[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Fri Feb 4 00:21:03 EST 2011
commit ce2576a0f5114f8cd5007dbc2bde9be3e768d25c
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 21:06:27 2011 -0800
All the changes to [0-9]*.xml are fully automated, again.
<jbophrase> is dead, long live <jbophrase>
Many new tags supported, but not done yet.
diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml
index d2d1625..2b58c1a 100644
--- a/todocbook/1.xml
+++ b/todocbook/1.xml
@@ -128,21 +128,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this book</primary><secondary>credits for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>credits for this book</primary></indexterm> The research into natural languages from which parts of
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/> draw their material was performed by Ivan Derzhanski. LLG acknowledges his kind permission to use the fruits of his research.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pictures</primary><secondary>credits for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>credits for pictures</primary></indexterm> The pictures in this book were drawn by Nora Tansky LeChevalier, except for the picture appearing in
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>, which is by Sylvia Rutiser Rissell.</para>
<para>The index was made by Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this book</primary><secondary>reviewers of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reviewers of this book</primary></indexterm> I would like to thank the following people for their detailed reviews, suggestions, comments, and early detection of my embarrassing errors in Lojban, logic, English, and cross-references: Nick Nicholas, Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, Jorge Llambias, Iain Alexander, Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, Robert J. Chassell, Gale Cowan, Karen Stein, Ivan Derzhanski, Jim Carter, Irene Gates, Bob LeChevalier, John Parks-Clifford (also known as
<quote>pc</quote>), and Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para>Nick Nicholas (NSN) would like to thank the following Lojbanists: Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, and Iain Alexander for their suggestions and comments; John Cowan, for his extensive comments, his exemplary trailblazing of Lojban grammar, and for solving the
- <jbophrase>manskapi</jbophrase> dilemma for NSN; Jorge Llambias, for his even more extensive comments, and for forcing NSN to think more than he was inclined to; Bob LeChevalier, for his skeptical overview of the issue, his encouragement, and for scouring all Lojban text his computer has been burdened with for lujvo; Nora Tansky LeChevalier, for writing the program converting old rafsi text to new rafsi text, and sparing NSN from embarrassing errors; and Jim Carter, for his dogged persistence in analyzing lujvo algorithmically, which inspired this research, and for first identifying the three lujvo classes.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>manskapi</oldjbophrase> dilemma for NSN; Jorge Llambias, for his even more extensive comments, and for forcing NSN to think more than he was inclined to; Bob LeChevalier, for his skeptical overview of the issue, his encouragement, and for scouring all Lojban text his computer has been burdened with for lujvo; Nora Tansky LeChevalier, for writing the program converting old rafsi text to new rafsi text, and sparing NSN from embarrassing errors; and Jim Carter, for his dogged persistence in analyzing lujvo algorithmically, which inspired this research, and for first identifying the three lujvo classes.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Brown</primary><secondary>James Cooke</secondary></indexterm> Of course, the entire Loglan Project owes a considerable debt to James Cooke Brown as the language inventor, and also to several earlier contributors to the development of the language. Especially noteworthy are Doug Landauer, Jeff Prothero, Scott Layson, Jeff Taylor, and Bob McIvor. Final responsibility for the remaining errors and infelicities is solely mine.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-bibliography">
<title>Informal Bibliography</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Loglan</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bibliography</primary></indexterm> The founding document for the Loglan Project, of which this book is one of the products, is
<citetitle pubwork="book">Loglan 1: A Logical Language</citetitle> by James Cooke Brown (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.). The language described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be considered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that nothing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very existence of Lojban is disapproved of by him.</para>
<para>The logic of Lojban, such as it is, owes a good deal to the American philosopher W. v.O. Quine, especially
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 099a26c..4f6d317 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -34,37 +34,37 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be understood as:</para>
<!-- FIXME: should these be in an <example>? if so, will any random id work? -->
<para>I went to the market.</para>
<para>I am going to the market.</para>
<para>I have gone to the market.</para>
<para>I will go to the market.</para>
<para>I continually go to the market.</para>
<para>as well as many other possibilities: context resolves which is correct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of tense specification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on "cu"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position of in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The placement of a tense construct within a Lojban bridi is easy: right before the selbri. It goes immediately after the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, and can in fact always replace the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> (although in very complex sentences the rules for eliding terminators may be changed as a result). In the following examples,
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> is the tense marker for
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>, and can in fact always replace the
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> (although in very complex sentences the rules for eliding terminators may be changed as a result). In the following examples,
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> is the tense marker for
<quote>past time</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nFgv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu pu klama le zarci mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I in-the-past go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>with tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position in sentence alternative</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to put the tense somewhere else in the bridi by adding
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> after it. This
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> is an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to actually elide it except at the end of the bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> after it. This
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> is an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to actually elide it except at the end of the bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5V3Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>puku mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>In-the-past I go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>Earlier, I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -86,21 +86,21 @@
<jbo>mi klama le zarci pu [ku]</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market in-the-past.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market earlier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>emphasizing by position in sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>effect of different position in sentence</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nFgv"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0f11"/> are different only in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5V3Y"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0f11"/> exhibit, adds emphasis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>. Words at either end of the sentence tend to be more noticeable.</para>
+ <valsi>pu</valsi>. Words at either end of the sentence tend to be more noticeable.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-spatial-tenses">
<title>Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vi</cmavo>
<selmaho>VA</selmaho>
<description>short distance</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -166,86 +166,86 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu va batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [medium distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>Over there the man is biting the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>reference frame</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>referent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>ending point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>man biting dog</primary></indexterm> What is at a medium distance? The event referred to by the bridi: the man biting the dog. What is this event at a medium distance from? The speaker's location. We can understand the
- <jbophrase>va</jbophrase> as saying:
+ <valsi>va</valsi> as saying:
<quote>If you want to get from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, journey for a medium distance (in some direction unspecified).</quote> This
<quote>imaginary journey</quote> can be used to understand not only
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hNAJ"/>, but also every other spatial tense construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>specification with FAhA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>and direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>direction</secondary></indexterm> Suppose you specify a direction with a FAhA cmavo, rather than a distance with a VA cmavo:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Qxr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the imaginary journey is again from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, but it is now performed by going to the left (in the speaker's reference frame) for an unspecified distance. So a reasonable translation is:</para>
<place-structure>
To my left, the man bites the dog.
</place-structure>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>my</jbophrase> does not have an explicit equivalent in the Lojban, because the speaker's location is understood as the starting point.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase> does not have an explicit equivalent in the Lojban, because the speaker's location is understood as the starting point.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>relation of words to ti</secondary><tertiary>ta, tu</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically, by the way,
- <jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase> is derived from
- <jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase>, the gismu for
+ <valsi>zu'a</valsi> is derived from
+ <valsi>zunle</valsi>, the gismu for
<quote>left</quote>, whereas
- <jbophrase>vi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>va</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>vu</jbophrase> are intended to be reminiscent of
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>, the demonstrative pronouns
+ <valsi>vi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>va</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>vu</valsi> are intended to be reminiscent of
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ta</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>tu</valsi>, the demonstrative pronouns
<quote>this-here</quote>,
<quote>that-there</quote>, and
<quote>that-yonder</quote>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distance</primary><secondary>order of relative to direction in spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>order of relative to distance in spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tenses</primary><secondary>order of direction and distance specifications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of distance specification in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of direction specification in</secondary></indexterm> What about specifying both a direction and a distance? The rule here is that the direction must come before the distance:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LEIm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zu'avi batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [left] [short distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As explained in
<xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, it would be perfectly correct to use
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> to move this tense to the beginning or the end of the sentence to emphasize it:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> to move this tense to the beginning or the end of the sentence to emphasize it:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uCGa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zu'aviku le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>[Left] [short distance] the man bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-compound-spatial-tenses">
<title>Compound spatial tenses</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Humph, says the reader: this talk of
<quote>imaginary journeys</quote> is all very well, but what's the point of it? –
- <jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>zu'a</valsi> means
<quote>on the left</quote> and
- <jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>vi</valsi> means
<quote>nearby</quote>, and there's no more to be said. The imaginary-journey model becomes more useful when so-called compound tenses are involved. A compound tense is exactly like a simple tense, but has several FAhAs run together:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rWtP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
@@ -358,38 +358,38 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>The man bit the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that to reach the dog-biting, you must take an imaginary journey through time, moving towards the past an unspecified distance. (Of course, this journey is even more imaginary than the ones talked about in the previous sections, since time-travel is not an available option.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space</primary><secondary>contrasted with time in number of directions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>contrasted with space in number of directions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban recognizes three temporal directions:
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> for the past,
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> for the present, and
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu
- <jbophrase>purci</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>cabna</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>balvi</jbophrase>. See
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> for the past,
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> for the present, and
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu
+ <valsi>purci</valsi>,
+ <valsi>cabna</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>balvi</valsi>. See
<xref linkend="section-tenses-vs-modals"/> for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as
<quote>direction-like relationships</quote> like
<quote>surrounding</quote>,
<quote>within</quote>,
<quote>touching</quote>, etc. (See
<xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/> for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as subjective perception</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary><secondary>compared with ca</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>compared with bu'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>rational for</secondary></indexterm> The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive space and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measurements. We have a sense of
<quote>now</quote> which includes part of the objective past and part of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into three parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a separate time-direction cmavo for the
<quote>zero direction</quote>, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for the zero space direction:
- <jbophrase>bu'u</jbophrase>, which means something like
+ <valsi>bu'u</valsi>, which means something like
<quote>coinciding</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as observer-based</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relativity theory</primary><secondary>relation to Lojban tense system</secondary></indexterm> (Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: The Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed to be a
<quote>point-like observer</quote> in the relativistic sense: they do not say anything about physical relationships of relativistic interval, still less about implicit causality. The nature of tense is not only subjective but also observer-based.)</para>
<para>Here are some examples of temporal tenses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qDsX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -444,21 +444,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [long] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified direction</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with in spatial</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qDu0"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qDw0"/> are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used:
- <jbophrase>zi</jbophrase> by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be
+ <valsi>zi</valsi> by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be
<quote>about now, but not exactly now</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nearby in time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction (
<quote>nearby</quote> or
<quote>far away</quote>), but we live only from past to future, and the idea of an event which happens
<quote>nearby in time</quote> is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limitation of English.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with both temporal and spatial</secondary></indexterm> Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial tense:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long ago and far away</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vtUw">
<title>
@@ -513,21 +513,21 @@
<description>medium time interval</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ze'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
<description>long time interval</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>interval contrasted with point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>point contrasted with interval</secondary></indexterm> So far, we have considered only events that are usually thought of as happening at a particular point in space and time: a man biting a dog at a specified place and time. But Lojbanic events may be much more
<quote>spread out</quote> than that:
- <jbophrase>mi vasxu</jbophrase> (I breathe) is something which is true during the whole of my life from birth to death, and over the entire part of the earth where I spend my life. The cmavo of VEhA (for space) and ZEhA (for time) can be added to any of the tense constructs we have already studied to specify the size of the space or length of the time over which the bridi is claimed to be true.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>mi vasxu</oldjbophrase> (I breathe) is something which is true during the whole of my life from birth to death, and over the entire part of the earth where I spend my life. The cmavo of VEhA (for space) and ZEhA (for time) can be added to any of the tense constructs we have already studied to specify the size of the space or length of the time over which the bridi is claimed to be true.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pgzz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ve'i cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [small space interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<gloss>In a small space, the child walks on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The child walks about a small area of the ice.</en>
@@ -568,21 +568,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca ze'ica cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] [short time interval - present] express this-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I am now saying this sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>as context-dependent</secondary></indexterm> means that for an interval starting a short time in the past and extending to a short time in the future, I am expressing the utterance which is
<xref linkend="example-random-id-q4Aw"/>. Of course,
<quote>short</quote> is relative, as always in tenses. Even a long sentence takes up only a short part of a whole day; in a geological context, the era of
<emphasis>Homo sapiens</emphasis> would only be a
- <jbophrase>ze'i</jbophrase> interval.</para>
+ <valsi>ze'i</valsi> interval.</para>
<para>By contrast,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-imdX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca ze'ipu cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] [short time interval - past] express this-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I have just been saying this sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -594,22 +594,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
<en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>With
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> instead of
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> instead of
+ <valsi>ba</valsi>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AqvW"/> becomes
<xref linkend="example-random-id-a5dp"/>,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-a5dp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - present] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
@@ -661,21 +661,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>really means:</para>
<place-structure>
At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as well, the event <quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>past event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications of completeness</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-naft"/> points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like
<quote>I went to the market</quote> generally signifies that the going-to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete at the time of speaking. Lojban
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> has no such implication.</para>
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> has no such implication.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>aorist</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aorist</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Classical Greek aorist tense</primary><secondary>compared with Lojban tense</secondary></indexterm> This property of a past tense is sometimes called
<quote>aorist</quote>, in reference to a similar concept in the tense system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xQ0w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le tricu ba crino</jbo>
@@ -734,50 +734,50 @@
<gloss>The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>size</primary><secondary>order with dimensionality in spatial tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality</primary><secondary>order with size in spatial tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense intervals</primary><secondary>order of size and dimensionality in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense intervals</primary><secondary>order of VEhA and VIhA in</secondary></indexterm> Space intervals can contain either VEhA or VIhA or both, but if both, VEhA must come first, as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vKp6"/> shows.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality</primary><secondary>of walking</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality of interval</primary><secondary>as subjective</secondary></indexterm> The reader may wish to raise a philosophical point here. (Readers who don't wish to, should skip this paragraph.) The ice may be two-dimensional, or more accurately its surface may be, but since the child is three-dimensional, her walking must also be. The subjective nature of Lojban tense comes to the rescue here: the action is essentially planar, and the third dimension of height is simply irrelevant to walking. Even walking on a mountain could be called
- <jbophrase>vi'a</jbophrase>, because relatively speaking the mountain is associated with an essentially two-dimensional surface. Motion which is not confined to such a surface (e.g., flying, or walking through a three-dimensional network of tunnels, or climbing among mountains rather than on a single mountain) would be properly described with
+ <valsi>vi'a</valsi>, because relatively speaking the mountain is associated with an essentially two-dimensional surface. Motion which is not confined to such a surface (e.g., flying, or walking through a three-dimensional network of tunnels, or climbing among mountains rather than on a single mountain) would be properly described with
- <jbophrase>vi'u</jbophrase>. So the cognitive, rather than the physical, dimensionality controls the choice of VIhA cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>vi'u</valsi>. So the cognitive, rather than the physical, dimensionality controls the choice of VIhA cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>4-dimensional interaction with temporal tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>interaction with 4-dimensional spatial tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>futureward</primary><secondary>as a spatial tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pastward</primary><secondary>as a spatial tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>space-time dimension for intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>four-dimensional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Einsteinian</primary><secondary>space-time intervals with 4 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> VIhA has a member
- <jbophrase>vi'e</jbophrase> which indicates a 4-dimensional interval, one that involves both space and time. This allows the spatial tenses to invade, to some degree, the temporal tenses; it is possible to make statements about space-time considered as an Einsteinian whole. (There are presently no cmavo of FAhA assigned to
+ <valsi>vi'e</valsi> which indicates a 4-dimensional interval, one that involves both space and time. This allows the spatial tenses to invade, to some degree, the temporal tenses; it is possible to make statements about space-time considered as an Einsteinian whole. (There are presently no cmavo of FAhA assigned to
<quote>pastward</quote> and
<quote>futureward</quote> considered as space rather than time directions – they could be added, though, if Lojbanists find space-time expression useful.) If a temporal tense cmavo is used in the same tense construct with a
- <jbophrase>vi'e</jbophrase> interval, the resulting tense may be self-contradictory.</para>
+ <valsi>vi'e</valsi> interval, the resulting tense may be self-contradictory.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-movement">
<title>Movement in space: MOhI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>MOhI</selmaho>
<description>movement flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement specification</primary><secondary>interaction with direction in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>interaction with movement specification in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>expressing movement in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>static contrasted with moving</secondary></indexterm> All the information carried by the tense constructs so far presented has been presumed to be static: the bridi is occurring somewhere or other in space and time, more or less remote from the speaker. Suppose the truth of the bridi itself depends on the result of a movement, or represents an action being done while the speaker is moving? This too can be represented by the tense system, using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion rather than a static direction from the speaker.</para>
+ <valsi>mo'i</valsi> (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion rather than a static direction from the speaker.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>on right</primary><secondary>contrasted with toward right</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>toward right</primary><secondary>contrasted with on right</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d8yP">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The child walks toward my right on the ice.</en>
@@ -807,60 +807,60 @@
<jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli ma'i vo'a</jbo>
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-frame the-x1-place.</gloss>
<en>The child walks toward her right on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward her right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mfgA"/> is analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d8yP"/>. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in
+ <valsi>ma'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of movement specification in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>order in tense constructs</secondary></indexterm> Both a regular and a
- <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the
- <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> construct coming last:</para>
+ <valsi>mo'i</valsi>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the
+ <valsi>mo'i</valsi> construct coming last:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fusc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba zu'avu mo'i ri'uvi cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [left] [long] [movement] [right] [short] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>Far to the left of me, the child walks a short distance toward my right on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>with multiple directions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>directions</primary><secondary>multiple with movement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex movements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> It is not grammatical to use multiple directions like
- <jbophrase>zu'a ca'u</jbophrase> after
- <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase>, but complex movements can be expressed in a separate bridi.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>zu'a ca'u</oldjbophrase> after
+ <valsi>mo'i</valsi>, but complex movements can be expressed in a separate bridi.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a movement tense on a bridi not inherently involving movement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Avnq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mo'i ca'uvu citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [movement] [front] [long] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>While moving a long way forward, I eat my meal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat in airplane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Perhaps I am eating in an airplane.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time travel</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>time</secondary></indexterm> There is no parallel facility in Lojban at present for expressing movement in time – time travel – but one could be added easily if it ever becomes useful.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-interval-properties">
<title>Interval properties: TAhE and
- <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>roi</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>di'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
<description>regularly</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -947,27 +947,27 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puzu ze'u di'i velckule</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] [regularly] am-a-pupil.</gloss>
<en>Long ago I regularly attended school for a long time.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>regularly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>mutually contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The four TAhE cmavo are differentiated as follows:
- <jbophrase>ru'i</jbophrase> covers the entirety of the interval,
+ <valsi>ru'i</valsi> covers the entirety of the interval,
- <jbophrase>di'i</jbophrase> covers the parts of the interval which are systematically spaced subintervals;
+ <valsi>di'i</valsi> covers the parts of the interval which are systematically spaced subintervals;
- <jbophrase>na'o</jbophrase> covers part of the interval, but exactly which part is determined by context;
+ <valsi>na'o</valsi> covers part of the interval, but exactly which part is determined by context;
- <jbophrase>ta'e</jbophrase> covers part of the interval, selected with reference to the behavior of the actor (who often, but not always, appears in the x1 place of the bridi).</para>
+ <valsi>ta'e</valsi> covers part of the interval, selected with reference to the behavior of the actor (who often, but not always, appears in the x1 place of the bridi).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>with unspecified interval</secondary></indexterm> Using TAhE does not require being so specific. Either the time direction or the time interval or both may be omitted (in which case they are vague). For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eb2h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba ta'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] [habitually] go-to the market.</gloss>
@@ -984,51 +984,51 @@
<jbo>mi na'o klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [typically] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I typically go/went/will go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>illustrates an interval property in isolation. There are no distance or direction cmavo, so the point of time is vague; likewise, there is no interval cmavo, so the length of the interval during which these goings-to-the-market take place is also vague. As always, context will determine these vague values.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>intermittently</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>expressing English "intermittently"</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Intermittently</quote> is the polar opposite notion to
<quote>continuously</quote>, and is expressed not with its own cmavo, but by adding the negation suffix
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o NAI) to
- <jbophrase>ru'i</jbophrase>. For example:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o NAI) to
+ <valsi>ru'i</valsi>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mvdN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ru'inai cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [continuously-not] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The child intermittently walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>negation with nai</secondary></indexterm> As shown in the cmavo table above, all the cmavo of TAhE may be negated with
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>;
- <jbophrase>ru'inai</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>di'inai</jbophrase> are probably the most useful.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase>;
+ <oldjbophrase>ru'inai</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>di'inai</oldjbophrase> are probably the most useful.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>quantified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An intermittent event can also be specified by counting the number of times during the interval that it takes place. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o ROI) can be appended to a number to make a quantified tense. Quantified tenses are common in English, but not so commonly named: they are exemplified by the adverbs
+ <valsi>roi</valsi> (which belongs to selma'o ROI) can be appended to a number to make a quantified tense. Quantified tenses are common in English, but not so commonly named: they are exemplified by the adverbs
<quote>never</quote>,
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>,
<quote>thrice</quote>, ...
<quote>always</quote>, and by the related phrases
<quote>many times</quote>,
<quote>a few times</quote>,
<quote>too many times</quote>, and so on. All of these are handled in Lojban by a number plus
- <jbophrase>-roi</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-roi</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qdW2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi paroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [one time] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market once.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1049,94 +1049,94 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu reroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [two times] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market twice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense with direction</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications</secondary></indexterm> The English is slightly over-specific here: it entails that both goings-to-the-market were in the past, which may or may not be true in the Lojban sentence, since the implied interval is vague. Therefore, the interval may start in the past but extend into the present or even the future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>negating with nai</secondary></indexterm> Adding
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase> is also permitted, and has the meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> to
+ <valsi>roi</valsi> is also permitted, and has the meaning
<quote>other than (the number specified)</quote>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rXXf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu reroinai citka le cirla</jbo>
<gloss>The rat [twice-not] eats the cheese.</gloss>
<en>The rat eats the cheese other than twice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This may mean that the rat eats the cheese fewer times, or more times, or not at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>only once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>whole time interval</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tenses</primary><secondary>"once" contrasted with "only once"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tenses</primary><secondary>caveat on implication of</secondary></indexterm> It is necessary to be careful with sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdW2"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-TYve"/>, where a quantified tense appears without an interval. What
<xref linkend="example-random-id-TYve"/> really says is that during an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set in the past, the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example says nothing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is often less than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market once and only once, we can use the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ze'e</jbophrase> which represents the
+ <valsi>ze'e</valsi> which represents the
<quote>whole time interval</quote>: conceptually, an interval which stretches from time's beginning to its end:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8WJS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ze'e paroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [whole interval] [once] go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since specifying no ZEhA leaves the interval vague,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-TYve"/> might in appropriate context mean the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8WJS"/> after all – but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8WJS"/> allows us to be specific when specificity is necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'eca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'eba</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'epu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>have never</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'eca</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'eba</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'epu</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'e</primary><secondary>effect on following PU direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal direction</primary><secondary>exception in meaning when following ze'e</secondary></indexterm> A PU cmavo following
- <jbophrase>ze'e</jbophrase> has a slightly different meaning from one that follows another ZEhA cmavo. The compound cmavo
+ <valsi>ze'e</valsi> has a slightly different meaning from one that follows another ZEhA cmavo. The compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>ze'epu</jbophrase> signifies the interval stretching from the infinite past to the reference point (wherever the imaginary journey has taken you);
+ <oldjbophrase>ze'epu</oldjbophrase> signifies the interval stretching from the infinite past to the reference point (wherever the imaginary journey has taken you);
- <jbophrase>ze'eba</jbophrase> is the interval stretching from the reference point to the infinite future. The remaining form,
+ <oldjbophrase>ze'eba</oldjbophrase> is the interval stretching from the reference point to the infinite future. The remaining form,
- <jbophrase>ze'eca</jbophrase>, makes specific the
+ <oldjbophrase>ze'eca</oldjbophrase>, makes specific the
<quote>whole of time</quote> interpretation just given. These compound forms make it possible to assert that something has never happened without asserting that it never will.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gA7X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ze'epu noroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [whole interval] [past] [never] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I have never gone to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>says nothing about whether I might go in future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified space</primary></indexterm> The space equivalent of
- <jbophrase>ze'e</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>ze'e</valsi> is
- <jbophrase>ve'e</jbophrase>, and it can be used in the same way with a quantified space tense: see
+ <valsi>ve'e</valsi>, and it can be used in the same way with a quantified space tense: see
<xref linkend="section-fehe"/> for an explanation of space interval modifiers.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-event-contours">
<title>Event contours: ZAhO and
- <jbophrase>re'u</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>re'u</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZAhO</selmaho>
<description>inchoative</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ca'o</cmavo>
@@ -1203,23 +1203,23 @@
<quote>event contours</quote> of selma'o ZAhO, with their bizarre keywords, represent the natural portions of an event considered as a process, an occurrence with an internal structure including a beginning, a middle, and an end. Since the keywords are scarcely self-explanatory, each ZAhO will be explained in detail here. Note that from the viewpoint of Lojban syntax, ZAhOs are interval modifiers like TAhEs or ROI compounds; if both are found in a single tense, the TAhE/ROI comes first and the ZAhO afterward. The imaginary journey described by other tense cmavo moves us to the portion of the event-as-process which the ZAhO specifies.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as characteristic portions of events</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-relative viewpoint</primary><secondary>contrasted with event-relative viewpoint</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event-relative viewpoint</primary><secondary>contrasted with speaker-relative viewpoint</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>viewpoint of PU contrasted with viewpoint of ZAhO</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PU tenses</primary><secondary>contrasted with ZAhO tenses in viewpoint</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as timeless in perspective</secondary></indexterm> It is important to understand that ZAhO cmavo, unlike the other tense cmavo, specify characteristic portions of the event, and are seen from an essentially timeless perspective. The
<quote>beginning</quote> of an event is the same whether the event is in the speaker's present, past, or future. It is especially important not to confuse the speaker-relative viewpoint of the PU tenses with the event-relative viewpoint of the ZAhO tenses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> (etymologically derived from the PU cmavo) refer to an event that has not yet begun, that is in progress, or that has ended, respectively:</para>
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> (etymologically derived from the PU cmavo) refer to an event that has not yet begun, that is in progress, or that has ended, respectively:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qdwz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu'o damba</jbo>
<gloss>I [inchoative] fight.</gloss>
<en>I'm on the verge of fighting.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1246,45 +1246,45 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>finished</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>continues</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>on verge</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>contrasted with event contours in implication of extent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense direction in implication of extent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>perfective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>continuitive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>inchoative</secondary></indexterm> As discussed in
<xref linkend="section-vagueness"/>, the simple PU cmavo make no assumptions about whether the scope of a past, present, or future event extends into one of the other tenses as well.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdxB"/> illustrate that these ZAhO cmavo do make such assumptions possible: the event in 10.1 has not yet begun, definitively; likewise, the event in 10.3 is definitely over.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>as futureward of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>as pastward of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>explanation of derivation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of derivation</secondary></indexterm> Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdxB"/>,
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> may appear to be reversed:
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>, although etymologically connected with
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>, is referring to a future event; whereas
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> may appear to be reversed:
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi>, although etymologically connected with
+ <valsi>pu</valsi>, is referring to a future event; whereas
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase>, connected with
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase>, is referring to a past event. This is the natural result of the event-centered view of ZAhO cmavo. The inchoative, or
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi>, connected with
+ <valsi>ba</valsi>, is referring to a past event. This is the natural result of the event-centered view of ZAhO cmavo. The inchoative, or
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>, part of an event, is in the
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi>, part of an event, is in the
<quote>pastward</quote> portion of that event, when seen from the perspective of the event itself. It is only by inference that we suppose that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> refers to the speaker's future: in fact, no PU tense is given, so the inchoative part of the event need not be coincident with the speaker's present:
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase> is not necessarily, though in fact often is, the same as
- <jbophrase>ca pu'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi> is not necessarily, though in fact often is, the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>ca pu'o</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>cessative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>initiative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>division of the event into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>points associated with</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdxB"/> refer to spans of time. There are also two points of time that can be usefully associated with an event: the beginning, marked by
- <jbophrase>co'a</jbophrase>, and the end, marked by
- <jbophrase>co'u</jbophrase>. Specifically,
- <jbophrase>co'a</jbophrase> marks the boundary between the
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase> parts of an event, and
- <jbophrase>co'u</jbophrase> marks the boundary between the
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> parts:</para>
+ <valsi>co'a</valsi>, and the end, marked by
+ <valsi>co'u</valsi>. Specifically,
+ <valsi>co'a</valsi> marks the boundary between the
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi> parts of an event, and
+ <valsi>co'u</valsi> marks the boundary between the
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> parts:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qdxH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba co'a citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] [initiative] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>I will begin to eat my meal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1327,23 +1327,23 @@
<en>I finished eating my meal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3s6c"/>, the meal has reached its natural end; in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdY5"/>, the meal has merely ceased, without necessarily reaching its natural end.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>resumptive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>pausative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>resumption</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>interruption</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>begin</primary><secondary>contrasted with resume</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>resume</primary><secondary>contrasted with begin</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>contrasted with stop</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stop</primary><secondary>contrasted with pause</secondary></indexterm> A process such as eating a meal does not necessarily proceed uninterrupted. If it is interrupted, there are two more relevant point events: the point just before the interruption, marked by
- <jbophrase>de'a</jbophrase>, and the point just after the interruption, marked by
+ <valsi>de'a</valsi>, and the point just after the interruption, marked by
- <jbophrase>di'a</jbophrase>. Some examples:</para>
+ <valsi>di'a</valsi>. Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qdyD" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu de'a citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [pausative] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>I stopped eating my meal (with the intention of resuming).</en>
@@ -1356,52 +1356,52 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba di'a citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] [resumptive] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>I will resume eating my meal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>superfective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>natural end</primary><secondary>continuing beyond</secondary></indexterm> In addition, it is possible for a process to continue beyond its natural end. The span of time between the natural and the actual end points is represented by
- <jbophrase>za'o</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>za'o</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>kept on too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jSQ4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ctuca pu za'o ciksi le cmaci seldanfu le tadgri</jbo>
<gloss>The teacher [past] [superfective] explained the mathematics problem to the student-group.</gloss>
<en>The teacher kept on explaining the mathematics problem to the class too long.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>That is, the teacher went on explaining after the class already understood the problem.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point</primary><secondary>event considered as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>achievative</secondary></indexterm> An entire event can be treated as a single moment using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>co'i</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>co'i</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-odH5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. pu co'i catra la djim</jbo>
<gloss>John [past] [achievative] kills Jim.</gloss>
<en>John was at the point in time where he killed Jim.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cycles</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal tense</primary></indexterm> Finally, since an activity is cyclical, an individual cycle can be referred to using a number followed by
- <jbophrase>re'u</jbophrase>, which is the other cmavo of selma'o ROI:</para>
+ <valsi>re'u</valsi>, which is the other cmavo of selma'o ROI:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-msrS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pare'u klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [first time] go-to the store.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store for the first time (within a vague interval).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1435,21 +1435,21 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>FEhE</selmaho>
<description>space interval modifier flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of spatial interval modifiers in </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial interval modifiers</primary><secondary>order in tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial intervals</primary><secondary>expressing degree of continuity over</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space intervals</primary><secondary>compared with time intervals in continuity</secondary></indexterm> Like time intervals, space intervals can also be continuous, discontinuous, or repetitive. Rather than having a whole separate set of selma'o for space interval properties, we instead prefix the flag
- <jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase> to the cmavo used for time interval properties. A space interval property would be placed just after the space interval size and/or dimensionality cmavo:</para>
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi> to the cmavo used for time interval properties. A space interval property would be placed just after the space interval size and/or dimensionality cmavo:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe09" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni</jbo>
@@ -1474,91 +1474,91 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo [whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places]</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4.</gloss>
<en>Always and everywhere, two plus two is four.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE1z"/>, when a tense comes first in a bridi, rather than in its normal position before the selbri (in this case
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>), it is emphasized.</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi>), it is emphasized.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo
- <jbophrase>be'a</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo
+ <valsi>be'a</valsi> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning
<quote>north of</quote>.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L4un">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu ve'abe'a fe'e co'a rokci</jbo>
<gloss>That-yonder [medium space interval - north] [space] [initiative] is-a-rock.</gloss>
<gloss>That is the beginning of a rock extending to my north.</gloss>
<en>That is the south face of a rock.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rock face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>south face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with spatial</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with temporal event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beginning point</primary><secondary>spatial</secondary></indexterm> Here the notion of a
<quote>beginning point</quote> represented by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>co'a</jbophrase> is transferred from
+ <valsi>co'a</valsi> is transferred from
<quote>beginning in time</quote> to
<quote>beginning in space</quote> under the influence of the
- <jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase> flag. Space is not inherently oriented, unlike time, which flows from past to future: therefore, some indication of orientation is necessary, and the
- <jbophrase>ve'abe'a</jbophrase> provides an orientation in which the south face is the
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi> flag. Space is not inherently oriented, unlike time, which flows from past to future: therefore, some indication of orientation is necessary, and the
+ <oldjbophrase>ve'abe'a</oldjbophrase> provides an orientation in which the south face is the
<quote>beginning</quote> and the north face is the
<quote>end</quote>, since the rock extends from south (near me) to north (away from me).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>use in specifying space/time mapping direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space/time metaphor</primary><secondary>expressing direction mapping for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space</primary><secondary>as time-based metaphor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>as space-based metaphor</secondary></indexterm> Many natural languages represent time by a space-based metaphor: in English, what is past is said to be
<quote>behind us</quote>. In other languages, the metaphor is reversed. Here, Lojban is representing space (or space interval modifiers) by a time-based metaphor: the choice of a FAhA cmavo following a VEhA cmavo indicates which direction is mapped onto the future. (The choice of future rather than past is arbitrary, but convenient for English-speakers.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary><secondary>effect of TAhE/ROI with ZAhO on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on fe'e flag for TAhE and ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of ZAhO on fe'e flag</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>TAhE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of ZAhO on fe'e flag</secondary></indexterm> If both a TAhE (or ROI) and a ZAhO are present as space interval modifiers, the
- <jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase> flag must be prefixed to each.</para>
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi> flag must be prefixed to each.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tcita">
<title>Tenses as sumti tcita</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>argument tags</primary><secondary>based on tenses (see also sumti tcita)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal information</primary><secondary>adding to a sentence with tense sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial information</primary><secondary>adding to a sentence with tense sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>use as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> So far, we have seen tenses only just before the selbri, or (equivalently in meaning) floating about the bridi with
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. There is another major use for tenses in Lojban: as sumti tcita, or argument tags. A tense may be used to add spatial or temporal information to a bridi as, in effect, an additional place:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>. There is another major use for tenses in Lojban: as sumti tcita, or argument tags. A tense may be used to add spatial or temporal information to a bridi as, in effect, an additional place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v761">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci ca le nu do klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market [present] the event-of you go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market when you go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on tense direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>meaning as a sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> Here
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> does not appear before the selbri, nor with
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>; instead, it governs the following sumti, the
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> construct. What
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> does not appear before the selbri, nor with
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>; instead, it governs the following sumti, the
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> construct. What
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v761"/> asserts is that the action of the main bridi is happening at the same time as the event mentioned by that sumti. So
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>, which means
+ <valsi>ca</valsi>, which means
<quote>now</quote> when used with a selbri, means
<quote>simultaneously-with</quote> when used with a sumti. Consider another example:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu</primary><secondary>meaning as a sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4aPT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci pu le nu do pu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market [past] the event-of you [past] go-to the house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The second
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> is simply the past tense marker for the event of your going to the house, and says that this event is in the speaker's past. How are we to understand the first
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>, the sumti tcita?</para>
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> is simply the past tense marker for the event of your going to the house, and says that this event is in the speaker's past. How are we to understand the first
+ <valsi>pu</valsi>, the sumti tcita?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting at a different point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting point</secondary></indexterm> All of our imaginary journeys so far have started at the speaker's location in space and time. Now we are specifying an imaginary journey that starts at a different location, namely at the event of your going to the house.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4aPT"/> then says that my going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4aPT"/> can therefore be translated:</para>
<place-structure>
I had gone to the market before you went to the house.
