can
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> refer to the last sumti, like
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>? The answer is no if
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has also been used. If
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has not been used, then
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> might be the last sumti. Likewise, if
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> has been used, then any use of
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> would repeat a sumti earlier than the one
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> is repeating. A more reasonable version of Example 6.5, but one that depends more on context, is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> is repeating. A more reasonable version of Example <xref linkend="example-random-id-Lc2y"/>, but one that depends more on context, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N89g">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra .i la .alis. pilno ru</jbo>
<gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing]. Alice uses [some more remote thing].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index f68d478..e908b1c 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -392,21 +392,21 @@
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> skips over the already-occupied x3 and x4 places to land in the x5 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>avoidance of complex usage of</secondary></indexterm> Such a convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; the rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation is possible.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>multiple in one place with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>for putting more than one sumti in a single place</secondary></indexterm> It is grammatically permitted to tag more than one sumti with the same FA cmavo. The effect is that of making more than one claim:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe le zarci</jbo>
- <gloss>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to x2= the movie x2= the house x2= the office</gloss>
+ <gloss>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to [x2=] the movie x2= the house x2= the office</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to movie</primary><secondary>house</secondary><tertiary>office: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> may be taken to say that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, merging six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the listener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.</para>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give or receive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>place structure position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GnTu">
@@ -1456,31 +1456,31 @@
<description>mleca modal</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Relative phrases and clauses are explained in much more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. However, there is a construction which combines a modal with a relative phrase which is relevant to this chapter. Consider the following examples of relative clauses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmPP" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <jbo>la .apasionatas. poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmPr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <jbo>la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Beethoven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Artur Rubenstein</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Appassionata</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/>,
<jbophrase>la .apasionatas.</jbophrase> refers to a particular performance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the relative clause
<jbophrase>poi se cusku</jbophrase> uses the cmavo
<jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of
@@ -1495,31 +1495,31 @@
<jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to
<jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than full bridi. We can abbreviate
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/> to:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMq1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <jbo>la .apasionatas. pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMQ1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku ne la betovn. se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <jbo>la .apasionatas. ne la betovn. se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases</primary><secondary>contrasted with relative clauses in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> Here the precise selbri of the relative clauses is lost: all we can tell is that the Appassionata is connected in some way with Rubinstein (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMq1"/>) and Beethoven (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMQ1"/>), and that the relationships are respectively restrictive and incidental.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html.css b/todocbook/docbook2html.css
index f333691..e981486 100644
--- a/todocbook/docbook2html.css
+++ b/todocbook/docbook2html.css
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ em[lang=jbo] {
font-style: italic;
font-size: 1em;
}
.example-final {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: bold;
}
*/
-table {
+div.informaltable table {
border-style: none;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
-td {
+div.informaltable td {
padding: 15px;
border: 1px solid #000;
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
commit df4032d0b23ddcc679f1d6ab82d089b0fffc0dea
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 30 16:37:38 2011 -0500
Miscellania, including jbophrases, CSS, fixing a table, <comment>s, and errata.
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 36d37aa..a9b708a 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -613,21 +613,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-causals"/>.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I2jU"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Tiz6"/> illustrates a truth function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We already understand how to negate the first bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I2jU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
- <gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman,</gloss>
+ <gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ginai</primary></indexterm> How can the second bridi be negated? By adding
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> to the
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Tiz6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d9"/>
</title>
@@ -3030,21 +3030,21 @@
<row>
<entry>sumti</entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-sumti-connection">ek*</link></entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-sumti-connection">gek</link></entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-non-logical-connectives">joik*</link></entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-non-logical-continued-continued">joigik</link></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>bridi-tails</entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-compound-bridi">gihek*</link></entry>
- <entry><link linkend="section-compound-bridi">gek</link></entry>
+ <entry><link linkend="section-multiple-compound-bridi">gek</link></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-non-logical-continued-continued">joigik</link></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>termsets</entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-termsets">ek*</link></entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-termsets">gek</link></entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-termsets">joik*</link></entry>
<entry><link linkend="section-termsets">joigik</link></entry>
</row>
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 53effd9..3ec20a9 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -103,21 +103,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[zo'e] viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>Something-unspecified sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>unspecified definite with "zo'e"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as a translation for "something"</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, even
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> itself can be omitted in this case, as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-zohe-cohe-series"/>) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-b9pV"/> means
- <quote>‘You-know-what' sees me.</quote></para>
+ <quote><quote>You-know-what</quote> sees me.</quote></para>
<para>However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/> is just as likely to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translation is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jjLd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -801,22 +801,22 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX"/>, on the other hand, does not require that there are any people who go to the store: it simply states, conditionally, that if there is anyone who goes to the store, he or she walks across the field as well. This conditional form mirrors the true Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BwU7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ro da zo'u ganai da klama le zarci gi cadzu le foldi</jbo>
- <gloss>For-every X: if X is-a-goer-to the store then X is-a-walker-on the field.</gloss>
+ <jbo>ro da zo'u da go klama le zarci gi cadzu le foldi</jbo>
+ <gloss>For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if is-a-walker-on the field.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as a universal claim</secondary><tertiary>later restricted</tertiary></indexterm> Although
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BwU7"/> is a universal claim as well, its universality only implies that there are objects of some sort or another in the universe of discourse. Because the claim is conditional, nothing is implied about the existence of goers-to-the-store or of walkers-on-the-field, merely that any entity which is one is also the other.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as an existential claim</secondary></indexterm> There is another use of
<quote>any</quote> in English that is not universal but existential. Consider</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7Eu9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d4"/>
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 5532cda..9f681a7 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -677,54 +677,44 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Amharic writing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabaries</primary><secondary>lerfu word representation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>contrasted with kanji</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> Chinese characters (
<quote>han
<superscript>4</superscript> zi
<superscript>4</superscript></quote> in Chinese,