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on tense distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense distance</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tenses</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> (Other translations are possible, depending on the ever-present context.) Spatial direction and distance sumti tcita are exactly analogous:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe2C" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d3"/>
@@ -1586,21 +1586,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vu le vi panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [long distance] the [short distance] park</gloss>
<en>The rat eats the cheese far away from the nearby park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>near the park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on event contours</primary><secondary>relation of main bridi to sumti process in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>event contours contrasted with direction/distance as basis for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction/distance as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on spatial contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> The event contours of selma'o ZAhO (and their space equivalents, prefixed with
- <jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase>) are also useful as sumti tcita. The interpretation of ZAhO tcita differs from that of FAhA, VA, PU, and ZI tcita, however. The event described in the sumti is viewed as a process, and the action of the main bridi occurs at the phase of the process which the ZAhO specifies, or at least some part of that phase. The action of the main bridi itself is seen as a point event, so that there is no issue about which phase of the main bridi is intended. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi>) are also useful as sumti tcita. The interpretation of ZAhO tcita differs from that of FAhA, VA, PU, and ZI tcita, however. The event described in the sumti is viewed as a process, and the action of the main bridi occurs at the phase of the process which the ZAhO specifies, or at least some part of that phase. The action of the main bridi itself is seen as a point event, so that there is no issue about which phase of the main bridi is intended. For example:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>in the aftermath</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>die after living</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Y2Kb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi morsi ba'o le nu mi jmive</jbo>
<gloss>I am-dead [perfective] the event-of I live.</gloss>
<en>I die in the aftermath of my living.</en>
@@ -1648,21 +1648,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bloti pu za'o xelklama fe'e ba'o le lalxu</jbo>
<gloss>The boat [past] [superfective] is-a-transport-mechanism [space] [perfective] the lake.</gloss>
<en>The boat sailed for too long and beyond the lake.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Probably it sailed up onto the dock. One point of clarification: although
- <jbophrase>xelklama</jbophrase> appears to mean simply
+ <oldjbophrase>xelklama</oldjbophrase> appears to mean simply
<quote>is-a-mode-of-transport</quote>, it does not – the bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PABV"/> has four omitted arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as part of its meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on quantified tenses</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified tenses</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval properties</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval properties</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval continuousness</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval continuousness</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on dimension</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimension</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval size</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> The remaining tense cmavo, which have to do with interval size, dimension, and continuousness (or lack thereof) are interpreted to let the sumti specify the particular interval over which the main bridi operates:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bLaQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d11"/>
</title>
@@ -1709,51 +1709,51 @@
<cmavo>ki</cmavo>
<selmaho>KI</selmaho>
<description>sticky tense set/reset</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey origin</primary><secondary>with sticky tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>effect on future tense meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> So far we have only considered tenses in isolated bridi. Lojban provides several ways for a tense to continue in effect over more than a single bridi. This property is known as
<quote>stickiness</quote>: the tense gets
<quote>stuck</quote> and remains in effect until explicitly
<quote>unstuck</quote>. In the metaphor of the imaginary journey, the place and time set by a sticky tense may be thought of as a campsite or way-station: it provides a permanent origin with respect to which other tenses are understood. Later imaginary journeys start from that point rather than from the speaker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki</primary></indexterm> To make a tense sticky, suffix
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> to it:</para>
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> to it:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rIuI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market. The man bit the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the use of
- <jbophrase>puki</jbophrase> rather than just
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> ensures that the tense will affect the next sentence as well. Otherwise, since the second sentence is tenseless, there would be no way of determining its tense; the event of the second sentence might happen before, after, or simultaneously with that of the first sentence.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>puki</oldjbophrase> rather than just
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> ensures that the tense will affect the next sentence as well. Otherwise, since the second sentence is tenseless, there would be no way of determining its tense; the event of the second sentence might happen before, after, or simultaneously with that of the first sentence.</para>
<para>(The last statement does not apply when the two sentences form part of a narrative. See
<xref linkend="section-story-time"/> for an explanation of
<quote>story time</quote>, which employs a different set of conventions.)</para>
<para>What if the second sentence has a tense anyway?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>had earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>effect of sticky tense on</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L9GA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-L9GA"/> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-oJQz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d3"/>
</title>
<para>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>compared with tense in scope of sticky tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense in scope of sticky tense</primary><secondary>compared with compound tense</secondary></indexterm> and it is equivalent in meaning (when considered in isolation from any other sentences) to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5xa">
@@ -1770,22 +1770,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>puku mi ba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[past] I [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>Earlier, I was going to go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here there are two tenses in the same bridi, the first floating free and specified by
- <jbophrase>puku</jbophrase>, the second in the usual place and specified by
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase>. They are considered cumulative in the same way as the two tenses in separate sentences of
+ <oldjbophrase>puku</oldjbophrase>, the second in the usual place and specified by
+ <valsi>ba</valsi>. They are considered cumulative in the same way as the two tenses in separate sentences of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N5xa"/>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t7YR"/> is therefore equivalent in meaning, except for emphasis, to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mRPV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I was going to go to the market.</en>
@@ -1812,81 +1812,81 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bapu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] [past] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I will have gone to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>So when multiple tense constructs in a single bridi are involved, order counts – the tenses cannot be shifted around as freely as if there were only one tense to worry about.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>from part of a multiple tense</secondary></indexterm> But why bother to allow multiple tense constructs at all? They specify separate portions of the imaginary journey, and can be useful in order to make part of a tense sticky. Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gg9C"/>, which adds a second bridi and a
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> to
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t7YR"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gg9C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pukiku mi ba klama le zarci .i le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>[past] [sticky] I [future] go-to the market. The man bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What is the implied tense of the second sentence? Not
- <jbophrase>puba</jbophrase>, but only
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>, since only
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> was made sticky with
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase>. So the translation is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>puba</oldjbophrase>, but only
+ <valsi>pu</valsi>, since only
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> was made sticky with
+ <valsi>ki</valsi>. So the translation is:</para>
<place-structure>
I was going to go to the market. The man bit the dog.
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tense</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>embedded bridi tenses</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense on main bridi</primary><secondary>effect on embedded sumti with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense on main bridi</primary><secondary>effect on embedded bridi tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>on embedded bridi</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has several ways of embedding a bridi within another bridi: descriptions, abstractors, relative clauses. (Technically, descriptions contain selbri rather than bridi.) Any of the selbri of these subordinate bridi may have tenses attached. These tenses are interpreted relative to the tense of the main bridi:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>former market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yxFP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le ba'o zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the [perfective] market</gloss>
<en>I went to the former market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The significance of the
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yxFP"/> is that the speaker's destination is described as being
<quote>in the aftermath of being a market</quote>; that is, it is a market no longer. In particular, the time at which it was no longer a market is in the speaker's past, because the
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> is interpreted relative to the
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> tense of the main bridi.</para>
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> is interpreted relative to the
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> tense of the main bridi.</para>
<para>Here is an example involving an abstraction bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NfS1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca jinvi le du'u mi ba morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I now opine the fact-that I will-be dead.</gloss>
<en>I now believe that I will be dead.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the event of being dead is said to be in the future with respect to the opinion, which is in the present.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki</primary><secondary>with no tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>canceling</secondary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> may also be used as a tense by itself. This cancels all stickiness and returns the bridi and all following bridi to the speaker's location in both space and time.</para>
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> may also be used as a tense by itself. This cancels all stickiness and returns the bridi and all following bridi to the speaker's location in both space and time.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>handling multiple episodes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>subscripting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>for sticky tense</secondary></indexterm> In complex descriptions, multiple tenses may be saved and then used by adding a subscript to
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase>. A time made sticky with
- <jbophrase>kixipa</jbophrase> (ki-sub-1) can be returned to by specifying
- <jbophrase>kixipa</jbophrase> as a tense by itself. In the case of written expression, the writer's here-and-now is often different from the reader's, and a pair of subscripted
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> tenses could be used to distinguish the two.</para>
+ <valsi>ki</valsi>. A time made sticky with
+ <oldjbophrase>kixipa</oldjbophrase> (ki-sub-1) can be returned to by specifying
+ <oldjbophrase>kixipa</oldjbophrase> as a tense by itself. In the case of written expression, the writer's here-and-now is often different from the reader's, and a pair of subscripted
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> tenses could be used to distinguish the two.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-story-time">
<title>Story time</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stories</primary><secondary>flow of time in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Making strict use of the conventions explained in
<xref linkend="section-sticky-tenses"/> would be intolerably awkward when a story is being told. The time at which a story is told by the narrator is usually unimportant to the story. What matters is the flow of time within the story itself. The term
<quote>story</quote> in this section refers to any series of statements related in more-or-less time-sequential order, not just a fictional one.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>tenseless sentences in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenseless sentences in story time</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>as a convention for inferring tense</secondary></indexterm> Lojban speakers use a different set of conventions, commonly called
<quote>story time</quote>, for inferring tense within a story. It is presumed that the event described by each sentence takes place some time more or less after the previous ones. Therefore, tenseless sentences are implicitly tensed as
<quote>what happens next</quote>. In particular, any sticky time setting is advanced by each sentence.</para>
@@ -1961,21 +1961,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i ko'e bartu klama</jbo>
<gloss>It-2 out ran</gloss>
<en>It ran out.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cave</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story tense</primary><secondary>Lojban convention contrasted with English convention</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/> sets both the time (long ago) and the place (in a cave) using
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase>, just like the sentence sequences in
+ <valsi>ki</valsi>, just like the sentence sequences in
<xref linkend="section-sticky-tenses"/>. No further space cmavo are used in the rest of the story, so the place is assumed to remain unchanged. The English translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/> is marked for past tense also, as the conventions of English storytelling require: consequently, all other English translation sentences are also in the past tense. (We don't notice how strange this is; even stories about the future are written in past tense!) This conventional use of past tense is not used in Lojban narratives.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa4"/> is tenseless. Outside story time, it would be assumed that its event happens simultaneously with that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/>, since a sticky tense is in effect; the rules of story time, however, imply that the event occurs afterwards, and that the story time has advanced (changing the sticky time set in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/>).</para>
<para>
@@ -2080,141 +2080,141 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. pu cusku le se du'u la djordj. pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John [past] says the statement-that George [past] goes-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Probably the most counterintuitive of the Lojban examples is
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEGL"/>. The
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> looks quite odd, as if George were going to the market right now, rather than back when John spoke. But this
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> is really a
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> with respect to a reference point specified by the outer
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>. This behavior is the same as the additive behavior of multiple tenses in the same bridi, as explained in
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> looks quite odd, as if George were going to the market right now, rather than back when John spoke. But this
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> is really a
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> with respect to a reference point specified by the outer
+ <valsi>pu</valsi>. This behavior is the same as the additive behavior of multiple tenses in the same bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-sticky-tenses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nau</primary><secondary>syntax</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>overriding to speaker's current</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>speaker's current</secondary></indexterm> There is a special cmavo
- <jbophrase>nau</jbophrase> (of selma'o CUhE) which can be used to override these rules and get to the speaker's current reference point. (Yes, it sounds like English
+ <valsi>nau</valsi> (of selma'o CUhE) which can be used to override these rules and get to the speaker's current reference point. (Yes, it sounds like English
<quote>now</quote>.) It is not grammatical to combine
- <jbophrase>nau</jbophrase> with any other cmavo in a tense, except by way of a logical or non-logical connection (see
+ <valsi>nau</valsi> with any other cmavo in a tense, except by way of a logical or non-logical connection (see
<xref linkend="section-connected-tenses"/>). Here is a convoluted sentence with several nested bridi which uses
- <jbophrase>nau</jbophrase> at the lowest level:</para>
+ <valsi>nau</valsi> at the lowest level:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Yjop">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. pu cusku le se du'u la .alis pu cusku le se du'u la djordj. pu cusku le se du'u la maris. nau klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John [past] says the statement-that Alice [past] says the statement-that George [past] says the statement that Mary [now] goes-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John said that Alice had said that George had earlier said that Mary is now going to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>effect of nau on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nau</primary><secondary>effect on sticky tenses</secondary></indexterm> The use of
- <jbophrase>nau</jbophrase> does not affect sticky tenses.</para>
+ <valsi>nau</valsi> does not affect sticky tenses.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-connection">
<title>Tense relations between sentences</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense with sumti tcita</primary><secondary>asymmetry of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti tcita method, explained in
<xref linkend="section-tcita"/>, of asserting a tense relationship between two events suffers from asymmetry. Specifically,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vreo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba cu cadzu le bisli zu'a le nu le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The child walks-on the ice [left] the event-of the man bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>The child walks on the ice to the left of where the man bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>connecting with tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>connecting sentences in with</secondary></indexterm> which specifies an imaginary journey leftward from the man biting the dog to the child walking on the ice, claims only that the child walks on the ice. By the nature of
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase>, the man's biting the dog is merely referred to without being claimed. If it seems desirable to claim both, each event can be expressed as a main sentence bridi, with a special form of
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> connecting them:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase>, the man's biting the dog is merely referred to without being claimed. If it seems desirable to claim both, each event can be expressed as a main sentence bridi, with a special form of
+ <valsi>i</valsi> connecting them:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9Q0x">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .izu'abo le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. To the left, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <jbophrase>.izu'abo</jbophrase> is a compound cmavo: the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> separates the sentences and the
- <jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase> is the tense. The
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is required to prevent the
- <jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase> from gobbling up the following sumti, namely
- <jbophrase>le verba</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.izu'abo</oldjbophrase> is a compound cmavo: the
+ <valsi>i</valsi> separates the sentences and the
+ <valsi>zu'a</valsi> is the tense. The
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is required to prevent the
+ <valsi>zu'a</valsi> from gobbling up the following sumti, namely
+ <oldjbophrase>le verba</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>sumti tcita form contrasted with connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of sentences</primary><secondary>contrasted with sumti tcita form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>origin of in tense-connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of sentences</primary><secondary>order of</secondary></indexterm> Note that the bridi in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/> appear in the reverse order from their appearance in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vreo"/>. With
- <jbophrase>.izu'abo</jbophrase> (and all other afterthought tense connectives) the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. This is a natural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting between this form and the sumti tcita form.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.izu'abo</oldjbophrase> (and all other afterthought tense connectives) the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. This is a natural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting between this form and the sumti tcita form.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/> means the same thing as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ne2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the-referent-of-the-last-sentence the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. Left of what I just mentioned, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connected sentences</primary><secondary>importance of bo in</secondary></indexterm> If the
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is omitted in
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is omitted in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/>, the meaning changes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jThf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the child [something] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. To the left of the child, something walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the first place of the second sentence is unspecified, because
- <jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase> has absorbed the sumti
- <jbophrase>le verba</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>zu'a</valsi> has absorbed the sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>le verba</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>Do not confuse either
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/> or
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jThf"/> with the following:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>separately tensed sentences</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connected sentences</primary><secondary>contrasted with separately tensed sentences</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MzxF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'aku le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. Left of me, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MzxF"/>, the origin point is the speaker, as is usual with
- <jbophrase>zu'aku</jbophrase>.
+ <oldjbophrase>zu'aku</oldjbophrase>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/> makes the origin point of the tense the event described by the first sentence.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connected sentences</primary><secondary>forethought mode</secondary></indexterm> Two sentences may also be connected in forethought by a tense relationship. Just like afterthought tense connection, forethought tense connection claims both sentences, and in addition claims that the time or space relationship specified by the tense holds between the events the two sentences describe.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>origin in tense forethought sentence connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>forethought tense connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought tense connection of sentences</primary><secondary>order of</secondary></indexterm> The origin sentence is placed first, preceded by a tense plus
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>. Another
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is used to separate the sentences:</para>
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>. Another
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> is used to separate the sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9cXU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pugi mi klama le zarci gi mi klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>[past] I go-to the market [,] I go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>Before I go to the market, I go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2246,22 +2246,22 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pugi klama le zarci gi klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>I, before going to the market, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of bridi-tails</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of sumti</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> In both
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vSCv"/>, the underlying sentences
- <jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mi klama le zdani</jbophrase> are not claimed; only the relationship in time between them is claimed.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>mi klama le zarci</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>mi klama le zdani</oldjbophrase> are not claimed; only the relationship in time between them is claimed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense afterthought connection forms</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense forethought connection forms</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection</primary><secondary>expansions of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection</primary><secondary>equivalent meanings</secondary></indexterm> Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are appropriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equivalent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cmavo):</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>subordinate:</term>
<listitem><compound-syntax>X TENSE le nu Y</compound-syntax></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>afterthought coordinate:</term>
<listitem><compound-syntax>Y .i+TENSE+bo X</compound-syntax></listitem>
</varlistentry>
@@ -2299,21 +2299,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .e le ractu</jbo>
<en>Terry strokes the cat and the rabbit.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stoke cat then rabbit</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Suppose we wish to add a tense relationship to the logical connective
<quote>and</quote>? To say that Terry strokes the cat and later strokes the rabbit, we can combine a logical connective with a tense connective by placing the logical connective first, then the tense, and then the cmavo
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, thus:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, thus:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEiY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .ijebabo la teris. satre le ractu</jbo>
<en>Terry strokes the cat. And then Terry strokes the rabbit.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2332,34 +2332,34 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .ebabo le ractu</jbo>
<en>Terry strokes the cat and then the rabbit.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected bridi-tails</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected sentences</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEiY"/> through 17.6 are equivalent in meaning. They are also analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qehB"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEIm"/> respectively. The
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is required for the same reason as in
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is required for the same reason as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/>: to prevent the
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> from functioning as a sumti tcita for the following sumti (or, in
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> from functioning as a sumti tcita for the following sumti (or, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEjn"/>, from being attached to the following selbri).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>with ke…ke'e</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> construction of
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> construction of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEiY"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEKa"/>, there is also a form of tensed logical connective with
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> (
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> for sentences). The logical connective system makes
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> for sentences). The logical connective system makes
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeL4"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeLv"/> equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeL4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .ije tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ija mi bevri le mlatu tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack. And (I carry the dog. And/or I carry the cat).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack. And I carry the dog, or I carry the cat, or I carry both.</en>
@@ -2422,34 +2422,34 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected sumti</primary><secondary>with grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected bridi-tails</primary><secondary>with grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected sentences</primary><secondary>with grouping</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeLV"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEnd"/> are equivalent in meaning to each other, and correspond to the tenseless
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeL4"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeLv"/> respectively.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-negation">
<title>Tense negation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>of tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>negating</secondary></indexterm> Any bridi which involves tenses of selma'o PU, FAhA, or ZAhO can be contradicted by a
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> suffixed to the tense cmavo. Some examples:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> suffixed to the tense cmavo. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qXWF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi punai klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [not] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of tenses</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of with nai</secondary></indexterm> As a contradictory negation,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qXWF"/> implies that the bridi as a whole is false without saying anything about what is true. When the negated tense is a sumti tcita,
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> negation indicates that the stated relationship does not hold:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> negation indicates that the stated relationship does not hold:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEnq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci canai le nu do klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market [present] [not] the event-of you go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>It is not true that I went to the market at the same time that you went to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2510,35 +2510,35 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi morsi na'e ca'o le nu mi jmive</jbo>
<gloss>I am-dead [non-] [continuitive] the event-of I live.</gloss>
<en>I am dead other than during my life.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation of tenses</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>contradictory negation of tenses</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed with</secondary></indexterm> Unlike
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> contradictory negation, scalar negation of tenses is not limited to PU and FAhA:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> contradictory negation, scalar negation of tenses is not limited to PU and FAhA:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-THJJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba na'e ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [non-] [right] walks-on the ice</gloss>
<en>The child walks on the ice other than to my right.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>TAhE selma'o</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> The use of
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> on cmavo of TAhE and ROI has already been discussed in
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> on cmavo of TAhE and ROI has already been discussed in
<xref linkend="section-interval-properties"/>; this use is also a scalar negation.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-caha">
<title>Actuality, potentiality, capability: CAhA</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ca'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>CAhA</selmaho>
@@ -2597,26 +2597,26 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro datka ca ca'a flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All ducks [present] [actual] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<en>All ducks are now actually swimming by floating.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CAhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>and CAhA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>CAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>making sticky</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>CAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>order in tense construct</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>actual events</primary><secondary>explicitly expressing</secondary></indexterm> A CAhA cmavo is always placed after any other tense cmavo, whether for time or for space. However, a CAhA cmavo comes before
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase>, so that a CAhA condition can be made sticky.</para>
+ <valsi>ki</valsi>, so that a CAhA condition can be made sticky.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hXpB"/> is false in both Lojban and English, since it claims that the swimming is an actual, present fact, true of every duck that exists, whereas in fact there is at least one duck that is not swimming now.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>innate capability</primary><secondary>expressing explicitly</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore, some ducks are dead (and therefore sink); some ducks have just hatched (and do not know how to swim yet), and some ducks have been eaten by predators (and have ceased to exist as separate objects at all). Nevertheless, all these ducks have the innate capability of swimming – it is part of the nature of duckhood. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ka'e</jbophrase> expresses this notion of innate capability:</para>
+ <valsi>ka'e</valsi> expresses this notion of innate capability:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ApiH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro datka ka'e flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All ducks [capable] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
@@ -2646,66 +2646,66 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cukta ka'e viska</jbo>
<gloss>The book [capable] sees.</gloss>
<en>The book can see.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is not true in most epistemologies, since the ability to see is not part of the innate nature of a book.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>undemonstrated potential</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Consider once again the newly hatched ducks mentioned earlier. They have the potential of swimming, but have not yet demonstrated that potential. This may be expressed using
- <jbophrase>nu'o</jbophrase>, the cmavo of CAhA for undemonstrated potential:</para>
+ <valsi>nu'o</valsi>, the cmavo of CAhA for undemonstrated potential:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sHpR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro cifydatka nu'o flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All infant-ducks [can but has not] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<gloss>All infant ducks have an undemonstrated potential for swimming by floating.</gloss>
<en>Baby ducks can swim but haven't yet.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infant ducks</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrated potential</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Contrariwise, if Frank is not blind from birth, then
- <jbophrase>pu'i</jbophrase> is appropriate:</para>
+ <valsi>pu'i</valsi> is appropriate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VPfM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. pu'i viska</jbo>
<gloss>Frank [can and has] sees.</gloss>
<gloss>Frank has demonstrated a potential for seeing.</gloss>
<en>Frank can see and has seen.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>actuality</primary><secondary>expressing in past/future</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>potential</primary><secondary>expressing in past/future</secondary></indexterm> Note that the glosses given at the beginning of this section for
- <jbophrase>ca'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>ca'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>nu'o</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>nu'o</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>pu'i</jbophrase> incorporate
+ <valsi>pu'i</valsi> incorporate
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase> into their meaning, and are really correct for
- <jbophrase>ca ca'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>ca</valsi> into their meaning, and are really correct for
+ <oldjbophrase>ca ca'a</oldjbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ca nu'o</jbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>ca nu'o</oldjbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ca pu'i</jbophrase>. However, the CAhA cmavo are perfectly meaningful with other tenses than the present:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ca pu'i</oldjbophrase>. However, the CAhA cmavo are perfectly meaningful with other tenses than the present:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qER7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ca'a klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [actual] go-to the store.</gloss>
<en>I actually went to the store.</en>
@@ -2818,23 +2818,23 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-J5jJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which only says that I will go, without claiming anything about my past or present.
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> does not imply
- <jbophrase>punai</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>canai</jbophrase>; to compel that interpretation, either a logical connection or a ZAhO is needed.</para>
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> does not imply
+ <oldjbophrase>punai</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>canai</oldjbophrase>; to compel that interpretation, either a logical connection or a ZAhO is needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connected tenses</primary><secondary>negation of compared with negation in connective</secondary></indexterm> Tense negation can often be removed in favor of negation in the logical connective itself. The following examples are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qErC" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mo'izu'anai je mo'iri'u cadzu</jbo>
<gloss>I [motion] [left-not] and [motion] [right] walk.</gloss>
<en>I walk not leftward but rightward.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2844,21 +2844,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mo'izu'a naje mo'iri'u cadzu</jbo>
<gloss>I [motion] [left] not-and [motion] [right] walk.</gloss>
<en>I walk not leftward but rightward.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>possible groupings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>forethought logical connections</secondary></indexterm> There are no forethought logical connections between tenses allowed by the grammar, to keep tenses simpler. Nor is there any way to override simple left-grouping of the connectives, the Lojban default.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>expressing by endpoints with bi'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>non-logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> The non-logical connectives of selma'o JOI, BIhI, and GAhO are also permitted between tenses. One application is to specify intervals not by size, but by their end-points (
- <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o BIhI, and connects the end-points of an ordered interval, like English
+ <valsi>bi'o</valsi> belongs to selma'o BIhI, and connects the end-points of an ordered interval, like English
<quote>from ... to</quote>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KQUM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puza bi'o bazu vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [medium] from ... to [future] [long] breathe.</gloss>
<en>I breathe from a medium time ago till a long time to come.</en>
@@ -2880,23 +2880,23 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi reroi pi'u xaroi cecla le seldanti</jbo>
<gloss>I [twice] [cross-product] [six times] shoot the projectile-launcher.</gloss>
<en>On two occasions, I fire the gun six times.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>on two occasions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross product</primary><secondary>with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cartesian product</primary><secondary>with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary><secondary>use in connecting tenses</secondary></indexterm> It would be confusing, though grammatical, to run the
- <jbophrase>reroi</jbophrase> and the
- <jbophrase>xaroi</jbophrase> directly together. However, the non-logical connective
- <jbophrase>pi'u</jbophrase> expresses a Cartesian product (also known as a cross product) of two sets. In this case, there is a set of two firings each of which is represented by a set of six shots, for twelve shots in all (hence the name
+ <oldjbophrase>reroi</oldjbophrase> and the
+ <oldjbophrase>xaroi</oldjbophrase> directly together. However, the non-logical connective
+ <valsi>pi'u</valsi> expresses a Cartesian product (also known as a cross product) of two sets. In this case, there is a set of two firings each of which is represented by a set of six shots, for twelve shots in all (hence the name
<quote>product</quote>: the product of 2 and 6 is 12). Its use specifies very precisely what occurs.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>strings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval properties</primary><secondary>strings of</secondary></indexterm> In fact, you can specify strings of interval properties and event contours within a single tense without the use of a logical or non-logical connective cmavo. This allows tenses of the type:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qES9" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -2949,21 +2949,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEu9" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu se klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>The market is-gone-to by-me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai with tense</primary><secondary>as equivalent of SE in grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>accessing tense of bridi with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>accessing tense of bridi with jai</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to bring a place that is specified by a sumti tcita (for the purposes of this chapter, a tense sumti tcita) to the front, by using
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> plus the tense as the grammatical equivalent of SE:</para>
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> plus the tense as the grammatical equivalent of SE:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEvD" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vi le panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [short distance] the park.</gloss>
<en>The rat eats the cheese in the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2972,21 +2972,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le panka cu jai vi citka le cirla fai le ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The park is-the-place-of eating the cheese by-the rat.</gloss>
<en>The park is where the rat eats the cheese.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>accessing original first place with fai</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEWB"/>, the construction JAI+tense converts the location sumti into the first place. The previous first place has nowhere to go, since the location sumti is not a numbered place; however, it can be inserted back into the bridi with
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase>, the indefinite member of selma'o FA.</para>
+ <valsi>fai</valsi>, the indefinite member of selma'o FA.</para>
<para>(The other members of FA are used to mark the first, second, etc. places of a bridi explicitly:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YS3i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fa mi cu klama fe le zarci</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as</para>
@@ -3016,21 +3016,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-esDa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le jai vi citka be le cirla</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the place-of eating the cheese.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the eater of the cheese is elided, so no
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> appears.</para>
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>of temporal tenses</secondary></indexterm> Of course, temporal tenses are also usable with JAI:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nSnh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno fi le jai ca morsi be fai la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>I know about the [present] is-dead of-the-one-called
<quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
@@ -3049,42 +3049,42 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do mu'i le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>I like you with-motivation the event-of you like me.</gloss>
<en>I like you because you like me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>places the
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> sumti in the x1 place of the gismu
- <jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase> (which underlies the modal
- <jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase>), namely the motivating event, the tensed bridi</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> sumti in the x1 place of the gismu
+ <valsi>mukti</valsi> (which underlies the modal
+ <valsi>mu'i</valsi>), namely the motivating event, the tensed bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zXi8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do ba le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>I like you after the event-of you like me.</gloss>
<en>I like you after you like me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>importance of 2nd sumti place for sumti tcita use</secondary></indexterm> places the
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> sumti in the x2 place of the gismu
- <jbophrase>balvi</jbophrase> (which underlies the tense
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase>), namely the point of reference for the future tense. Paraphrases of
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> sumti in the x2 place of the gismu
+ <valsi>balvi</valsi> (which underlies the tense
+ <valsi>ba</valsi>), namely the point of reference for the future tense. Paraphrases of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YLmV"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zXi8"/>, employing the brivla
- <jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>balvi</jbophrase> explicitly, would be:</para>
+ <valsi>mukti</valsi> and
+ <valsi>balvi</valsi> explicitly, would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JbEU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do nelci mi cu mukti le nu mi nelci do</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of you like me motivates the event-of I like you.</gloss>
<en>Your liking me is the motive for my liking you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3118,28 +3118,28 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do nelci mi .ibabo mi nelci do</jbo>
<en>You like me. Afterward, I like you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qewe"/>, the order of the two bridi
- <jbophrase>mi nelci do</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>do nelci mi</jbophrase> is the same as in
+ <oldjbophrase>mi nelci do</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>do nelci mi</oldjbophrase> is the same as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YLmV"/>. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEWp"/>, however, the order is reversed: the origin point
- <jbophrase>do nelci mi</jbophrase> physically appears before the future-time event
- <jbophrase>mi nelci do</jbophrase>. In both cases, the bridi characterizing the event in the x2 place appears before the bridi characterizing the event in the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>balvi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>do nelci mi</oldjbophrase> physically appears before the future-time event
+ <oldjbophrase>mi nelci do</oldjbophrase>. In both cases, the bridi characterizing the event in the x2 place appears before the bridi characterizing the event in the x1 place of
+ <valsi>mukti</valsi> or
+ <valsi>balvi</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought tense connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with forethought in likeness to modal connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought tense connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with afterthought in likeness to modal connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connections</primary><secondary>modal compared with tense in semantics</secondary></indexterm> In forethought connections, however, the asymmetry between modals and tenses is not found. The forethought equivalents of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qewe"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEWp"/> are</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ENKj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mu'igi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do</jbo>
@@ -3166,35 +3166,35 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense sentence connection</primary><secondary>table of equivalent schemata</secondary></indexterm> whereas the following tensed sentence schemata also have the same meaning:</para>
<compound-syntax>
X .i TENSE bo Y
TENSE gi X gi Y
Y TENSE le nu X
</compound-syntax>
<para>neglecting the question of what is claimed. In the modal sentence schemata, the modal tag is always followed by Y, the sentence representing the event in the x1 place of the gismu that underlies the BAI. In the tensed sentences, no such simple rule exists.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-questions">
<title>Tense questions:
- <jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>cu'e</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>CUhE</selmaho>
<description>tense question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>for tense questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions with ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions</primary><secondary>methods of asking</secondary></indexterm> There are two main ways to ask questions about tense. The main English tense question words are
<quote>When?</quote> and
<quote>Where?</quote>. These may be paraphrased respectively as
<quote>At what time?</quote> and
<quote>At what place?</quote> In these forms, their Lojban equivalents simply involve a tense plus
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>, the Lojban sumti question:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi>, the Lojban sumti question:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEwW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama le zdani ca ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go-to the house [present] [what sumti?].</gloss>
<gloss>You go to the house at what time?</gloss>
<en>When do you go to the house?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3204,21 +3204,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba vi ma pu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [short space] [what sumti?] [past] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<gloss>The child at/near what place walked on the ice?</gloss>
<en>Where did the child walk on the ice?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>where</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense question</primary><secondary>with cu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>with cu'e</secondary></indexterm> There is also a non-specific tense and modal question,
- <jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase>, belonging to selma'o CUhE. This can be used wherever a tense or modal construct can be used.</para>
+ <valsi>cu'e</valsi>, belonging to selma'o CUhE. This can be used wherever a tense or modal construct can be used.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4dAJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu'e batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [what tense?] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>When/Where/How does the man bite the dog?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3269,21 +3269,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Vqgy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seka'a le briju</jbo>
<gloss>With-destination the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu'e</primary><secondary>combining with other tense cmavo</secondary></indexterm> The only way to combine
- <jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> with other tense cmavo is through logical connection, which makes a question that pre-specifies some information:</para>
+ <valsi>cu'e</valsi> with other tense cmavo is through logical connection, which makes a question that pre-specifies some information:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when else</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sowed grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QTts">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do puzi je cu'e sombo le gurni</jbo>
<gloss>You [past] [short] and [when?] sow the grain?</gloss>
<en>You sowed the grain a little while ago; when else do you sow it?</en>
@@ -3297,52 +3297,52 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu je'i ba nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>Arthur [past] [which?] [future] is-a-king</gloss>
<en>Was Arthur a king or will he be?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Answers to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I6xI"/> would be logical connectives such as
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>je</valsi>, meaning
<quote>both</quote>,
- <jbophrase>naje</jbophrase> meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>naje</oldjbophrase> meaning
<quote>the latter</quote>, or
- <jbophrase>jenai</jbophrase> meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>jenai</oldjbophrase> meaning
<quote>the former</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-explicit-magnitudes">
<title>Explicit magnitudes</title>
<para>It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitudes that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large. In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban construction called a
<quote>termset</quote> is employed. (Termsets are explained further in
<xref linkend="section-termsets"/> and
<xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Lys">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset].</gloss>
<en>Frank is standing five meters to the left of George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the termset extends from the
- <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> to the implicit
- <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> at the end of the sentence, and includes the terms
- <jbophrase>la djordj.</jbophrase>, which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti
- <jbophrase>lo mitre be li mu</jbophrase>, which the cmavo
- <jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAI, and meaning
+ <valsi>nu'i</valsi> to the implicit
+ <valsi>nu'u</valsi> at the end of the sentence, and includes the terms
+ <oldjbophrase>la djordj.</oldjbophrase>, which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>lo mitre be li mu</oldjbophrase>, which the cmavo
+ <valsi>la'u</valsi> (of selma'o BAI, and meaning
<quote>with quantity</quote>; see
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>) marks as a quantity. Both terms are governed by the tag
- <jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase></para>
+ <valsi>zu'a</valsi></para>
<para>It is not necessary to have both an origin point and an explicit magnitude: a termset may have only a single term in it. A less precise version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Lys"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RWEE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d2"/>
</title>
@@ -3599,23 +3599,23 @@
<listitem><para>motion</para></listitem>
</cmavo-list>
<para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>KI</term>
<listitem>
<para>set or reset sticky tense</para>
<cmavo-list>
- <term>tense+<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase></term>
+ <term>tense+<valsi>ki</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>set</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> alone</term>
+ <term><valsi>ki</valsi> alone</term>
<listitem><para>reset</para></listitem>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>CUhE</term>
<listitem>
<para>tense question, reference point</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -3645,22 +3645,22 @@
<para>etc.</para>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-direction-cmavo">
<title>List of spatial directions and direction-like relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial directions</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> The following list of FAhA cmavo gives rough English glosses for the cmavo, first when used without
- <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> to express a direction, and then when used with
- <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> to express movement in the direction. When possible, the gismu from which the cmavo is derived is also listed.</para>
+ <valsi>mo'i</valsi> to express a direction, and then when used with
+ <valsi>mo'i</valsi> to express movement in the direction. When possible, the gismu from which the cmavo is derived is also listed.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ca'u</cmavo>
<gismu>crane</gismu>
<description role="direction">in front (of)</description>
<description role="movement">forward</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ti'a</cmavo>
<gismu>trixe</gismu>
@@ -3770,22 +3770,22 @@
<description role="movement">eastward(ly)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vu'a</cmavo>
<gismu/>
<description role="direction">west (of)</description>
<description role="movement">westward(ly)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'o</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'i</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>to'o</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'a</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> Special note on
- <jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>fa'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>to'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zo'i</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ze'o</valsi>:</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase> refer to direction towards or away from the speaker's location, or whatever the origin is.</para>
+ <valsi>zo'i</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ze'o</valsi> refer to direction towards or away from the speaker's location, or whatever the origin is.</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase> refer to direction towards or away from some other point.</para>
+ <valsi>fa'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>to'o</valsi> refer to direction towards or away from some other point.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index e250930..956096d 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -1,74 +1,74 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-abstractions">
<title>Events, Qualities, Quantities, And Other Vague Words: On Lojban Abstraction</title>
<section xml:id="section-syntax">
<title>The syntax of abstraction</title>
<para>The purpose of the feature of Lojban known as
<quote>abstraction</quote> is to provide a means for taking whole bridi and packaging them up, as it were, into simple selbri. Syntactically, abstractions are very simple and uniform; semantically, they are rich and complex, with few features in common between one variety of abstraction and another. We will begin by discussing syntax without regard to semantics; as a result, the notion of abstraction may seem unmotivated at first. Bear with this difficulty until
<xref linkend="section-events"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> An abstraction selbri is formed by taking a full bridi and preceding it by any cmavo of selma'o NU. There are twelve such cmavo; they are known as
<quote>abstractors</quote>. The bridi is closed by the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase>, of selma'o KEI. Thus, to change the bridi</para>
+ <valsi>kei</valsi>, of selma'o KEI. Thus, to change the bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6EI1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the store</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>into an abstraction using
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, one of the members of selma'o NU, we change it into</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>, one of the members of selma'o NU, we change it into</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Via0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu mi klama le zarci [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>an-event-of my going-to the store</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>KEI selma'o</primary><secondary>eliding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observatives</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> The bridi may be a simple selbri, or it may have associated sumti, as here. It is important to beware of eliding
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> improperly, as many of the common uses of abstraction selbri involve following them with words that would appear to be part of the abstraction if
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> had been elided.</para>
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> improperly, as many of the common uses of abstraction selbri involve following them with words that would appear to be part of the abstraction if
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> had been elided.</para>
<para>(Technically,
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> is never necessary, because the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> that closes every bridi can substitute for it; however,
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> is specific to abstractions, and using it is almost always clearer.)</para>
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> is never necessary, because the elidable terminator
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> that closes every bridi can substitute for it; however,
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> is specific to abstractions, and using it is almost always clearer.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>grammatical uses</secondary></indexterm> The grammatical uses of an abstraction selbri are exactly the same as those of a simple brivla. In particular, abstraction selbri may be used as observatives, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Via0"/>, or used in tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0Ff4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica</jbo>
<gloss>John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer.</gloss>
<en>John wants to be a soldier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>want to be a soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> Abstraction selbri may also be used in descriptions, preceded by
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> (or any other member of selma'o LE):</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> (or any other member of selma'o LE):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sQ33">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We will most often use descriptions containing abstraction either at the end of a bridi, or just before the main selbri with its
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>; in either of these circumstances,
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> can normally be elided.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>; in either of these circumstances,
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> can normally be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of an abstraction selbri depends on the particular abstractor, and will be explained individually in the following sections.</para>
<para>Note: In glosses of bridi within abstractions, the grammatical form used in the English changes. Thus, in the gloss of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Via0"/> we see
<quote>my going-to the store</quote> rather than
<quote>I go-to the store</quote>; likewise, in the glosses of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0Ff4"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sQ33"/> we see
<quote>being-a-soldier</quote> rather than
<quote>is-a-soldier</quote>. This procedure reflects the desire for more understandable glosses, and does not indicate any change in the Lojban form. A bridi is a bridi, and undergoes no change when it is used as part of an abstraction selbri.</para>
</section>
@@ -77,25 +77,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event abstractions</primary></indexterm> The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>nu</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>event abstractor</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le nu</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nu</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>common abstractor</primary></indexterm> The examples in
<xref linkend="section-syntax"/> made use of
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> as the abstractor, and it is certainly the most common abstractor in Lojban text. Its purpose is to capture the event or state of the bridi considered as a whole. Do not confuse the
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> as the abstractor, and it is certainly the most common abstractor in Lojban text. Its purpose is to capture the event or state of the bridi considered as a whole. Do not confuse the
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> description built on a
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> abstraction with ordinary descriptions based on
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> alone. The following sumti are quite distinct:</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> description built on a
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> abstraction with ordinary descriptions based on
+ <valsi>le</valsi> alone. The following sumti are quite distinct:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qF0u" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le klama</jbo>
<en>the comer, that which comes</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qF0U" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -141,21 +141,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu klama</jbo>
<en>the event of someone coming to somewhere from somewhere by some route using some means</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qF0u"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qf4x"/> are descriptions that isolate the five individual sumti places of the selbri
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qf97"/> describes something associated with the bridi as a whole: the event of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>events</primary><secondary>duration</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, the term
<quote>event</quote> is divorced from its ordinary English sense of something that happens over a short period of time. The description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mxAt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>the event-of my breathing</gloss>
@@ -174,21 +174,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>kissing Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>normal circumstances</primary></indexterm> is relatively brief by comparison (again, under normal circumstances).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>sumti ellipsis in</secondary></indexterm> We can see from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qf97"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BPcI"/> that ellipsis of sumti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main bridi of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able to figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recognize that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> abstractions in descriptions to have the x1 place ellipsized:</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> abstractions in descriptions to have the x1 place ellipsized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FRoP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le nu limna</jbo>
<gloss>I like the event-of swimming.</gloss>
<en>I like swimming.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -201,53 +201,53 @@
<jbo>mi nelci le nu mi limna</jbo>
<gloss>I like the event-of I swim.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In the proper context, of course,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FRoP"/> could refer to the event of somebody else swimming. Its English equivalent,
<quote>I like swimming</quote>, can't be interpreted as
<quote>I like Frank's swimming</quote>; this is a fundamental distinction between English and Lojban. In Lojban, an omitted sumti can mean whatever the context indicates that it should mean.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>implicit in sumti</secondary></indexterm> Note that the lack of an explicit NU cmavo in a sumti can sometimes hide an implicit abstraction. In the context of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ys8w"/>, the appearance of
- <jbophrase>le se nelci</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>le se nelci</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>that which is liked</quote>) is in effect an abstraction:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sMsx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le se nelci cu cafne</jbo>
<gloss>The liked-thing is-frequent.</gloss>
<en>The thing which I like happens often.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which in this context means</para>
<place-structure>
My swimming happens often.