<jbophrase>kanji</jbophrase> in Japanese) represent an entirely different approach to writing from alphabets or syllabaries. (A syllabary, such as Japanese hiragana or Amharic writing, has one lerfu for each syllable of the spoken language.) Very roughly, Chinese characters represent single elements of meaning; also very roughly, they represent single syllables of spoken Chinese. There is in principle no limit to the number of Chinese characters that can exist, and many thousands are in regular use.</para>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<para>It is hopeless for Lojban, with its limited lerfu and shift words, to create an alphabet which will match this diversity. However, there are various possible ways around the problem.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>romaji</primary><secondary>as a basis for kanji characters in Lojban lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pinyin</primary><secondary>as a basis for Chinese characters in Lojban lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>representing based on romaji spelling</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>representing based on pinyin spelling</secondary></indexterm> First, both Chinese and Japanese have standard Latin-alphabet representations, known as
<quote>pinyin</quote> for Chinese and
<quote>romaji</quote> for Japanese, and these can be used. Thus, the word
<quote>han
<superscript>4</superscript> zi
<superscript>4</superscript></quote> is conventionally written with two characters, but it may be spelled out as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fBfe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.y'y.bu .abu ny. vo zy. .ibu vo</jbo>
<en>
<quote>h</quote>
<quote>a</quote>
- <quote>n</quote> 4
+ <quote>n</quote>
+ <superscript>4</superscript>
<quote>z</quote>
- <quote>i</quote> 4</en>
+ <quote>i</quote>
+ <superscript>4</superscript>
+ </en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>han^{4}zi^{4}</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words with numeric digits</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numeric digits in lerfu words</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>vo</jbophrase> is the Lojban digit
<quote>4</quote>. It is grammatical to intersperse digits (of selma'o PA) into a string of lerfu words; as long as the first cmavo is a lerfu word, the whole will be interpreted as a string of lerfu words. In Chinese, the digits can be used to represent tones. Pinyin is more usually written using accent marks, the mechanism for which was explained in
<xref linkend="section-accents"/>.</para>
<para>The Japanese company named
<quote>Mitsubishi</quote> in English is spelled the same way in romaji, and could be spelled out in Lojban thus:</para>
@@ -1841,64 +1831,63 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-accents-multiple-letters">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple letters</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritic marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accent marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for multiple letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for diacritic marks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for accent marks</secondary></indexterm> This list is intended to be suggestive, not complete: there are lerfu such as Polish
<quote>dark</quote> l and Maltese h-bar that do not yet have symbols.</para>
<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
+ <tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>acute</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.akut. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.pritygal. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>pritu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.akut. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.pritygal. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>pritu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>grave</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.grav. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.zulgal. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.grav. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.zulgal. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>circumflex</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.cirkumfleks. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.midgal. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>midju</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.cirkumfleks. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.midgal. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>midju</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>tilde</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.tildes. bu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>macron</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.makron. bu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>breve</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.brevis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>over-dot</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.gapmoc. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.gapmoc. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>umlaut/trema</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.relmoc. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.relmoc. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>over-ring</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.gapyjin. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>djine</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.gapyjin. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>djine</jbophrase>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>cedilla</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.seDIlys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>double-acute</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.re'akut. bu [re akut.]</jbophrase></entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index c2e99df..6ee099b 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -135,21 +135,21 @@
<jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. The letter
<jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
<quote>sh</quote> in
<quote>hush</quote>, while
<jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
<quote>s</quote> in
<quote>pleasure</quote>.
<jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase> is always pronounced as it is in
<quote>gift</quote>, never as in
- <jbophrase>giant</jbophrase>.
+ <quote>giant</quote>.
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> is as in
<quote>sell</quote>, never as in
<quote>rose</quote>. The sound of
<jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
<quote xml:lang="sco">ch</quote> in Scottish
<quote xml:lang="sco">loch</quote>, as
<quote xml:lang="es">j</quote> in Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">junta</quote>, and as
<quote xml:lang="de">ch</quote> in German
<quote xml:lang="de">Bach</quote>; it also appears in the English interjection
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index bb9baf5..32654b1 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -1940,21 +1940,21 @@
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uo</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>woe</quote> (in GA only)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uu</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>woo</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><quote>million</quote> (the <jbophrase>io</jbophrase> part, that is)</entry>
+ <entry><quote>million</quote> (the <quote>io</quote> part, that is)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><quote>was</quote> (when unstressed)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-oddball-orthographies">
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 9e54728..6ef4ff6 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -688,66 +688,66 @@
<quote>unreduced lujvo</quote>.</para>
<para>Some examples of unreduced lujvo forms are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qj84" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d1"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>mamtypatfu</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>mamta patfu</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>mamta patfu</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>mother father</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>maternal grandfather</quote></en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qj99" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d2"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>lerfyliste</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>lerfu liste</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>lerfu liste</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>letter list</quote> or a <quote>list of letters</quote></gloss>
<en>(letters of the alphabet)</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qj9G" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d3"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>nancyprali</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>nanca prali</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>nanca prali</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>year profit</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>annual profit</quote></en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJbi" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d4"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>prunyplipe</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>pruni plipe</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>pruni plipe</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>elastic (springy) leap</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>spring</quote> (the verb)</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjbP" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>supper</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d5"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>vancysanmi</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>vanci sanmi</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>vanci sanmi</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>evening meal</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>supper</quote></en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>short rafsi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>short</secondary></indexterm> In addition to these two forms, each gismu may have up to three additional short rafsi, three letters long. All short rafsi have one of the forms CVC, CCV, or CVV. The total number of rafsi forms that are assigned to a gismu depends on how useful the gismu is, or is presumed to be, in making lujvo, when compared to other gismu that could be assigned the rafsi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-er</primary><secondary>use of zmadu in forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparatives</primary><secondary>use of zmadu in forming</secondary></indexterm> For example,
<jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> (
<quote>more than</quote>) has the two short rafsi
<jbophrase role="rafsi">zma</jbophrase> and
@@ -868,84 +868,83 @@
<jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase>; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see
<xref linkend="section-introduction"/>). Thus
<jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>, which has the same form as
<jbophrase>salci</jbophrase>, can only have
<jbophrase role="rafsi">mam</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">mat</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">ma'a</jbophrase> as possible rafsi: in fact, only
<jbophrase role="rafsi">mam</jbophrase> is assigned to it.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi for numbers</primary></indexterm> Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see
- <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>).</para> <!-- erratum: no such list anywhere -->
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi for numbers</primary></indexterm> Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fully reduced lujvo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>fully reduced</secondary></indexterm> The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is
<quote>fully reduced lujvo</quote>. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJc2" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d6"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>cumfri</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>cumki lifri</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>cumki lifri</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>possible experience</quote></gloss>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjcA" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d7"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>klezba</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>klesi zbasu</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>klesi zbasu</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>category make</quote></gloss>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjD7" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d8"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>kixta'a</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>krixa tavla</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>krixa tavla</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>cry-out talk</quote></gloss>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJDa" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d9"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>sniju'o</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>sinxa djuno</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>sinxa djuno</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>sign know</quote></gloss>
</lujvo>
</example>
- <para>In addition, some of the unreduced forms in the previous examples may be fully reduced to:</para>
+ <para>In addition, the unreduced forms in <xref linkend="example-random-id-qj84"/> and <xref linkend="example-random-id-qj99"/> may be fully reduced to:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjdE" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d10"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>mampa'u</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>mamta patfu</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>mamta patfu</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>mother father</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>maternal grandfather</quote></en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJDg" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d11"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>lerste</jbo>
- <veljvo>from <jbophrase>lerfu liste</jbophrase></veljvo>
+ <veljvo>lerfu liste</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>letter list</quote> or a <quote>list of letters</quote></gloss>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>recognizing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>number of letters in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>consonant cluster requirement in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>final letter of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>summary of form characteristics</secondary></indexterm> As noted above, CVC-form rafsi cannot appear as the final rafsi in a lujvo, because all lujvo must end with one or two vowels. As a brivla, a lujvo must also contain a consonant cluster within the first five letters – this ensures that they cannot be mistaken for compound cmavo. Of course, all lujvo have at least six letters since they have two or more rafsi, each at least three letters long; hence they cannot be confused with gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphen letter</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphens</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> When attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen letter. In Lojban, the term
<quote>hyphen</quote> always refers to a letter, either the vowel
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> or one of the consonants
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>. (The letter
@@ -1187,122 +1186,122 @@
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the examples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not be pronounced as a separate syllable.</para>
<para>Here are a few examples:</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ufin">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spaghetti</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>syllabic pronunciations of consonants</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla category attachment</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm fits with five different examples; should it go in all five or just the first? -->
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d3"/>
</title>
- <lojbanization> <!-- FIXME: should the commentary sit inside the jbo/gloss/en or outside in para? -->
- <jbo>spaghetti (from English or Italian)</jbo>
+ <lojbanization>
+ <jbo>spaghetti <comment>from English or Italian</comment></jbo>
- <jbo>spageti (Lojbanize)</jbo>
- <jbo>cidj,r,spageti (prefix long rafsi)</jbo>
+ <jbo>spageti <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>cidj,r,spageti <comment>prefix long rafsi</comment></jbo>
- <jbo>dja,r,spageti (prefix short rafsi)</jbo>
+ <jbo>dja,r,spageti <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<jbophrase role="rafsi">cidj-</jbophrase> is the 4-letter rafsi for
<jbophrase>cidja</jbophrase>, the Lojban gismu for
<quote>food</quote>, thus categorizing
<jbophrase>cidjrspageti</jbophrase> as a kind of food. The form with the short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: in any event, it means the same thing.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzXe">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d4"/>
</title>
- <lojbanization> <!-- FIXME: should the commentary sit inside the jbo/gloss/en or outside in para? -->
- <jbo>Acer (the scientific name of maple trees)</jbo>
+ <lojbanization>
+ <jbo>Acer <comment>the scientific name of maple trees</comment></jbo>
- <jbo>acer (Lojbanize)</jbo>
- <jbo>xaceru (add initial consonant and final vowel)</jbo>
- <jbo>tric,r,xaceru (prefix rafsi)</jbo>
- <jbo>ric,r,xaceru (prefix short rafsi)</jbo>
+ <jbo>acer <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>xaceru <comment>add initial consonant and final vowel</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>tric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>ric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>where
<jbophrase role="rafsi">tric-</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="rafsi">ric-</jbophrase> are rafsi for
<jbophrase>tricu</jbophrase>, the gismu for
<quote>tree</quote>. Note that by the same principles,
<quote>maple sugar</quote> could get the fu'ivla
<jbophrase>saktrxaceru</jbophrase>, or could be represented by the tanru
<jbophrase>tricrxaceru sakta</jbophrase>. Technically,
<jbophrase>ricrxaceru</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>tricrxaceru</jbophrase> are distinct fu'ivla, but they would surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-C0YS">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d5"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
- <jbo>brie (from French)</jbo>
+ <jbo>brie <comment>from French</comment></jbo>
- <jbo>bri (Lojbanize)</jbo>
- <jbo>cirl,r,bri (prefix rafsi)</jbo>
+ <jbo>bri <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>cirl,r,bri <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<jbophrase role="rafsi">cirl-</jbophrase> represents
<jbophrase>cirla</jbophrase> (
<quote>cheese</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DQju">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d6"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>cobra</jbo>
- <jbo>kobra (Lojbanize)</jbo>
- <jbo>sinc,r,kobra (prefix rafsi)</jbo>
+ <jbo>kobra <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>sinc,r,kobra <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<jbophrase role="rafsi">sinc-</jbophrase> represents
<jbophrase>since</jbophrase> (
<quote>snake</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TFzH">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>quark</jbo>
- <jbo>kuark (Lojbanize)</jbo>
- <jbo>kuarka (add final vowel)</jbo>
- <jbo>sask,r,kuarka (prefix rafsi)</jbo>
+ <jbo>kuark <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>kuarka <comment>add final vowel</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>sask,r,kuarka <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>allowable diphthongs</primary><secondary>in gismu and lujvo contrasted with in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>allowable diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla contrasted with in gismu and lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>diphthongs in</secondary></indexterm> where
<jbophrase role="rafsi">sask-</jbophrase> represents
<jbophrase>saske</jbophrase> (
<quote>science</quote>). Note the extra vowel
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> added to the end of the word, and the diphthong
<jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase>, which never appears in gismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FTfQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d8"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
- <foreign xml:lang="ko">자모 (from Korean)</foreign>
- <jbo>djamo (Lojbanize)</jbo>
- <jbo>lerf,r,djamo (prefix rafsi)</jbo>
- <jbo>ler,l,djamo (prefix rafsi)</jbo>
+ <foreign xml:lang="ko">자모 <comment>from Korean</comment></foreign>
+ <jbo>djamo <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>lerf,r,djamo <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
+ <jbo>ler,l,djamo <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>where
<jbophrase role="rafsi">ler-</jbophrase> represents
<jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase> (
<quote>letter</quote>). Note the l-hyphen in "lerldjamo", since "lerndjamo" contains the forbidden cluster "ndj".</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing fu'ivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>disambiguation of</secondary></indexterm> The use of the prefix helps distinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending on the field. As it happens,
<jbophrase>spageti</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>kuarka</jbophrase> are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but
@@ -1334,62 +1333,62 @@
<jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> mean
<quote>building</quote> and
<quote>form</quote> respectively.</para>
<para>Here are some fu'ivla representing cultures and related things, shown with more than one rafsi prefix:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJG8" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d9"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">bang,r,blgaria</jbo>
- <en>Bulgarian (in language)</en>
+ <en>Bulgarian <comment>in language</comment></en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJga" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d10"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kuln,r,blgaria</jbo>
- <en>Bulgarian (in culture)</en>
+ <en>Bulgarian <comment>in culture</comment></en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjGf" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bulgarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d11"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">gugd,r,blgaria</jbo>
- <en>Bulgaria (the country)</en>
+ <en>Bulgaria <comment>the country</comment></en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJGv" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d12"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">bang,r,kore,a</jbo>
- <en>Korean (the language)</en>
+ <en>Korean <comment>the language</comment></en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjh0" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Korean</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d13"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kuln,r,kore,a</jbo>
- <en>Korean (the culture)</en>
+ <en>Korean <comment>the culture</comment></en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Navajo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>considerations for choosing basis word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>with invalid diphthongs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invalid diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> Note the commas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJGv"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjh0"/>, used because
<jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">ea</jbophrase> is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name
<quote>Chosen</quote> should have been used instead of the internationally known
<quote>Korea</quote>; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. In general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severely impede understanding:
@@ -1590,21 +1589,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the gismu <jbophrase>solri</jbophrase>, meaning <quote>solar</quote>, or actually <quote>pertaining to the Sun</quote></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjJz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chief</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ralj.</jbo>
- <en>Chief (as a title)</en>
+ <en>Chief <comment>as a title</comment></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the gismu <jbophrase>ralju</jbophrase>, meaning <quote>principal</quote>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJKt" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3103,21 +3102,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> is of the appropriate form, and passes all tests required of a Stage 4 fu'ivla. No two fu'ivla of this form would be allowed to coexist if they differed only in the final vowel; this rule was applied to gismu, but does not apply to other fu'ivla or to lujvo.</para>
<para>The second, and fully experimental, part of the proposal is to allow rafsi to be formed from these cultural fu'ivla by removing the final vowel and treating the result as a 4-letter rafsi (although it would contain five letters, not four). These rafsi could then be used on a par with all other rafsi in forming lujvo. The tanru</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hcR6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="false">tci'ile ke canre tutra</jbo>
- <gloss>Chilean type-of (sand territory)</gloss>
+ <gloss>Chilean type-of <comment>sand territory</comment></gloss>
<en>Chilean desert</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>could be represented by the lujvo</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0rzn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index ffce490..786f164 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -1743,21 +1743,21 @@
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*doi,l</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>do'il</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>dai,l</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase>Lyra</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*lairas</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>ly'iras</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>Lottie </jbophrase>(American pronunciation)</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>Lottie</jbophrase> (American pronunciation)</entry>
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*latis</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>LYtis.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>lotis.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
<jbophrase role="rafsi">loj-</jbophrase> for
<jbophrase>logji</jbophrase> (logical) and
<jbophrase role="rafsi">ban-</jbophrase> for
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index 1c01632..4f36181 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -713,21 +713,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FapT"/> illustrates that more than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with
<jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase>. It almost defies colloquial translation because of the very un-English contrast between
<jbophrase>pe mi</jbophrase>, implying that the chair is temporarily connected with me, and
<jbophrase>po do</jbophrase>, implying that the chair has a more permanent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which case the chair would naturally be your property.)</para>
<para>Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relative clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erma">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi ba citka le dembi pe mi zi'e poi cpana le mi palta zi'e noi do dunda ke'a mi</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi ba citka le dembi pe mi zi'e poi cpana le mi palta zi'e noi do dunda ke'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] eat the beans associated-with me and which are-upon my plate and which-incidentally you gave IT to-me.</gloss>
<en>I'll eat my beans that are on my plate, the ones you gave me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-voi">
<title>Non-veridical relative clauses:
<jbophrase>voi</jbophrase></title>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -1172,21 +1172,21 @@
<para>which may serve to identify the author of the quotation or some other relevant, but subsidiary, fact about it. All such relative clauses appear only after the simple sumti, never before it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of relative clause placement with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of relative clause placement with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and NAhE</primary><secondary>placement considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>impact of NAhE on placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and LAhE</primary><secondary>placement considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>impact of LAhE on placement</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sumti with attached sumti qualifiers of selma'o LAhE or NAhE+BO (which are explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) can have a relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4sqi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le vu kumfa</gloss>
+ <jbo>la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le vu kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote] is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
<en>An old
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is in the far room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>red pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> is a bit complex, and may need some picking apart. The quotation
<jbophrase>lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbophrase> means the string of words
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. If the
@@ -1196,21 +1196,21 @@
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is identified by the restrictive relative clause.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> means exactly the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yX24">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u poi to'ercitno cu zvati le vu kumfa</gloss>
+ <jbo>la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u poi to'ercitno cu zvati le vu kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>A-referent-of ([quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]) which is-old is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and the two sentences can be considered stylistic variants. Note the required
<jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> terminator, which prevents the relative clause from attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an old quotation!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on connected sumti</secondary></indexterm> Sometimes, however, it is important to make a relative clause apply to the whole of a more complex sumti, one which involves logical or non-logical connection (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EYgE">
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index 585ff18..f68d478 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -2005,20 +2005,25 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-irregular-BAI">
<title>CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>regular form for derivation</secondary></indexterm> There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (
<jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-list-head>
+ <entry>cmavo</entry>
+ <entry>gismu</entry>
+ <entry>comments</entry>
+ </cmavo-list-head>
<title>Monosyllables of the form CVV:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bai</cmavo>
<gismu>bapli</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bau</cmavo>
<gismu>bangu</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index f86fb93..a8ca086 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
==================
Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a
particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it
actually is; you'll get used to it.
SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed
(like index work).
Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
-Zort: All chapters except 2 excepting index stuff (plenty of FIXMEs, though)
+Zort: All chapters except 20 & 21 excepting index stuff (plenty of FIXMEs, though)
Matthew Walton: 3
------
IF YOU CHANGE, ADD, OR REMOVE ANY ACTUAL CONTENT, I WILL EAT YOUR
FAMILY. WITH STEAK SAUCE. MMMMMM.
If you make a change that is not *solely* XML tags, that's a content
change, and I will hunt you down and bad things will occur.