</place-structure>
<para>Event descriptions with
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> are commonly used to fill the
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> are commonly used to fill the
<quote>under conditions...</quote> places, among others, of gismu and lujvo place structures:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ia6f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. cu frili mi le nu mi tadni [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban is-easy for-me under-conditions-the event-of I study</gloss>
<en>Lojban is easy for me when I study.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under conditions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (The
<quote>when</quote> of the English would also be appropriate for a construction involving a Lojban tense, but the Lojban sentence says more than that the studying is concurrent with the ease.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nu</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>events</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of a
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> abstraction selbri is simply:</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> abstraction selbri is simply:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is an event of (the bridi)
</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-event-types">
<title>Types of event abstractions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event abstractions</primary><secondary>types</secondary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -273,93 +273,93 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>za'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>state abstractor</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Event abstractions with
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> suffice to express all kinds of events, whether long, short, unique, repetitive, or whatever. Lojban also has more finely discriminating machinery for talking about events, however. There are four other abstractors of selma'o NU for talking about four specific types of events, or four ways of looking at the same event.</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> suffice to express all kinds of events, whether long, short, unique, repetitive, or whatever. Lojban also has more finely discriminating machinery for talking about events, however. There are four other abstractors of selma'o NU for talking about four specific types of events, or four ways of looking at the same event.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>achievement abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point-event abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>achievement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>point-event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>triumph</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point-event abstractor</primary></indexterm> An event considered as a point in time is called a
<quote>point-event</quote>, or sometimes an
<quote>achievement</quote>. (This latter word should be divorced, in this context, from all connotations of success or triumph.) A point-event can be extended in duration, but it is still a point-event if it is thought of as unitary, having no internal structure. The abstractor
- <jbophrase>mu'e</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>mu'e</valsi> means
<quote>point-event-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nFR1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mu'e la djan. catra la djim. cu zekri</jbo>
<gloss>The point-event-of (John kills Jim) is-a-crime.</gloss>
<en>John's killing Jim (considered as a point in time) is a crime.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>process</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time, and structured with a beginning, a middle containing one or more stages, and an end, is called a
<quote>process</quote>. The abstractor
- <jbophrase>pu'u</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>pu'u</valsi> means
<quote>process-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WaxD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ca'o le pu'u le latmo balje'a cu porpi kei so'i je'atru cu selcatra</jbo>
<gloss>[continuitive] the process-of( the Latin great-state breaking-up ) many state-rulers were-killed</gloss>
<en>During the fall of the Roman Empire, many Emperors were killed.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time and cyclic or repetitive is called an
<quote>activity</quote>. The abstractor
- <jbophrase>zu'o</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>zu'o</valsi> means
<quote>activity-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-89nw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tatpi ri'a le zu'o mi plipe</jbo>
<gloss>I am-tired because-of the activity-of (I jump).</gloss>
<en>I am tired because I jump.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>state</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state abstractor</primary></indexterm> An event considered as something that is either happening or not happening, with sharp boundaries, is called a
<quote>state</quote>. The abstractor
- <jbophrase>za'i</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>za'i</valsi> means
<quote>state-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WztQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le za'i mi jmive cu ckape do</jbo>
<gloss>The state-of (I am-alive) is-dangerous-to you.</gloss>
<en>My being alive is dangerous to you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>being alive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event types</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> The abstractors in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nFR1"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-WztQ"/> could all have been replaced by
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, with some loss of precision. Note that Lojban allows every sort of event to be viewed in any of these four ways:</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>, with some loss of precision. Note that Lojban allows every sort of event to be viewed in any of these four ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state event</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> the
<quote>state of running</quote> begins when the runner starts and ends when the runner stops;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity event</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> the
<quote>activity of running</quote> consists of the cycle
<quote>lift leg, step forward, drop leg, lift other leg...</quote> (each such cycle is a process, but the activity consists in the repetition of the cycle);</para>
</listitem>
@@ -404,53 +404,53 @@
<cx "za'i: place structure"> XE "za'i: place structure"
"za'i”: x1 is a continuous state of (the bridi) being true
<cx "activity abstraction: place structure"> XE "activity abstraction: place structure"
<cx "zu'o: place structure"> XE "zu'o: place structure"
"zu'o”: x1 is an activity of (the bridi) consisting of repeated actions x2
-->
- <jbophrase>mu'e</jbophrase>: x1 is a point event of (the bridi)
+ <valsi>mu'e</valsi>: x1 is a point event of (the bridi)
- <jbophrase>pu'u</jbophrase>: x1 is a process of (the bridi) with stages x2
+ <valsi>pu'u</valsi>: x1 is a process of (the bridi) with stages x2
- <jbophrase>za'i</jbophrase>: x1 is a continuous state of (the bridi) being true
+ <valsi>za'i</valsi>: x1 is a continuous state of (the bridi) being true
- <jbophrase>zu'o</jbophrase>: x1 is an activity of (the bridi) consisting of repeated actions x2
+ <valsi>zu'o</valsi>: x1 is an activity of (the bridi) consisting of repeated actions x2
</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-properties">
<title>Property abstractions</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ka</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>property abstractor</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>abstraction focus</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The things described by
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> descriptions (or, to put it another way, the things of which
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> selbri may correctly be predicated) are only moderately
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> descriptions (or, to put it another way, the things of which
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> selbri may correctly be predicated) are only moderately
<quote>abstract</quote>. They are still closely tied to happenings in space and time. Properties, however, are much more ethereal. What is
<quote>the property of being blue</quote>, or
<quote>the property of being a go-er</quote>? They are what logicians call
<quote>intensions</quote>. If John has a heart, then
<quote>the property of having a heart</quote> is an abstract object which, when applied to John, is true. In fact,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YSUx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d1"/>
</title>
@@ -555,21 +555,21 @@
<gloss>John exceeds George in the property of (X loves me).</gloss>
<en>John loves me more than George loves me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstractions</primary><secondary>specifying determining place with ce'u</secondary></indexterm> The
<quote>X</quote> used in the glosses of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfAM"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfav"/> as a place-holder cannot be represented only by ellipsis in Lojban, because ellipsis means that there must be a specific value that can fill the ellipsis, as mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-events"/>. Instead, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> of selma'o KOhA is employed when an explicit sumti is wanted. (The form
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi> of selma'o KOhA is employed when an explicit sumti is wanted. (The form
<quote>X</quote> will be used in literal translations.)</para>
<para>Therefore, an explicit equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfAM"/>, with no ellipsis, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8DD8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami ce'u</jbo>
@@ -616,36 +616,36 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka [zo'e] dunda le xirma ce'u [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (someone-unspecified is-a-giver of-the horse to X)</gloss>
<en>the property of being one to whom the horse is given</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is also a possible interpretation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstractions</primary><secondary>use of multiple ce'u for relationship abstraction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship abstraction</primary></indexterm> It is also possible to have more than one
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> in a
- <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase> abstraction, which transforms it from a property abstraction into a relationship abstraction. Relationship abstractions
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi> in a
+ <valsi>ka</valsi> abstraction, which transforms it from a property abstraction into a relationship abstraction. Relationship abstractions
<quote>package up</quote> a complex relationship for future use; such an abstraction can be translated back into a selbri by placing it in the x2 place of the selbri
- <jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>bridi</valsi>, whose place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>: x1 is a predicate relationship with relation
+ <valsi>bridi</valsi>: x1 is a predicate relationship with relation
x2 (abstraction) among arguments (sequence/set) x3
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>properties</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of
- <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase> abstraction selbri is simply:</para>
+ <valsi>ka</valsi> abstraction selbri is simply:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>: x1 is a property of (the bridi)
+ <valsi>ka</valsi>: x1 is a property of (the bridi)
</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-amounts">
<title>Amount abstractions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ni</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>amount abstraction</description>
@@ -676,37 +676,37 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ni la djein. cu mamta [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the amount-of (Jane being-a-mother)</gloss>
<gloss>the amount of Jane's mother-ness (?)</gloss>
<gloss>the amount of mother-ness in Jane (?)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>makes very little sense in either Lojban or English. We simply do not have any sort of measurement scale for being a mother.</para>
<para>Semantically, a sumti with
- <jbophrase>le ni</jbophrase> is a number; however, it cannot be treated grammatically as a quantifier in Lojban unless prefixed by the mathematical cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo'e</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le ni</oldjbophrase> is a number; however, it cannot be treated grammatically as a quantifier in Lojban unless prefixed by the mathematical cmavo
+ <valsi>mo'e</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SaTi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa vu'u mo'e le ni le pixra cu blanu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 1 minus the-operand the amount-of (the picture being-blue)</gloss>
<en><inlineequation><mathphrase>1 - B</mathphrase></inlineequation>, where <varname>B</varname> = blueness of the picture</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Mathematical Lojban is beyond the scope of this chapter, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>.</para>
<para>There are contexts where either property or amount abstractions make sense, and in such constructions, amount abstractions can make use of
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> just like property abstractors. Thus,</para>
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi> just like property abstractors. Thus,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1LtX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le pixra cu cenba le ka ce'u blanu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>The picture varies in-the property-of (X is blue).</gloss>
<gloss>The picture varies in being blue.</gloss>
<en>The picture varies in blueness.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -720,38 +720,38 @@
<jbo>le pixra cu cenba le ni ce'u blanu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>The picture varies in-the amount-of (X is blue).</gloss>
<gloss>The picture varies in how blue it is.</gloss>
<en>The picture varies in blueness.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1LtX"/> conveys that the blueness comes and goes, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-QKpo"/> conveys that its quantity changes over time.</para>
<para>Whenever we talk of measurement of an amount, there is some sort of scale, and so the place structure of
- <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction selbri is:</para>
+ <valsi>ni</valsi> abstraction selbri is:</para>
<place-structure>
ni: x1 is the amount of (the bridi) on scale x2
</place-structure>
<para>Note: the best way to express the x2 places of abstract sumti is to use something like
- <jbophrase>le ni ... kei be</jbophrase>. See
+ <oldjbophrase>le ni ... kei be</oldjbophrase>. See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zvfX"/> for the use of this construction.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-truth-values">
<title>Truth-value abstraction:
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>jei</valsi></title>
<para>The
<quote>blueness of the picture</quote> discussed in
<xref linkend="section-amounts"/> refers to the measurable amount of blue pigment (or other source of blueness), not to the degree of truth of the claim that blueness is present. That abstraction is expressed in Lojban using
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase>, which is closely related semantically to
- <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase>. In the simplest cases,
- <jbophrase>le jei</jbophrase> produces not a number but a truth value:</para>
+ <valsi>jei</valsi>, which is closely related semantically to
+ <valsi>ni</valsi>. In the simplest cases,
+ <oldjbophrase>le jei</oldjbophrase> produces not a number but a truth value:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KuTE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li vo [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the truth-value-of the-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4</gloss>
<en>the truth of 2 + 2 being 4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -763,44 +763,44 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li mu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the truth-value-of the-number 2 + 2 = the-number 5</gloss>
<en>the truth of 2 + 2 being 5</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent to
<quote>falsehood</quote>.</para>
<para>However, not everything in life (or even in Lojban) is simply true or false. There are shades of gray even in truth value, and
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> is Lojban's mechanism for indicating the shade of grey intended:</para>
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> is Lojban's mechanism for indicating the shade of grey intended:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MRD8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba jdice le jei la djordj. cu zekri gasnu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] decide the truth-value of (George being-a-(crime doer)).</gloss>
<en>I will decide whether George is a criminal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>whether criminal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jei</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth-value abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>legal system</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MRD8"/> does not imply that George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal system I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> requires an x2 place analogous to that of
- <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> requires an x2 place analogous to that of
+ <valsi>ni</valsi>:</para>
<place-structure>
jei: x1 is the truth value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fuzzy logic and truth-value abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>truth-value and fuzzy logic</secondary></indexterm> Abstractions using
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> are the mechanism for fuzzy logic in Lojban; the
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> abstraction refers to a number between 0 and 1 inclusive (as distinct from
- <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions, which are often on open-ended scales). The detailed conventions for using
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> in fuzzy-logic contexts have not yet been established.</para>
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> are the mechanism for fuzzy logic in Lojban; the
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> abstraction refers to a number between 0 and 1 inclusive (as distinct from
+ <valsi>ni</valsi> abstractions, which are often on open-ended scales). The detailed conventions for using
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> in fuzzy-logic contexts have not yet been established.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-predications">
<title>Predication/sentence abstraction</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>predication abstraction</description>
@@ -856,58 +856,58 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I know the predication that Frank is a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now we have it. Note that the implied assertion
<quote>Frank is a fool</quote> is not a property of
- <jbophrase>le du'u</jbophrase> abstraction, but of
- <jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase>; we can only know what is in fact true. (As a result,
- <jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase> like
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> has a place for epistemology, which specifies how we know.)
+ <oldjbophrase>le du'u</oldjbophrase> abstraction, but of
+ <valsi>djuno</valsi>; we can only know what is in fact true. (As a result,
+ <valsi>djuno</valsi> like
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> has a place for epistemology, which specifies how we know.)
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eYiD"/> has no such implied assertion:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eYiD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I am curious about whether Frank is a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>curious</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>curious</primary></indexterm> and here
- <jbophrase>du'u</jbophrase> could probably be replaced by
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase> without much change in meaning:</para>
+ <valsi>du'u</valsi> could probably be replaced by
+ <valsi>jei</valsi> without much change in meaning:</para>
<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-h4De">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I am curious about how true it is that Frank is a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth-value abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> As a matter of convenience rather than logical necessity,
- <jbophrase>du'u</jbophrase> has been given an x2 place, which is a sentence (piece of language) expressing the bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>du'u</valsi> has been given an x2 place, which is a sentence (piece of language) expressing the bridi:</para>
<place-structure>
du'u: x1 is the predication (the bridi), expressed in sentence x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>speaking</secondary><tertiary>writing, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se du'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linguistic behavior</primary></indexterm> and
- <jbophrase>le se du'u ...</jbophrase> is very useful in filling places of selbri which refer to speaking, writing, or other linguistic behavior regarding bridi:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le se du'u ...</oldjbophrase> is very useful in filling places of selbri which refer to speaking, writing, or other linguistic behavior regarding bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hzd8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cusku le se du'u la djordj. klama le zarci [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John expresses the sentence-expressing-that George goes-to the store</gloss>
<en>John says that George goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -922,41 +922,41 @@
<jbo>la djan cusku lu la djordj. klama le zarci li'u</jbo>
<gloss>John expresses, quote, George goes to the store, unquote.</gloss>
<en>John says
<quote>George goes to the store</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AX2I"/> claims that John actually said the quoted words, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hzd8"/> claims only that he said some words or other which were to the same purpose.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>le se du'u</jbophrase> is much the same as
- <jbophrase>lu'e le du'u</jbophrase>, a symbol for the predication, but
- <jbophrase>se du'u</jbophrase> can be used as a selbri, whereas
- <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See
+ <oldjbophrase>le se du'u</oldjbophrase> is much the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>lu'e le du'u</oldjbophrase>, a symbol for the predication, but
+ <oldjbophrase>se du'u</oldjbophrase> can be used as a selbri, whereas
+ <valsi>lu'e</valsi> is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See
<xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/> for a discussion of
- <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <valsi>lu'e</valsi>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-indirect-questions">
<title>Indirect questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
<description>indirect question marker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'u</primary></indexterm> There is an alternative type of sentence involving
- <jbophrase>du'u</jbophrase> and a selbri expressing a propositional attitude. In addition to sentences like</para>
+ <valsi>du'u</valsi> and a selbri expressing a propositional attitude. In addition to sentences like</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Fpid">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d1"/>
</title>
<para>I know that John went to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>we can also say things like</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-N4Ja">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d2"/>
@@ -967,101 +967,101 @@
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with wonder</secondary><tertiary>doubt, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> This form is called an
<quote>indirect question</quote> in English because the embedded English sentence is a question:
<quote>Who went to the store?</quote> A person who says
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N4Ja"/> is claiming to know the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who went to the store.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a
- <jbophrase>le du'u</jbophrase> abstraction, but rather than using a question word like
+ <oldjbophrase>le du'u</oldjbophrase> abstraction, but rather than using a question word like
<quote>who</quote> (
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> in Lojban), we use any word that will fit grammatically and mark it with the suffix particle
- <jbophrase>kau</jbophrase>. This cmavo belongs to selma'o UI, so grammatically it can appear anywhere. The simplest Lojban translation of
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> in Lojban), we use any word that will fit grammatically and mark it with the suffix particle
+ <valsi>kau</valsi>. This cmavo belongs to selma'o UI, so grammatically it can appear anywhere. The simplest Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N4Ja"/> is therefore:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QUxG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u makau pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the predication-of X [indirect question] [past] going to the store.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>contrasted with know that</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect questions</primary><secondary>"ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kau</primary><secondary>"ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau"</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-QUxG"/>, we have chosen to use
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> as the word marked by
- <jbophrase>kau</jbophrase>. In fact, any other sumti would have done as well:
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> as the word marked by
+ <valsi>kau</valsi>. In fact, any other sumti would have done as well:
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> or even
- <jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase>. Using
- <jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase> would suggest that it was John who I knew had gone to the store, however:</para>
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> or
+ <valsi>da</valsi> or even
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase>. Using
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase> would suggest that it was John who I knew had gone to the store, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hmDo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u la djan. kau pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the predication-of/fact-that John [indirect question] [past] going to the store.</gloss>
<en>I know who went to the store, namely John.</en>
<en>I know that it was John who went to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using one of the indefinite pro-sumti such as
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> does not suggest any particular value.</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>da</valsi> does not suggest any particular value.</para>
<para>Why does Lojban require the
- <jbophrase>kau</jbophrase> marker, rather than using
+ <valsi>kau</valsi> marker, rather than using
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> as English and Chinese and many other languages do? Because
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> always signals a direct question, and so</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> as English and Chinese and many other languages do? Because
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> always signals a direct question, and so</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5WU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u ma pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the predication-of [what sumti?] [past] goes-to the store</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-LDrc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d6"/>
</title>
<para>Who is it that I know goes to the store?</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect questions without "kau"</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question involving sumti</primary></indexterm> It is actually not necessary to use
- <jbophrase>le du'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>kau</jbophrase> at all if the indirect question involves a sumti; there is generally a paraphrase of the type:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le du'u</oldjbophrase> and
+ <valsi>kau</valsi> at all if the indirect question involves a sumti; there is generally a paraphrase of the type:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b6VT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno fi le pu klama be le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know about the [past] goer to-the store.</gloss>
<en>I know something about the one who went to the store (namely, his identity).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the x3 place of
- <jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase> is the subject of knowledge, as opposed to the fact that is known. But when the questioned point is not a sumti, but (say) a logical connection, then there is no good alternative to
- <jbophrase>kau</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>djuno</valsi> is the subject of knowledge, as opposed to the fact that is known. But when the questioned point is not a sumti, but (say) a logical connection, then there is no good alternative to
+ <valsi>kau</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2nIX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba zgana le du'u la djan. jikau la djordj. cu zvati le panka</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] observe the predication-of/fact-that John [connective indirect question] George is-at the park.</gloss>
<en>I will see whether John or George (or both) is at the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1087,78 +1087,78 @@
<description>concept abstractor</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>su'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>general abstractor</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>experience</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experience abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experience abstractor</primary></indexterm> There are three more abstractors in Lojban, all of them little used so far. The abstractor
- <jbophrase>li'i</jbophrase> expresses experience:</para>
+ <valsi>li'i</valsi> expresses experience:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FS6r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi morji le li'i mi verba</jbo>
<gloss>I remember the experience-of (my being-a-child)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>concept</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>idea</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concept abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>idea abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concept abstractor</primary></indexterm> The abstractor
- <jbophrase>si'o</jbophrase> expresses a mental image, a concept, an idea:</para>
+ <valsi>si'o</valsi> expresses a mental image, a concept, an idea:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Yh42">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le si'o la lojban. cu mulno</jbo>
<gloss>I enjoy the concept-of Lojban being-complete.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>vague</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague abstractor</primary></indexterm> Finally, the abstractor
- <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> is a vague abstractor, whose meaning must be grasped from context:</para>
+ <valsi>su'u</valsi> is a vague abstractor, whose meaning must be grasped from context:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ycKt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko zgana le su'u le ci smacu cu bajra</jbo>
<gloss>you [imperative] observe the abstract-nature-of the three mice running</gloss>
<en>See how the three mice run!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experience abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> All three of these abstractors have an x2 place. An experience requires an experiencer, so the place structure of
- <jbophrase>li'i</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>li'i</valsi> is:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>li'i</jbophrase>: x1 is the experience of (the bridi) as experienced by x2
+ <valsi>li'i</valsi>: x1 is the experience of (the bridi) as experienced by x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>idea abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concept abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, an idea requires a mind to hold it, so the place structure of
- <jbophrase>si'o</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>si'o</valsi> is:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>si'o</jbophrase>: x1 is the idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2
+ <valsi>si'o</valsi>: x1 is the idea/concept of (the bridi) in the mind of x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> Finally, there needs to be some way of specifying just what sort of abstraction
- <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> is representing, so its place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>su'u</valsi> is representing, so its place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase>: x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi) of type x2
+ <valsi>su'u</valsi>: x1 is an abstract nature of (the bridi) of type x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>creating new types</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>template</primary></indexterm> The x2 place of
- <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> allows it to serve as a substitute for any of the other abstractors, or as a template for creating new ones. For example,</para>
+ <valsi>su'u</valsi> allows it to serve as a substitute for any of the other abstractors, or as a template for creating new ones. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FnNR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi klama</jbo>
<gloss>the event-of my going</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1179,24 +1179,24 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le su'u la .iecuas. kuctai selcatra kei be lo sa'ordzifa'a ke nalmatma'e sutyterjvi</jbo>
<gloss>the abstract-nature-of (Jesus is-an-intersect-shape type-of-killed-one) of-type a slope-low-direction type-of non-motor-vehicle speed-competition</gloss>
<en>The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the importance of using
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> after
- <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> when the x2 of
- <jbophrase>su'u</jbophrase> (or any other abstractor) is being specified; otherwise, the
- <jbophrase>be lo</jbophrase> ends up inside the abstraction bridi.</para>
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> after
+ <valsi>su'u</valsi> when the x2 of
+ <valsi>su'u</valsi> (or any other abstractor) is being specified; otherwise, the
+ <oldjbophrase>be lo</oldjbophrase> ends up inside the abstraction bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-raising">
<title>Lojban sumti raising</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstraction conversion</primary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
@@ -1232,73 +1232,73 @@
<para>which has an abstract description within an abstract description, quite a complex structure. In English (but not in all other languages), we may also say:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-K14X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d3"/>
</title>
<para>I try the door.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>try the door</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with tu'a</secondary></indexterm> where it is understood that what I try is actually not the door itself, but the act of opening it. The same simplification can be done in Lojban, but it must be marked explicitly using a cmavo. The relevant cmavo is
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase>, which belongs to selma'o LAhE. The Lojban equivalent of
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi>, which belongs to selma'o LAhE. The Lojban equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-K14X"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gabC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-action-to-do-with the door.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intermediate abstraction</primary></indexterm> The term
<quote>sumti-raising</quote>, as in the title of this section, signifies that a sumti which logically belongs within an abstraction (or even within an abstraction which is itself inside an intermediate abstraction) is
<quote>raised</quote> to the main bridi level. This transformation from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1WER"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gabC"/> loses information: nothing except convention tells us what the abstraction was.</para>
<para>Using
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is a kind of laziness: it makes speaking easier at the possible expense of clarity for the listener. The speaker must be prepared for the listener to respond something like:</para>
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi> is a kind of laziness: it makes speaking easier at the possible expense of clarity for the listener. The speaker must be prepared for the listener to respond something like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mKBy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a le vorme lu'u ki'a</jbo>
<gloss>something-to-do-with the door [terminator] [confusion!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm> which indicates that
- <jbophrase>tu'a le vorme</jbophrase> cannot be understood. (The terminator for
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase>, and is used in
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'a le vorme</oldjbophrase> cannot be understood. (The terminator for
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi> is
+ <valsi>lu'u</valsi>, and is used in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mKBy"/> to make clear just what is being questioned: the sumti-raising, rather than the word
- <jbophrase>vorme</jbophrase> as such.) An example of a confusing raised sumti might be:</para>
+ <valsi>vorme</valsi> as such.) An example of a confusing raised sumti might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9S5B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a la djan. cu cafne</jbo>
<gloss>something-to-do-with John frequently-occurs</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This must mean that something which John does, or which happens to John, occurs frequently: but without more context there is no way to figure out what. Note that without the
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9S5B"/> would mean that John considered as an event frequently occurs – in other words, that John has some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as events in English, but the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>cafne</jbophrase> is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that
- <jbophrase>djan.</jbophrase> is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.)</para>
+ <valsi>cafne</valsi> is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that
+ <oldjbophrase>djan.</oldjbophrase> is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>making concrete</secondary></indexterm> Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> (of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi> which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> (of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/> and
<xref linkend="section-jai"/>; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jAdY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a mi rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>something-to-do-with me causes the event-of you are-dead</gloss>
<en>My action causes your death.</en>
@@ -1310,40 +1310,40 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<en>I cause your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In English, the subject of
<quote>cause</quote> can either be the actual cause (an event), or else the agent of the cause (a person, typically); not so in Lojban, where the x1 of
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> is always an event.