@@ -145,23 +145,26 @@ All such indexterm entries should end up in the example itself, like so:
- It seems that there is a problem with the cmavo lists at the
beginning of sections having missing entries; in particular, ones
wwith + in the selma'o, maybe?; they need to be manually checked
- lojban words, lojban phrases, terms of art ("abstraction"),
others?... should each have their own index
- cll_chapter5-section1 should be content-words-brivla or so ; those
IDs should not change when things are moved around
- list the members of each selma'o in chapter 20
- make sure the examples that aren't interlinear glosses don't have
that as their role
- - so far there's pronunciation-example,
- compound-cmavo-example, lujvo-making-example,
- lojbanization-example, english-example
+ - so far there's
+ - pronunciation-example
+ - compound-cmavo-example
+ - lujvo-making-example
+ - lojbanization-example
+ - lujvo-example
- <phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase> is *not* IPA
- <@xalbo> I do think having distinct structures for quoted correct
lojban and for intentionally incorrect lojban (if there's any, but
I would expect there is) would probably be a good thing. <@xalbo>
(found one: search for djeimz) <@xalbo> I see three cases, though
I don't know if they're all represented in the text: valid, good
lojban, invalid lojban, and something in between ({lo nanmu
bajra}, for instance; maybe worth flagging with a "this isn't what
you think it is" type of thing
- use <jbophrase valid="false">...</jbophrase> for purposeful na
diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html.css b/todocbook/docbook2html.css
index eb5faf7..f333691 100644
--- a/todocbook/docbook2html.css
+++ b/todocbook/docbook2html.css
@@ -7,21 +7,20 @@ body {
font-size: 1em;
display: block;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #bbb;
background-color: #eee;
color: #000;
overflow: auto;
border-radius: 2.5px;
-moz-border-radius: 2.5px;
margin: 0.5em 2em;
-
}
.programlisting {
font-family: monospace;
font-size: 1em;
display: block;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #bbb;
/* programlisting *bad* for CLL; make it obvious */
background-color: #000;
@@ -66,14 +65,19 @@ em[lang=jbo] {
font-style: italic;
font-size: 1em;
}
.example-final {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: bold;
}
*/
-td
-{
- padding:15px;
+table {
+ border-style: none;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+td {
+ padding: 15px;
+ border: 1px solid #000;
}
diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl b/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl
index 95de8ea..bccdab3 100644
--- a/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl
+++ b/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl
@@ -49,33 +49,44 @@
</xsl:for-each>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</xsl:template>
<!-- Turn cmavo-list nodes into tables. -->
<xsl:template match="cmavo-list">
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
+ <xsl:apply-templates select="cmavo-list-head"/>
<tbody>
<xsl:for-each select=".//cmavo-entry">
<row>
- <xsl:for-each select="cmavo|selmaho|description">
+ <xsl:for-each select="cmavo|selmaho|description|gismu|rafsi|attitudinal-scale|modal-place">
<entry><xsl:value-of select="."/></entry>
</xsl:for-each>
</row>
</xsl:for-each>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</xsl:template>
+ <xsl:template match="cmavo-list-head">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <xsl:for-each select="entry">
+ <xsl:copy-of select="."/>
+ </xsl:for-each>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ </xsl:template>
+
<!-- Turn interlinear-gloss nodes into tables.
Such a node must have at least one jbo entry and at least one en entry.
-->
<xsl:template match="interlinear-gloss">
<xsl:choose>
<xsl:when test="false">
</xsl:when>
<!-- FIXME: We should enforce these at some point. It's going
to take a fair bit of manual labour, though; there are a
@@ -176,33 +187,42 @@
<xsl:template match="compound-cmavo">
<simplelist>
<xsl:for-each select=".//jbo">
<member>
<xsl:value-of select=".//text()"/>
</member>
</xsl:for-each>
</simplelist>
</xsl:template>
+ <xsl:template match="veljvo">
+ <xsl:copy>
+ <xsl:text>from </xsl:text>
+ <jbophrase> <!-- will this get matched by the jbophrase template? -->
+ <xsl:value-of select="."/>
+ </jbophrase>
+ </xsl:copy>
+ </xsl:template>
+
<!-- turn a string into a lowercase & dashes slug -->
<xsl:template name="make_slug">
<xsl:param name="input" select="''"/>
<!-- This bit below just replaces ' with h-->
<xsl:variable name="slug1">
<xsl:value-of select="translate( $input, "'", 'h' )"/>
</xsl:variable>
<!-- This bit below just deletes " -->
<xsl:variable name="slug2">
<xsl:value-of select='translate( $slug1, '"', "" )'/>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:variable name="slug3">
- <xsl:value-of select="translate( $slug2, '@#$%^*()?+/=[]{}!', '' )"/>
+ <xsl:value-of select="translate( $slug2, '@#$%^*()?+/=[]{}!,', '' )"/>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:variable name="slug4">
<xsl:value-of select="normalize-space($slug3)"/>
</xsl:variable>
<!-- lowercase, and replace space with - -->
<xsl:variable name="slug">
<xsl:value-of select="translate( $slug4,
' 	
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',
'----abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' )"/>
</xsl:variable>
commit a067bb6c45aa940dd7b780820162688e64d2c19f
Merge: 09a5bb0 66257b0
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 30 09:16:51 2011 -0500
Merge remote branch 'upstream/gh-pages' into gh-pages
commit 09a5bb0c2bd1d247e5ff8d58108a091dd0222aa9
Merge: 9cfa810 4e31f5d
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 19:53:22 2011 -0500
Merge remote branch 'upstream/gh-pages' into gh-pages
commit 9cfa81054f97d22e66820dccdbb4474d9c63f37c
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 16:50:32 2011 -0500
Improved or converted to <cmavo-list> the summary tables of chapters 7, 9, 11, 18.
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index d4d337d..3940270 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -1467,108 +1467,99 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka je ni la frank. ciska cu xlali</jbo>
<en>The quality and quantity of Frank's writing is bad.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This feature of Lojban has hardly ever been used, and nobody knows what uses it may eventually have.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-summary">
<title>Table of abstractors</title>
- <para>The following table gives each abstractor, an English gloss for it, a Lojban gismu which is connected with it (more or less remotely: the associations between abstractors and gismu are meant more as memory hooks than for any kind of inference), the rafsi associated with it, and (on the following line) its place structure.</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="5">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>event of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nun</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is an event of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ka</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>property of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">kam</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is a property of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ni</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>amount of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">nil</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is an amount of (the bridi) measured on scale x2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jei</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>truth-value of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jetnu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">jez</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is a truth-value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>li'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>experience of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">liz</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is an experience of (the bridi) to experiencer x2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>si'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>idea of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sidbo</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">siz</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is an idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>du'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>predication of</entry>
- <entry>-----</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">dum</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is the bridi (the bridi) expressed by sentence x2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>abstraction of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sucta</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">sus</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>za'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>state of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zasti</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">zam</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is a state of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zu'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>activity of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">zum</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is an activity of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pu'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>process of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pruce</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">pup</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is a process of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mu'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>point-event of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mulno</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">mub</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>x1 is a point-event/achievement of (the bridi)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
+ <para>The following table gives each abstractor, an English gloss for it, a Lojban gismu which is connected with it (more or less remotely: the associations between abstractors and gismu are meant more as memory hooks than for any kind of inference), the rafsi associated with it, and (on the following line) its place structure.</para> <!-- WILL the place structure be on the following line? -->
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>nu</cmavo>
+ <description>event of</description>
+ <gismu>fasnu</gismu>
+ <rafsi>nun</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an event of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ka</cmavo>
+ <description>property of</description>
+ <gismu>ckaji</gismu>
+ <rafsi>kam</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is a property of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ni</cmavo>
+ <description>amount of</description>
+ <gismu>klani</gismu>
+ <rafsi>nil</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an amount of (the bridi) measured on scale x2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>jei</cmavo>
+ <description>truth-value of</description>
+ <gismu>jetnu</gismu>
+ <rafsi>jez</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is a truth-value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>li'i</cmavo>
+ <description>experience of</description>
+ <gismu>lifri</gismu>
+ <rafsi>liz</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an experience of (the bridi) to experiencer x2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>si'o</cmavo>
+ <description>idea of</description>
+ <gismu>sidbo</gismu>
+ <rafsi>siz</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>du'u</cmavo>
+ <description>predication of</description>
+ <gismu glossary="false">-----</gismu>
+ <rafsi>dum</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is the bridi (the bridi) expressed by sentence x2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>su'u</cmavo>
+ <description>abstraction of</description>
+ <gismu>sucta</gismu>
+ <rafsi>sus</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>za'i</cmavo>
+ <description>state of</description>
+ <gismu>zasti</gismu>
+ <rafsi>zam</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is a state of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu'o</cmavo>
+ <description>activity of</description>
+ <gismu>zukte</gismu>
+ <rafsi>zum</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an activity of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pu'u</cmavo>
+ <description>process of</description>
+ <gismu>pruce</gismu>
+ <rafsi>pup</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is a process of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mu'e</cmavo>
+ <description>point-event of</description>
+ <gismu>mulno</gismu>
+ <rafsi>mub</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is a point-event/achievement of (the bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 12005da..76b4413 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -3384,21 +3384,21 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>sa'i</selmaho>
<description>matrix column vector combiner</description>
<description role="math">(all operands are column vectors)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>ri'o</selmaho>
<description>integral</description>
- <description role="math">integral of a with respect to b over range c</description> <!-- FIXME: ? -->
+ <description role="math">integral of a with respect to b over range c</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>sa'o</selmaho>
<description>derivative</description>
<description role="math">derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>fu'u</selmaho>
<description>non-specific operator</description>
@@ -3418,122 +3418,127 @@
<selmaho>re'a</selmaho>
<description>matrix transpose/dual</description>
<description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>a<superscript>*</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pa">
<title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>no</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">non</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>no</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>non</rafsi>
<description role="math">0</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>pa</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">pav</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>pa</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>pav</rafsi>
<description role="math">1</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>re</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">rel</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>re</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>rel</rafsi>
<description role="math">2</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>ci</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">cib</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>ci</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>cib</rafsi>
<description role="math">3</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>vo</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">von</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>vo</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>von</rafsi>
<description role="math">4</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>mu</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">mum</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>mu</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>mum</rafsi>
<description role="math">5</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>xa</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">xav</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>xa</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>xav</rafsi>
<description role="math">6</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>ze</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">zel</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>ze</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>zel</rafsi>
<description role="math">7</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>bi</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">biv</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>bi</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>biv</rafsi>
<description role="math">8</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>so</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">soz</jbophrase></rafsi>
+ <cmavo>so</cmavo>
+ <rafsi>soz</rafsi>
<description role="math">9</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>dau</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ <cmavo>dau</cmavo>
<description role="math">A/10</description>
- </cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>fei</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fei</cmavo>
<description role="math">B/11</description>
- </cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>gai</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>gai</cmavo>
<description role="math">C/12</description>
- </cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>jau</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>jau</cmavo>
<description role="math">D/13</description>
- </cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>rei</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rei</cmavo>
<description role="math">E/14</description>
- </cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>vai</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vai</cmavo>
<description role="math">F/15</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pai</cmavo>
<description role="math">π</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ka'o</cmavo>
- <description role="math">imaginary i</description>
+ <description>imaginary i</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>te'o</cmavo>
- <description role="math">exponential e</description>
+ <description>exponential e</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ci'i</cmavo>
- <description role="math">infinity (∞)</description>
+ <description>infinity (∞)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pi</cmavo>
<rafsi>piz</rafsi>
<description>decimal point</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'i</cmavo>
<rafsi>cez</rafsi>
<description>percentage</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -3566,112 +3571,115 @@
<cmavo>ji'i</cmavo>
<description>approximation sign</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ka'o</cmavo>
<description>complex number separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro</cmavo>
<description>all</description>
<rafsi>rol</rafsi>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>so'a</cmavo>
<rafsi>soj</rafsi>
<description>almost all</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>so'e</cmavo>
<rafsi>sop</rafsi>
<description>most</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>so'i</cmavo>
<description>many</description>
- <rafsi>sor or so'i</rafsi>
+ <rafsi>sor</rafsi> <!-- was: "sor or so'i" not "sor\nso'i" -->
+ <rafsi>so'i</rafsi>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>so'o</cmavo>
<rafsi>sos</rafsi>
<description>several</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>so'u</cmavo>
<rafsi>sot</rafsi>
<description>few</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'a</cmavo>
<rafsi>daz</rafsi>
<description>all but</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Subjective numbers:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title>Subjective numbers:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>rau</cmavo>
<description>enough</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du'e</cmavo>
<description>too few</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo'a</cmavo>
<description>too many</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Miscellaneous:</para>
<cmavo-list>
+ <title>Miscellaneous:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xo</cmavo>
<description>number question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu'o</cmavo>
<description>null operand</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-moi">
<title>Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mei</cmavo>
- <rafsi>mem, mei</rafsi>
- <description>x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]</description>
+ <rafsi>mem</rafsi> <!-- was: "mem, mei" not "mem\nmei"-->
+ <rafsi>mei</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>moi</cmavo>
- <rafsi>mom, moi</rafsi>
- <description>x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3 [by standard x4]</description>
+ <rafsi>mom</rafsi> <!-- was: "mom, moi" not "mom\nmoi"-->
+ <rafsi>moi</rafsi>
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3 [by standard x4]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>si'e</cmavo>
- <rafsi>none</rafsi>
- <description>x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]</description>
+ <rafsi/> <!-- was: "rafsi: none" not "" -->
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu'o</cmavo>
<rafsi>cu'o (borrowed from <jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase>; see <xref linkend="section-explicit-operator-precedence"/>)</rafsi>
- <description>event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2 [by standard x3]</description>
+ <description role="place-structure">event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2 [by standard x3]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>va'e</cmavo>
- <rafsi>none</rafsi>
- <description>x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2 [by standard x3]</description>
+ <rafsi/> <!-- was: "rafsi: none" not "" -->
+ <description role="place-structure">x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2 [by standard x3]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index ee488ac..03c7e88 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -2281,21 +2281,24 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co'e</cmavo>
<description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">com</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo</cmavo>
<description>bridi question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
- <description>identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description role="place-structure">identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ...</description>
+ <!-- (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>) -->
+ <rafsi>dub</rafsi>
+ <rafsi>du'o</rafsi>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-summary">
<title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>goi</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series)</description>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index 1f3f14b..585ff18 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -2004,679 +2004,619 @@
<jbophrase>ce'e</jbophrase> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-irregular-BAI">
<title>CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>regular form for derivation</secondary></indexterm> There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (
<jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>cmavo</entry>
- <entry>gismu</entry>
- <entry>comments</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- </tgroup>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Monosyllables of the form CVV:</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>bapli</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>claxu</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>gau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
- </row>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <title>Monosyllables of the form CVV:</title>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>bapli</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>bangu</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>claxu</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>fasnu</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>gau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>gasnu</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>kai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ckaji</gismu>
+ <description>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zmadu</gismu>
+ <description>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>koi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>korbi</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sarcu</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>based on lujvo, not gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zanru</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Second consonant of the gismu as the C: (the gismu is always of the form CCVCV)</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ga'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zgana</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>has CVV form (monosyllable)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ki'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckini</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>has irregular 2nd V</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>has irregular 2nd V</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>has CVV form (monosyllable)</entry>
- </row>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>koi</cmavo>
+ <gismu>korbi</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>traji</gismu>
+ <description>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>sau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>sarcu</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>tamsmi</gismu>
+ <description>based on lujvo, not gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zanru</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <title>Second consonant of the gismu as the C: (the gismu is always of the form CCVCV)</title>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ga'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zgana</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>kai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ckaji</gismu>
+ <description>has CVV form (monosyllable)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ckini</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>la'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klani</gismu>
+ <description>has irregular 2nd V</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>le'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klesi</gismu>
+ <description>has irregular 2nd V</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zmadu</gismu>
+ <description>has CVV form (monosyllable)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>me'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>has CVV form (monosyllable)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ti'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tu'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>stuzi</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Irregular 2nd V:</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>finti</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>me'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>cmene</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>srana</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>krasi</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>traji</gismu>
+ <description>has CVV form (monosyllable)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>stidi</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tu'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>stuzi</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <title>Irregular 2nd V:</title>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fi'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>finti</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>la'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klani</gismu>
+ <description>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>le'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klesi</gismu>
+ <description>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>marji</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mu'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>mupli</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>tcika</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>vanbi</gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <title>Special cases:</title>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ri'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>lifri</gismu>
+ <description>uses 3rd consonant of gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>tamsmi</gismu>
+ <description>based on lujvo, not gismu</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>xamgu</gismu>
+ <description>CV'V cmavo can't begin with <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ma'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>marji</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mu'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mupli</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ti'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tcika</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>va'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>vanbi</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Special cases:</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ri'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>uses 3rd consonant of gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>based on lujvo, not gismu</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>va'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>CV'V cmavo can't begin with <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-all-BAI">