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi> is always an event.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jAdY"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R8SN"/> look equally convenient (or inconvenient), but in making descriptions,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R8SN"/> can be altered to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jt1n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jai rinka be le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>that-which-is associated-with causing (the event-of your death)</gloss>
<en>the one who caused your death</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> modifies the selbri and can be incorporated into the description – not so for
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> modifies the selbri and can be incorporated into the description – not so for
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi>.</para>
<para>The weakness of
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> used in descriptions in this way is that it does not specify which argument of the implicit abstraction is being raised into the x1 place of the description selbri. One can be more specific by using the modal form of
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> explained in
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> used in descriptions in this way is that it does not specify which argument of the implicit abstraction is being raised into the x1 place of the description selbri. One can be more specific by using the modal form of
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> explained in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LPbo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jai gau rinka be le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>that-which-is agent-in causing (the event-of your death)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1353,93 +1353,93 @@
<para>This section is a logical continuation of
<xref linkend="section-event-types"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> There exists a relationship between the four types of events explained in
<xref linkend="section-event-types"/> and the event contour tense cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually interdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU event types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in
<xref linkend="section-event-contours"/>, and only summarized here.</para>
<para>The purpose of ZAhO cmavo is to represent the natural portions of an event, such as the beginning, the middle, and the end. They fall into several groups:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractions</primary><secondary>related tense contours</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> represent spans of time: before an event begins, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively.</para>
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> represent spans of time: before an event begins, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>co'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>co'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>di'a</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>di'a</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>co'u</jbophrase> represent points of time: the start of an event, the temporary stopping of an event, the resumption of an event after a stop, and the end of an event, respectively. Not all events can have breaks in them, in which case
- <jbophrase>de'a</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>co'u</valsi> represent points of time: the start of an event, the temporary stopping of an event, the resumption of an event after a stop, and the end of an event, respectively. Not all events can have breaks in them, in which case
+ <valsi>de'a</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>di'a</jbophrase> do not apply.</para>
+ <valsi>di'a</valsi> do not apply.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>za'o</jbophrase> correspond to
+ <valsi>mo'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>za'o</valsi> correspond to
- <jbophrase>co'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> respectively, in the case of those events which have a natural ending point that may not be the same as the actual ending point:
- <jbophrase>mo'u</jbophrase> refers to the natural ending point, and
- <jbophrase>za'o</jbophrase> to the time between the natural ending point and the actual ending point (the
+ <valsi>co'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> respectively, in the case of those events which have a natural ending point that may not be the same as the actual ending point:
+ <valsi>mo'u</valsi> refers to the natural ending point, and
+ <valsi>za'o</valsi> to the time between the natural ending point and the actual ending point (the
<quote>excessive</quote> or
<quote>superfective</quote> part of the event).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>co'i</jbophrase> represents an entire event considered as a point-event or achievement.</para>
+ <valsi>co'i</valsi> represents an entire event considered as a point-event or achievement.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'u</primary></indexterm> All these cmavo are applicable to events seen as processes and abstracted with
- <jbophrase>pu'u</jbophrase>. Only processes have enough internal structure to make all these points and spans of time meaningful.</para>
+ <valsi>pu'u</valsi>. Only processes have enough internal structure to make all these points and spans of time meaningful.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state abstractions</primary><secondary>related tense contours</secondary></indexterm> For events seen as states and abstracted with
- <jbophrase>za'i</jbophrase>, the meaningful event contours are the spans
+ <valsi>za'i</valsi>, the meaningful event contours are the spans
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase>; the starting and ending points
- <jbophrase>co'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>co'u</jbophrase>, and the achievement contour
- <jbophrase>co'i</jbophrase>. States do not have natural endings distinct from their actual endings. (It is an open question whether states can be stopped and resumed.)</para>
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi>; the starting and ending points
+ <valsi>co'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>co'u</valsi>, and the achievement contour
+ <valsi>co'i</valsi>. States do not have natural endings distinct from their actual endings. (It is an open question whether states can be stopped and resumed.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractions</primary><secondary>related tense contours</secondary></indexterm> For events seen as activities and abstracted with
- <jbophrase>zu'o</jbophrase>, the meaningful event contours are the spans
+ <valsi>zu'o</valsi>, the meaningful event contours are the spans
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase>, and the achievement contour
- <jbophrase>co'i</jbophrase>. Because activities are inherently cyclic and repetitive, the beginning and ending points are not well-defined: you do not know whether an activity has truly begun until it begins to repeat.</para>
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi>, and the achievement contour
+ <valsi>co'i</valsi>. Because activities are inherently cyclic and repetitive, the beginning and ending points are not well-defined: you do not know whether an activity has truly begun until it begins to repeat.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>achievement abstractions</primary><secondary>related tense contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point-event abstractions</primary><secondary>related tense contours</secondary></indexterm> For events seen as point-events and abstracted with
- <jbophrase>mu'e</jbophrase>, the meaningful event contours are the spans
+ <valsi>mu'e</valsi>, the meaningful event contours are the spans
- <jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> but not
- <jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase> (a point-event has no duration), and the achievement contour
- <jbophrase>co'i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>pu'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ba'o</valsi> but not
+ <valsi>ca'o</valsi> (a point-event has no duration), and the achievement contour
+ <valsi>co'i</valsi>.</para>
<para>Note that the parts of events are themselves events, and may be treated as such. The points in time may be seen as
- <jbophrase>mu'e</jbophrase> point-events; the spans of time may constitute processes or activities. Therefore, Lojban allows us to refer to processes within processes, activities within states, and many other complicated abstract things.</para>
+ <valsi>mu'e</valsi> point-events; the spans of time may constitute processes or activities. Therefore, Lojban allows us to refer to processes within processes, activities within states, and many other complicated abstract things.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-abstractor-connection">
<title>Abstractor connection</title>
<para>An abstractor may be replaced by two or more abstractors joined by logical or non-logical connectives. Connectives are explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. The connection can be expanded to one between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFBV"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFdz"/> are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFBV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 9e5663b..f67d595 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -26,192 +26,192 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti fagyfesti</jbo>
<gloss>That is-fire-waste.</gloss>
<gloss>That is-ashes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Although the lujvo
- <jbophrase>fagyfesti</jbophrase> is derived from the tanru
- <jbophrase>fagri festi</jbophrase>, it is not equivalent in meaning to it. In particular,
- <jbophrase>fagyfesti</jbophrase> has a distinct place structure of its own, not the same as that of
- <jbophrase>festi</jbophrase>. (In contrast, the tanru does have the same place structure as
- <jbophrase>festi</jbophrase>.) The lujvo needs to take account of the places of
- <jbophrase>fagri</jbophrase> as well. When a tanru is made into a lujvo, there is no equivalent of
- <jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase> (described in
+ <oldjbophrase>fagyfesti</oldjbophrase> is derived from the tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>fagri festi</oldjbophrase>, it is not equivalent in meaning to it. In particular,
+ <oldjbophrase>fagyfesti</oldjbophrase> has a distinct place structure of its own, not the same as that of
+ <valsi>festi</valsi>. (In contrast, the tanru does have the same place structure as
+ <valsi>festi</valsi>.) The lujvo needs to take account of the places of
+ <valsi>fagri</valsi> as well. When a tanru is made into a lujvo, there is no equivalent of
+ <oldjbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</oldjbophrase> (described in
<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>) to incorporate sumti into the middle of the lujvo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>creative understanding</primary></indexterm> So why have lujvo? Primarily to reduce semantic ambiguity. On hearing a tanru, there is a burden on the listener to figure out what the tanru might mean. Adding further terms to the tanru reduces ambiguity in one sense, by providing more information; but it increases ambiguity in another sense, because there are more and more tanru joints, each with an ambiguous significance. Since lujvo, like other brivla, have a fixed place structure and a single meaning, encapsulating a commonly-used tanru into a lujvo relieves the listener of the burden of creative understanding. In addition, lujvo are typically shorter than the corresponding tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>guidelines</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>guidelines for place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>absolute laws</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alternative guidelines</primary></indexterm> There are no absolute laws fixing the place structure of a newly created lujvo. The maker must consider the place structures of all the components of the tanru and then decide which are still relevant and which can be removed. What is said in this chapter represents guidelines, presented as one possible standard, not necessarily complete, and not the only possible standard. There may well be lujvo that are built without regard for these guidelines, or in accordance with entirely different guidelines, should such alternative guidelines someday be developed. The reason for presenting any guidelines at all is so that Lojbanists have a starting point for deciding on a likely place structure – one that others seeing the same word can also arrive at by similar consideration.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>cmavo incorporation</secondary></indexterm> If the tanru includes connective cmavo such as
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, or conversion or abstraction cmavo such as
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, there are ways of incorporating them into the lujvo as well. Sometimes this makes the lujvo excessively long; if so, the cmavo may be dropped. This leads to the possibility that more than one tanru could produce the same lujvo. Typically, however, only one of the possible tanru is useful enough to justify making a lujvo for it.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>je</valsi>, or conversion or abstraction cmavo such as
+ <valsi>se</valsi> or
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>, there are ways of incorporating them into the lujvo as well. Sometimes this makes the lujvo excessively long; if so, the cmavo may be dropped. This leads to the possibility that more than one tanru could produce the same lujvo. Typically, however, only one of the possible tanru is useful enough to justify making a lujvo for it.</para>
<para>The exact workings of the lujvo-making algorithm, which takes a tanru built from gismu (and possibly cmavo) and produces a lujvo from it, are described in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-making"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tanru-meanings">
<title>The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour</title>
<para>The meaning of a lujvo is controlled by – but is not the same as – the meaning of the tanru from which the lujvo was constructed. The tanru corresponding to a lujvo is called its
- <jbophrase>veljvo</jbophrase> in Lojban, and since there is no concise English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, the left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the
- <jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase>, and the right (modified) part the
- <jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase>, following the usage of
+ <oldjbophrase>veljvo</oldjbophrase> in Lojban, and since there is no concise English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, the left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the
+ <oldjbophrase>seltau</oldjbophrase>, and the right (modified) part the
+ <oldjbophrase>tertau</oldjbophrase>, following the usage of
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>. For brevity, we will speak of the seltau or tertau of a lujvo, meaning of course the seltau or tertau of the veljvo of that lujvo. (If this terminology is confusing, substituting
<quote>modifier</quote> for
- <jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>seltau</oldjbophrase> and
<quote>modified</quote> for
- <jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase> may help.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tertau</oldjbophrase> may help.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always the same as the place structure of its tertau. As a result, the meaning of the tanru is a modified version of the meaning of the tertau; the tanru will typically, but not always, refer to a subset of the things referred to by the tertau.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>purpose</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>wine-dark sea</primary></indexterm> The purpose of a tanru is to join concepts together without necessarily focusing on the exact meaning of the seltau. For example, in the
<citetitle>Iliad</citetitle>, the poet talks about
<quote>the wine-dark sea</quote>, in which
<quote>wine</quote> is a seltau relative to
<quote>dark</quote>, and the pair of words is a seltau relative to
<quote>sea</quote>. We're talking about the sea, not about wine or color. The other words are there to paint a scene in the listener's mind, in which the real action will occur, and to evoke relations to other sagas of the time similarly describing the sea. Logical inferences about wine or color will be rejected as irrelevant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>goer-house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As a simple example, consider the rather non-obvious tanru
- <jbophrase>klama zdani</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>klama zdani</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>goer-house</quote>. The gismu
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> has two places:</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> has two places:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-xcfi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>x1 is a nest/house/lair/den for inhabitant x2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>(but in this chapter we will use simply
<quote>house</quote>, for brevity), and the gismu
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> has five:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> has five:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-zUVg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>x1 goes to destination x2 from origin point x3 via route x4 using means x5</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The tanru
- <jbophrase>klama zdani</jbophrase> will also have two places, namely those of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. Since a
- <jbophrase>klama zdani</jbophrase> is a type of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, we can assume that all goer-houses – whatever they may be – are also houses.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>klama zdani</oldjbophrase> will also have two places, namely those of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>. Since a
+ <oldjbophrase>klama zdani</oldjbophrase> is a type of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>, we can assume that all goer-houses – whatever they may be – are also houses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>possible meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fleas</primary></indexterm> But is knowing the places of the tertau everything that is needed to understand the meaning of a tanru? No. To see why, let us switch to a less unlikely tanru:
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>, literally
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>, literally
<quote>dog house</quote>. A tanru expresses a very loose relation: a
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> is a house that has something to do with some dog or dogs. What the precise relation might be is left unstated. Thus, the meaning of
- <jbophrase>lo gerku zdani</jbophrase> can include all of the following: houses occupied by dogs, houses shaped by dogs, dogs which are also houses (e.g. houses for fleas), houses named after dogs, and so on. All that is essential is that the place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> is a house that has something to do with some dog or dogs. What the precise relation might be is left unstated. Thus, the meaning of
+ <oldjbophrase>lo gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> can include all of the following: houses occupied by dogs, houses shaped by dogs, dogs which are also houses (e.g. houses for fleas), houses named after dogs, and so on. All that is essential is that the place structure of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> continues to apply.</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> continues to apply.</para>
<para>For something (call it z1) to qualify as a
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> in Lojban, it's got to be a house, first of all. For it to be a house, it's got to house someone (call that z2). Furthermore, there's got to be a dog somewhere (called g1). For g1 to count as a dog in Lojban, it's got to belong to some breed as well (called g2). And finally, for z1 to be in the first place of
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>, as opposed to just
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, there's got to be some relationship (called r) between some place of
-
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> and some place of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>. It doesn't matter which places, because if there's a relationship between some place of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> and any place of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>, then that relationship can be compounded with the relationship between the places of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>- namely,
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> itself – to reach any of the other
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> places. Thus, if the relationship turns out to be between z2 and g2, we can still state r in terms of z1 and g1:
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> in Lojban, it's got to be a house, first of all. For it to be a house, it's got to house someone (call that z2). Furthermore, there's got to be a dog somewhere (called g1). For g1 to count as a dog in Lojban, it's got to belong to some breed as well (called g2). And finally, for z1 to be in the first place of
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>, as opposed to just
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>, there's got to be some relationship (called r) between some place of
+
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> and some place of
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>. It doesn't matter which places, because if there's a relationship between some place of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> and any place of
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>, then that relationship can be compounded with the relationship between the places of
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>- namely,
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> itself – to reach any of the other
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> places. Thus, if the relationship turns out to be between z2 and g2, we can still state r in terms of z1 and g1:
<quote>the relationship involves the dog g1, whose breed has to do with the occupant of the house z1</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bill Clinton</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Doubtless to the relief of the reader, here's an illustration. We want to find out whether the White House (the one in which the U. S. President lives, that is) counts as a
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>. We go through the five variables. The White House is the z1. It houses Bill Clinton as z2, as of this writing, so it counts as a
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>. We go through the five variables. The White House is the z1. It houses Bill Clinton as z2, as of this writing, so it counts as a
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. Let's take a dog – say, Spot (g1). Spot has to have a breed; let's say it's a Saint Bernard (g2). Now, the White House counts as a
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> if there is any relationship (r) at all between the White House and Spot. (We'll choose the g1 and z1 places to relate by r; we could have chosen any other pair of places, and simply gotten a different relationship.)</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>. Let's take a dog – say, Spot (g1). Spot has to have a breed; let's say it's a Saint Bernard (g2). Now, the White House counts as a
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> if there is any relationship (r) at all between the White House and Spot. (We'll choose the g1 and z1 places to relate by r; we could have chosen any other pair of places, and simply gotten a different relationship.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chelsea Clinton</primary></indexterm> The sky is the limit for r; it can be as complicated as
<quote>The other day, g1 (Spot) chased Socks, who is owned by Chelsea Clinton, who is the daughter of Bill Clinton, who lives in z1 (the White House)</quote> or even worse. If no such r can be found, well, you take another dog, and keep going until no more dogs can be found. Only then can we say that the White House cannot fit into the first place of
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>As we have seen, no less than five elements are involved in the definition of
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>: the house, the house dweller, the dog, the dog breed (everywhere a dog goes in Lojban, a dog breed follows), and the relationship between the house and the dog. Since tanru are explicitly ambiguous in Lojban, the relationship r cannot be expressed within a tanru (if it could, it wouldn't be a tanru any more!) All the other places, however, can be expressed – thus:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>: the house, the house dweller, the dog, the dog breed (everywhere a dog goes in Lojban, a dog breed follows), and the relationship between the house and the dog. Since tanru are explicitly ambiguous in Lojban, the relationship r cannot be expressed within a tanru (if it could, it wouldn't be a tanru any more!) All the other places, however, can be expressed – thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tUDa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la blabi zdani cu gerku be fa la spot. bei la sankt. berNARD. be'o zdani la bil. klinton.</jbo>
<gloss>The White House is-a-dog (namely Spot of-breed Saint Bernard) type-of-house-for Bill Clinton.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>derogatory terms</primary></indexterm> Not the most elegant sentence ever written in either Lojban or English. Yet if there is any relation at all between Spot and the White House,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tUDa"/> is arguably true. If we concentrate on just one type of relation in interpreting the tanru
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>, then the meaning of
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> changes. So if we understand
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> as having the same meaning as the English word
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>, then the meaning of
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> changes. So if we understand
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> as having the same meaning as the English word
<quote>doghouse</quote>, the White House would no longer be a
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> with respect to Spot, because as far as we know Spot does not actually live in the White House, and the White House is not a doghouse (derogatory terms for incumbents notwithstanding).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> with respect to Spot, because as far as we know Spot does not actually live in the White House, and the White House is not a doghouse (derogatory terms for incumbents notwithstanding).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lujvo-meanings">
<title>The meaning of lujvo</title>
<para>This is a fairly long way to go to try and work out how to say
<quote>doghouse</quote>! The reader can take heart; we're nearly there. Recall that one of the components involved in fixing the meaning of a tanru – the one left deliberately vague – is the precise relation between the tertau and the seltau. Indeed, fixing this relation is tantamount to giving an interpretation to the ambiguous tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>and seltau/tertau relationship</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>interpreting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>disambiguated instance</primary></indexterm> A lujvo is defined by a single disambiguated instance of a tanru. That is to say, when we try to design the place structure of a lujvo, we don't need to try to discover the relation between the tertau and the seltau. We already know what kind of relation we're looking for; it's given by the specific need we wish to express, and it determines the place structure of the lujvo itself.</para>
<para>Therefore, it is generally not appropriate to simply devise lujvo and decide on place structures for them without considering one or more specific usages for the coinage. If one does not consider specifics, one will be likely to make erroneous generalizations on the relationship r.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>design consideration for relationship</secondary></indexterm> The insight driving the rest of this chapter is this: while the relation expressed by a tanru can be very distant (e.g. Spot chasing Socks, above), the relationship singled out for disambiguation in a lujvo should be quite close. This is because lujvo-making, paralleling natural language compounding, picks out the most salient relationship r between a tertau place and a seltau place to be expressed in a single word. The relationship
<quote>dog chases cat owned by daughter of person living in house</quote> is too distant, and too incidental, to be likely to need expression as a single short word; the relationship
<quote>dog lives in house</quote> is not. From all the various interpretations of
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase>, the person creating
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> should pick the most useful value of r. The most useful one is usually going to be the most obvious one, and the most obvious one is usually the closest one.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>, the person creating
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> should pick the most useful value of r. The most useful one is usually going to be the most obvious one, and the most obvious one is usually the closest one.</para>
<para>In fact, the relationship will almost always be so close that the predicate expressing r will be either the seltau or the tertau predicate itself. This should come as no surprise, given that a word like
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> in Lojban is a predicate. Predicates express relations; so when you're looking for a relation to tie together
- <jbophrase>le zdani</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>, the most obvious relation to pick is the very relation named by the tertau,
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>: the relation between a home and its dweller. As a result, the object which fills the first place of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> (the dog) also fills the second place of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> (the house-dweller).</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> in Lojban is a predicate. Predicates express relations; so when you're looking for a relation to tie together
+ <oldjbophrase>le zdani</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase>, the most obvious relation to pick is the very relation named by the tertau,
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>: the relation between a home and its dweller. As a result, the object which fills the first place of
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> (the dog) also fills the second place of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> (the house-dweller).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping redundant places</secondary></indexterm> The seltau-tertau relationship in the veljvo is expressed by the seltau or tertau predicate itself. Therefore, at least one of the seltau places is going to be equivalent to a tertau place. This place is thus redundant, and can be dropped from the place structure of the lujvo. As a corollary, the precise relationship between the veljvo components can be implicitly determined by finding one or more places to overlap in this way.</para>
<para>So what is the place structure of
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>? We're left with three places, since the dweller, the
- <jbophrase>se zdani</jbophrase>, turned out to be identical to the dog, the
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>. We can proceed as follows:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>? We're left with three places, since the dweller, the
+ <oldjbophrase>se zdani</oldjbophrase>, turned out to be identical to the dog, the
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>. We can proceed as follows:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> (The notation introduced casually in
<xref linkend="section-tanru-meanings"/> will be useful in the rest of this chapter. Rather than using the regular x1, x2, etc. to represent places, we'll use the first letter of the relevant gismu in place of the
<quote>x</quote>, or more than one letter where necessary to resolve ambiguities. Thus, z1 is the first place of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, and g2 is the second place of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>, and g2 is the second place of
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>explicated walk-through</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>new notation</primary></indexterm> The place structure of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> is given as
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> is given as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xcfi"/>, but is repeated here using the new notation:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-95t5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>z1 is a nest/house/lair/den of z2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-H4ed">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>g1 is a dog of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>But z2 is the same as g1; therefore, the tentative place structure for
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> now becomes:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> now becomes:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-VHXr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>z1 is a house for dweller z2 of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>which can also be written</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-MnKf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d4"/>
@@ -226,158 +226,158 @@
<para><place-structure>z1 is a house for dweller/dog z2=g1 of breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Despite the apparently conclusive nature of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wx42"/>, our task is not yet done: we still need to decide whether any of the remaining places should also be eliminated, and what order the lujvo places should appear in. These concerns will be addressed in the remainder of the chapter; but we are now equipped with the terminology needed for those discussions.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-selecting-places">
<title>Selecting places</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>basis of</secondary></indexterm> The set of places of an ordinary lujvo are selected from the places of its component gismu. More precisely, the places of such a lujvo are derived from the set of places of the component gismu by eliminating unnecessary places, until just enough places remain to give an appropriate meaning to the lujvo. In general, including a place makes the concept expressed by a lujvo more general; excluding a place makes the concept more specific, because omitting the place requires assuming a standard value or range of values for it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> It would be possible to design the place structure of a lujvo from scratch, treating it as if it were a gismu, and working out what arguments contribute to the notion to be expressed by the lujvo. There are two reasons arguing against doing so and in favor of the procedure detailed in this chapter.</para>
<para>The first is that it might be very difficult for a hearer or reader, who has no preconceived idea of what concept the lujvo is intended to convey, to work out what the place structure actually is. Instead, he or she would have to make use of a lujvo dictionary every time a lujvo is encountered in order to work out what a
- <jbophrase>se jbopli</jbophrase> or a
- <jbophrase>te klagau</jbophrase> is. But this would mean that, rather than having to learn just the 1300-odd gismu place structures, a Lojbanist would also have to learn myriads of lujvo place structures with little or no apparent pattern or regularity to them. The purpose of the guidelines documented in this chapter is to apply regularity and to make it conventional wherever possible.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se jbopli</oldjbophrase> or a
+ <oldjbophrase>te klagau</oldjbophrase> is. But this would mean that, rather than having to learn just the 1300-odd gismu place structures, a Lojbanist would also have to learn myriads of lujvo place structures with little or no apparent pattern or regularity to them. The purpose of the guidelines documented in this chapter is to apply regularity and to make it conventional wherever possible.</para>
<para>The second reason is related to the first: if the veljvo of the lujvo has not been properly selected, and the places for the lujvo are formulated from scratch, then there is a risk that some of the places formulated may not correspond to any of the places of the gismu used in the veljvo of the lujvo. If that is the case – that is to say, if the lujvo places are not a subset of the veljvo gismu places – then it will be very difficult for the hearer or reader to understand what a particular place means, and what it is doing in that particular lujvo. This is a topic that will be further discussed in
<xref linkend="section-anomalous-lujvo"/>.</para>
<para>However, second-guessing the place structure of the lujvo is useful in guiding the process of subsequently eliminating places from the veljvo. If the Lojbanist has an idea of what the final place structure should look like, he or she should be able to pick an appropriate veljvo to begin with, in order to express the idea, and then to decide which places are relevant or not relevant to expressing that idea.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical">
<title>Symmetrical and asymmetrical lujvo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>veljvo</primary><secondary>symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> A common pattern, perhaps the most common pattern, of lujvo-making creates what is called a
<quote>symmetrical lujvo</quote>. A symmetrical lujvo is one based on a tanru interpretation such that the first place of the seltau is equivalent to the first place of the tertau: each component of the tanru characterizes the same object. As an illustration of this, consider the lujvo
- <jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase>: it is intended to mean
+ <oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase>: it is intended to mean
<quote>both great and a soldier</quote>- that is,
<quote>great soldier</quote>, which is the interpretation we would tend to give its veljvo,
- <jbophrase>banli sonci</jbophrase>. The underlying gismu place structures are:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>banli sonci</oldjbophrase>. The underlying gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7AFc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d1"/>
</title>
- <para><place-structure> <jbophrase>banli</jbophrase>: b1 is great in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
- <para><place-structure> <jbophrase>sonci</jbophrase>: s1 is a soldier of army s2</place-structure></para>
+ <para><place-structure> <valsi>banli</valsi>: b1 is great in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
+ <para><place-structure> <valsi>sonci</valsi>: s1 is a soldier of army s2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>In this case the s1 place of
- <jbophrase>sonci</jbophrase> is redundant, since it is equivalent to the b1 place of
- <jbophrase>banli</jbophrase>. Therefore the place structure of
- <jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> need not include places for both s1 and b1, as they refer to the same thing. So the place structure of
- <jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> is at most</para>
+ <valsi>sonci</valsi> is redundant, since it is equivalent to the b1 place of
+ <valsi>banli</valsi>. Therefore the place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> need not include places for both s1 and b1, as they refer to the same thing. So the place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> is at most</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-UtwF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>listen attentively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant plus others</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical veljvo</primary></indexterm> Some symmetrical veljvo have further equivalent places in addition to the respective first places. Consider the lujvo
- <jbophrase>tinju'i</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>tinju'i</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>to listen</quote> (
<quote>to hear attentively, to hear and pay attention</quote>). The place structures of the gismu
- <jbophrase>tirna</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>jundi</jbophrase> are:</para>
+ <valsi>tirna</valsi> and
+ <valsi>jundi</valsi> are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-rFiE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>
- <jbophrase>tirna</jbophrase>: t1 hears sound t2 against background noise t3</place-structure></para>
+ <valsi>tirna</valsi>: t1 hears sound t2 against background noise t3</place-structure></para>
<para><place-structure>
- <jbophrase>jundi</jbophrase>: j1 pays attention to j2</place-structure></para>
+ <valsi>jundi</valsi>: j1 pays attention to j2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>background noise</primary></indexterm> and the place structure of the lujvo is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-EUr1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d4"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>j1=t1 listens to j2=t2 against background noise t3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Why so? Because not only is the j1 place (the one who pays attention) equivalent to the t1 place (the hearer), but the j2 place (the thing paid attention to) is equivalent to the t2 place (the thing heard).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first place redundant with non-first</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>asymmetrical</secondary></indexterm> A substantial minority of lujvo have the property that the first place of the seltau (
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> in this case) is equivalent to a place other than the first place of the tertau; such lujvo are said to be
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> in this case) is equivalent to a place other than the first place of the tertau; such lujvo are said to be
<quote>asymmetrical</quote>. (There is a deliberate parallel here with the terms
<quote>asymmetrical tanru</quote> and
<quote>symmetrical tanru</quote> used in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>effect of "SE"</secondary></indexterm> In principle any asymmetrical lujvo could be expressed as a symmetrical lujvo. Consider
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>, discussed in
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-meanings"/>, where we learned that the g1 place was equivalent to the z2 place. In order to get the places aligned, we could convert
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>se zdani</jbophrase> (or
- <jbophrase>selzda</jbophrase> when expressed as a lujvo). The place structure of
- <jbophrase>selzda</jbophrase> is</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> to
+ <oldjbophrase>se zdani</oldjbophrase> (or
+ <oldjbophrase>selzda</oldjbophrase> when expressed as a lujvo). The place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>selzda</oldjbophrase> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-IXoj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d5"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>s1 is housed by nest s2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>and so the three-part lujvo
- <jbophrase>gerselzda</jbophrase> would have the place structure</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerselzda</oldjbophrase> would have the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KqE4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d6"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>s1=g1 is a dog housed in nest s2 of dog breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>However, although
- <jbophrase>gerselzda</jbophrase> is a valid lujvo, it doesn't translate
+ <oldjbophrase>gerselzda</oldjbophrase> is a valid lujvo, it doesn't translate
<quote>doghouse</quote>; its first place is the dog, not the doghouse. Furthermore, it is more complicated than necessary;
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> is simpler than
- <jbophrase>gerselzda</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> is simpler than
+ <oldjbophrase>gerselzda</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>From the reader's or listener's point of view, it may not always be obvious whether a newly met lujvo is symmetrical or asymmetrical, and if the latter, what kind of asymmetrical lujvo. If the place structure of the lujvo isn't given in a dictionary or elsewhere, then plausibility must be applied, just as in interpreting tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>car goer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The lujvo
- <jbophrase>karcykla</jbophrase>, for example, is based on
- <jbophrase>karce klama</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>karcykla</oldjbophrase>, for example, is based on
+ <oldjbophrase>karce klama</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>car goer</quote>. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>karce</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>karce</valsi> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-S7W3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d7"/>
</title>
<para>karce: ka1 is a car carrying ka2 propelled by ka3</para>
</example>
<para>A asymmetrical interpretation of
- <jbophrase>karcykla</jbophrase> that is strictly analogous to the place structure of
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>, equating the kl2 (destination) and ka1 (car) places, would lead to the place structure</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>karcykla</oldjbophrase> that is strictly analogous to the place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>, equating the kl2 (destination) and ka1 (car) places, would lead to the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-GgxL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d8"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>kl1 goes to car kl2=ka1 which carries ka2 propelled by ka3 from origin kl3 via route kl4 by means of kl5</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>But in general we go about in cars, rather than going to cars, so a far more likely place structure treats the ka1 place as equivalent to the kl5 place, leading to</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-QiHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d9"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>kl1 goes to destination kl2 from origin kl3 via route kl4 by means of car kl5=ka1 carrying ka2 propelled by ka3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>instead.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-dependent-places">
<title>Dependent places</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dependent places</secondary></indexterm> In order to understand which places, if any, should be completely removed from a lujvo place structure, we need to understand the concept of dependent places. One place of a brivla is said to be dependent on another if its value can be predicted from the values of one or more of the other places. For example, the g2 place of
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> is dependent on the g1 place. Why? Because when we know what fits in the g1 place (Spot, let us say, a well-known dog), then we know what fits in the g2 place (
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> is dependent on the g1 place. Why? Because when we know what fits in the g1 place (Spot, let us say, a well-known dog), then we know what fits in the g2 place (
<quote>St. Bernard</quote>, let us say). In other words, when the value of the g1 place has been specified, the value of the g2 place is determined by it. Conversely, since each dog has only one breed, but each breed contains many dogs, the g1 place is not dependent on the g2 place; if we know only that some dog is a St. Bernard, we cannot tell by that fact alone which dog is meant.</para>
<para>For
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, on the other hand, there is no dependency between the places. When we know the identity of a house-dweller, we have not determined the house, because a dweller may dwell in more than one house. By the same token, when we know the identity of a house, we do not know the identity of its dweller, for a house may contain more than one dweller.</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>, on the other hand, there is no dependency between the places. When we know the identity of a house-dweller, we have not determined the house, because a dweller may dwell in more than one house. By the same token, when we know the identity of a house, we do not know the identity of its dweller, for a house may contain more than one dweller.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping dependent seltau places</secondary></indexterm> The rule for eliminating places from a lujvo is that dependent places provided by the seltau are eliminated. Therefore, in
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> the dependent g2 place is removed from the tentative place structure given in
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> the dependent g2 place is removed from the tentative place structure given in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wx42"/>, leaving the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-zMyY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>z1 is the house dwelt in by dog z2=g1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Informally put, the reason this has happened – and it happens a lot with seltau places – is that the third place was describing not the doghouse, but the dog who lives in it. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PI6B">
<title>
@@ -394,21 +394,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat. noi gerku</jbo>
<en>Mon Repos is a house of Spot, who is a dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since that is the interpretation we have given
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>. But that in turn means</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>. But that in turn means</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified breed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wc69">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat noi ke'a gerku zo'e</jbo>
<en>Mon Repos is a house of Spot, who is a dog of unspecified breed.</en>
@@ -432,93 +432,93 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat. noi ke'a gerku la sankt. berNARD. ku'o la sankt. berNARD.</jbo>
<en>Mon Repos is a doghouse of Spot, who is a dog of breed St. Bernard, of breed St. Bernard.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>supplementary information</primary></indexterm> employing the over-ample place structure of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wx42"/>. The dog breed is redundantly given both in the main selbri and in the relative clause, and (intuitively speaking) is repeated in the wrong place, since the dog breed is supplementary information about the dog, and not about the doghouse.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beetle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As a further example, take
- <jbophrase>cakcinki</jbophrase>, the lujvo for
+ <oldjbophrase>cakcinki</oldjbophrase>, the lujvo for
<quote>beetle</quote>, based on the tanru
- <jbophrase>calku cinki</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>calku cinki</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>shell-insect</quote>. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-D0qb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d7"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>calku</jbophrase>: ca1 is a shell/husk around ca2 made of ca3</para>
+ <valsi>calku</valsi>: ca1 is a shell/husk around ca2 made of ca3</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>cinki</jbophrase>: ci1 is an insect/arthropod of species ci2</para>
+ <valsi>cinki</valsi>: ci1 is an insect/arthropod of species ci2</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping cross-dependent places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>cross-dependent places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross-dependency</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>arthropod</primary></indexterm> This example illustrates a cross-dependency between a place of one gismu and a place of the other. The ca3 place is dependent on ci1, because all insects (which fit into ci1) have shells made of chitin (which fits into ca3). Furthermore, ca1 is dependent on ci1 as well, because each insect has only a single shell. And since ca2 (the thing with the shell) is equivalent to ci1 (the insect), the place structure is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-n7JB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d8"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>ci1=ca2 is a beetle of species ci2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>with not a single place of
- <jbophrase>calku</jbophrase> surviving independently!</para>
+ <valsi>calku</valsi> surviving independently!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beetles</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Coleoptera</primary></indexterm> (Note that there is nothing in this explanation that tells us just why
- <jbophrase>cakcinki</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>cakcinki</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>beetle</quote> (member of Coleoptera), since all insects in their adult forms have chitin shells of some sort. The answer, which is in no way predictable, is that the shell is a prominent, highly noticeable feature of beetles in particular.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping dependent tertau places</secondary></indexterm> What about the dependency of ci2 on ci1? After all, no beetle belongs to more than one species, so it would seem that the ci2 place of
- <jbophrase>cakcinki</jbophrase> could be eliminated on the same reasoning that allowed us to eliminate the g2 place of
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> above. However, it is a rule that dependent places are not eliminated from a lujvo when they are derived from the tertau of its veljvo. This rule is imposed to keep the place structures of lujvo from drifting too far from the tertau place structure; if a place is necessary in the tertau, it's treated as necessary in the lujvo as well.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cakcinki</oldjbophrase> could be eliminated on the same reasoning that allowed us to eliminate the g2 place of
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> above. However, it is a rule that dependent places are not eliminated from a lujvo when they are derived from the tertau of its veljvo. This rule is imposed to keep the place structures of lujvo from drifting too far from the tertau place structure; if a place is necessary in the tertau, it's treated as necessary in the lujvo as well.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>selecting tertau</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shoehorn</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>wrong concept</primary></indexterm> In general, the desire to remove places coming from the tertau is a sign that the veljvo selected is simply wrong. Different place structures imply different concepts, and the lujvo maker may be trying to shoehorn the wrong concept into the place structure of his or her choosing. This is obvious when someone tries to shoehorn a
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> tertau into a
- <jbophrase>litru</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>cliva</jbophrase> concept, for example: these gismu differ in their number of arguments, and suppressing places of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> in a lujvo doesn't make any sense if the resulting modified place structure is that of
- <jbophrase>litru</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>cliva</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> tertau into a
+ <valsi>litru</valsi> or
+ <valsi>cliva</valsi> concept, for example: these gismu differ in their number of arguments, and suppressing places of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> in a lujvo doesn't make any sense if the resulting modified place structure is that of
+ <valsi>litru</valsi> or
+ <valsi>cliva</valsi>.</para>
<para>Sometimes the dependency is between a single place of the tertau and the whole event described by the seltau. Such cases are discussed further in
<xref linkend="section-implicit-abstraction"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>school building</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping dependent places</secondary><tertiary>caveat</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>auditoriums</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elementary schools</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>playgrounds</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>recital rooms</primary></indexterm> Unfortunately, not all dependent places in the seltau can be safely removed: some of them are necessary to interpreting the lujvo's meaning in context. It doesn't matter much to a doghouse what breed of dog inhabits it, but it can make quite a lot of difference to the construction of a school building what kind of school is in it! Music schools need auditoriums and recital rooms, elementary schools need playgrounds, and so on: therefore, the place structure of
- <jbophrase>kuldi'u</jbophrase> (from
- <jbophrase>ckule dinju</jbophrase>, and meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>kuldi'u</oldjbophrase> (from
+ <oldjbophrase>ckule dinju</oldjbophrase>, and meaning
<quote>school building</quote>) needs to be</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-u6Xz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d9"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>d1 is a building housing school c1 teaching subject c3 to audience c4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>even though c3 and c4 are plainly dependent on c1. The other places of
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>, the location (c2) and operators (c5), don't seem to be necessary to the concept
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi>, the location (c2) and operators (c5), don't seem to be necessary to the concept
<quote>school building</quote>, and are dependent on c1 to boot, so they are omitted. Again, the need for case-by-case consideration of place structures is demonstrated.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-order-of-places">
<title>Ordering lujvo places.</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary></indexterm> So far, we have concentrated on selecting the places to go into the place structure of a lujvo. However, this is only half the story. In using selbri in Lojban, it is important to remember the right order of the sumti. With lujvo, the need to attend to the order of sumti becomes critical: the set of places selected should be ordered in such a way that a reader unfamiliar with the lujvo should be able to tell which place is which.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>prayer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> If we aim to make understandable lujvo, then, we should make the order of places in the place structure follow some conventions. If this does not occur, very real ambiguities can turn up. Take for example the lujvo
- <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>prayer</quote>. In the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FfWn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>di'e jdaselsku la dong.</jbo>
<gloss>This-utterance is-a-prayer somehow-related-to-Dong.</gloss>
@@ -541,25 +541,25 @@
<para>This is a prayer to Dong</para>
</example>
<para>We could resolve such problems on a case-by-case basis for each lujvo (
<xref linkend="section-anomalous-lujvo"/> discusses when this is actually necessary), but case-by-case resolution for run-of-the-mill lujvo makes the task of learning lujvo place structures unmanageable. People need consistent patterns to make sense of what they learn. Such patterns can be found across gismu place structures (see
<xref linkend="section-gismu-place-structures"/>), and are even more necessary in lujvo place structures. Case-by-case consideration is still necessary; lujvo creation is a subtle art, after all. But it is helpful to take advantage of any available regularities.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>symmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elimination process</primary></indexterm> We use two different ordering rules: one for symmetrical lujvo and one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lujvo like
- <jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> (from
+ <oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> (from
<xref linkend="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical"/>) has the places of its tertau followed by whatever places of the seltau survive the elimination process. For
- <jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase>, the surviving places of
- <jbophrase>banli</jbophrase> are b2 and b3, leading to the place structure:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase>, the surviving places of
+ <valsi>banli</valsi> are b2 and b3, leading to the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-rv1m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d4"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>just what appears in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7AFc"/>. In fact, all place structures shown until now have been in the correct order by the conventions of this section, though the fact has been left tacit until now.</para>
<para>The motivation for this rule is the parallelism between the lujvo bridi-schema</para>
@@ -576,247 +576,247 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LzCP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>b1 sonci s2 gi'e banli b2 b3</jbo>
<gloss>b1 is-a-soldier of-army-s2 and is-great in-property-b2 by-standard-b3</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
- <jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase> is the Lojban word for
+ <valsi>gi'e</valsi> is the Lojban word for
<quote>and</quote> when placed between two partial bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>veterinarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>asymmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal doctor</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Asymmetrical lujvo like
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>, on the other hand, employ a different rule. The seltau places are inserted not at the end of the place structure, but rather immediately after the tertau place which is equivalent to the first place of the seltau. Consider
- <jbophrase>dalmikce</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>, on the other hand, employ a different rule. The seltau places are inserted not at the end of the place structure, but rather immediately after the tertau place which is equivalent to the first place of the seltau. Consider
+ <oldjbophrase>dalmikce</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>veterinarian</quote>: its veljvo is
- <jbophrase>danlu mikce</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>danlu mikce</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>animal doctor</quote>. The place structures for those gismu are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-BqPj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d7"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>danlu</jbophrase>: d1 is an animal of species d2</para>
+ <valsi>danlu</valsi>: d1 is an animal of species d2</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>mikce</jbophrase>: m1 is a doctor to patient m2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</para>
+ <valsi>mikce</valsi>: m1 is a doctor to patient m2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ailment</primary></indexterm> and the lujvo place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-WeBW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d8"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>m1 is a doctor for animal m2=d1 of species d2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal patient</primary></indexterm> Since the shared place is m2=d1, the animal patient, the remaining seltau place d2 is inserted immediately after the shared place; then the remaining tertau places form the last two places of the lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-n-part-lujvo">
<title>lujvo with more than two parts.</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tomorrow</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>based on 3-or-more part veljvo</secondary></indexterm> The theory we have outlined so far is an account of lujvo with two parts. But often lujvo are made containing more than two parts. An example is
- <jbophrase>bavlamdei</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>bavlamdei</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>tomorrow</quote>: it is composed of the rafsi for
<quote>future</quote>,
<quote>adjacent</quote>, and
<quote>day</quote>. How does the account we have given apply to lujvo like this?</para>
<para>The best way to approach such lujvo is to continue to classify them as based on binary tanru, the only difference being that the seltau or the tertau or both is itself a lujvo. So it is easiest to make sense of
- <jbophrase>bavlamdei</jbophrase> as having two components:
- <jbophrase>bavla'i</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>bavlamdei</oldjbophrase> as having two components:
+ <oldjbophrase>bavla'i</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>next</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>djedi</jbophrase>. If we know or invent the lujvo place structure for the components, we can compose the new lujvo place structure in the usual way.</para>
+ <valsi>djedi</valsi>. If we know or invent the lujvo place structure for the components, we can compose the new lujvo place structure in the usual way.</para>
<para>In this case,
- <jbophrase>bavla'i</jbophrase> is given the place structure</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bavla'i</oldjbophrase> is given the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-aCg7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>b1=l1 is next after b2=l2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>making it a symmetrical lujvo. We combine this with
- <jbophrase>djedi</jbophrase>, which has the place structure:</para>
+ <valsi>djedi</valsi>, which has the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Lera">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d2"/>
</title>
<para>duration d1 is d2 days long (default 1) by standard d3</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anomalous ordering of lujvo places</primary></indexterm> While symmetrical lujvo normally put any trailing tertau places before any seltau places, the day standard is a much less important concept than the day the tomorrow follows, in the definition of
- <jbophrase>bavlamdei</jbophrase>. This is an example of how the guidelines presented for selecting and ordering lujvo places are just that, not laws that must be rigidly adhered to. In this case, we choose to rank places in order of relative importance. The resulting place structure is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bavlamdei</oldjbophrase>. This is an example of how the guidelines presented for selecting and ordering lujvo places are just that, not laws that must be rigidly adhered to. In this case, we choose to rank places in order of relative importance. The resulting place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KEwW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>d1=b1=l1 is a day following b2=l2, d2 days later (default 1) by standard d3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long-sword</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>medieval weapon</primary></indexterm> Here is another example of a multi-part lujvo:
- <jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>cladakyxa'i</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>long-sword</quote>, a specific type of medieval weapon. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-XpNf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d4"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>clani</jbophrase>: c1 is long in direction c2 by standard c3</para>
+ <valsi>clani</valsi>: c1 is long in direction c2 by standard c3</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>dakfu</jbophrase>: d1 is a knife for cutting d2 with blade made of d3</para>
+ <valsi>dakfu</valsi>: d1 is a knife for cutting d2 with blade made of d3</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>xarci</jbophrase>: xa1 is a weapon for use against xa2 by wielder xa3</para>
+ <valsi>xarci</valsi>: xa1 is a weapon for use against xa2 by wielder xa3</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sword blade</primary></indexterm> Since
- <jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase> is a symmetrical lujvo based on
- <jbophrase>cladakfu xarci</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>cladakfu</jbophrase> is itself a symmetrical lujvo, we can do the necessary analyses all at once. Plainly c1 (the long thing), d1 (the knife), and xa1 (the weapon) are all the same. Likewise, the d2 place (the thing cut) is the same as the xa2 place (the target of the weapon), given that swords are used to cut victims. Finally, the c2 place (direction of length) is always along the sword blade in a longsword, by definition, and so is dependent on c1=d1=xa1. Adding on the places of the remaining gismu in right-to-left order we get:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cladakyxa'i</oldjbophrase> is a symmetrical lujvo based on
+ <oldjbophrase>cladakfu xarci</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>cladakfu</oldjbophrase> is itself a symmetrical lujvo, we can do the necessary analyses all at once. Plainly c1 (the long thing), d1 (the knife), and xa1 (the weapon) are all the same. Likewise, the d2 place (the thing cut) is the same as the xa2 place (the target of the weapon), given that swords are used to cut victims. Finally, the c2 place (direction of length) is always along the sword blade in a longsword, by definition, and so is dependent on c1=d1=xa1. Adding on the places of the remaining gismu in right-to-left order we get:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-eAbF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d5"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>xa1=d1=c1 is a long-sword for use against xa2=d2 by wielder xa3, with a blade made of d3, length measured by standard c3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>If the last place sounds unimportant to you, notice that what counts legally as a
<quote>sword</quote>, rather than just a
<quote>knife</quote>, depends on the length of the blade (the legal limit varies in different jurisdictions). This fifth place of
- <jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase> may not often be explicitly filled, but it is still useful on occasion. Because it is so seldom important, it is best that it be last.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cladakyxa'i</oldjbophrase> may not often be explicitly filled, but it is still useful on occasion. Because it is so seldom important, it is best that it be last.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-seltau-SE">
<title>Eliding SE rafsi from seltau</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>dropping SE rafsi</secondary></indexterm> It is common to form lujvo that omit the rafsi based on cmavo of selma'o SE, as well as other cmavo rafsi. Doing so makes lujvo construction for common or useful constructions shorter. Since it puts more strain on the listener who has not heard the lujvo before, the shortness of the word should not necessarily outweigh ease in understanding, especially if the lujvo refers to a rare or unusual concept.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>proposed law</primary></indexterm> Consider as an example the lujvo
- <jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase>, from the veljvo
- <jbophrase>stidi flalu</jbophrase>, and meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>ti'ifla</oldjbophrase>, from the veljvo
+ <oldjbophrase>stidi flalu</oldjbophrase>, and meaning
<quote>bill, proposed law</quote>. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-n1LH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d1"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase>: agent st1 suggests idea/action st2 to audience st3</para>
+ <valsi>stidi</valsi>: agent st1 suggests idea/action st2 to audience st3</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>flalu</jbophrase>: f1 is a law specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4</para>
+ <valsi>flalu</valsi>: f1 is a law specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4</para>
<para>by lawgiver f5</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lined up</primary></indexterm> This lujvo does not fit any of our existing molds: it is the second seltau place, st2, that is equivalent to one of the tertau places, namely f1. However, if we understand
- <jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase> as an abbreviation for the lujvo
- <jbophrase>selti'ifla</jbophrase>, then we get the first places of seltau and tertau lined up. The place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>ti'ifla</oldjbophrase> as an abbreviation for the lujvo
+ <oldjbophrase>selti'ifla</oldjbophrase>, then we get the first places of seltau and tertau lined up. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>selti'i</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selti'i</oldjbophrase> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-j98h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d2"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>selti'i</jbophrase>: idea/action se1 is suggested by agent se2 to audience se3</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selti'i</oldjbophrase>: idea/action se1 is suggested by agent se2 to audience se3</para>
</example>
<para>Here we can see that se1 (what is suggested) is equivalent to f1 (the law), and we get a normal symmetrical lujvo. The final place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-S0n4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>f1=se1 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4 by suggester se2 to audience/lawgivers f5=se3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>or, relabeling the places,</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-RM3D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e9d4"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>f1=st2 is a bill specifying f2 for community f3 under conditions f4 by suggester st1 to audience/lawgivers f5=st3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where the last place (st3) is probably some sort of legislature.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>abbreviated</secondary></indexterm> Abbreviated lujvo like
- <jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase> are more intuitive (for the lujvo-maker) than their more explicit counterparts like
- <jbophrase>selti'ifla</jbophrase> (as well as shorter). They don't require the coiner to sit down and work out the precise relation between the seltau and the tertau: he or she can just rattle off a rafsi pair. But should the lujvo get to the stage where a place structure needs to be worked out, then the precise relation does need to be specified. And in that case, such abbreviated lujvo form a trap in lujvo place ordering, since they obscure the most straightforward relation between the seltau and tertau. To give our lujvo-making guidelines as wide an application as possible, and to encourage analyzing the seltau-tertau relation in lujvo, lujvo like
+ <oldjbophrase>ti'ifla</oldjbophrase> are more intuitive (for the lujvo-maker) than their more explicit counterparts like
+ <oldjbophrase>selti'ifla</oldjbophrase> (as well as shorter). They don't require the coiner to sit down and work out the precise relation between the seltau and the tertau: he or she can just rattle off a rafsi pair. But should the lujvo get to the stage where a place structure needs to be worked out, then the precise relation does need to be specified. And in that case, such abbreviated lujvo form a trap in lujvo place ordering, since they obscure the most straightforward relation between the seltau and tertau. To give our lujvo-making guidelines as wide an application as possible, and to encourage analyzing the seltau-tertau relation in lujvo, lujvo like
- <jbophrase>ti'ifla</jbophrase> are given the place structure they would have with the appropriate SE added to the seltau.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ti'ifla</oldjbophrase> are given the place structure they would have with the appropriate SE added to the seltau.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plausibility</primary><secondary>in abbreviated lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abbreviated lujvo and plausibility</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implausible</primary></indexterm> Note that, with these lujvo, an interpretation requiring SE insertion is safe only if the alternatives are either implausible or unlikely to be needed as a lujvo. This may not always be the case, and Lojbanists should be aware of the risk of ambiguity.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tertau-SE">
<title>Eliding SE rafsi from tertau</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>effect of "SE"-dropping in tertau</secondary></indexterm> Eliding SE rafsi from tertau gets us into much more trouble. To understand why, recall that lujvo, following their veljvo, describe some type of whatever their tertau describe. Thus,
- <jbophrase>posydji</jbophrase> describes a type of
- <jbophrase>djica</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> describes a type of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, and so on. What is certain is that
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> does not describe a
- <jbophrase>se zdani</jbophrase>- it is not a word that could be used to describe an inhabitant such as a dog.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>posydji</oldjbophrase> describes a type of
+ <valsi>djica</valsi>,
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> describes a type of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>, and so on. What is certain is that
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> does not describe a
+ <oldjbophrase>se zdani</oldjbophrase>- it is not a word that could be used to describe an inhabitant such as a dog.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue-eyed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now consider how we would translate the word
<quote>blue-eyed</quote>. Let's tentatively translate this word as
- <jbophrase>blakanla</jbophrase> (from
- <jbophrase>blanu kanla</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>blakanla</oldjbophrase> (from
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu kanla</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>blue eye</quote>). But immediately we are in trouble: we cannot say</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Kyq2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djak. cu blakanla</jbo>
<gloss>Jack is-a-blue-eye</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because Jack is not an eye,
- <jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>, but someone with an eye,
- <jbophrase>se kanla</jbophrase>. At best we can say</para>
+ <valsi>kanla</valsi>, but someone with an eye,
+ <oldjbophrase>se kanla</oldjbophrase>. At best we can say</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3IKp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djak. cu se blakanla</jbo>
<gloss>Jack is-the-bearer-of-blue-eyes</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But look now at the place structure of
- <jbophrase>blakanla</jbophrase>: it is a symmetrical lujvo, so the place structure is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blakanla</oldjbophrase>: it is a symmetrical lujvo, so the place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ncPN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e10d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>bl1=k1 is a blue eye of bl2=k2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>We end up being most interested in talking about the second place, not the first (we talk much more of people than of their eyes), so
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> would almost always be required.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> would almost always be required.</para>
<para>What is happening here is that we are translating the tertau wrongly, under the influence of English. The English suffix
<quote>-eyed</quote> does not mean
<quote>eye</quote>, but someone with an eye, which is
- <jbophrase>selkanla</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selkanla</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>Because we've got the wrong tertau (eliding a
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> that really should be there), any attempt to accommodate the resulting lujvo into our guidelines for place structure is fitting a square peg in a round hole. Since they can be so misleading, lujvo with SE rafsi elided from the tertau should be avoided in favor of their more explicit counterparts: in this case,
- <jbophrase>blaselkanla</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> that really should be there), any attempt to accommodate the resulting lujvo into our guidelines for place structure is fitting a square peg in a round hole. Since they can be so misleading, lujvo with SE rafsi elided from the tertau should be avoided in favor of their more explicit counterparts: in this case,
+ <oldjbophrase>blaselkanla</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-eliding-ke-kehe">
<title>Eliding KE and KEhE rafsi from lujvo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping "KEhE"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping "KE"</secondary></indexterm> People constructing lujvo usually want them to be as short as possible. To that end, they will discard any cmavo they regard as niceties. The first such cmavo to get thrown out are usually
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, the cmavo used to structure and group tanru. We can usually get away with this, because the interpretation of the tertau with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> missing is less plausible than that with the cmavo inserted, or because the distinction isn't really important.</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi>, the cmavo used to structure and group tanru. We can usually get away with this, because the interpretation of the tertau with
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> missing is less plausible than that with the cmavo inserted, or because the distinction isn't really important.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beefsteak</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beefsteak</primary></indexterm> For example, in
- <jbophrase>bakrecpa'o</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>bakrecpa'o</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>beefsteak</quote>, the veljvo is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TgVR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] bakni rectu [ke'e] panlo</jbo>
<gloss>( bovine meat ) slice</gloss>
@@ -828,21 +828,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bakni ke rectu panlo [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>bovine ( meat slice )</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sneak in</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>meat slice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
- <jbophrase>zernerkla</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>zernerkla</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>to sneak in</quote>, almost certainly was formed from the veljvo</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aXrm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zekri ke nenri klama [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>crime ( inside go )</gloss>
<en>to go within, criminally</en>
@@ -854,212 +854,212 @@
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama</jbo>
<gloss>(crime inside) go</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go into a place where it is criminal to be inside – an interpretation almost identical with
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aXrm"/> anyway?)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary></indexterm> There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example,
- <jbophrase>xaskemcakcurnu</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>xaskemcakcurnu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>oceanic shellfish</quote>, and has the veljvo</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shell worm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0W5t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xamsi ke calku curnu</jbo>
<gloss>ocean type-of (shell worm)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invertebrate</primary></indexterm> (
<quote>worm</quote> in Lojban refers to any invertebrate), but
- <jbophrase>xasycakcurnu</jbophrase> has the veljvo</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>xasycakcurnu</oldjbophrase> has the veljvo</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ocean shell</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HEjn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] xamsi calku [ke'e] curnu</jbo>
<gloss>(ocean shell) type-of worm</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>clamshells</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parasitic worms</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and might refer to the parasitic worms that infest clamshells.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo creation</primary><secondary>interaction of KE with NAhE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo creation</primary><secondary>interaction of KE with SE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>misinterpretation</primary></indexterm> Such misinterpretation is more likely than not in a lujvo starting with
<rafsi>sel-</rafsi> (from
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>),
+ <valsi>se</valsi>),
<rafsi>nal-</rafsi> (from
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>) or
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>) or
<rafsi>tol-</rafsi> (from
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase>): the scope of the rafsi will likeliest be presumed to be as narrow as possible, since all of these cmavo normally bind only to the following brivla or
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> group. For that reason, if we want to modify an entire lujvo by putting
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase> before it, it's better to leave the result as two words, or else to insert
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, than to just stick the SE or NAhE rafsi on.</para>
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi>): the scope of the rafsi will likeliest be presumed to be as narrow as possible, since all of these cmavo normally bind only to the following brivla or
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> group. For that reason, if we want to modify an entire lujvo by putting
+ <valsi>se</valsi>,
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> or
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi> before it, it's better to leave the result as two words, or else to insert
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, than to just stick the SE or NAhE rafsi on.</para>
<para>It is all right to replace the phrase
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase> with
- <jbophrase>selkla</jbophrase>, and the places of
- <jbophrase>selkla</jbophrase> are exactly those of
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>. But consider the related lujvo
- <jbophrase>dzukla</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase> with
+ <oldjbophrase>selkla</oldjbophrase>, and the places of
+ <oldjbophrase>selkla</oldjbophrase> are exactly those of
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>. But consider the related lujvo
+ <oldjbophrase>dzukla</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>to walk to somewhere</quote>. It is a symmmetrical lujvo, derived from the veljvo
- <jbophrase>cadzu klama</jbophrase> as follows:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cadzu klama</oldjbophrase> as follows:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-4yG0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d7"/>
</title>
- <para><jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>: c1 walks on surface c2 using limbs c3</para>
- <para><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>: k1 goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 using k5</para>
- <para><jbophrase>dzukla</jbophrase>: c1=k1 walks to k2 from k3 via route k4 using limbs k5=c3 on surface c2</para>
+ <para><valsi>cadzu</valsi>: c1 walks on surface c2 using limbs c3</para>
+ <para><valsi>klama</valsi>: k1 goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 using k5</para>
+ <para><oldjbophrase>dzukla</oldjbophrase>: c1=k1 walks to k2 from k3 via route k4 using limbs k5=c3 on surface c2</para>
</example>
<para>We can swap the k1 and k2 places using
- <jbophrase>se dzukla</jbophrase>, but we cannot directly make
- <jbophrase>se dzukla</jbophrase> into
- <jbophrase>seldzukla</jbophrase>, which would represent the veljvo
- <jbophrase>selcadzu klama</jbophrase> and plausibly mean something like
+ <oldjbophrase>se dzukla</oldjbophrase>, but we cannot directly make
+ <oldjbophrase>se dzukla</oldjbophrase> into
+ <oldjbophrase>seldzukla</oldjbophrase>, which would represent the veljvo
+ <oldjbophrase>selcadzu klama</oldjbophrase> and plausibly mean something like
<quote>to go to a walking surface</quote>. Instead, we would need
- <jbophrase>selkemdzukla</jbophrase>, with an explicit rafsi for
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>. Similarly,
- <jbophrase>nalbrablo</jbophrase> (from
- <jbophrase>na'e barda bloti</jbophrase>) means
+ <oldjbophrase>selkemdzukla</oldjbophrase>, with an explicit rafsi for
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>. Similarly,
+ <oldjbophrase>nalbrablo</oldjbophrase> (from
+ <oldjbophrase>na'e barda bloti</oldjbophrase>) means
<quote>non-big boat</quote>, whereas
- <jbophrase>na'e brablo</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>na'e brablo</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>other than a big boat</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo creation</primary><secondary>use of multiple SE in</secondary></indexterm> If the lujvo we want to modify with SE has a seltau already starting with a SE rafsi, we can take a shortcut. For instance,
- <jbophrase>gekmau</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>gekmau</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>happier than</quote>, while
- <jbophrase>selgekmau</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>selgekmau</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>making people happier than, more enjoyable than, more of a 'se gleki' than</quote>. If something is less enjoyable than something else, we can say it is
- <jbophrase>se selgekmau</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se selgekmau</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>But we can also say it is
- <jbophrase>selselgekmau</jbophrase>. Two
+ <oldjbophrase>selselgekmau</oldjbophrase>. Two
<quote>se</quote> cmavo in a row cancel each other (
- <jbophrase>se se gleki</jbophrase> means the same as just
- <jbophrase>gleki</jbophrase>), so there would be no good reason to have
- <jbophrase>selsel</jbophrase> in a lujvo with that meaning. Instead, we can feel free to interpret
- <jbophrase>selsel-</jbophrase> as
- <jbophrase>selkemsel-</jbophrase>. The rafsi combinations
- <jbophrase>terter-</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>velvel-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>xelxel-</jbophrase> work in the same way.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se se gleki</oldjbophrase> means the same as just
+ <valsi>gleki</valsi>), so there would be no good reason to have
+ <oldjbophrase>selsel</oldjbophrase> in a lujvo with that meaning. Instead, we can feel free to interpret
+ <oldjbophrase>selsel-</oldjbophrase> as
+ <oldjbophrase>selkemsel-</oldjbophrase>. The rafsi combinations
+ <oldjbophrase>terter-</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>velvel-</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>xelxel-</oldjbophrase> work in the same way.</para>
<para>Other SE combinations like
- <jbophrase>selter-</jbophrase>, although they might conceivably mean
- <jbophrase>se te</jbophrase>, more than likely should be interpreted in the same way, namely as
+ <oldjbophrase>selter-</oldjbophrase>, although they might conceivably mean
+ <oldjbophrase>se te</oldjbophrase>, more than likely should be interpreted in the same way, namely as
- <jbophrase>se ke te</jbophrase>, since there is no need to re-order places in the way that
- <jbophrase>se te</jbophrase> provides. (See
+ <oldjbophrase>se ke te</oldjbophrase>, since there is no need to re-order places in the way that
+ <oldjbophrase>se te</oldjbophrase> provides. (See
<xref linkend="section-SE"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-abstraction-lujvo">
<title>Abstract lujvo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>"nu" lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstract lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>abstract</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of NU can participate in the construction of lujvo of a particularly simple and well-patterned kind. Consider that old standard example,
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KEao">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The selbri
- <jbophrase>nu klama [kei]</jbophrase> has only one place, the event-of-going, but the full five places exist implicitly between
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase>, since a full bridi with all sumti may be placed there. In a lujvo, there is no room for such inside places, and consequently the lujvo
- <jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>nu klama [kei]</oldjbophrase> has only one place, the event-of-going, but the full five places exist implicitly between
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>kei</valsi>, since a full bridi with all sumti may be placed there. In a lujvo, there is no room for such inside places, and consequently the lujvo
+ <oldjbophrase>nunkla</oldjbophrase> (
<rafsi>nun-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>), needs to have six places:</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>), needs to have six places:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-m60H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Here the first place of
- <jbophrase>nunklama</jbophrase> is the first and only place of
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, and the other five places have been pushed down by one to occupy the second through the sixth places. Full information on
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, as well as the other abstractors mentioned in this section, is given in
+ <oldjbophrase>nunklama</oldjbophrase> is the first and only place of
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>, and the other five places have been pushed down by one to occupy the second through the sixth places. Full information on
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>, as well as the other abstractors mentioned in this section, is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>multi-place abstraction lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>"ni" lujvo</secondary></indexterm> For those abstractors which have a second place as well, the standard convention is to place this place after, rather than before, the places of the brivla being abstracted. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>nilkla</jbophrase>, the lujvo derived from
- <jbophrase>ni klama</jbophrase>, is the imposing:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nilkla</oldjbophrase>, the lujvo derived from
+ <oldjbophrase>ni klama</oldjbophrase>, is the imposing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-yURu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>ni1 is the amount of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5, measured on scale ni2.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>It is not uncommon for abstractors to participate in the making of more complex lujvo as well. For example,
- <jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase>, from the veljvo</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nunsoidji</oldjbophrase>, from the veljvo</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RKcH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu sonci kei djica</jbo>
<gloss>event-of being-a-soldier desirer</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-8Nos">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d5"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>d1 desires the event of (s1 being a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where the d2 place has disappeared altogether, being replaced by the places of the seltau. As shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8Nos"/>, the ordering follows this idea of replacement: the seltau places are inserted at the point where the omitted abstraction place exists in the tertau.</para>
<para>The lujvo
- <jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase> is quite different from the ordinary asymmetric lujvo
+ <oldjbophrase>nunsoidji</oldjbophrase> is quite different from the ordinary asymmetric lujvo
- <jbophrase>soidji</jbophrase>, a
+ <oldjbophrase>soidji</oldjbophrase>, a
<quote>soldier desirer</quote>, whose place structure is just</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-2VMP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d6"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>d1 desires (a soldier of army s2) for purpose d3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>A
- <jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase> might be someone who is about to enlist, whereas a
- <jbophrase>soidji</jbophrase> might be a camp-follower.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nunsoidji</oldjbophrase> might be someone who is about to enlist, whereas a
+ <oldjbophrase>soidji</oldjbophrase> might be a camp-follower.</para>
<para>One use of abstract lujvo is to eliminate the need for explicit
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> in tanru:
- <jbophrase>nunkalri gasnu</jbophrase> means much the same as
- <jbophrase>nu kalri kei gasnu</jbophrase>, but is shorter. In addition, many English words ending in
- <jbophrase>-hood</jbophrase> are represented with
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> in tanru:
+ <oldjbophrase>nunkalri gasnu</oldjbophrase> means much the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>nu kalri kei gasnu</oldjbophrase>, but is shorter. In addition, many English words ending in
+ <oldjbophrase>-hood</oldjbophrase> are represented with
<rafsi>nun-</rafsi> lujvo, and other words ending in
<quote>-ness</quote> or
<quote>-dom</quote> are often representable with
<rafsi>kam-</rafsi> lujvo (
<rafsi>kam-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
- <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>);
- <jbophrase>kambla</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>ka</valsi>);
+ <oldjbophrase>kambla</oldjbophrase> is
<quote>blueness</quote>.</para>
<para>Even though the cmavo of NU are long-scope in nature, governing the whole following bridi, the NU rafsi should generally be used as short-scope modifiers, like the SE and NAhE rafsi discussed in
<xref linkend="section-seltau-SE"/>.</para>
<para>There is also a rafsi for the cmavo
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase>, namely
- <jbophrase>jax</jbophrase>, which allows sentences like</para>
+ <valsi>jai</valsi>, namely
+ <oldjbophrase>jax</oldjbophrase>, which allows sentences like</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jWYr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<en>I cause your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1069,324 +1069,324 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jaxri'a le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-part-of-the-cause-of the event-of your dying.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In making a lujvo that contains
<rafsi>jax-</rafsi> for a selbri that contains
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase>, the rule is to leave the
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> place as a
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> place of the lujvo; it does not participate in the regular lujvo place structure. (The use of
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> is explained in
+ <valsi>jai</valsi>, the rule is to leave the
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> place as a
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> place of the lujvo; it does not participate in the regular lujvo place structure. (The use of
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> is explained in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/> and <xref linkend="section-jai"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-implicit-abstraction">
<title>Implicit-abstraction lujvo</title>
<para>Eliding NU rafsi involves the same restrictions as eliding SE rafsi, plus additional ones. In general, NU rafsi should not be elided from the tertau, since that changes the kind of thing the lujvo is talking about from an abstraction to a concrete sumti. However, they may be elided from the seltau if no reasonable ambiguity would result.</para>
<para>A major difference, however, between SE elision and NU elision is that the former is a rather sparse process, providing a few convenient shortenings. Eliding
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, however, is extremely important in producing a class of lujvo called
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>, however, is extremely important in producing a class of lujvo called
<quote>implicit-abstraction lujvo</quote>.</para>
<para>Let us make a detailed analysis of the lujvo
- <jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>nunctikezgau</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>to feed</quote>. (If you think this lujvo is excessively longwinded, be patient.) The veljvo of
- <jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase>nu citka kei gasnu</jbophrase>. The relevant place structures are:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nunctikezgau</oldjbophrase> is
+ <oldjbophrase>nu citka kei gasnu</oldjbophrase>. The relevant place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-bSDW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d1"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>: n1 is an event</para>
+ <valsi>nu</valsi>: n1 is an event</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>citka</jbophrase>: c1 eats c2</para>
+ <valsi>citka</valsi>: c1 eats c2</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>: g1 does action/is the agent of event g2</para>
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi>: g1 does action/is the agent of event g2</para>
</example>
<para>In accordance with the procedure for analyzing three-part lujvo given in
<xref linkend="section-n-part-lujvo"/>, we will first create an intermediate lujvo,
- <jbophrase>nuncti</jbophrase>, whose veljvo is
- <jbophrase>nu citka [kei]</jbophrase>. By the rules given in
+ <oldjbophrase>nuncti</oldjbophrase>, whose veljvo is
+ <oldjbophrase>nu citka [kei]</oldjbophrase>. By the rules given in
<xref linkend="section-abstraction-lujvo"/>,
- <jbophrase>nuncti</jbophrase> has the place structure</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nuncti</oldjbophrase> has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Xhrx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>n1 is the event of c1 eating c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Now we can transform the veljvo of
- <jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> into
- <jbophrase>nuncti gasnu</jbophrase>. The g2 place (what is brought about by the actor g1) obviously denotes the same thing as n1 (the event of eating). So we can eliminate g2 as redundant, leaving us with a tentative place structure of</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nunctikezgau</oldjbophrase> into
+ <oldjbophrase>nuncti gasnu</oldjbophrase>. The g2 place (what is brought about by the actor g1) obviously denotes the same thing as n1 (the event of eating). So we can eliminate g2 as redundant, leaving us with a tentative place structure of</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-izvp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>g1 is the actor in the event n1=g2 of c1 eating c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>But it is also possible to omit the n1 place itself! The n1 place describes the event brought about; an event in Lojban is described as a bridi, by a selbri and its sumti; the selbri is already known (it's the seltau), and the sumti are also already known (they're in the lujvo place structure). So n1 would not give us any information we didn't already know. In fact, the n1=g2 place is dependent on c1 and c2 jointly – it does not depend on either c1 or c2 by itself. Being dependent and derived from the seltau, it is omissible. So the final place structure of
- <jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nunctikezgau</oldjbophrase> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-9oTP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d4"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>g1 is the actor in the event of c1 eating c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>There is one further step that can be taken. As we have already seen with
- <jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical"/>, the interpretation of lujvo is constrained by the semantics of gismu and of their sumti places. Now, any asymmetrical lujvo with
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> as its tertau will involve an event abstraction either implicitly or explicitly, since that is how the g2 place of
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi> as its tertau will involve an event abstraction either implicitly or explicitly, since that is how the g2 place of
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> is defined.</para>
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi> is defined.</para>
<para>Therefore, if we assume that
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> is the type of abstraction one would expect to be a
- <jbophrase>se gasnu</jbophrase>, then the rafsi
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> is the type of abstraction one would expect to be a
+ <oldjbophrase>se gasnu</oldjbophrase>, then the rafsi
<rafsi>nun</rafsi> and
<rafsi>kez</rafsi> in
- <jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> are only telling us what we would already have guessed – that the seltau of a
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> lujvo is an event. If we drop these rafsi out, and use instead the shorter lujvo
- <jbophrase>ctigau</jbophrase>, rejecting its symmetrical interpretation (
+ <oldjbophrase>nunctikezgau</oldjbophrase> are only telling us what we would already have guessed – that the seltau of a
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi> lujvo is an event. If we drop these rafsi out, and use instead the shorter lujvo
+ <oldjbophrase>ctigau</oldjbophrase>, rejecting its symmetrical interpretation (
<quote>someone who both does and eats</quote>;
<quote>an eating doer</quote>), we can still deduce that the seltau refers to an event.</para>
<para>(You can't
<quote>do an eater</quote>/
- <jbophrase>gasnu lo citka</jbophrase>, with the meaning of
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> as
+ <oldjbophrase>gasnu lo citka</oldjbophrase>, with the meaning of
+ <valsi>do</valsi> as
<quote>bring about an event</quote>; so the seltau must refer to an event,
- <jbophrase>nu citka</jbophrase>. The English slang meanings of
+ <oldjbophrase>nu citka</oldjbophrase>. The English slang meanings of
<quote>do someone</quote>, namely
<quote>socialize with someone</quote> and
<quote>have sex with someone</quote>, are not relevant to
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi>.)</para>
<para>So we can simply use
- <jbophrase>ctigau</jbophrase> with the same place structure as
- <jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ctigau</oldjbophrase> with the same place structure as
+ <oldjbophrase>nunctikezgau</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ITvd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d5"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>agent g1 causes c1 to eat c2</place-structure></para>
<para><place-structure>g1 feeds c2 to c1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>This particular kind of asymmetrical lujvo, in which the seltau serves as the selbri of an abstraction which is a place of the tertau, is called an implicit-abstraction lujvo, because one deduces the presence of an abstraction which is unexpressed (implicit).</para>
<para>To give another example: the gismu
- <jbophrase>basti</jbophrase>, whose place structure is</para>
+ <valsi>basti</valsi>, whose place structure is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-3LIm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d6"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>b1 replaces b2 in circumstances b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>can form the lujvo
- <jbophrase>basygau</jbophrase>, with the place structure:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>basygau</oldjbophrase>, with the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-byp8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d7"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>g1 (agent) replaces b1 with b2 in circumstances b3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where both
- <jbophrase>basti</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>basygau</jbophrase> are translated
+ <valsi>basti</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>basygau</oldjbophrase> are translated
<quote>replace</quote> in English, but represent different relations:
- <jbophrase>basti</jbophrase> may be used with no mention of any agent doing the replacing.</para>
+ <valsi>basti</valsi> may be used with no mention of any agent doing the replacing.</para>
<para>In addition,
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>-based lujvo can be built from what we would consider nouns or adjectives in English. In Lojban, everything is a predicate, so adjectives, nouns and verbs are all treated in the same way. This is consistent with the use of similar causative affixes in other languages. For example, the gismu
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi>-based lujvo can be built from what we would consider nouns or adjectives in English. In Lojban, everything is a predicate, so adjectives, nouns and verbs are all treated in the same way. This is consistent with the use of similar causative affixes in other languages. For example, the gismu
- <jbophrase>litki</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>litki</valsi>, meaning
<quote>liquid</quote>, with the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-tDsX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d8"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>l1 is a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>can give
- <jbophrase>likygau</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>likygau</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>to liquefy</quote>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-p5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d9"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>g1 (agent) causes l1 to be a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>While
- <jbophrase>likygau</jbophrase> correctly represents
+ <oldjbophrase>likygau</oldjbophrase> correctly represents
<quote>causes to be a liquid</quote>, a different lujvo based on
- <jbophrase>galfi</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <valsi>galfi</valsi> (meaning
<quote>modify</quote>) may be more appropriate for
<quote>causes to become a liquid</quote>. On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>fetsygau</jbophrase> is potentially confusing, because it could mean
+ <oldjbophrase>fetsygau</oldjbophrase> is potentially confusing, because it could mean
<quote>agent in the event of something becoming female</quote> (the implicit-abstraction interpretation) or simply
<quote>female agent</quote> (the parallel interpretation), so using implicit-abstraction lujvo is always accompanied with some risk of being misunderstood.</para>
<para>Many other Lojban gismu have places for event abstractions, and therefore are good candidates for the tertau of an implicit-abstraction lujvo. For example, lujvo based on
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase>, with its place structure</para>
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi>, with its place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Pmz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d10"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>event r1 causes event r2 to occur</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>are closely related to those based on
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>. However,
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> is less generally useful than
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase>, because its r1 place is another event rather than a person:
- <jbophrase>lo rinka</jbophrase> is a cause, not a causer. Thus the place structure of
- <jbophrase>likyri'a</jbophrase>, a lujvo analogous to
- <jbophrase>likygau</jbophrase>, is</para>
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi>. However,
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi> is less generally useful than
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi>, because its r1 place is another event rather than a person:
+ <oldjbophrase>lo rinka</oldjbophrase> is a cause, not a causer. Thus the place structure of
+ <oldjbophrase>likyri'a</oldjbophrase>, a lujvo analogous to
+ <oldjbophrase>likygau</oldjbophrase>, is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-1HT3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e13d11"/>
</title>
<para>event r1 causes l1 to be a quantity of liquid of composition l2 under conditions l3</para>
</example>
<para>and would be useful in translating sentences like
<quote>The heat of the sun liquefied the block of ice.</quote></para>
<para>Implicit-abstraction lujvo are a powerful means in the language of rendering quite verbose bridi into succinct and manageable concepts, and increasing the expressive power of the language.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anomalous-lujvo">
<title>Anomalous lujvo</title>
<para>Some lujvo that have been coined and actually employed in Lojban writing do not follow the guidelines expressed above, either because the places that are equivalent in the seltau and the tertau are in an unusual position, or because the seltau and tertau are related in a complex way, or both. An example of the first kind is
- <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>prayer</quote>, which was mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-order-of-places"/>. The gismu places are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJEQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d1"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>lijda</jbophrase>: l1 is a religion with believers l2 and beliefs l3</para>
+ <valsi>lijda</valsi>: l1 is a religion with believers l2 and beliefs l3</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>: c1 expresses text c2 to audience c3 in medium c4</para>
+ <valsi>cusku</valsi>: c1 expresses text c2 to audience c3 in medium c4</para>
</example>
<para>and
- <jbophrase>selsku</jbophrase>, the tertau of
- <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, has the place structure</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selsku</oldjbophrase>, the tertau of
+ <oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase>, has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qW3w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 in medium s4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Now it is easy to see that the l2 and s2 places are equivalent: the believer in the religion (l2) is the one who expresses the prayer (s2). This is not one of the cases for which a place ordering rule has been given in
<xref linkend="section-order-of-places"/> or
<xref linkend="section-implicit-abstraction"/>; therefore, for lack of a better rule, we put the tertau places first and the remaining seltau places after them, leading to the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-41dc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d3"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=l2 to audience s3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The l3 place (the beliefs of the religion) is dependent on the l1 place (the religion) and so is omitted.</para>
<para>We could make this lujvo less messy by replacing it with
- <jbophrase>se seljdasku</jbophrase>, where
- <jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase> is a normal symmetrical lujvo with place structure:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se seljdasku</oldjbophrase>, where
+ <oldjbophrase>seljdasku</oldjbophrase> is a normal symmetrical lujvo with place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7Tdb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d4"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>c1=l2 religiously expresses prayer c2 to audience c3 in medium s4 pertaining to religion l1</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>which, according to the rule expressed in
<xref linkend="section-seltau-SE"/>, can be further expressed as
- <jbophrase>selseljdasku</jbophrase>. However, there is no need for the ugly
- <jbophrase>selsel-</jbophrase> prefix just to get the rules right:
- <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase> is a reasonable, if anomalous, lujvo.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selseljdasku</oldjbophrase>. However, there is no need for the ugly
+ <oldjbophrase>selsel-</oldjbophrase> prefix just to get the rules right:
+ <oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase> is a reasonable, if anomalous, lujvo.</para>
<para>However, there is a further problem with
- <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, not resolvable by using
- <jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase>. No veljvo involving just the two gismu
- <jbophrase>lijda</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase> can fully express the relationship implicit in prayer. A prayer is not just anything said by the adherents of a religion; nor is it even anything said by them acting as adherents of that religion. Rather, it is what they say under the authority of that religion, or using the religion as a medium, or following the rules associated with the religion, or something of the kind. So the veljvo is somewhat elliptical.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase>, not resolvable by using
+ <oldjbophrase>seljdasku</oldjbophrase>. No veljvo involving just the two gismu
+ <valsi>lijda</valsi> and
+ <valsi>cusku</valsi> can fully express the relationship implicit in prayer. A prayer is not just anything said by the adherents of a religion; nor is it even anything said by them acting as adherents of that religion. Rather, it is what they say under the authority of that religion, or using the religion as a medium, or following the rules associated with the religion, or something of the kind. So the veljvo is somewhat elliptical.</para>
<para>As a result, both
- <jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase> belong to the second class of anomalous lujvo: the veljvo doesn't really supply all that the lujvo requires.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>seljdasku</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase> belong to the second class of anomalous lujvo: the veljvo doesn't really supply all that the lujvo requires.</para>
<para>Another example of this kind of anomalous lujvo, drawn from the tanru lists in
<xref linkend="section-asymmetric-tanru"/>, is
- <jbophrase>lange'u</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>lange'u</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>sheepdog</quote>. Clearly a sheepdog is not a dog which is a sheep (the symmetrical interpretation is wrong), nor a dog of the sheep breed (the asymmetrical interpretation is wrong). Indeed, there is simply no overlap in the places of
- <jbophrase>lanme</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> at all. Rather, the lujvo refers to a dog which controls sheep flocks, a
- <jbophrase>terlanme jitro gerku</jbophrase>, the lujvo from which is
- <jbophrase>terlantroge'u</jbophrase> with place structure:</para>
+ <valsi>lanme</valsi> and
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> at all. Rather, the lujvo refers to a dog which controls sheep flocks, a
+ <oldjbophrase>terlanme jitro gerku</oldjbophrase>, the lujvo from which is
+ <oldjbophrase>terlantroge'u</oldjbophrase> with place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-TW5Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d5"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>g1=j1 is a dog that controls sheep flock l3=j2 made up of sheep l1 in activity j3 of dog breed g2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>based on the gismu place structures</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-CXeL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d6"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>lanme</jbophrase>: l1 is a sheep of breed l2 belonging to flock l3</para>
+ <valsi>lanme</valsi>: l1 is a sheep of breed l2 belonging to flock l3</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>: g1 is a dog of breed g2</para>
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>: g1 is a dog of breed g2</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>jitro</jbophrase>: j1 controls j2 in activity j3</para>
+ <valsi>jitro</valsi>: j1 controls j2 in activity j3</para>
</example>
<para>Note that this lujvo is symmetrical between
- <jbophrase>lantro</jbophrase> (sheep-controller) and
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>, but
- <jbophrase>lantro</jbophrase> is itself an asymmetrical lujvo. The l2 place, the breed of sheep, is removed as dependent on l1. However, the lujvo
- <jbophrase>lange'u</jbophrase> is both shorter than
- <jbophrase>terlantroge'u</jbophrase> and sufficiently clear to warrant its use: its place structure, however, should be the same as that of the longer lujvo, for which
- <jbophrase>lange'u</jbophrase> can be understood as an abbreviation.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lantro</oldjbophrase> (sheep-controller) and
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>, but
+ <oldjbophrase>lantro</oldjbophrase> is itself an asymmetrical lujvo. The l2 place, the breed of sheep, is removed as dependent on l1. However, the lujvo
+ <oldjbophrase>lange'u</oldjbophrase> is both shorter than
+ <oldjbophrase>terlantroge'u</oldjbophrase> and sufficiently clear to warrant its use: its place structure, however, should be the same as that of the longer lujvo, for which
+ <oldjbophrase>lange'u</oldjbophrase> can be understood as an abbreviation.</para>
<para>Another example is