<title>Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo table</primary><secondary>format of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>table with English equivalents</secondary></indexterm> The following table shows all the cmavo belonging to selma'o BAI, and has five columns. The first column is the cmavo itself; the second column is the gismu linked to it. The third column gives an English phrase which indicates the meaning of the cmavo; and the fourth column indicates its meaning when preceded by
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>For those cmavo with meaningful
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and even
<jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> conversions (depending on the number of places of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>basis in gismu place structure</secondary></indexterm> It should be emphasized that the place structures of the gismu control the meanings of the BAI cmavo. The English phrases shown here are only suggestive, and are often too broad or too narrow to correctly specify what the acceptable range of uses for the modal tag are.</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="7">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
- <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
- <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ba'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>basti</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>replaced by</entry>
- <entry>instead of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>bapli</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>compelled by</entry>
- <entry>compelling</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in language</entry>
- <entry>in language of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>be'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>benji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>sent by</entry>
- <entry>transmitting</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=sent to</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=with transmit origin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=transmitted via</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ca'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>catni</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>by authority of</entry>
- <entry>with authority over</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>claxu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>lacked by</entry>
- <entry>without</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ci'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in system</entry>
- <entry>with system function</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=of system components</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ci'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cinmo</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>felt by</entry>
- <entry>feeling emotion</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckilu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>on the scale</entry>
- <entry>on scale measuring</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>as said by</entry>
- <entry>expressing</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=as told to</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=expressed in medium</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>de'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>detri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>dated</entry>
- <entry>on the same date</entry>
- <entry>as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>di'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>diklo</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>at the locus of</entry>
- <entry>at specific locus</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>-----</entry>
- <entry>vaguely related to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>du'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>as much as</entry>
- <entry>equal to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>according to</entry>
- <entry>knowing facts</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=knowing about</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=under epistemology</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fa'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fatne</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>reverse of</entry>
- <entry>in reversal of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in the event of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>finti</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>created by</entry>
- <entry>creating work</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=created for purpose</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ga'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zgana</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>to observer</entry>
- <entry>observing</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=observed by means</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=observed under conditions</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>gau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with agent</entry>
- <entry>as agent in doing</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ja'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jalge</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>resulting in</entry>
- <entry>results because of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ja'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>javni</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>by rule</entry>
- <entry>by rule prescribing</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ji'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jimte</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>up to limit</entry>
- <entry>as a</entry>
- <entry>limit of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ji'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jitro</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>under direction</entry>
- <entry>controlling</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jicmu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>based on</entry>
- <entry>supporting</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>gone to by</entry>
- <entry>with destination</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=with origin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=via route</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=by transport mode</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ka'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>krati</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>represented by</entry>
- <entry>on behalf of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>characterizing</entry>
- <entry>with</entry>
- <entry>property</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ki'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckini</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>as relation of</entry>
- <entry>related to</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=with relation</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>krinu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>justified by</entry>
- <entry>with justified result</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>koi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>korbi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>bounded by</entry>
- <entry>as boundary of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=bordering</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ku'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>kulnu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in culture</entry>
- <entry>in culture of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>as quantity of</entry>
- <entry>in quantity</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in category</entry>
- <entry>as category of</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=defined by quality</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>li'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>lidne</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>led by</entry>
- <entry>leading</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ma'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>marji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>of material</entry>
- <entry>made from material</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=in material form of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>manri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in reference frame</entry>
- <entry>as a</entry>
- <entry>standard for</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>exceeded by</entry>
- <entry>more than</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>undercut by</entry>
- <entry>less than</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>me'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with name</entry>
- <entry>as a name for</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=as a name to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>motivated by</entry>
- <entry>motive therefore</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mu'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mupli</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>exemplified by</entry>
- <entry>as an example of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ni'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nibli</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>entailed by</entry>
- <entry>entails</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pa'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>panra</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in addition to</entry>
- <entry>similar to</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=similar in pattern</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=similar by standard</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pa'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pagbu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with component</entry>
- <entry>as a</entry>
- <entry>part of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>used by</entry>
- <entry>using tool</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>po'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>porsi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in the sequence</entry>
- <entry>sequenced by rule</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pu'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pluka</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>pleased by</entry>
- <entry>in order to please</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pu'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pruce</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>by process</entry>
- <entry>processing from</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=processing into</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=passing through stages</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>from source as an origin of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with superlative</entry>
- <entry>superlative in</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=at extreme</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=superlative among</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>caused by</entry>
- <entry>causing</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ri'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>experienced by</entry>
- <entry>experiencing</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sarcu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>requiring</entry>
- <entry>necessarily for</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=necessarily under conditions</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>si'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sidju</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>aided by</entry>
- <entry>assisting in</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ta'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tadji</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>by method</entry>
- <entry>as a</entry>
- <entry>method for</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>as a form of</entry>
- <entry>in form</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=in form similar to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ti'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>suggested by</entry>
- <entry>suggesting</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=suggested to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ti'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tcika</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with time</entry>
- <entry>at the time of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tu'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>stuzi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with site</entry>
- <entry>as location of</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>va'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>vanbi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>under conditions</entry>
- <entry>as conditions for</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>va'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>benefiting from</entry>
- <entry>with beneficiary</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zanru</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>approved by</entry>
- <entry>approving</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zu'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with actor</entry>
- <entry>with means to goal</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=with goal</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ba'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>basti</gismu>
+ <modal-place>replaced by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">instead of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>bapli</gismu>
+ <modal-place>compelled by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">compelling</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>bangu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in language</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">in language of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>be'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>benji</gismu>
+ <modal-place>sent by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">transmitting</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">sent to</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">with transmit origin</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="xe">transmitted via</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ca'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>catni</gismu>