- <jbophrase>xanmi'e</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>xanmi'e</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>to command by hand, to beckon</quote>. The component place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-VjbP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d7"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>xance</jbophrase>: xa1 is the hand of xa2</para>
+ <valsi>xance</valsi>: xa1 is the hand of xa2</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>minde</jbophrase>: m1 gives commands to m2 to cause m3 to happen</para>
+ <valsi>minde</valsi>: m1 gives commands to m2 to cause m3 to happen</para>
</example>
<para>The relation between the seltau and tertau is close enough for there to be an overlap: xa2 (the person with the hand) is the same as m1 (the one who commands). But interpreting
- <jbophrase>xanmi'e</jbophrase> as a symmetrical lujvo with an elided
- <jbophrase>sel-</jbophrase> in the seltau, as if from
- <jbophrase>se xance minde</jbophrase>, misses the point: the real relation expressed by the lujvo is not just
+ <oldjbophrase>xanmi'e</oldjbophrase> as a symmetrical lujvo with an elided
+ <oldjbophrase>sel-</oldjbophrase> in the seltau, as if from
+ <oldjbophrase>se xance minde</oldjbophrase>, misses the point: the real relation expressed by the lujvo is not just
<quote>one who commands and has a hand</quote>, but
<quote>to command using the hand</quote>. The concept of
<quote>using</quote> suggests the gismu
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>, with place structure</para>
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi>, with place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-sqQN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d8"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>p1 uses tool p2 for purpose p3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Some possible three-part veljvo are (depending on how strictly you want to constrain the veljvo)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfe4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d9"/>
@@ -1409,90 +1409,90 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yCod">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>minde ke xance pilno [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>commander type-of (hand user)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which lead to the three different lujvo
- <jbophrase>xanplimi'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>mi'erxanpli</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>minkemxanpli</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>xanplimi'e</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>mi'erxanpli</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>minkemxanpli</oldjbophrase> respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>latent component</primary></indexterm> Does this make
- <jbophrase>xanmi'e</jbophrase> wrong? By no means. But it does mean that there is a latent component to the meaning of
+ <oldjbophrase>xanmi'e</oldjbophrase> wrong? By no means. But it does mean that there is a latent component to the meaning of
- <jbophrase>xanmi'e</jbophrase>, the gismu
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>, which is not explicit in the veljvo. And it also means that, for a place structure derivation that actually makes sense, rather than being ad-hoc, the Lojbanist should probably go through a derivation for
- <jbophrase>xancypliminde</jbophrase> or one of the other possibilities that is analogous to the analysis of
- <jbophrase>terlantroge'u</jbophrase> above, even if he or she decides to stick with a shorter, more convenient form like
- <jbophrase>xanmi'e</jbophrase>. In addition, of course, the possibilities of elliptical lujvo increase their potential ambiguity enormously – an unavoidable fact which should be borne in mind.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>xanmi'e</oldjbophrase>, the gismu
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi>, which is not explicit in the veljvo. And it also means that, for a place structure derivation that actually makes sense, rather than being ad-hoc, the Lojbanist should probably go through a derivation for
+ <oldjbophrase>xancypliminde</oldjbophrase> or one of the other possibilities that is analogous to the analysis of
+ <oldjbophrase>terlantroge'u</oldjbophrase> above, even if he or she decides to stick with a shorter, more convenient form like
+ <oldjbophrase>xanmi'e</oldjbophrase>. In addition, of course, the possibilities of elliptical lujvo increase their potential ambiguity enormously – an unavoidable fact which should be borne in mind.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-comparatives">
<title>Comparatives and superlatives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>comparatives</secondary></indexterm> English has the concepts of
<quote>comparative adjectives</quote> and
<quote>superlative adjectives</quote> which can be formed from other adjectives, either by adding the suffixes
<quote>-er</quote> and
<quote>-est</quote> or by using the words
<quote>more</quote> and
<quote>most</quote>, respectively. The Lojbanic equivalents, which can be made from any brivla, are lujvo with the tertau
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zenba</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>jdika</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase>. In order to make these lujvo regular and easy to make, certain special guidelines are imposed.</para>
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi>,
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zenba</valsi>,
+ <valsi>jdika</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>traji</valsi>. In order to make these lujvo regular and easy to make, certain special guidelines are imposed.</para>
<para>We will begin with lujvo based on
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>, whose place structures are:</para>
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi>, whose place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-mn8T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d1"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>: z1 is more than z2 in property z3 in quantity z4</para>
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi>: z1 is more than z2 in property z3 in quantity z4</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>: m1 is less than m2 in property m3 in quantity m4</para>
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi>: m1 is less than m2 in property m3 in quantity m4</para>
</example>
<para>For example, the concept
<quote>young</quote> is expressed by the gismu
- <jbophrase>citno</jbophrase>, with place structure</para>
+ <valsi>citno</valsi>, with place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ciaK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d2"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>citno</jbophrase>: c1 is young</para>
+ <valsi>citno</valsi>: c1 is young</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>younger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>comparatives</secondary></indexterm> The comparative concept
<quote>younger</quote> can be expressed by the lujvo
- <jbophrase>citmau</jbophrase> (based on the veljvo
- <jbophrase>citno zmadu</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>citmau</oldjbophrase> (based on the veljvo
+ <oldjbophrase>citno zmadu</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>young more-than</quote>).</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GDt1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi citmau do lo nanca be li xa</jbo>
<gloss>I am-younger-than you by-years the-number six.</gloss>
<en>I am six years younger than you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The place structure for
- <jbophrase>citmau</jbophrase> is</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>citmau</oldjbophrase> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-I3Uh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d4"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>z1=c1 is younger than z2=c1 by amount z4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Similarly, in Lojban you can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tJDa">
<title>
@@ -1507,81 +1507,81 @@
<para>In English,
<quote>more</quote> comparatives are easier to make and use than
<quote>less</quote> comparatives, but in Lojban the two forms are equally easy.</para>
<para>Because of their much simpler place structure, lujvo ending in
<rafsi>-mau</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-me'a</rafsi> are in fact used much more frequently than
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase> themselves as selbri. It is highly unlikely for such lujvo to be construed as anything other than implicit-abstraction lujvo. But there is another type of ambiguity relevant to these lujvo, and which has to do with what is being compared.</para>
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi> themselves as selbri. It is highly unlikely for such lujvo to be construed as anything other than implicit-abstraction lujvo. But there is another type of ambiguity relevant to these lujvo, and which has to do with what is being compared.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparative lujvo</primary><secondary>potential ambiguity in</secondary></indexterm> For example, does
- <jbophrase>nelcymau</jbophrase> mean
+ <oldjbophrase>nelcymau</oldjbophrase> mean
<quote>X likes Y more than X likes Z</quote>, or
<quote>X likes Y more than Z likes Y</quote>? Does
- <jbophrase>klamau</jbophrase> mean:
+ <oldjbophrase>klamau</oldjbophrase> mean:
<quote>X goes to Y more than to Z</quote>,
<quote>X goes to Y more than Z does</quote>,
<quote>X goes to Y from Z more than from W</quote>, or what?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>comparative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparative lujvo</primary><secondary>standardized meanings</secondary></indexterm> We answer this concern by putting regularity above any considerations of concept usefulness: by convention, the two things being compared always fit into the first place of the seltau. In that way, each of the different possible interpretations can be expressed by SE-converting the seltau, and making the required place the new first place. As a result, we get the following comparative lujvo place structures:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-eSTr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d6"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>nelcymau</jbophrase>: z1, more than z2, likes n2 by amount z4</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nelcymau</oldjbophrase>: z1, more than z2, likes n2 by amount z4</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>selnelcymau</jbophrase>: z1, more than z2, is liked by n1 in amount z4</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selnelcymau</oldjbophrase>: z1, more than z2, is liked by n1 in amount z4</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>klamau</jbophrase>: z1, more than z2, goes to k2 from k3 via k4 by means of k5</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>klamau</oldjbophrase>: z1, more than z2, goes to k2 from k3 via k4 by means of k5</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>selklamau</jbophrase>: z1, more than z2, is gone to by k1 from k3 via k4 by means of k5</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>selklamau</oldjbophrase>: z1, more than z2, is gone to by k1 from k3 via k4 by means of k5</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>terklamau</jbophrase>: z1, more than z2, is an origin point from destination k2 for k1's going via k4 by means of k5</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>terklamau</oldjbophrase>: z1, more than z2, is an origin point from destination k2 for k1's going via k4 by means of k5</para>
</example>
<para>(See
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/> for the way in which this problem is resolved when lujvo aren't used.)</para>
<para>The ordering rule places the things being compared first, and the other seltau places following. Unfortunately the z4 place, which expresses by how much one entity exceeds the other, is displaced into a lujvo place whose number is different for each lujvo. For example, while
- <jbophrase>nelcymau</jbophrase> has z4 as its fourth place,
- <jbophrase>klamau</jbophrase> has it as its sixth place. In any sentence where a difficulty arises, this amount-place can be redundantly tagged with
- <jbophrase>vemau</jbophrase> (for
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>) or
- <jbophrase>veme'a</jbophrase> (for
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>) to help make the speaker's intention clear.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nelcymau</oldjbophrase> has z4 as its fourth place,
+ <oldjbophrase>klamau</oldjbophrase> has it as its sixth place. In any sentence where a difficulty arises, this amount-place can be redundantly tagged with
+ <oldjbophrase>vemau</oldjbophrase> (for
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi>) or
+ <oldjbophrase>veme'a</oldjbophrase> (for
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi>) to help make the speaker's intention clear.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparative lujvo</primary><secondary>and seltau presupposition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>octogenarian</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nonagenarian</primary></indexterm> It is important to realize that such comparative lujvo do not presuppose their seltau. Just as in English, saying someone is younger than someone else doesn't imply that they're young in the first place: an octogenarian, after all, is still younger than a nonagenarian. Rather, the 80-year-old has a greater
- <jbophrase>ni citno</jbophrase> than the 90-year-old. Similarly, a 5-year-old is older than a 1-year-old, but is not considered
+ <oldjbophrase>ni citno</oldjbophrase> than the 90-year-old. Similarly, a 5-year-old is older than a 1-year-old, but is not considered
<quote>old</quote> by most standards.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparative lujvo</primary><secondary>against former state</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>former state</primary></indexterm> There are some comparative concepts which are in which the
- <jbophrase>se zmadu</jbophrase> is difficult to specify. Typically, these involve comparisons implicitly made with a former state of affairs, where stating a z2 place explicitly would be problematic.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se zmadu</oldjbophrase> is difficult to specify. Typically, these involve comparisons implicitly made with a former state of affairs, where stating a z2 place explicitly would be problematic.</para>
<para>In such cases, it is best not to use
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> and leave the comparison hanging, but to use instead the gismu
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> and leave the comparison hanging, but to use instead the gismu
- <jbophrase>zenba</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>zenba</valsi>, meaning
<quote>increase</quote> (and
- <jbophrase>jdika</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>jdika</valsi>, meaning
<quote>decrease</quote>, in place of
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>). The gismu
- <jbophrase>zenba</jbophrase> was included in the language precisely in order to capture those notions of increase which
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> can't quite cope with; in addition, we don't have to waste a place in lujvo or tanru on something that we'd never fill in with a value anyway. So we can translate
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi>). The gismu
+ <valsi>zenba</valsi> was included in the language precisely in order to capture those notions of increase which
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> can't quite cope with; in addition, we don't have to waste a place in lujvo or tanru on something that we'd never fill in with a value anyway. So we can translate
<quote>I'm stronger now</quote> not as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uo7S">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca tsamau</jbo>
<gloss>I now am-stronger.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1589,65 +1589,65 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vR4J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca tsaze'a</jbo>
<en>I increase in strength.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Finally, lujvo with a tertau of
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> are used to build superlatives. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> is</para>
+ <valsi>traji</valsi> are used to build superlatives. The place structure of
+ <valsi>traji</valsi> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-N3cU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d9"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>t1 is superlative in property t2, being the t3 extremum (largest by default) of set t4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Consider the gismu
- <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>xamgu</valsi>, whose place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-MWdr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d10"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>xa1 is good for xa2 by standard xa3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>better</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The comparative form is
- <jbophrase>xagmau</jbophrase>, corresponding to English
+ <oldjbophrase>xagmau</oldjbophrase>, corresponding to English
<quote>better</quote>, with a place structure (by the rules given above) of</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-pR5R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d11"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>z1 is better than z2 for xa2 by standard xa3 in amount z4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> We would expect the place structure of
- <jbophrase>xagrai</jbophrase>, the superlative form, to somehow mirror that, given that comparatives and superlatives are comparable concepts, resulting in:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>xagrai</oldjbophrase>, the superlative form, to somehow mirror that, given that comparatives and superlatives are comparable concepts, resulting in:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Cc6J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d12"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>xa1=t1 is the best of the set t4 for xa2 by standard xa3.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The t2 place in
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase>, normally filled by a property abstraction, is replaced by the seltau places, and the t3 place specifying the extremum of
+ <valsi>traji</valsi>, normally filled by a property abstraction, is replaced by the seltau places, and the t3 place specifying the extremum of
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> (whether the most or the least, that is) is presumed by default to be
+ <valsi>traji</valsi> (whether the most or the least, that is) is presumed by default to be
<quote>the most</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>superlatives as exceptions</secondary></indexterm> But the set against which the t1 place of
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> is compared is not the t2 place (which would make the place structure of
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase> fully parallel to that of
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>), but rather the t4 place. Nevertheless, by a special exception to the rules of place ordering, the t4 place of
- <jbophrase>traji</jbophrase>-based lujvo becomes the second place of the lujvo. Some examples:</para>
+ <valsi>traji</valsi> is compared is not the t2 place (which would make the place structure of
+ <valsi>traji</valsi> fully parallel to that of
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi>), but rather the t4 place. Nevertheless, by a special exception to the rules of place ordering, the t4 place of
+ <valsi>traji</valsi>-based lujvo becomes the second place of the lujvo. Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFf1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djudis. cu citrai lo'i lobypli</jbo>
<en>Judy is the youngest of all Lojbanists.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1682,72 +1682,72 @@
<listitem>
<para>Regularity is a pressure which can also either increase or decrease places. If a gismu has a given place, then gismu which are semantically related to it are likely to have the place also.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Here are some examples of gismu place structures, with a discussion of the pressures operating on them:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-iu0B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d1"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>xekri</jbophrase>: xe1 is black</para>
+ <valsi>xekri</valsi>: xe1 is black</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>color standards</primary></indexterm> Brevity was the most important goal here, reinforced by one interpretation of metaphysical necessity. There is no mention of color standards here, as many people have pointed out; like all color gismu,
- <jbophrase>xekri</jbophrase> is explicitly subjective. Objective color standards can be brought in by an appropriate BAI tag such as
+ <valsi>xekri</valsi> is explicitly subjective. Objective color standards can be brought in by an appropriate BAI tag such as
- <jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>ci'u</valsi> (
<quote>in system</quote>; see
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>) or by making a lujvo.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-cuYP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d2"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>jbena</jbophrase>: j1 is born to j2 at time j3 and location j4</para>
+ <valsi>jbena</valsi>: j1 is born to j2 at time j3 and location j4</para>
</example>
<para>The gismu
- <jbophrase>jbena</jbophrase> contains places for time and location, which few other gismu have: normally, the time and place at which something is done is supplied by a tense tag (see
+ <valsi>jbena</valsi> contains places for time and location, which few other gismu have: normally, the time and place at which something is done is supplied by a tense tag (see
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>). However, providing these places makes
- <jbophrase>le te jbena</jbophrase> a simple term for
+ <oldjbophrase>le te jbena</oldjbophrase> a simple term for
<quote>birthday</quote> and
- <jbophrase>le ve jbena</jbophrase> for
+ <oldjbophrase>le ve jbena</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>birthplace</quote>, so these places were provided despite their lack of metaphysical necessity.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-NTJn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d3"/>
</title>
<para>
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase>: event r1 is the cause of event r2</para>
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi>: event r1 is the cause of event r2</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>melting</primary></indexterm> The place structure of
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> does not have a place for the agent, the one who causes, as a result of the pressure toward metaphysical necessity. A cause-effect relationship does not have to include an agent: an event (such as snow melting in the mountains) may cause another event (such as the flooding of the Nile) without any human intervention or even knowledge.</para>
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi> does not have a place for the agent, the one who causes, as a result of the pressure toward metaphysical necessity. A cause-effect relationship does not have to include an agent: an event (such as snow melting in the mountains) may cause another event (such as the flooding of the Nile) without any human intervention or even knowledge.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>as suppliers of agent place</secondary></indexterm> Indeed, there is a general tendency to omit agent places from most gismu except for a few such as
- <jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase> which are then used as tertau in order to restore the agent place when needed: see
+ <valsi>gasnu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>zukte</valsi> which are then used as tertau in order to restore the agent place when needed: see
<xref linkend="section-implicit-abstraction"/>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Atby">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d4"/>
</title>
- <para><place-structure> <jbophrase>cinfo</jbophrase>: c1 is a lion of species/breed c2</place-structure></para>
+ <para><place-structure> <valsi>cinfo</valsi>: c1 is a lion of species/breed c2</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diversified species</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>general terms</primary></indexterm> The c2 place of
- <jbophrase>cinfo</jbophrase> is provided as a result of the pressure toward regularity. All animal and plant gismu have such an x2 place; although there is in fact only one species of lion, and breeds of lion, though they exist, aren't all that important in talking about lions. The species/breed place must exist for such diversified species as dogs, and for general terms like
+ <valsi>cinfo</valsi> is provided as a result of the pressure toward regularity. All animal and plant gismu have such an x2 place; although there is in fact only one species of lion, and breeds of lion, though they exist, aren't all that important in talking about lions. The species/breed place must exist for such diversified species as dogs, and for general terms like
- <jbophrase>cinki</jbophrase> (insect), and are provided for all other animals and plants as a matter of regularity.</para>
+ <valsi>cinki</valsi> (insect), and are provided for all other animals and plants as a matter of regularity.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>place order</secondary><tertiary>rationale</tertiary></indexterm> Less can be said about gismu place structure ordering, but some regularities are apparent. The places tend to appear in decreasing order of psychological saliency or importance. There is an implication within the place structure of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, for example, that
- <jbophrase>lo klama</jbophrase> (the one going) will be talked about more often, and is thus more important, than
- <jbophrase>lo se klama</jbophrase> (the destination), which is in turn more important than
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>, for example, that
+ <oldjbophrase>lo klama</oldjbophrase> (the one going) will be talked about more often, and is thus more important, than
+ <oldjbophrase>lo se klama</oldjbophrase> (the destination), which is in turn more important than
- <jbophrase>lo xe klama</jbophrase> (the means of transport).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lo xe klama</oldjbophrase> (the means of transport).</para>
<para>Some specific tendencies (not really rules) can also be observed. For example, when there is an agent place, it tends to be the first place. Similarly, when a destination and an origin point are mentioned, the destination is always placed just before the origin point. Places such as
<quote>under conditions</quote> and
<quote>by standard</quote>, which often go unfilled, are moved to near the end of the place structure.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index b376fc1..c646df7 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -87,36 +87,36 @@
<diphthong>.io</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.iu</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.ua</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.ue</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.ui</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.uo</diphthong>, and
<diphthong>.uu</diphthong>). Note that each of these cmavo has a period before it, marking the pause that is mandatory before every word beginning with a vowel. Attitudinals, like most of the other kinds of indicators described in this chapter, belong to selma'o UI.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> Attitudinals can also be compound cmavo, of the types explained in Sections 4-8;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfgA"/> illustrates one such possibility, the compound attitudinal
- <jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase>. In attitudinals,
+ <oldjbophrase>.ianai</oldjbophrase>. In attitudinals,
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simple attitudinal without the
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>. Thus, as you might suppose,
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simple attitudinal without the
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase>. Thus, as you might suppose,
<diphthong>.ia</diphthong> expresses belief, since
- <jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> expresses disbelief.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ianai</oldjbophrase> expresses disbelief.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary></indexterm> In addition to the attitudinals, there are other classes of indicators: intensity markers, emotion categories, attitudinal modifiers, observationals, and discursives. All of them are grammatically equivalent, which is why they are treated together in this chapter.</para>
<para>Every indicator behaves in more or less the same way with respect to the grammar of the rest of the language. In general, one or more indicators can be inserted at the beginning of an utterance or after any word. Indicators at the beginning apply to the whole utterance; otherwise, they apply to the word that they follow. More details can be found in
<xref linkend="section-scope"/>.</para>
<para>Throughout this chapter, tables of indicators will be written in four columns. The first column is the cmavo itself. The second column is a corresponding English word, not necessarily a literal translation. The fourth column represents the opposite of the second column, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when suffixed with
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>. The third column, which is sometimes omitted, indicates a neutral point between the second and fourth columns, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when it is suffixed with
- <jbophrase>-cu'i</jbophrase>. The cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase>. The third column, which is sometimes omitted, indicates a neutral point between the second and fourth columns, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when it is suffixed with
+ <oldjbophrase>-cu'i</oldjbophrase>. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o CAI, and is explained more fully in
+ <valsi>cu'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o CAI, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="section-intensity-scale"/>.</para>
<para>One flaw that the English glosses are particularly subject to is that in English it is often difficult to distinguish between expressing your feelings and talking about them, particularly with the limited resource of the written word. So the gloss for
<diphthong>.ui</diphthong> should not really be
<quote>happiness</quote> but some sound or tone that expresses happiness. However, there aren't nearly enough of those that have unambiguous or obvious meanings in English to go around for all the many, many different emotions Lojban speakers can readily express.</para>
<para>Many indicators of CV'V form are loosely derived from specific gismu. The gismu should be thought of as a memory hook, not an equivalent of the cmavo. Such gismu are shown in this chapter between square brackets, thus: [gismu].</para>
</section>
@@ -255,22 +255,22 @@
<para>In particular, both
<diphthong>.uu</diphthong> and
<diphthong>.u'u</diphthong> can be translated into English as
<quote>I'm sorry</quote>; the difference between these two attitudes frequently causes confusion among English-speakers who use this phrase, leading to responses like
<quote>Why are you sorry? It's not your fault!</quote></para>
<para>It is important to realize that
<diphthong>.uu</diphthong>, and indeed all attitudinals, are meant to be used sincerely, not ironically. In English, the exclamation
<quote>Pity!</quote> is just as likely to be ironically intended, but this usage does not extend to Lojban. Lying with attitudinals is (normally) as inappropriate to Lojban discourse as any other kind of lying: perhaps worse, because misunderstood emotions can cause even greater problems than misunderstood statements.</para>
<para>The following examples display the effects of
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> when suffixed to an attitudinal:</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> and
+ <valsi>cu'i</valsi> when suffixed to an attitudinal:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFiE" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ue la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Surprise!] John comes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -398,23 +398,23 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfIR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJf"/>, John's arrival is no problem: in the former example, the speaker feels emotional distance from the situation; in the latter example, John's coming is actually a relief of some kind.</para>
<para>The pure emotion indicators beginning with
<letteral>i</letteral> are those which could not be fitted into the
<letteral>u</letteral> or
<letteral>o</letteral> groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot.
<diphthong>.ia</diphthong>,
- <jbophrase>.i'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>i'a</valsi>,
<diphthong>.ie</diphthong>, and
- <jbophrase>.i'e</jbophrase> do not appear here, as they belong in
+ <valsi>i'e</valsi> do not appear here, as they belong in
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/> instead.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ii</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">fear</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">nervousness</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">security</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -474,21 +474,21 @@
<gloss>John [disrespect!] is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJV"/> shows an attitude-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaking toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJV"/> a lot.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfK3"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfKX"/> use attitudinals that follow
- <jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase> rather than being at the beginning of the sentence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. Compare:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase> rather than being at the beginning of the sentence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. Compare:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-09oC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama .iu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-coming [love!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where it is specifically the coming of John that inspires the feeling.</para>
@@ -512,24 +512,24 @@
<letteral>e</letteral>; however, the original intent (not entirely realized due to the need to cram too many attitudes into too little space) was to make the members of the
<letteral>a</letteral>-series the purer, more attitudinal realizers of a potential world, while the members of the
<letteral>e</letteral>-series were more ambivalent or complex about the speaker's intention with regard to the predication. The relationship between the
<letteral>a</letteral>-series and the
<letteral>e</letteral>-series is similar to that between the
<letteral>u</letteral>-series and the
<letteral>o</letteral>-series, respectively. A few propositional attitude indicators overflowed into the
<letteral>i</letteral>-series as well.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>logical language and</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>propositional/emotional caveat</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>emotional/propositional caveat</secondary></indexterm> In fact, the entire distinction between pure emotions and propositional attitudes is itself a bit shaky:
- <jbophrase>.u'u</jbophrase> can be seen as a propositional attitude indicator meaning
+ <valsi>u'u</valsi> can be seen as a propositional attitude indicator meaning
<quote>I regret that ...</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>.a'e</jbophrase> (discussed below) can be seen as a pure emotion meaning
+ <valsi>a'e</valsi> (discussed below) can be seen as a pure emotion meaning
<quote>I'm awake/aware</quote>. The division of the attitudinals into pure-emotion and propositional-attitude classes in this chapter is mostly by way of explanation; it is not intended to permit firm rulings on specific points. Attitudinals are the part of Lojban most distant from the
<quote>logical language</quote> aspect.</para>
<para>Here is the list of propositional attitude indicators grouped by initial letter, starting with those beginning with
<letteral>a</letteral>:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.a'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attentive</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -645,22 +645,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.a'ucu'i do pante</jbo>
<gloss>[no interest] you complain</gloss>
<en>I have no interest in your complaints.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'ucu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.au</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'enai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'a</primary></indexterm> (In a real-life situation, Examples 3.1-3.7 would also be decorated by various pure emotion indicators, certainly including
- <jbophrase>.oicai</jbophrase>, but probably also
- <jbophrase>.iucai</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.oicai</oldjbophrase>, but probably also
+ <oldjbophrase>.iucai</oldjbophrase>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi</secondary></indexterm> Splitting off the attitude into an indicator allows the regular bridi grammar to do what it does best: express the relationships between concepts that are intended, desired, hoped for, or whatever. Rephrasing these examples to express the attitude as the main selbri would make for unacceptably heavyweight grammar.</para>
<para>Here are the propositional attitude indicators beginning with
<letteral>e</letteral>, which stand roughly in the relation to those beginning with
<letteral>a</letteral> as the pure-emotion indicators beginning with
<letteral>o</letteral> do to those beginning with
<letteral>u</letteral>- they are more complex or difficult:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">permission</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -815,23 +815,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i'enai do .i'e zukte</jbo>
<gloss>[disapproval] you [approval] act</gloss>
<en>I don't approve of what you did, but I approve of you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i'enai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ie</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFU7"/> illustrates the use of a propositional attitude indicator,
- <jbophrase>i'e</jbophrase>, in both the usual sense (at the beginning of the bridi) and as a pure emotion (attached to
+ <valsi>i'e</valsi>, in both the usual sense (at the beginning of the bridi) and as a pure emotion (attached to
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>). The event expressed by the main bridi is disapproved of by the speaker, but the referent of the sumti in the x1 place (namely the listener) is approved of.</para>
+ <valsi>do</valsi>). The event expressed by the main bridi is disapproved of by the speaker, but the referent of the sumti in the x1 place (namely the listener) is approved of.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal</primary><secondary>signaling as non-propositional</secondary></indexterm> To indicate that an attitudinal discussed in this section is not meant to indicate a propositional attitude, the simplest expedient is to split the attitudinal off into a separate sentence. Thus, a version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFQ7"/> which actually claimed that the listener was or would be driving the car might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-96qq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do sazri le karce .i .e'a</jbo>
<gloss>You drive the car. [Permission].</gloss>
@@ -846,28 +846,28 @@
<quote>negative</quote>). In the tables above, we have seen three points on the scale:
<quote>positive</quote>, neutral, and
<quote>negative</quote>. The terms
<quote>positive</quote> and
<quote>negative</quote> are put into quotation marks because they are loaded words when applied to emotions, and the attitudinal system reflects this loading, which is a known cultural bias. Only two of the
<quote>positive</quote> words, namely
<diphthong>.ii</diphthong> (fear) and
<diphthong>.oi</diphthong> (pain/complaint), represent emotions commonly thought of as less
<quote>virtuous</quote> in most cases than their negative counterparts. But these two were felt to be instinctive, distinct, and very powerful emotions that needed to be expressible in a monosyllable when necessary, while their counterparts are less commonly expressed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scales</primary><secondary>rationale for assignment</secondary></indexterm> (Why the overt bias? Because there are a lot of attitudinals and they will be difficult to learn as an entire set. By aligning our scales arbitrarily, we give the monosyllable
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> a useful meaning and make it easier for a novice to recognize at least the positive or negative alignment of an indicator, if not the specific word. Other choices considered were
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> a useful meaning and make it easier for a novice to recognize at least the positive or negative alignment of an indicator, if not the specific word. Other choices considered were
<quote>random</quote> orientation, which would have unknown biases and be difficult to learn, and orientation based on our guesses as to which scale orientations made the most frequent usages shorter, which would be biased in favor of American perceptions of
<quote>usefulness</quote>. If bias must exist in our indicator set, it might as well be a known bias that eases learning, and in addition might as well favor a harmonious and positive world-view.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nairu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>seven-position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional scale</primary></indexterm> In fact, though, each emotional scale has seven positions defined, three
<quote>positive</quote> ones (shown below on the left), three
<quote>negative</quote> ones (shown below on the right), and a neutral one indicating that no particular attitude on this scale is felt. The following chart indicates the seven positions of the scale and the associated cmavo. All of these cmavo, except
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, are in selma'o CAI.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>, are in selma'o CAI.</para>
<cmavo-list> <!--orient="land"-->
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cai</cmavo>
<gismu>carmi</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sai</cmavo>
<gismu>tsali</gismu>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -884,29 +884,29 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<compound>naisai</compound>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<compound>naicai</compound>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitude</primary><secondary>scalar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar attitude</primary></indexterm> A scalar attitude is expressed by using the attitudinal word, and then following it by the desired scalar intensity. The bias creeps in because the
<quote>negative</quote> emotions take the extra syllable
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to indicate their negative position on the axis, and thus require a bit more effort to express.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> to indicate their negative position on the axis, and thus require a bit more effort to express.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>usage</secondary></indexterm> Much of this system is optional. You can express an attitude without a scale indicator, if you don't want to stop and think about how strongly you feel. Indeed, for most attitudinals, we've found that either no scalar value is used, or
- <jbophrase>cai</jbophrase> is used to indicate especially high intensity. Less often,
+ <valsi>cai</valsi> is used to indicate especially high intensity. Less often,
- <jbophrase>ru'e</jbophrase> is used for a recognizably weak intensity, and
+ <valsi>ru'e</valsi> is used for a recognizably weak intensity, and
- <jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> is used in response to the attitudinal question
+ <valsi>cu'i</valsi> is used in response to the attitudinal question
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> (see
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> (see
<xref linkend="section-questions-empathy-contours"/>) to indicate that the emotion is not felt.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal</primary><secondary>example of scale effect</secondary></indexterm> The following shows the variations resulting from intensity variation:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfUc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ei</jbo>
<en>I ought to (a non-specific obligation)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -957,41 +957,41 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.einai</jbo>
<en>I need not (a non-obligation)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.einai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eiru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>formal requirement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>stand-alone usage</secondary></indexterm> You can also utter a scale indicator without a specific emotion. This is often used in the language: in order to emphasize a point about which you feel strongly, you mark what you are saying with the scale indicator
- <jbophrase>cai</jbophrase>. You could also indicate that you don't care using
+ <valsi>cai</valsi>. You could also indicate that you don't care using
- <jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> by itself.</para>
+ <valsi>cu'i</valsi> by itself.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinal-space">
<title>The space of emotions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>as axis in emotion-space</secondary></indexterm> Each of the attitude scales constitutes an axis in a multi-dimensional space. In effect, given our total so far of 39 scales, we have a 39-dimensional space. At any given time, our emotions and attitudes are represented by a point in this 39-dimensional space, with the intensity indicators serving as coordinates along each dimension. A complete attitudinal inventory, should one decide to express it, would consist of reading off each of the scale values for each of the emotions, with the vector sum serving as a distinct single point, which is our attitude.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>when expressed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>insights</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound emotions</primary></indexterm> Now no one is going to ever utter a string of 100-odd attitudinals to express their emotions. If asked, we normally do not recognize more than one or two emotions at a time – usually the ones that are strongest or which most recently changed in some significant way. But the scale system provides some useful insights into a possible theory of emotion (which might be testable using Lojban), and incidentally explains how Lojbanists express compound emotions when they do recognize them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>neutral compared with positive + negative</secondary></indexterm> The existence of 39 scales highlights the complexity of emotion. We also aren't bound to the 39. There are modifiers described in
<xref linkend="section-categories"/> that multiply the set of scales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale, which might be expressed by
- <jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase>, but could also be expressed by using both the
+ <valsi>cu'i</valsi>, but could also be expressed by using both the
<quote>positive</quote> and
<quote>negative</quote> scale emotions at once. One expression of
<quote>fortitude</quote> might be
- <jbophrase>.ii.iinai</jbophrase>- fear coupled with security.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ii.iinai</oldjbophrase>- fear coupled with security.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with rationalizations of emotion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>order of</secondary></indexterm> Uttering one or more attitudinals to express an emotion reflects several things. We will tend to utter emotions in their immediate order of importance to us. We feel several emotions at once, and our expression reflects these emotions simultaneously, although their order of importance to us is also revealing – of our attitude towards our attitude, so to speak. There is little analysis necessary; for those emotions you feel, you express them; the
<quote>vector sum</quote> naturally expresses the result. This is vital to their nature as attitudinals – if you had to stop and think about them, or to worry about grammar, they wouldn't be emotions but rationalizations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi</secondary></indexterm> People have proposed that attitudinals be expressed as bridi just like everything else; but emotions aren't logical or analytical – saying
<quote>I'm awed</quote> is not the same as saying
<quote>Wow!!!</quote>. The Lojban system is intended to give the effects of an analytical system without the thought involved. Thus, you can simply feel in Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>design benefit</secondary></indexterm> A nice feature of this design is that you can be simple or complex, and the system works the same way. The most immediate benefit is in learning. You only need to learn a couple of the scale words and a couple of attitude words, and you're ready to express your emotions Lojbanically. As you learn more, you can express your emotions more thoroughly and more precisely, but even a limited vocabulary offers a broad range of expression.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-categories">
<title>Emotional categories</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional categories</primary></indexterm> The Lojban attitudinal system was designed by starting with a long list of English emotion words, far too many to fit into the 39 available VV-form cmavo. To keep the number of cmavo limited, the emotion words in the list were grouped together by common features: each group was then assigned a separate cmavo. This was like making tanru in reverse, and the result is a collection of indicators that can be combined, like tanru, to express very complex emotions. Some examples in a moment.</para>
@@ -1028,44 +1028,44 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">abstinence</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">secular</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">sacrilegious</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'a</primary></indexterm> Using these, we were able to assign
- <jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase> to mark a scale of what we might call
+ <valsi>o'u</valsi> to mark a scale of what we might call
<quote>generalized comfort</quote>. When you are comfortable, relaxed, satisfied, you express comfort with
- <jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase>, possibly followed by a scale indicator to indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to turn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.</para>
+ <valsi>o'u</valsi>, possibly followed by a scale indicator to indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to turn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mental discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>physical distress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>embarrassment</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spiritual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>example of effect</secondary></indexterm> For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as
- <jbophrase>.o'unairo'a</jbophrase>. Some emotions that we label
+ <oldjbophrase>.o'unairo'a</oldjbophrase>. Some emotions that we label
<quote>stress</quote> in English are expressed in Lojban with
- <jbophrase>.o'unairo'i</jbophrase>. Physical distress can be expressed with
- <jbophrase>.o'unairo'o</jbophrase>, which makes a nice groan if you say it with feeling. Mental discomfort might be what you feel when you don't know the answer to the test question, but feel that you should. Most adults can recall some instance where we felt sexual discomfort,
+ <oldjbophrase>.o'unairo'i</oldjbophrase>. Physical distress can be expressed with
+ <oldjbophrase>.o'unairo'o</oldjbophrase>, which makes a nice groan if you say it with feeling. Mental discomfort might be what you feel when you don't know the answer to the test question, but feel that you should. Most adults can recall some instance where we felt sexual discomfort,
- <jbophrase>o'unairo'u</jbophrase>. Spiritual discomfort,
- <jbophrase>o'unaire'e</jbophrase>, might be felt by a church-goer who has wandered into the wrong kind of religious building.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>o'unairo'u</oldjbophrase>. Spiritual discomfort,
+ <oldjbophrase>o'unaire'e</oldjbophrase>, might be felt by a church-goer who has wandered into the wrong kind of religious building.</para>
<para>Most of the time when expressing an emotion, you won't categorize it with these words. Emotional expressions should be quickly expressible without having to think about them. However, we sometimes have mixed emotions within this set, as for example emotional discomfort coupled with physical comfort or vice versa.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eiro'u</primary></indexterm> Coupling these six words with our 39 attitude scales, each of which has a positive and negative side, already gives you far more emotional expression words than we have emotional labels in English. Thus, you'll never see a Lojban-English emotional dictionary that covers all the Lojban possibilities. Some may be useless, but others convey emotions that probably never had a word for them before, though many have felt them (
- <jbophrase>.eiro'u</jbophrase>, for example – look it up).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.eiro'u</oldjbophrase>, for example – look it up).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ro'anai</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>stand-alone categories</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with nai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with scale markers</secondary></indexterm> You can use scale markers and
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on these six category words, and you can also use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus,
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> on these six category words, and you can also use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus,
<quote>I'm trying to concentrate</quote> could be expressed simply as
- <jbophrase>ro'e</jbophrase>, and if you are feeling anti-social in some non-specific way,
+ <valsi>ro'e</valsi>, and if you are feeling anti-social in some non-specific way,
- <jbophrase>ro'anai</jbophrase> will express it.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ro'anai</oldjbophrase> will express it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>mnemonic for</secondary></indexterm> There is a mnemonic device for the six emotion categories, based on moving your arms about. In the following table, your hands begin above your head and move down your body in sequence.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
<description>hands above head</description>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">social</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'e</cmavo>
@@ -1112,22 +1112,22 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">aggressive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">passive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">defensive</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vu'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[vrude]</gismu>
- <attitudinal-scale point="sai">virtue (<jbophrase>zabna</jbophrase>)</attitudinal-scale>
- <attitudinal-scale point="nai">sin (<jbophrase>mabla</jbophrase>)</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">virtue (<valsi>zabna</valsi>)</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">sin (<valsi>mabla</valsi>)</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[sevzi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-orientation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">other-orientation</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ri'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[zifre]</gismu>
@@ -1155,46 +1155,46 @@
<gismu>[sevzi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-sufficiency</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">dependency</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
<xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/> and
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
+ <valsi>ga'i</valsi> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
<diphthong>.io</diphthong>. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for
- <jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase>) or above (for
+ <valsi>ga'i</valsi>) or above (for
- <jbophrase>ga'inai</jbophrase>) the speaker's rank or social position. Note that it is always the referent, not the speaker or listener, who is so marked: in order to mark the listener, the listener must appear in the sentence, as with
+ <oldjbophrase>ga'inai</oldjbophrase>) the speaker's rank or social position. Note that it is always the referent, not the speaker or listener, who is so marked: in order to mark the listener, the listener must appear in the sentence, as with
- <jbophrase>doi ga'inai</jbophrase>, which can be appended to a statement addressed to a social superior.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>doi ga'inai</oldjbophrase>, which can be appended to a statement addressed to a social superior.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ercd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko ga'inai nenri klama le mi zdani</jbo>
<gloss>You-imperative [low-rank!] enter-type-of come-to my house.</gloss>
<en>I would be honored if you would enter my residence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>attitude</secondary></indexterm> Note that imperatives in Lojban need not be imperious! Corresponding examples with
- <jbophrase>ga'icu'i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ga'inai</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ga'icu'i</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>ga'inai</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfWn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko ga'icu'i nenri klama le mi zdani</jbo>
<gloss>You-imperative [equal-rank!] enter-type-of come-to my house.</gloss>
<en>Come on in to my place.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1204,65 +1204,65 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko ga'i nenri klama le mi zdani</jbo>
<gloss>You-imperative [high-rank!] enter-type-of come-to my house.</gloss>
<en>You! Get inside!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
- <jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the relative rank of the speaker and the referent, it does not make much sense to attach it to
+ <valsi>ga'i</valsi> expresses the relative rank of the speaker and the referent, it does not make much sense to attach it to
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, unless the speaker is using
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> to refer to a group (as in English
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>, unless the speaker is using
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> to refer to a group (as in English
<quote>we</quote>), or a past or future version of himself with a different rank.</para>
<para>It is also possible to attach
- <jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> to a whole bridi, in which case it expresses the speaker's superiority to the event the bridi refers to:</para>
+ <valsi>ga'i</valsi> to a whole bridi, in which case it expresses the speaker's superiority to the event the bridi refers to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wgDV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga'i le xarju pu citka</jbo>
<gloss>[High-rank!] the pig [past] eats</gloss>
<en>The pig ate (which is an event beneath my notice).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'icai</primary></indexterm> When used without being attached to any bridi,
- <jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the speaker's superiority to things in general, which may represent an absolute social rank:
+ <valsi>ga'i</valsi> expresses the speaker's superiority to things in general, which may represent an absolute social rank:
- <jbophrase>ga'icai</jbophrase> is an appropriate opening word for an emperor's address from the throne.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ga'icai</oldjbophrase> is an appropriate opening word for an emperor's address from the throne.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'o</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>le'o</jbophrase> represents the scale of aggressiveness. We seldom overtly recognize that we are feeling aggressive or defensive, but perhaps in counseling sessions, a psychologist might encourage someone to express these feelings on this scale. And football teams could be urged on by their coach using
+ <valsi>le'o</valsi> represents the scale of aggressiveness. We seldom overtly recognize that we are feeling aggressive or defensive, but perhaps in counseling sessions, a psychologist might encourage someone to express these feelings on this scale. And football teams could be urged on by their coach using
- <jbophrase>ro'ole'o</jbophrase>.
- <jbophrase>le'o</jbophrase> is also useful in threats as an alternative to
+ <oldjbophrase>ro'ole'o</oldjbophrase>.
+ <valsi>le'o</valsi> is also useful in threats as an alternative to
- <jbophrase>o'onai</jbophrase>, which expresses anger.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>o'onai</oldjbophrase>, which expresses anger.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sinful</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>virtue</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>righteous indignation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>vu'e</jbophrase> represents ethical virtue or its absence. An excess of almost any emotion is usually somewhat
+ <valsi>vu'e</valsi> represents ethical virtue or its absence. An excess of almost any emotion is usually somewhat
<quote>sinful</quote> in the eyes of most ethical systems. On the other hand, we often feel virtuous about our feelings – what we call righteous indignation might be
- <jbophrase>o'onaivu'e</jbophrase>. Note that this is distinct from lack of guilt:
- <jbophrase>.u'unai</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>o'onaivu'e</oldjbophrase>. Note that this is distinct from lack of guilt:
+ <oldjbophrase>.u'unai</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'i</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>se'i</jbophrase> expresses the difference between selfishness and generosity, for example (in combination with
+ <valsi>se'i</valsi> expresses the difference between selfishness and generosity, for example (in combination with
<diphthong>.au</diphthong>):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFxm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ause'i</jbo>
<gloss>[desire] [self]</gloss>
<en>I want it!</en>
@@ -1275,83 +1275,83 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ause'inai</jbo>
<gloss>[desire] [other]</gloss>
<en>I want you to have it!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In both cases, the English
<quote>it</quote> is vague, reflecting the absence of a bridi.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFxm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfXq"/> are pure expressions of attitude. Analogously,
- <jbophrase>.uuse'i</jbophrase> is self-pity, whereas
- <jbophrase>.uuse'inai</jbophrase> is pity for someone else.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.uuse'i</oldjbophrase> is self-pity, whereas
+ <oldjbophrase>.uuse'inai</oldjbophrase> is pity for someone else.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ri'e</primary></indexterm> The modifier
- <jbophrase>ri'e</jbophrase> indicates emotional release versus emotional control.
+ <valsi>ri'e</valsi> indicates emotional release versus emotional control.
<quote>I will not let him know how angry I am</quote>, you say to yourself before entering the room. The Lojban is much shorter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pwuv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.o'onai ri'enai</jbo>
<gloss>[anger] [control]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>ri'e</jbophrase> can be used by itself to signal an emotional outburst.</para>
+ <valsi>ri'e</valsi> can be used by itself to signal an emotional outburst.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fu'i</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>fu'i</jbophrase> may express a reason for feeling the way we do, as opposed to a feeling in itself; but it is a reason that is more emotionally determined than most. For example, it could show the difference between the mental discomfort mentioned in
+ <valsi>fu'i</valsi> may express a reason for feeling the way we do, as opposed to a feeling in itself; but it is a reason that is more emotionally determined than most. For example, it could show the difference between the mental discomfort mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-categories"/> when it is felt on an easy test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, you could use
- <jbophrase>.o'ufu'i</jbophrase> to show appreciation for the assistance in your comfort.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.o'ufu'i</oldjbophrase> to show appreciation for the assistance in your comfort.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'u</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>be'u</jbophrase> expresses, roughly speaking, whether the emotion it modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, something you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more or less the attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo
+ <valsi>be'u</valsi> expresses, roughly speaking, whether the emotion it modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, something you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more or less the attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>mo'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>rau</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>rau</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>du'e</jbophrase> (these belong to selma'o PA, and are discussed in
+ <valsi>du'e</valsi> (these belong to selma'o PA, and are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-K4aV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.uiro'obe'unai</jbo>
<gloss>[Yay!] [physical] [Enough!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>large meal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> might be something you say after a large meal which you enjoyed.</para>
<para>Like all modifiers,
- <jbophrase>be'u</jbophrase> can be used alone:</para>
+ <valsi>be'u</valsi> can be used alone:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-U3zm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cukta be'u cu zvati ma</jbo>
<gloss>The book [Needed!] is at-location [what sumti?]</gloss>
<gloss>Where's the book? – I need it!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'a</primary></indexterm> Lastly, the modifier
- <jbophrase>se'a</jbophrase> shows whether the feeling is associated with self-sufficiency or with dependence on others.</para>
+ <valsi>se'a</valsi> shows whether the feeling is associated with self-sufficiency or with dependence on others.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4S14">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'ese'a</jbo>
<gloss>[I can!] [self-sufficient!]</gloss>
<en>I can do it all by myself!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1361,21 +1361,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'ese'anai</jbo>
<gloss>[I can!] [dependent]</gloss>
<en>I can do it if you help me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the same child would indicate a (hopefully temporary) loss of self-confidence. It is also possible to negate the
- <jbophrase>.e'e</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>e'e</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Pwuv"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-K4aV"/>, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-stdV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'enaise'a</jbo>
<gloss>[I can't!] [self-sufficient]</gloss>
@@ -1395,40 +1395,40 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>complexity</secondary></indexterm> Some of the emotional expressions may seem too complicated to use. They might be for most circumstances. It is likely that most combinations will never get used. But if one person uses one of these expressions, another person can understand (as unambiguously as the expresser intends) what emotion is being expressed. Most probably as the system becomes well-known and internalized by Lojban-speakers, particular attitudinal combinations will come to be standard expressions (if not cliches) of emotion.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-compound-attitudinals">
<title>Compound indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>meaning when compounded</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>grammar for compounding</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of indicators is quite simple; almost all facets are optional. You can combine indicators in any order, and they are still grammatical. The presumed denotation is additive; thus the whole is the sum of the parts regardless of the order expressed, although the first expressed is presumed most important to the speaker. Every possible string of UI cmavo has some meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicator</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>conventions of interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified emotion</primary></indexterm> Within a string of indicators, there will be conventions of interpretation which amount to a kind of second-order grammar. Each of the modifier words is presumed to modify an indicator to the left, if there is one. (There is an
<quote>unspecified emotion</quote> word,
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, reserved to ensure that if you want to express a modifier without a root emotion, it doesn't attach to and modify a previous but distinct emotional expression.)</para>
+ <valsi>ge'e</valsi>, reserved to ensure that if you want to express a modifier without a root emotion, it doesn't attach to and modify a previous but distinct emotional expression.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified level of emotion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unstated emotion</primary></indexterm> For example,
- <jbophrase>.ieru'e</jbophrase> expresses a weak positive value on the scale of agreement: the speaker agrees (presumably with the listener or with something else just stated), but with the least possible degree of intensity. But
- <jbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</jbophrase> expresses agreement (at an unspecified level), followed by some other unstated emotion which is felt at a weak level. A rough English equivalent of
+ <oldjbophrase>.ieru'e</oldjbophrase> expresses a weak positive value on the scale of agreement: the speaker agrees (presumably with the listener or with something else just stated), but with the least possible degree of intensity. But
+ <oldjbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</oldjbophrase> expresses agreement (at an unspecified level), followed by some other unstated emotion which is felt at a weak level. A rough English equivalent of
- <jbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</jbophrase> might be
+ <oldjbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</oldjbophrase> might be
<quote>I agree, but ...</quote> where the
<quote>but</quote> is left hanging. (Again, attitudes aren't always expressed in English by English attitudinals.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>placement of scale in</secondary></indexterm> A scale variable similarly modifies the previous emotion word. You put the scale word for a root emotion word before a modifier, since the latter can have its own scale word. This merely maximizes the amount of information expressible. For example,
- <jbophrase>.oinaicu'i ro'ucai</jbophrase> expresses a feeling midway between pain (
+ <oldjbophrase>.oinaicu'i ro'ucai</oldjbophrase> expresses a feeling midway between pain (
<diphthong>.oi</diphthong>) and pleasure (
- <jbophrase>.oinai</jbophrase>) which is intensely sexual (
- <jbophrase>ro'u</jbophrase>) in nature.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.oinai</oldjbophrase>) which is intensely sexual (
+ <valsi>ro'u</valsi>) in nature.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>placement in sentences with "nai"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>placement of "nai" in</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is the most tightly bound modifier in the language: it always negates exactly one word – the preceding one. Of all the words used in indicator constructs,
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is the only one with any meaning outside the indicator system. If you try to put an indicator between a non-indicator cmavo and its
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negator, the
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> will end up negating the last word of the indicator. The result, though unambiguous, is not what you want. For example,</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> is the most tightly bound modifier in the language: it always negates exactly one word – the preceding one. Of all the words used in indicator constructs,
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> is the only one with any meaning outside the indicator system. If you try to put an indicator between a non-indicator cmavo and its
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> negator, the
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> will end up negating the last word of the indicator. The result, though unambiguous, is not what you want. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9BBA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi .e .ui nai do</jbo>
<gloss>I and [Yay!] [Not!] you</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
@@ -1437,53 +1437,53 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi .e nai .ui do</jbo>
<gloss>I and [Not!] [Yay!] you</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
<quote>I but (fortunately) not you</quote>. Attitudinal
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> expresses a
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> expresses a
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, a concept explained in
<xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/>; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on each should be obvious.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> on each should be obvious.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of internal compounding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>internal grammar</secondary><tertiary>complete</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, the complete internal grammar of UI is as follows, with each listed part optionally present or absent without affecting grammaticality, though it obviously would affect meaning.</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="9">
<member>attitudinal</member>
- <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>nai</valsi></member>
<member>intensity-word</member>
- <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>nai</valsi></member>
<member>modifier</member>
- <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>nai</valsi></member>
<member>intensity-word</member>
- <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>nai</valsi></member>
<member>(possiblyrepeated)</member>
</simplelist>
<para>
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, the non-specific emotion word, functions as an attitudinal. If multiple attitudes are being expressed at once, then in the 2nd or greater position, either
+ <valsi>ge'e</valsi>, the non-specific emotion word, functions as an attitudinal. If multiple attitudes are being expressed at once, then in the 2nd or greater position, either
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> or a VV word must be used to prevent any modifiers from modifying the previous attitudinal.</para>
+ <valsi>ge'e</valsi> or a VV word must be used to prevent any modifiers from modifying the previous attitudinal.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-scope">
<title>The uses of indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>external grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of placement in bridi</secondary></indexterm> The behavior of indicators in the
<quote>outside grammar</quote> is nearly as simple as their internal structure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metalinguistic erasers
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> and some, though not all, kinds of quotations. The details of such interactions are discussed in
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>su</valsi> and some, though not all, kinds of quotations. The details of such interactions are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-cmavo-interactions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> A group of indicators may appear anywhere that a single indicator may, except in those few situations (as in
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation, explained in
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> quotation, explained in
<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>) where compound cmavo may not be used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>at beginning of text</secondary></indexterm> At the beginning of a text, indicators modify everything following them indefinitely: such a usage is taken as a raw emotional expression, and we normally don't turn off our emotions when we start and stop sentences. In every other place in an utterance, the indicator (or group) attaches to the word immediately to its left, and indicates that the attitude is being expressed concerning the object or concept to which the word refers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>affecting whole grammatical structures</secondary></indexterm> If the word that an indicator (or group) attaches to is itself a cmavo which governs a grammatical structure, then the indicator construct pertains to the referent of the entire structure. There is also a mechanism, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/>, for explicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>referent uncertainty</secondary></indexterm> More details about the uses of indicators, and the way they interact with other specialized cmavo, are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. It is worth mentioning that real-world interpretation is not necessarily consistent with the formal scope rules. People generally express emotions when they feel them, with only a minimum of grammatical constraint on that expression; complexities of emotional expression are seldom logically analyzable. Lojban attempts to provide a systematic reference that could possibly be ingrained to an instinctive level. However, it should always be assumed that the referent of an indicator has some uncertainty.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indicators</primary></indexterm> For example, in cases of multiple indicators expressed together, the combined form has some ambiguity of interpretation. It is possible to interpret the second indicator as expressing an attitude about the first, or to interpret both as expressing attitudes about the common referent. For example, in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Rs6P">
<title>
@@ -1516,34 +1516,34 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">start emotion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">continue emotion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">end emotion</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>You can ask someone how they are feeling with a normal bridi sentence, but you will get a normal bridi answer in response, one which may be true or false. Since the response to a question about emotions is no more logical than the emotion itself, this isn't appropriate.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal questions</primary></indexterm> The word
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> is therefore reserved for attitude questions. Asked by itself, it captures all of the denotation of English
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> is therefore reserved for attitude questions. Asked by itself, it captures all of the denotation of English
<quote>How are you?</quote> coupled with
<quote>How do you feel?</quote> (which has a slightly different range of usage).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal answers</primary><secondary>plausibility</secondary></indexterm> When asked in the context of discourse,
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> acts like other Lojban question words – it requests the respondent to
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> acts like other Lojban question words – it requests the respondent to
<quote>fill in the blank</quote>, in this case with an appropriate attitudinal describing the respondent's feeling about the referent expression. As with other questions, plausibility is polite; if you answer with an irrelevant UI cmavo, such as a discursive, you are probably making fun of the questioner. (A
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, however, is always in order – you are not required to answer emotionally. This is not the same as
+ <valsi>ge'e</valsi>, however, is always in order – you are not required to answer emotionally. This is not the same as
- <jbophrase>.i'inai</jbophrase>, which is privacy as the reverse of conviviality.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.i'inai</oldjbophrase>, which is privacy as the reverse of conviviality.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal questions</primary><secondary>asking intensity</secondary></indexterm> Most often, however, the asker will use
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> as a place holder for an intensity marker. (As a result,
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> is placed in selma'o CAI, although selma'o UI would have been almost as appropriate. Grammatically, there is no difference between UI and CAI.) Such usage corresponds to a whole range of idiomatic usages in natural languages:</para>
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> as a place holder for an intensity marker. (As a result,
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> is placed in selma'o CAI, although selma'o UI would have been almost as appropriate. Grammatically, there is no difference between UI and CAI.) Such usage corresponds to a whole range of idiomatic usages in natural languages:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfXT" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.iepei</jbo>
<gloss>[agreement] [question]</gloss>
<en>Do you agree?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1584,21 +1584,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'apei</jbo>
<gloss>[permission] [question]</gloss>
<en>Please, Mommy! Can I??</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal questions</primary><secondary>asking about specific attitude</secondary></indexterm> Additionally, when
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> is used at the beginning of an indicator construct, it asks specifically if that construct reflects the attitude of the respondent, as in (asked of someone who has been ill or in pain):</para>
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> is used at the beginning of an indicator construct, it asks specifically if that construct reflects the attitude of the respondent, as in (asked of someone who has been ill or in pain):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFYU" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pei.o'u</jbo>
<gloss>[question] [comfort]</gloss>
<en>Are you comfortable?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1618,29 +1618,29 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pei.o'usai</jbo>
<gloss>[question] [comfort] [strong]</gloss>
<en>Are you again healthy?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.uuse'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>dai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sympathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>empathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>empathy contrasted with sympathy</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>attributing emotion to others</secondary></indexterm> Empathy, which is not really an emotion, is expressed by the indicator
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>. (Don't confuse empathy with sympathy, which is
+ <valsi>dai</valsi>. (Don't confuse empathy with sympathy, which is
- <jbophrase>.uuse'inai</jbophrase>.) Sometimes, as when telling a story, you want to attribute emotion to someone else. You can of course make a bridi claim that so-and-so felt such-and-such an emotion, but you can also make use of the attitudinal system by adding the indicator
+ <oldjbophrase>.uuse'inai</oldjbophrase>.) Sometimes, as when telling a story, you want to attribute emotion to someone else. You can of course make a bridi claim that so-and-so felt such-and-such an emotion, but you can also make use of the attitudinal system by adding the indicator
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>, which attributes the preceding attitudinal to someone else – exactly whom, must be determined from context. You can also use
+ <valsi>dai</valsi>, which attributes the preceding attitudinal to someone else – exactly whom, must be determined from context. You can also use
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase> conversationally when you empathize, or feel someone else's emotion as if it were your own:</para>
+ <valsi>dai</valsi> conversationally when you empathize, or feel someone else's emotion as if it were your own:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ny8w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.oiro'odai</jbo>
<gloss>[Pain!] [physical] [empathy]</gloss>
<en>Ouch, that must have hurt!</en>
@@ -1655,33 +1655,33 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bloti .iidai .uu pu klama le xasloi</jbo>
<gloss>The ship [fear!] [empathy] [pity!] [past] goes-to the ocean-floor.</gloss>
<en>Fearfully the ship, poor thing, sank.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ship sank</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> suggesting that the ship felt fear at its impending destruction, and simultaneously reporting the speaker's pity for it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>non-speaker attitudes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>exceptions</secondary></indexterm> Both
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase> represent exceptions to the normal rule that attitudinals reflect the speaker's attitude.</para>
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>dai</valsi> represent exceptions to the normal rule that attitudinals reflect the speaker's attitude.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'onai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>ceasing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>beginning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>continuing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>expressing changes in</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we often want to report how our attitudes are changing. If our attitude has not changed, we can just repeat the attitudinal. (Therefore,
- <jbophrase>.ui .ui .ui</jbophrase> is not the same as
- <jbophrase>.uicai</jbophrase>, but simply means that we are continuing to be happy.) If we want to report that we are beginning to feel, continuing to feel, or ceasing to feel an emotion, we can use the attitudinal contour cmavo
- <jbophrase>bu'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ui .ui .ui</oldjbophrase> is not the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>.uicai</oldjbophrase>, but simply means that we are continuing to be happy.) If we want to report that we are beginning to feel, continuing to feel, or ceasing to feel an emotion, we can use the attitudinal contour cmavo
+ <valsi>bu'o</valsi>.</para>
<para>When attached to an attitudinal,
- <jbophrase>bu'o</jbophrase> means that you are starting to have that attitude,
+ <valsi>bu'o</valsi> means that you are starting to have that attitude,
- <jbophrase>bu'ocu'i</jbophrase> that you are continuing to have it, and
- <jbophrase>bu'onai</jbophrase> that you are ceasing to have it. Some examples:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bu'ocu'i</oldjbophrase> that you are continuing to have it, and
+ <oldjbophrase>bu'onai</oldjbophrase> that you are ceasing to have it. Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfzq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.o'onai bu'o</jbo>
<gloss>[Anger!] [start emotion]</gloss>
@@ -1786,200 +1786,200 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Like the attitudinal indicators, the evidentials belong to selma'o UI, and may be treated identically for grammatical purposes. Most of them are not usually considered scalar in nature, but a few have associated scales.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>rhetorical flavor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>indisputable bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indisputable bridi</primary></indexterm> A bridi with an evidential in it becomes
<quote>indisputable</quote>, in the sense that the speaker is saying
<quote>how it is with him or her</quote>, which is beyond argument. Claims about one's own mental states may be true or false, but are hardly subject to other people's examination. If you say that you think, or perceive, or postulate such-and-such a predication, who can contradict you? Discourse that uses evidentials has therefore a different rhetorical flavor than discourse that does not; arguments tend to become what can be called dialogues or alternating monologues, depending on your prejudices.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>placement in bridi</secondary></indexterm> Evidentials are most often placed at the beginning of sentences, and are often attached to the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> that separates sentences in connected discourse. It is in the nature of an evidential to affect the entire bridi in which it is placed: like the propositional attitude indicators, they strongly affect the claim made by the main bridi.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> that separates sentences in connected discourse. It is in the nature of an evidential to affect the entire bridi in which it is placed: like the propositional attitude indicators, they strongly affect the claim made by the main bridi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ja'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>ja'o</jbophrase> is a conclusion by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. Rough English equivalents of
- <jbophrase>ja'o</jbophrase> are
+ <valsi>ja'o</valsi> is a conclusion by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. Rough English equivalents of
+ <valsi>ja'o</valsi> are
<quote>thus</quote> and
<quote>therefore</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pronouncement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>husband and wife</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>ca'e</jbophrase> is true because the speaker says so. In addition to definitions of words,
+ <valsi>ca'e</valsi> is true because the speaker says so. In addition to definitions of words,
- <jbophrase>ca'e</jbophrase> is also appropriate in what are called performatives, where the very act of speaking the words makes them true. An English example is
+ <valsi>ca'e</valsi> is also appropriate in what are called performatives, where the very act of speaking the words makes them true. An English example is
<quote>I now pronounce you husband and wife</quote>, where the very act of uttering the words makes the listeners into husband and wife. A Lojban translation might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Po4T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ca'e le re do cu simxu speni</jbo>
<gloss>[I define!] The two of-you are-mutual spouses.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'acu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>experienced</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>remembered</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>anticipated</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ba'a scale</secondary></indexterm> The three scale positions of
- <jbophrase>ba'a</jbophrase>, when attached to a bridi, indicate that it is based on the speaker's view of the real world. Thus
+ <valsi>ba'a</valsi>, when attached to a bridi, indicate that it is based on the speaker's view of the real world. Thus
- <jbophrase>ba'a</jbophrase> means that the statement represents a future event as anticipated by the speaker;
+ <valsi>ba'a</valsi> means that the statement represents a future event as anticipated by the speaker;
- <jbophrase>ba'acu'i</jbophrase>, a present event as experienced by the speaker;
+ <oldjbophrase>ba'acu'i</oldjbophrase>, a present event as experienced by the speaker;
- <jbophrase>ba'anai</jbophrase>, a past event as remembered by the speaker. It is accidental that this scale runs from future to past instead of past to future.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ba'anai</oldjbophrase>, a past event as remembered by the speaker. It is accidental that this scale runs from future to past instead of past to future.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-B87W">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ba'acu'i le tuple be mi cu se cortu</jbo>
<gloss>[I experience!] The leg of me is-the-locus-of-pain.</gloss>
<en>My leg hurts.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>induction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ja'o contrasted with su'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>su'a contrasted with ja'o</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> is a generalization by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. The difference between
- <jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ja'o</jbophrase> is that
- <jbophrase>ja'o</jbophrase> suggests some sort of reasoning or deduction (not necessarily rigorous), whereas
+ <valsi>su'a</valsi> is a generalization by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. The difference between
+ <valsi>su'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ja'o</valsi> is that
+ <valsi>ja'o</valsi> suggests some sort of reasoning or deduction (not necessarily rigorous), whereas
- <jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> suggests some sort of induction or pattern recognition from existing examples (not necessarily rigorous).</para>
+ <valsi>su'a</valsi> suggests some sort of induction or pattern recognition from existing examples (not necessarily rigorous).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>abduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The opposite point of the scale,
- <jbophrase>su'anai</jbophrase>, indicates abduction, or drawing specific conclusions from general premises or patterns.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>su'anai</oldjbophrase>, indicates abduction, or drawing specific conclusions from general premises or patterns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>su'a as</secondary></indexterm> This cmavo can also function as a discursive (see
<xref linkend="section-discursives"/>), in which case
- <jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>su'a</valsi> means
<quote>abstractly</quote> or
<quote>in general</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>su'anai</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>su'anai</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>concretely</quote> or
<quote>in particular</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hearsay</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>ti'e</jbophrase> is relayed information from some source other than the speaker. There is no necessary implication that the information was relayed via the speaker's ears; what we read in a newspaper is an equally good example of
+ <valsi>ti'e</valsi> is relayed information from some source other than the speaker. There is no necessary implication that the information was relayed via the speaker's ears; what we read in a newspaper is an equally good example of
- <jbophrase>ti'e</jbophrase>, unless we have personal knowledge of the content.</para>
+ <valsi>ti'e</valsi>, unless we have personal knowledge of the content.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jiXV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti'e la .uengas cu zergau</jbo>
<gloss>[I hear!] Wenga is-a-criminal-doer.</gloss>
<en>I hear that Wenga is a crook.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cultural knowledge</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>myth</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>ka'u</jbophrase> is one held to be true in the speaker's cultural context, as a matter of myth or custom, for example. Such statements should be agreed on by a community of people – you cannot just make up your own cultural context – although
+ <valsi>ka'u</valsi> is one held to be true in the speaker's cultural context, as a matter of myth or custom, for example. Such statements should be agreed on by a community of people – you cannot just make up your own cultural context – although
<quote>objectivity</quote> in the sense of actual correspondence with the facts is certainly not required.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dream</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>revelation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ka'u contrasted with se'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>se'o contrasted with ka'u</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>se'o</jbophrase> marks a bridi whose truth is asserted by the speaker as a result of an internal experience not directly available to others, such as a dream, vision, or personal revelation. In some cultures, the line between
+ <valsi>se'o</valsi> marks a bridi whose truth is asserted by the speaker as a result of an internal experience not directly available to others, such as a dream, vision, or personal revelation. In some cultures, the line between
- <jbophrase>ka'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>se'o</jbophrase> is fuzzy or even nonexistent.</para>
+ <valsi>ka'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>se'o</valsi> is fuzzy or even nonexistent.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>observation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observation evidential</primary><secondary>contrasted with observative </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observative</primary><secondary>contrasted with observation evidential</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>za'a</jbophrase> is based on perception or direct observation by the speaker. This use of
+ <valsi>za'a</valsi> is based on perception or direct observation by the speaker. This use of
<quote>observe</quote> is not connected with the Lojban
<quote>observative</quote>, or bridi with the first sumti omitted. The latter has no explicit aspect, and could be a direct observation, a conclusion, an opinion, or other aspectual point of view.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KEKa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>za'a do tatpi</jbo>
<gloss>[I observe!] You are-tired.</gloss>
<en>I see you are tired.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'ipei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opinion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>pe'i</jbophrase> is the opinion of the speaker. The form
+ <valsi>pe'i</valsi> is the opinion of the speaker. The form
- <jbophrase>pe'ipei</jbophrase> is common, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>pe'ipei</oldjbophrase> is common, meaning
<quote>Is this your opinion?</quote>. (Strictly, this should be
- <jbophrase>peipe'i</jbophrase>, in accordance with the distinction explained in Examples 10.6-10.8, but since
- <jbophrase>pe'i</jbophrase> is not really a scale, there is no real difference between the two orders.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>peipe'i</oldjbophrase>, in accordance with the distinction explained in Examples 10.6-10.8, but since
+ <valsi>pe'i</valsi> is not really a scale, there is no real difference between the two orders.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DcAG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pe'i la kartagos. .ei se daspo</jbo>
<gloss>[I opine!] Carthage [obligation] is-destroyed.</gloss>
<en>In my opinion, Carthage should be destroyed.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>e'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>assumption</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Carthage destroyed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'u</primary><secondary>compared with ru'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ru'a</primary><secondary>compared with e'u</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
- <jbophrase>ru'a</jbophrase> is an assumption made by the speaker. This is similar to one possible use of
+ <valsi>ru'a</valsi> is an assumption made by the speaker. This is similar to one possible use of
- <jbophrase>.e'u</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>e'u</valsi>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ydRN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ru'a doi livinston.</jbo>
<gloss>Dr. Livingstone, I presume?</gloss>
<en>(A rhetorical question: Stanley knew who he was.)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'apei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>basis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Livingston</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the evidential
- <jbophrase>ju'a</jbophrase> is used to avoid stating a specific basis for a statement. It can also be used when the basis for the speaker's statement is not covered by any other evidential. For the most part, using
+ <valsi>ju'a</valsi> is used to avoid stating a specific basis for a statement. It can also be used when the basis for the speaker's statement is not covered by any other evidential. For the most part, using
- <jbophrase>ju'a</jbophrase> is equivalent to using no evidential at all, but in question form it can be useful:
+ <valsi>ju'a</valsi> is equivalent to using no evidential at all, but in question form it can be useful:
- <jbophrase>ju'apei</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>ju'apei</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>What is the basis for your statement?</quote> and serves as an evidential, as distinct from emotional, question.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-discursives">
<title>Discursives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>expressing utterance relation to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance</primary><secondary>expressing relation to discourse</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The term
<quote>discursive</quote> is used for those members of selma'o UI that provide structure to the discourse, and which show how a given word or utterance relates to the whole discourse. To express these concepts in regular bridi would involve extra layers of nesting: rather than asserting that
<quote>I also came</quote>, we would have to say
<quote>I came; furthermore, the event of my coming is an additional instance of the relationship expressed by the previous sentence</quote>, which is intolerably clumsy. Typical English equivalents of discursives are words or phrases like
<quote>however</quote>,
<quote>summarizing</quote>,
<quote>in conclusion</quote>, and
<quote>for example</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>as metalinguistic claims</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>contrasted with attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are not attitudinals: they express no particular emotion. Rather, they are abbreviations for metalinguistic claims that reference the sentence or text they are found in.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are most often used at the beginning of sentences, often attached to the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> that separates sentences in running discourse, but can (like all other indicators) be attached to single words when it seems necessary or useful.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> that separates sentences in running discourse, but can (like all other indicators) be attached to single words when it seems necessary or useful.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary></indexterm> The discursives discussed in this section are given in groups, roughly organized by function. First, the
<quote>consecutive discourse</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ku'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[karbi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">however/but/in contrast</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ji'a</cmavo>
@@ -1995,34 +1995,34 @@
<cmavo>mi'u</cmavo>
<gismu>[mintu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">ditto</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>po'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">the only relevant case</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>po'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ditto</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with mi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary><secondary>contrasted</secondary></indexterm> These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,
- <jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase>, makes an exception to the previous argument. The second,
+ <valsi>ku'i</valsi>, makes an exception to the previous argument. The second,
- <jbophrase>ji'a</jbophrase>, adds weight to the previous argument. The third,
+ <valsi>ji'a</valsi>, adds weight to the previous argument. The third,
- <jbophrase>si'a</jbophrase>, adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth,
+ <valsi>si'a</valsi>, adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth,
- <jbophrase>mi'u</jbophrase>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
+ <valsi>mi'u</valsi>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>), which is a non-discursive version of
<quote>ditto</quote> that explicitly repeats the claim of the previous bridi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>only</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Lastly,
- <jbophrase>po'o</jbophrase> is used when there is no other comparable case, and thus corresponds to some of the uses of
+ <valsi>po'o</valsi> is used when there is no other comparable case, and thus corresponds to some of the uses of
<quote>only</quote>, a word difficult to express in pure bridi form:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qG0v" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi po'o darxi le mi tamne fo le nazbi</jbo>
<gloss>I [only] hit my cousin at-locus the nose.</gloss>
@@ -2057,57 +2057,57 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi darxi le mi tamne fo le nazbi po'o</jbo>
<gloss>I hit my cousin at-locus the nose [only].</gloss>
<en>I hit my cousin only on his nose (nowhere else).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit cousin</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'o</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<quote>only</quote> can go before or after what it modifies in English, but
- <jbophrase>po'o</jbophrase>, as an indicator, always comes afterward.</para>
+ <valsi>po'o</valsi>, as an indicator, always comes afterward.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on words</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>va'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[valsi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">in other words</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">in the same words</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'u</cmavo>
<gismu>[tanru]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">expanding a tanru</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">making a tanru</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>expressing how things are said</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>word-level</secondary></indexterm> The discursives
- <jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> operate at the level of words, rather than discourse proper, or if you like, they deal with how things are said. An alternative English expression for
+ <valsi>va'i</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ta'u</valsi> operate at the level of words, rather than discourse proper, or if you like, they deal with how things are said. An alternative English expression for
- <jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>va'i</valsi> is
<quote>rephrasing</quote>; for
- <jbophrase>va'inai</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>va'inai</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>repeating</quote>. Also compare
- <jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> with
- <jbophrase>ke'u</jbophrase>, discussed below.</para>
+ <valsi>va'i</valsi> with
+ <valsi>ke'u</valsi>, discussed below.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>explicitly defining</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>explicating</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>expanding</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> is a discursive unique to Lojban; it expresses the particularly Lojbanic device of tanru. Since tanru are semantically ambiguous, they are subject to misunderstanding. This ambiguity can be removed by expanding the tanru into some semantically unambiguous structure, often involving relative clauses or the introduction of additional brivla. The discursive
+ <valsi>ta'u</valsi> is a discursive unique to Lojban; it expresses the particularly Lojbanic device of tanru. Since tanru are semantically ambiguous, they are subject to misunderstanding. This ambiguity can be removed by expanding the tanru into some semantically unambiguous structure, often involving relative clauses or the introduction of additional brivla. The discursive
- <jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> marks the transition from the use of a brief but possibly confusing tanru to its fuller, clearer expansion; the discursive
+ <valsi>ta'u</valsi> marks the transition from the use of a brief but possibly confusing tanru to its fuller, clearer expansion; the discursive
- <jbophrase>ta'unai</jbophrase> marks a transition in the reverse direction.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ta'unai</oldjbophrase> marks a transition in the reverse direction.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on discourse</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>li'a</cmavo>
<gismu>[klina]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">clearly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">obviously</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">obscurely</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -2165,62 +2165,62 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>je'u</cmavo>
<gismu>[jetnu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">truly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">falsely</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>gesture markers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>tone of voice markers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>commentary on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>discourse commentary</secondary></indexterm> This group is used by the speaker to characterize the nature of the discourse, so as to prevent misunderstanding. It is well-known that listeners often fail to recognize a humorous statement and take it seriously, or miss an exaggeration, or try to read more into a statement than the speaker intends to put there. In speech, the tone of voice often provides the necessary cue, but the reader of ironic or understated or imprecise discourse is often simply clueless. As with the attitudinals, the use of these cmavo may seem fussy to new Lojbanists, but it is important to remember that
- <jbophrase>zo'o</jbophrase>, for example, is the equivalent of smiling while you speak, not the equivalent of a flat declaration like
+ <valsi>zo'o</valsi>, for example, is the equivalent of smiling while you speak, not the equivalent of a flat declaration like
<quote>What I'm about to say is supposed to be funny.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'enai</primary></indexterm> A few additional English equivalents: for
- <jbophrase>sa'enai</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>sa'enai</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>roughly speaking</quote> or
<quote>approximately speaking</quote>; for
- <jbophrase>sa'unai</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>sa'unai</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>furthermore</quote>; for
- <jbophrase>to'u</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>to'u</valsi>,
<quote>in short</quote> or
<quote>skipping details</quote>; for
- <jbophrase>do'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>do'a</valsi>,
<quote>broadly construed</quote>; for
- <jbophrase>do'anai</jbophrase> (as you might expect),
+ <oldjbophrase>do'anai</oldjbophrase> (as you might expect),
<quote>narrowly construed</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'enai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'e</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>pa'e</jbophrase> is used to claim (truly or falsely) that one is being fair or just to all parties mentioned, whereas
+ <valsi>pa'e</valsi> is used to claim (truly or falsely) that one is being fair or just to all parties mentioned, whereas
- <jbophrase>pa'enai</jbophrase> admits (or proclaims) a bias in favor of one party.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>pa'enai</oldjbophrase> admits (or proclaims) a bias in favor of one party.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>irony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sarcasm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irony</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sarcasm</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The scale of
- <jbophrase>je'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>je'unai</jbophrase> is a little different from the others in the group. By default, we assume that people speak the truth – or at least, that if they are lying, they will do their best to conceal it from us. So under what circumstances would
- <jbophrase>je'unai</jbophrase> be used, or
- <jbophrase>je'u</jbophrase> be useful? For one thing,
- <jbophrase>je'u</jbophrase> can be used to mark a tautology: a sentence that is a truth of logic, like
+ <valsi>je'u</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> is a little different from the others in the group. By default, we assume that people speak the truth – or at least, that if they are lying, they will do their best to conceal it from us. So under what circumstances would
+ <oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> be used, or
+ <valsi>je'u</valsi> be useful? For one thing,
+ <valsi>je'u</valsi> can be used to mark a tautology: a sentence that is a truth of logic, like
<quote>All cats are cats.</quote> Its counterpart
- <jbophrase>je'unai</jbophrase> then serves to mark a logical contradiction. In addition,
- <jbophrase>je'unai</jbophrase> can be used to express one kind of sarcasm or irony, where the speaker pretends to believe what he/she says, but actually wishes the listener to infer a contrary opinion. Other forms of irony can be marked with
+ <oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> then serves to mark a logical contradiction. In addition,
+ <oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> can be used to express one kind of sarcasm or irony, where the speaker pretends to believe what he/she says, but actually wishes the listener to infer a contrary opinion. Other forms of irony can be marked with
- <jbophrase>zo'o</jbophrase> (humor) or
+ <valsi>zo'o</valsi> (humor) or
- <jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> (disbelief).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ianai</oldjbophrase> (disbelief).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm> When used as a discursive,
- <jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> (see
+ <valsi>su'a</valsi> (see
<xref linkend="section-evidentials"/>) belongs to this group.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>knowledge</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'o</cmavo>
<gismu>[djuno]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">certainly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">uncertain</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">certainly not</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -2231,21 +2231,21 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">probably</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">improbably</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary><secondary>compared with propositional attitudes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary><secondary>compared with knowledge discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker's state of knowledge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>knowledge</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary></indexterm> These two discursives describe the speaker's state of knowledge about the claim of the associated bridi. They are similar to the propositional attitudes of