+ <modal-place>by authority of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with authority over</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>claxu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>lacked by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">without</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ci'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ciste</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in system</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with system function</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">of system components</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ci'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>cinmo</gismu>
+ <modal-place>felt by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">feeling emotion</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ci'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ckilu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>on the scale</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">on scale measuring</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cu'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>cusku</gismu>
+ <modal-place>as said by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">expressing</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">as told to</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">expressed in medium</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>detri</gismu>
+ <modal-place>dated</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">on the same date</modal-place>
+ <entry>as</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>diklo</gismu>
+ <modal-place>at the locus of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">at specific locus</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ <gismu>-----</gismu>
+ <modal-place>vaguely related to</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>du'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>dunli</gismu>
+ <modal-place>as much as</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">equal to</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>du'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>djuno</gismu>
+ <modal-place>according to</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">knowing facts</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">knowing about</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">under epistemology</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fa'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>fatne</gismu>
+ <modal-place>reverse of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">in reversal of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in the event of</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fi'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>finti</gismu>
+ <modal-place>created by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">creating work</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">created for purpose</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ga'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zgana</gismu>
+ <modal-place>to observer</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">observing</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">observed by means</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">observed under conditions</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>gau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>gasnu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with agent</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as agent in doing</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ja'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>jalge</gismu>
+ <modal-place>resulting in</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">results because of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ja'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>javni</gismu>
+ <modal-place>by rule</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">by rule prescribing</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ji'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>jimte</gismu>
+ <modal-place>up to limit</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as a</modal-place>
+ <entry>limit of</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ji'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>jitro</gismu>
+ <modal-place>under direction</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">controlling</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ji'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>jicmu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>based on</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">supporting</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ka'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klama</gismu>
+ <modal-place>gone to by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with destination</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">with origin</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">via route</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="xe">by transport mode</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ka'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>krati</gismu>
+ <modal-place>represented by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">on behalf of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>kai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ckaji</gismu>
+ <modal-place>characterizing</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with</modal-place>
+ <entry>property</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>ckini</gismu>
+ <modal-place>as relation of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">related to</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">with relation</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>krinu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>justified by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with justified result</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>koi</cmavo>
+ <gismu>korbi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>bounded by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as boundary of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">bordering</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ku'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>kulnu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in culture</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">in culture of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>la'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klani</gismu>
+ <modal-place>as quantity of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">in quantity</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>le'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>klesi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in category</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as category of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">defined by quality</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>li'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>lidne</gismu>
+ <modal-place>led by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">leading</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>marji</gismu>
+ <modal-place>of material</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">made from material</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">in material form of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>manri</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in reference frame</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as a</modal-place>
+ <entry>standard for</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zmadu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>exceeded by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">more than</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>me'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>mleca</gismu>
+ <modal-place>undercut by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">less than</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>me'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>cmene</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with name</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as a name for</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">as a name to</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mu'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>mukti</gismu>
+ <modal-place>motivated by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">motive therefore</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mu'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>mupli</gismu>
+ <modal-place>exemplified by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as an example of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ni'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>nibli</gismu>
+ <modal-place>entailed by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">entails</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pa'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>panra</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in addition to</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">similar to</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">similar in pattern</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">similar by standard</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pa'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>pagbu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with component</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as a</modal-place>
+ <entry>part of</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pi'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>pilno</gismu>
+ <modal-place>used by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">using tool</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>po'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>porsi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>in the sequence</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">sequenced by rule</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pu'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>pluka</gismu>
+ <modal-place>pleased by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">in order to please</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pu'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>pruce</gismu>
+ <modal-place>by process</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">processing from</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">processing into</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">passing through stages</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>from source as an origin of</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>traji</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with superlative</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">superlative in</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">at extreme</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="ve">superlative among</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ri'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>rinka</gismu>
+ <modal-place>caused by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">causing</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ri'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>lifri</gismu>
+ <modal-place>experienced by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">experiencing</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>sau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>sarcu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>requiring</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">necessarily for</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">necessarily under conditions</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>si'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>sidju</gismu>
+ <modal-place>aided by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">assisting in</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>tadji</gismu>
+ <modal-place>by method</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as a</modal-place>
+ <entry>method for</entry>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tai</cmavo>
+ <gismu>tamsmi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>as a form of</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">in form</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">in form similar to</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>stidi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>suggested by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">suggesting</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">suggested to</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>tcika</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with time</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">at the time of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tu'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>stuzi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with site</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as location of</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>vanbi</gismu>
+ <modal-place>under conditions</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">as conditions for</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>xamgu</gismu>
+ <modal-place>benefiting from</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with beneficiary</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zau</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zanru</gismu>
+ <modal-place>approved by</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">approving</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zukte</gismu>
+ <modal-place>with actor</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="se">with means to goal</modal-place>
+ <modal-place se="te">with goal</modal-place>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>The lujvo
<jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase> on which
<jbophrase>tai</jbophrase> is based is derived from the tanru
<jbophrase>tarmi simsa</jbophrase> and has the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>
tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x4
</place-structure>
<para>This lujvo is employed because
<jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> does not have a place structure useful for the modal's purpose.</para>
</section>
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