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, as they create a hypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and label our bridi with
- <jbophrase>ju'o</jbophrase>; but it may be false all the same.</para>
+ <valsi>ju'o</valsi>; but it may be false all the same.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>discourse management</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'o</cmavo>
<gismu>[tanjo]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">by the way</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">returning to point</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -2276,69 +2276,69 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">supposing</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">in fact</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ra'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flow of discourse</primary><secondary>managing with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for managing discourse flow</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>discourse management</secondary></indexterm> This final group is used to perform what may be called
<quote>managing the discourse</quote>: providing reference points to help the listener understand the flow from one sentence to the next.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'onao</primary></indexterm> Other English equivalents of
- <jbophrase>ta'onai</jbophrase> are
+ <oldjbophrase>ta'onai</oldjbophrase> are
<quote>anyway</quote>,
<quote>anyhow</quote>,
<quote>in any case</quote>,
<quote>in any event</quote>,
<quote>as I was saying</quote>, and
<quote>continuing</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ra'u</primary><secondary>scale of importance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>importance of point</primary><secondary>scale with ra'u</secondary></indexterm> The scale of
- <jbophrase>ra'u</jbophrase> has to do with the importance of the point being, or about to be, expressed:
+ <valsi>ra'u</valsi> has to do with the importance of the point being, or about to be, expressed:
- <jbophrase>ra'u</jbophrase> is the most important point,
+ <valsi>ra'u</valsi> is the most important point,
- <jbophrase>ra'ucu'i</jbophrase> is a point of equal importance, and
- <jbophrase>ra'unai</jbophrase> is a lesser point. Other English equivalents of
- <jbophrase>ra'u</jbophrase> are
+ <oldjbophrase>ra'ucu'i</oldjbophrase> is a point of equal importance, and
+ <oldjbophrase>ra'unai</oldjbophrase> is a lesser point. Other English equivalents of
+ <valsi>ra'u</valsi> are
<quote>above all</quote> and
<quote>primarily</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with va'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>va'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke'u</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ke'u</jbophrase> is very similar to
+ <valsi>ke'u</valsi> is very similar to
- <jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase>, although
- <jbophrase>ke'unai</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>va'i</valsi>, although
+ <oldjbophrase>ke'unai</oldjbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>va'inai</jbophrase> are quite different. Both
+ <oldjbophrase>va'inai</oldjbophrase> are quite different. Both
- <jbophrase>ke'u</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>ke'u</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> indicate that the same idea is going to be expressed using different words, but the two cmavo differ in emphasis. Using
- <jbophrase>ke'u</jbophrase> emphasizes that the content is the same; using
+ <valsi>va'i</valsi> indicate that the same idea is going to be expressed using different words, but the two cmavo differ in emphasis. Using
+ <valsi>ke'u</valsi> emphasizes that the content is the same; using
- <jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> emphasizes that the words are different. Therefore,
- <jbophrase>ke'unai</jbophrase> shows that the content is new (and therefore the words are also);
+ <valsi>va'i</valsi> emphasizes that the words are different. Therefore,
+ <oldjbophrase>ke'unai</oldjbophrase> shows that the content is new (and therefore the words are also);
- <jbophrase>va'inai</jbophrase> shows that the words are the same (and therefore so is the content). One English equivalent of
+ <oldjbophrase>va'inai</oldjbophrase> shows that the words are the same (and therefore so is the content). One English equivalent of
- <jbophrase>ke'unai</jbophrase> is
+ <oldjbophrase>ke'unai</oldjbophrase> is
<quote>furthermore</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>if</primary><secondary>expressing real world</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>if</primary><secondary>expressing hypothetical world</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world point of view</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>real world point of view</primary></indexterm> The discursive
- <jbophrase>da'i</jbophrase> marks the discourse as possibly taking a non-real-world viewpoint (
+ <valsi>da'i</valsi> marks the discourse as possibly taking a non-real-world viewpoint (
<quote>Supposing that</quote>,
<quote>By hypothesis</quote>), whereas
- <jbophrase>da'inai</jbophrase> insists on the real-world point of view (
+ <oldjbophrase>da'inai</oldjbophrase> insists on the real-world point of view (
<quote>In fact</quote>,
<quote>In truth</quote>,
<quote>According to the facts</quote>). A common use of
- <jbophrase>da'i</jbophrase> is to distinguish between:</para>
+ <valsi>da'i</valsi> is to distinguish between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6BU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai da'i do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno le du'u ri pazvau</jbo>
<gloss>If you [hypothetical] see my young sister, then [certain] you know that she is-pregnant.</gloss>
<en>If you were to see my younger sister, you would certainly know she is pregnant.</en>
@@ -2411,167 +2411,167 @@
<cmavo>bi'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">new information</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">old information</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ge'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">non-specific indicator</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>huh?</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion about what was said</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase> is one of the most common of the miscellaneous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion about what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (which is
- <jbophrase>.uanai</jbophrase>). The confusion may be about the meaning of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti. One of the uses of English
+ <valsi>ki'a</valsi> is one of the most common of the miscellaneous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion about what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (which is
+ <oldjbophrase>.uanai</oldjbophrase>). The confusion may be about the meaning of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti. One of the uses of English
<quote>which</quote> corresponds to
- <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>ki'a</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gWFX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le ctuca</jbo>
<jbo>.i le ki'a ctuca</jbo>
<en>I like the teacher</en>
<en>Which teacher?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, the second speaker does not understand the referent of the sumti
- <jbophrase>le ctuca</jbophrase>, and so echoes back the sumti with the confusion marker.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le ctuca</oldjbophrase>, and so echoes back the sumti with the confusion marker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invalid speech</primary><secondary>marking as error with na'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>error marking</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The metalinguistic negation cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> and its opposite
- <jbophrase>jo'a</jbophrase> are explained in full in
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> and its opposite
+ <valsi>jo'a</valsi> are explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. In general,
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> indicates that there is something wrong with a piece of discourse: either an error, or a false underlying assumption, or something else of the sort. The discourse is invalid or inappropriate due to the marked word or construct.</para>
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> indicates that there is something wrong with a piece of discourse: either an error, or a false underlying assumption, or something else of the sort. The discourse is invalid or inappropriate due to the marked word or construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>valid speech</primary><secondary>marking as error with jo'a</secondary></indexterm> Similarly,
- <jbophrase>jo'a</jbophrase> marks something which looks wrong but is in fact correct. These two cmavo constitute a scale, but are kept apart for two reasons:
+ <valsi>jo'a</valsi> marks something which looks wrong but is in fact correct. These two cmavo constitute a scale, but are kept apart for two reasons:
- <jbophrase>na'inai</jbophrase> means the same as
- <jbophrase>jo'a</jbophrase>, but would be too confusing as an affirmation;
+ <oldjbophrase>na'inai</oldjbophrase> means the same as
+ <valsi>jo'a</valsi>, but would be too confusing as an affirmation;
- <jbophrase>jo'anai</jbophrase> means the same as
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase>, but is too long to serve as a convenient metalinguistic negator.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>jo'anai</oldjbophrase> means the same as
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi>, but is too long to serve as a convenient metalinguistic negator.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>partial quotation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fragmentary text</primary></indexterm> The next two cmavo are used to assist in quoting texts written or spoken by others. It is often the case that we wish to quote only part of a text, or to supply additional material either by way of commentary or to make a fragmentary text grammatical. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> serves the former function. It indicates that words were omitted from the quotation. What remains of the quotation must be grammatical, however, as
+ <valsi>li'o</valsi> serves the former function. It indicates that words were omitted from the quotation. What remains of the quotation must be grammatical, however, as
- <jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> does not serve any grammatical function. It cannot, for example, take the place of a missing selbri in a bridi, or supply the missing tail of a description sumti:
+ <valsi>li'o</valsi> does not serve any grammatical function. It cannot, for example, take the place of a missing selbri in a bridi, or supply the missing tail of a description sumti:
- <jbophrase valid="false">le li'o</jbophrase> in isolation is not grammatical.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">le li'o</oldjbophrase> in isolation is not grammatical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>interaction with to'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>interaction with sei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>interaction with li'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial insertion</primary><secondary>with "sa'a</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> indicates in a quotation that the marked word or construct was not actually expressed, but is inserted for editorial, narrative, or grammatical purposes. Strictly, even a
+ <valsi>sa'a</valsi> indicates in a quotation that the marked word or construct was not actually expressed, but is inserted for editorial, narrative, or grammatical purposes. Strictly, even a
- <jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> should appear in the form
+ <valsi>li'o</valsi> should appear in the form
- <jbophrase>li'osa'a</jbophrase>, since the
- <jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> was not part of the original quotation. In practice, this and other forms which are already associated with metalinguistic expressions, such as
+ <oldjbophrase>li'osa'a</oldjbophrase>, since the
+ <valsi>li'o</valsi> was not part of the original quotation. In practice, this and other forms which are already associated with metalinguistic expressions, such as
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEI) or
- <jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o TO) need not be marked except where confusion might result.</para>
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> (of selma'o SEI) or
+ <valsi>to'i</valsi> (of selma'o TO) need not be marked except where confusion might result.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>editorial insertion of text already containing sa'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial insertion</primary><secondary>of text already containing sa'a</secondary></indexterm> In the rare case that the quoted material already contains one or more instances of
- <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase>, they can be changed to
+ <valsi>sa'a</valsi>, they can be changed to
- <jbophrase>sa'asa'a</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sa'asa'a</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>with "xu"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> marks truth questions, which are discussed in detail in
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> marks truth questions, which are discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>. In general,
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> may be translated
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> may be translated
<quote>Is it true that ... ?</quote> and questions whether the attached bridi is true. When
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> is attached to a specific word or construct, it directs the focus of the question to that word or construct.</para>
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> is attached to a specific word or construct, it directs the focus of the question to that word or construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>marking in advance</secondary></indexterm> Lojban question words, unlike those of English, frequently do not stand at the beginning of the question. Placing the cmavo
- <jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> at the beginning of a bridi helps the listener realize that the bridi is a question, like the symbol at the beginning of written Spanish questions that looks like an upside-down question mark. The listener is then warned to watch for the actual question word.</para>
+ <valsi>pau</valsi> at the beginning of a bridi helps the listener realize that the bridi is a question, like the symbol at the beginning of written Spanish questions that looks like an upside-down question mark. The listener is then warned to watch for the actual question word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>paunai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>rhetorical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rhetorical question</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pau</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Although
- <jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> is grammatical in any location (like all indicators), it is not really useful except at or near the beginning of a bridi. Its scalar opposite,
+ <valsi>pau</valsi> is grammatical in any location (like all indicators), it is not really useful except at or near the beginning of a bridi. Its scalar opposite,
- <jbophrase>paunai</jbophrase>, signals that a bridi is not really a question despite its form. This is what we call in English a rhetorical question: an example appears in the English text near the beginning of
+ <oldjbophrase>paunai</oldjbophrase>, signals that a bridi is not really a question despite its form. This is what we call in English a rhetorical question: an example appears in the English text near the beginning of
<xref linkend="section-evidentials"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue</primary><secondary>as sad</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative speech</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> is the indicator of figurative speech, indicating that the previous word should be taken figuratively rather than literally:</para>
+ <valsi>pe'a</valsi> is the indicator of figurative speech, indicating that the previous word should be taken figuratively rather than literally:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rXiR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu pe'a zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I see the blue [figurative] house.</gloss>
<en>I see the
<quote>blue</quote> house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the house is not blue in the sense of color, but in some other sense, whose meaning is entirely culturally dependent. The use of
- <jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> unambiguously marks a cultural reference:
+ <valsi>pe'a</valsi> unambiguously marks a cultural reference:
- <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>blanu</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rXiR"/> could mean
<quote>sad</quote> (as in English) or something completely different.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>literally</primary></indexterm> The negated form,
- <jbophrase>pe'anai</jbophrase>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>pe'anai</oldjbophrase>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>heartburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>culturally dependent lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure of figurative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
- <jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> has a rafsi, namely
+ <valsi>pe'a</valsi> has a rafsi, namely
<rafsi>pev</rafsi>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
- <jbophrase>risnyjelca</jbophrase> (heart burn) might have a place structure like:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>risnyjelca</oldjbophrase> (heart burn) might have a place structure like:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the heart of x2, burning in atmosphere x3 at temperature x4
</place-structure>
<para>whereas
- <jbophrase>pevrisnyjelca</jbophrase>, explicitly marked as figurative, might have the place structure:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>pevrisnyjelca</oldjbophrase>, explicitly marked as figurative, might have the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is indigestion/heartburn suffered by x2
</place-structure>
<para>which obviously has nothing to do with the places of either
- <jbophrase>risna</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>jelca</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>risna</valsi> or
+ <valsi>jelca</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>an</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>a</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>a/an</primary><secondary>contrasted with the</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>contrasted with a/an</secondary></indexterm> The uses of
- <jbophrase>bi'u</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>bi'u</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>bi'unai</jbophrase> correspond to one of the uses of the English articles
+ <oldjbophrase>bi'unai</oldjbophrase> correspond to one of the uses of the English articles
<quote>the</quote> and
<quote>a/an</quote>. An English-speaker telling a story may begin with
<quote>I saw a man who ...</quote>. Later in the story, the same man will be referred to with the phrase
<quote>the man</quote>. Lojban does not use its articles in the same way: both
<quote>a man</quote> and
<quote>the man</quote> would be translated
- <jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase>, since the speaker has in mind a specific man. However, the first use might be marked
- <jbophrase>le bi'u nanmu</jbophrase>, to indicate that this is a new man, not mentioned before. Later uses could correspondingly be tagged
+ <oldjbophrase>le nanmu</oldjbophrase>, since the speaker has in mind a specific man. However, the first use might be marked
+ <oldjbophrase>le bi'u nanmu</oldjbophrase>, to indicate that this is a new man, not mentioned before. Later uses could correspondingly be tagged
- <jbophrase>le bi'unai nanmu</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le bi'unai nanmu</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>Most of the time, the distinction between
- <jbophrase>bi'u</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>bi'u</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>bi'unai</jbophrase> need not be made, as the listener can infer the right referent. However, if a different man were referred to still later in the story,
+ <oldjbophrase>bi'unai</oldjbophrase> need not be made, as the listener can infer the right referent. However, if a different man were referred to still later in the story,
- <jbophrase>le bi'u nanmu</jbophrase> would clearly show that this man was different from the previous one.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le bi'u nanmu</oldjbophrase> would clearly show that this man was different from the previous one.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitude</primary><secondary>avoidance of expression</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the indicator
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> has been discussed in
+ <valsi>ge'e</valsi> has been discussed in
<xref linkend="section-compound-attitudinals"/> and
<xref linkend="section-questions-empathy-contours"/>. It is used to express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing any attitude.</para>
<para>Another use for
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:
+ <valsi>ge'e</valsi> is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:
- <jbophrase>.iige'e</jbophrase> means roughly
+ <oldjbophrase>.iige'e</oldjbophrase> means roughly
<quote>I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">indirect question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>This cmavo is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="section-indirect-questions"/>. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
@@ -2586,82 +2586,82 @@
<en>I know who goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vocative-scales">
<title>Vocative scales</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direct address</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"la"</primary><secondary>contrasted with vocatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>contrasted with "la"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Vocatives</quote> are words used to address someone directly; they precede and mark a name used in direct address, just as
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> (and the other members of selma'o LA) mark a name used to refer to someone. The vocatives actually are indicators – in fact, discursives – but the need to tie them to names and other descriptions of listeners requires them to be separated from selma'o UI. But like the cmavo of UI, the members of selma'o COI can be
+ <valsi>la</valsi> (and the other members of selma'o LA) mark a name used to refer to someone. The vocatives actually are indicators – in fact, discursives – but the need to tie them to names and other descriptions of listeners requires them to be separated from selma'o UI. But like the cmavo of UI, the members of selma'o COI can be
<quote>negated</quote> with
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to get the opposite part of the scale.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> to get the opposite part of the scale.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>rationale for redundancy</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>redundancy</primary><secondary>effect on vocative design</secondary></indexterm> Because of the need for redundancy in noisy environments, the Lojban design does not compress the vocatives into a minimum number of scales. Doing so would make a non-redundant
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> too often vital to interpretation of a protocol signal, as explained later in this section.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> too often vital to interpretation of a protocol signal, as explained later in this section.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>grammar overview</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of vocatives is explained in
<xref linkend="section-vocative-syntax"/>; but in brief, a vocative may be followed by a name (without
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>), a description (without
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> or its relatives), a complete sumti, or nothing at all (if the addressee is obvious from the context). There is an elidable terminator,
- <jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU) which is almost never required unless no name (or other indication of the addressee) follows the vocative.</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>), a description (without
+ <valsi>le</valsi> or its relatives), a complete sumti, or nothing at all (if the addressee is obvious from the context). There is an elidable terminator,
+ <valsi>do'u</valsi> (of selma'o DOhU) which is almost never required unless no name (or other indication of the addressee) follows the vocative.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>and definition of "you"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you</primary><secondary>defining</secondary></indexterm> Using any vocative except
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> (explained below) implicitly defines the meaning of the pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, as the whole point of vocatives is to specify the listener, or at any rate the desired listener – even if the desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> (explained below) implicitly defines the meaning of the pro-sumti
+ <valsi>do</valsi>, as the whole point of vocatives is to specify the listener, or at any rate the desired listener – even if the desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms
<quote>speaker</quote> and
<quote>listener</quote> for clarity, although in written Lojban the appropriate terms would be
<quote>writer</quote> and
<quote>reader</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>notation convention symbol "X"</secondary></indexterm> In the following list of vocatives, the translations include the symbol X. This represents the name (or identifying description, or whatever) of the listener.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on pause before name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause before name</primary><secondary>effect of doi</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> is the general-purpose vocative. Unlike the cmavo of selma'o COI, explained below,
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> can precede a name directly without an intervening pause. It is not considered a scale, and
- <jbophrase valid="false">doinai</jbophrase> is not grammatical. In general,
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> needs no translation in English (we just use names by themselves without any preceding word, although in poetic styles we sometimes say
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> is the general-purpose vocative. Unlike the cmavo of selma'o COI, explained below,
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> can precede a name directly without an intervening pause. It is not considered a scale, and
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">doinai</oldjbophrase> is not grammatical. In general,
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> needs no translation in English (we just use names by themselves without any preceding word, although in poetic styles we sometimes say
<quote>Oh X</quote>, which is equivalent to
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>). One may attach an attitudinal to
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> to express various English vocatives. For example,
- <jbophrase>doi .io</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>doi</valsi>). One may attach an attitudinal to
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> to express various English vocatives. For example,
+ <oldjbophrase>doi .io</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>Sir/Madam!</quote>, whereas
- <jbophrase>doi .ionai</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>doi .ionai</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>You there!</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on pause before name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause before name</primary><secondary>effect of vocatives of COI</secondary></indexterm> All members of selma'o COI require a pause when used immediately before a name, in order to prevent the name from absorbing the COI word. This is unlike selma'o DOI and LA, which do not require pauses because the syllables of these cmavo are not permitted to be embedded in a Lojban name. When calling out to someone, this is fairly natural, anyway.
<quote>Hey! John!</quote> is thus a better translation of
- <jbophrase>ju'i .djan.</jbophrase> than
+ <oldjbophrase>ju'i .djan.</oldjbophrase> than
<quote>Hey John!</quote>. No pause is needed if the vocative reference is something other than a name, as in the title of the Lojban journal,
- <jbophrase>ju'i lobypli</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ju'i lobypli</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>(Alternatively,
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> can be inserted between the COI cmavo and the name, making a pause unnecessary:
- <jbophrase>coi doi djan.</jbophrase>)</para>
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> can be inserted between the COI cmavo and the name, making a pause unnecessary:
+ <oldjbophrase>coi doi djan.</oldjbophrase>)</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>coi</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">greetings</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Hello, X</quote>;
<quote>Greetings, X</quote>; indicates a greeting to the listener.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">partings</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Good-bye, X</quote>; indicates parting from immediate company by either the speaker or the listener.
- <jbophrase>coico'o</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>coico'o</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>greeting in passing</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[jundi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attention</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">at ease</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ignore me/us</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
@@ -2671,99 +2671,99 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>nu'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[nupre]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">promise</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">release promise</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-promise</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I promise, X</quote>; indicates a promise to the listener. In some contexts,
- <jbophrase>nu'e</jbophrase> may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.
+ <valsi>nu'e</valsi> may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'a</cmavo>
<gismu>[tavla]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">interruption</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I interrupt, X</quote>,
<quote>I desire the floor, X</quote>; a vocative expression to (possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude interruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate response to an interruption might be
- <jbophrase>re'i</jbophrase> (or
- <jbophrase>re'inai</jbophrase> to ignore the interruption).
+ <valsi>re'i</valsi> (or
+ <oldjbophrase>re'inai</oldjbophrase> to ignore the interruption).
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe'u</cmavo>
<gismu>[cpedu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with pe'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with e'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Please, X</quote>; indicates a request to the listener. It is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of
- <jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a
+ <valsi>e'o</valsi> with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand,
+ <valsi>e'o</valsi> may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a
<quote>sense of petition floating in the air</quote>, as it were.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[ckire]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">appreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">gratitude</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">disappreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ingratitude</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Thank you, X</quote>; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, but
- <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
- <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>je'e</valsi>, but
+ <valsi>fi'i</valsi> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
+ <valsi>fi'i</valsi>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[friti]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">welcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">offering</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unwelcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">inhospitality</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>At your service, X</quote>;
<quote>Make yourself at home, X</quote>; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that
- <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>fi'i</valsi> is
<emphasis>not</emphasis> the equivalent of American English
<quote>You're welcome</quote> as a mechanical response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>; that is
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, as noted below.
+ <valsi>je'e</valsi>, as noted below.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[benji]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request to send</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>telephone conversation</primary><secondary>hello</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Request to send to X</quote>; indicates that the speaker wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is listening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conversant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is
<quote>Hello? Can I speak to X?</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[bredi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">ready to receive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">not ready</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Ready to receive, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker is attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used instead of
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated
<quote>Hold on!</quote> or
<quote>Just a minute</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mu'o</cmavo>
<gismu>[mulno]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">completion of utterance</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">more to follow</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
@@ -2774,115 +2774,115 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>je'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[jimpe]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">successful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unsuccessful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Roger, X!</quote>,
<quote>I understand</quote>; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by
- <jbophrase>ke'o</jbophrase>. The colloquial English equivalents of
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> are the grunt typically written
+ <valsi>ke'o</valsi>. The colloquial English equivalents of
+ <valsi>je'e</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>je'enai</oldjbophrase> are the grunt typically written
<quote>uh-huh</quote> and
<quote>What?/Excuse me?</quote>.
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> is also used to mean
+ <valsi>je'e</valsi> is also used to mean
<quote>You're welcome</quote> when that is a response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vi'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">will comply</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">will not comply</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>je'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with vi'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Wilco, X</quote>,
<quote>I understand and will comply</quote>. Similar to
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> but signals an intention (similar to
+ <valsi>je'e</valsi> but signals an intention (similar to
<diphthong>.ai</diphthong>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
<quote>OK</quote> in Lojban, in the usual sense of
<quote>Agreed!</quote>, although
<diphthong>.ie</diphthong> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
<quote>No way!</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'o</cmavo>
<gismu>[krefu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">please repeat</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">no repeat needed</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary><secondary>compared to ke'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary><secondary>compared to ki'a</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>What did you say, X?</quote>; a request for repetition or clarification due to unsuccessful receipt or understanding. This is the vocative equivalent of
- <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, and is related to
- <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase>. The negative form may be rendered
+ <valsi>ki'a</valsi>, and is related to
+ <oldjbophrase>je'enai</oldjbophrase>. The negative form may be rendered
<quote>Okay, already; I get the point!</quote>
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'o</cmavo>
<gismu>[fanmo]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">end of communication</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">not done</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Over and out, X</quote>; indicates completion of statement(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to terminate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already been identified (as in memos). The negative form means
<quote>Wait, hold it, we're not done!</quote> and differs from
- <jbophrase>mu'onai</jbophrase> in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.
+ <oldjbophrase>mu'onai</oldjbophrase> in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fe'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fa'o</secondary></indexterm> Do not confuse
- <jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> with
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say
- <jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.</para>
+ <valsi>fe'o</valsi> with
+ <valsi>fa'o</valsi> (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say
+ <valsi>fe'o</valsi> to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.</para>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[cmavo: mi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-identification</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-identification</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>explicitly specifying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with other members of COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>introduce oneself</primary></indexterm>
<quote>And I am X</quote>; a generalized self-vocative. Although grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI,
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'imi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'omi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>effect of ordering multiple COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>ordering multiple with mi'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closings</primary><secondary>letter</secondary></indexterm> This cmavo is often combined with other members of COI:
- <jbophrase>fe'omi'e</jbophrase> would be an appropriate closing at the end of a letter;
+ <oldjbophrase>fe'omi'e</oldjbophrase> would be an appropriate closing at the end of a letter;
- <jbophrase>re'imi'e</jbophrase> would be a self-vocative used in delayed responses, as when called to the phone, or possibly in a roll-call. As long as the
+ <oldjbophrase>re'imi'e</oldjbophrase> would be a self-vocative used in delayed responses, as when called to the phone, or possibly in a roll-call. As long as the
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> comes last, the following name is that of the speaker; if another COI cmavo is last, the following name is that of the listener. It is not possible to name both speaker and listener in a single vocative expression, but this fact is of no importance, because wherever one vocative expression is grammatical, any number of consecutive ones may appear.</para>
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> comes last, the following name is that of the speaker; if another COI cmavo is last, the following name is that of the listener. It is not possible to name both speaker and listener in a single vocative expression, but this fact is of no importance, because wherever one vocative expression is grammatical, any number of consecutive ones may appear.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'enai</primary></indexterm> The negative form denies an identity which someone else has attributed to you;
- <jbophrase>mi'enai .djan.</jbophrase> means that you are saying you are not John.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>mi'enai .djan.</oldjbophrase> means that you are saying you are not John.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'apei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>protocol</primary><secondary>using vocatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>protocol</primary><secondary>computer communications using COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>protocol</primary><secondary>parliamentary using COI</secondary></indexterm> Many of the vocatives have been listed with translations which are drawn from radio use:
<quote>roger</quote>,
<quote>wilco</quote>,
<quote>over and out</quote>. This form of translation does not mean that Lojban is a language of CB enthusiasts, but rather that in most natural languages these forms are so well handled by the context that only in specific domains (like speaking on the radio) do they need special words. In Lojban, dependence on the context can be dangerous, as speaker and listener may not share the right context, and so the vocatives provide a formal protocol for use when it is appropriate. Other appropriate contexts include computer communications and parliamentary procedure: in the latter context, the protocol question
- <jbophrase>ta'apei</jbophrase> would mean
+ <oldjbophrase>ta'apei</oldjbophrase> would mean
<quote>Will the speaker yield?</quote></para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sample-dialogue">
<title>A sample dialogue</title>
<para>The following dialogue in Lojban illustrates the uses of attitudinals and protocol vocatives in conversation. The phrases enclosed in
- <jbophrase>sei ... se'u</jbophrase> indicate the speaker of each sentence.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sei ... se'u</oldjbophrase> indicate the speaker of each sentence.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qg4j" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la rik. .e la .alis. nerkla le kafybarja</jbo>
<gloss>Rick and Alice in-go to-the coffee-bar.</gloss>
<en>Rick and Alice go into the coffee bar.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3146,21 +3146,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinals-conclusion">
<title>Tentative conclusion</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>ramifications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aliens</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Kzinti</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> The exact ramifications of the indicator system in actual usage are unknown. There has never been anything like it in natural language before. The system provides great potential for emotional expression and transcription, from which significant Sapir-Whorf effects can be anticipated. When communicating across cultural boundaries, where different indicators are often used for the same emotion, accidental offense can be avoided. If we ever ran into an alien race, a culturally neutral language of emotion could be vital. (A classic example, taken from the science fiction of Larry Niven, is to imagine speaking Lojban to the carnivorous warriors called Kzinti, noting that a human smile bares the teeth, and could be seen as an intent to attack.) And for communicating emotions to computers, when we cannot identify all of the signals involved in subliminal human communication (things like body language are also cultural), a system like this is needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> We have tried to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this system that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more neutral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the current indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, explained in
+ <valsi>sei</valsi>, explained in
<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/>, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>evolutionary development of</secondary></indexterm> We envision an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more than a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with various combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they express and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expression for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. Why not, if it helps you express your feelings?</para>
<para>There will be a couple dozen of these used pretty much universally – mostly just simple attitudinals with, at most, intensity markers. These are the ones that will quickly be expressed at the subconscious level. But every Lojbanist who plays with the list will bring in a couple of new words. Poets will paint emotional pictures, and people who identify with those pictures will use the words so created for their own experiences.</para>
<para>Just as a library of tanru is built up, so will a library of attitudes be built. Unlike the tanru, though, the emotional expressions are built on some fairly nebulous root emotions – words that cannot be defined with the precision of the gismu. The emotion words of Lojban will very quickly take on a life of their own, and the outline given here will evolve into a true system of emotions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>research using indicators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>recording using indicators</secondary></indexterm> There are several theories as to the nature of emotion, and they change from year to year as we learn more about ourselves. Whether or not Lojban's additive/scalar emotional model is an accurate model for human emotions, it does support the linguistic needs for expressing those emotions. Researchers may learn more about the nature of human emotions by exploring the use of the system by Lojban speakers. They also may be able to use the Lojban system as a means for more clearly recording emotions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>cultural bias of expression</secondary></indexterm> The full list of scales and attitudes will probably not be used until someone speaks the language from birth. Until then, people will use the attitudes that are important to them. In this way, we counter cultural bias – if a culture is prone to recognizing and/or expressing certain emotions more than others, its members will use only those out of the enormous set available. If a culture hides certain emotions, its members simply won't express them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Sapir-Whorf effects</primary><secondary>and emotional indicators</secondary></indexterm> Perhaps native Lojban speakers will be more expressively clear about their emotions than others. Perhaps they will feel some emotions more strongly than others in ways that can be correlated with the word choices; any difference from the norms of other cultures could be significant. Psychologists have devised elaborate tests for measuring attitudes and personality; this may be the easiest area in which to detect any systematic cultural effect of the type sought to confirm Sapir-Whorf, simply because we already have tools in existence to test it. Because Lojban is unique among languages in having such extensive and expressive indicators, it is likely that a Sapir-Whorf effect will occur and will be recognized.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index cf72d85..ecac656 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -289,69 +289,69 @@
<para>Mary went to the window and ...</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>window</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> where the last word could be followed by
<quote>the door</quote>, a noun phrase, or by
<quote>saw the horses</quote>, a sentence with subject omitted, or by
<quote>John went to the door</quote>, a full sentence, or by one of a variety of other English grammatical constructions. Lojban cannot tolerate such grammatical looseness.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>selma'o</secondary><tertiary>enumerated</tertiary></indexterm> Instead, there are a total of five different selma'o used for logical connection: A, GA, GIhA, GUhA, and JA. Each of these includes four cmavo, one based on each of the four vowels, which is always the last vowel in the cmavo. In selma'o A, the vowel is the entire cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>cmavo</secondary><tertiary>format for each selma'o</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, in selma'o A, the cmavo for the function
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase> is
- <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with
+ <valsi>a</valsi>. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>, which is a truth function, or
- <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for
+ <valsi>a</valsi>, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase> in selma'o GIhA is
- <jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase>, and the cmavo for
+ <valsi>gi'e</valsi>, and the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">U</phrase> in selma'o GA is
- <jbophrase>gu</jbophrase>. This systematic regularity makes the cmavo easier to learn.</para>
+ <valsi>gu</valsi>. This systematic regularity makes the cmavo easier to learn.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound logical connectives</primary><secondary>components</secondary></indexterm> Obviously, four cmavo are not enough to express the 14 truth functions explained in
<xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>. Therefore, compound cmavo must be used. These compound cmavo follow a systematic pattern: each has one cmavo from the five logical connection selma'o at its heart, and may also contain one or more of the auxiliary cmavo
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>. Which auxiliaries are used with which logical connection cmavo, and with what grammar and meaning, will be explained in the following sections. The uses of each of these auxiliary cmavo relates to its other uses in other parts of Lojban grammar.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi>,
+ <valsi>na</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>. Which auxiliaries are used with which logical connection cmavo, and with what grammar and meaning, will be explained in the following sections. The uses of each of these auxiliary cmavo relates to its other uses in other parts of Lojban grammar.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-ek</primary><secondary>in name for logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound logical connectives</primary><secondary>naming convention</secondary></indexterm> For convenience, each of the types of compound cmavo used for logical connection is designated by a Lojban name. The name is derived by changing the final
<quote>-A</quote> of the selma'o name to
<quote>-ek</quote>; the reasons for using
<quote>-ek</quote> are buried deep in the history of the Loglan Project. Thus, compound cmavo based on selma'o A are known as eks, and those based on selma'o JA are known as jeks. (When writing in English, it is conventional to use
<quote>eks</quote> as the plural of
<quote>ek</quote>.) When the term
<quote>logical connective</quote> is used in this chapter, it refers to one or more of these kinds of compound cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Why does the title of this section refer to
<quote>six types</quote> when there are only five selma'o? A jek may be preceded by
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, the usual Lojban cmavo for connecting two sentences. The compound produced by
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> followed by a jek is known as an ijek. It is useful to think of ijeks as a sixth kind of logical connective, parallel to eks, jeks, geks, giheks, and guheks.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi>, the usual Lojban cmavo for connecting two sentences. The compound produced by
+ <valsi>i</valsi> followed by a jek is known as an ijek. It is useful to think of ijeks as a sixth kind of logical connective, parallel to eks, jeks, geks, giheks, and guheks.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijoik</primary><secondary>as name for compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigik</primary><secondary>as name for compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joik</primary><secondary>as name for compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gik</primary><secondary>as name for compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> There also exist giks, joiks, ijoiks, and joigiks, which are not logical connectives, but are other kinds of compound cmavo which will be introduced later.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-bridi-connection">
<title>Logical connection of bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>logical connective for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijek logical connectives</primary><secondary>connecting bridi</secondary></indexterm> Now we are ready to express
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mJ6y"/> in Lojban! The kind of logical connective which is placed between two Lojban bridi to connect them logically is an ijek:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-h2hN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .ija la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man or James is-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here we have two separate Lojban bridi,
- <jbophrase>la djan. nanmu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la djeimyz. ninmu</jbophrase>. These bridi are connected by
- <jbophrase>.ija</jbophrase>, the ijek for the truth function
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan. nanmu</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>la djeimyz. ninmu</oldjbophrase>. These bridi are connected by
+ <oldjbophrase>.ija</oldjbophrase>, the ijek for the truth function
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>. The
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> portion of the ijek tells us that we are dealing with separate sentences here. Similarly, we can now say:</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> portion of the ijek tells us that we are dealing with separate sentences here. Similarly, we can now say:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGiu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .ije la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man and James is-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGIu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -368,25 +368,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .iju la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man whether-or-not James is-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>logical connection with negation</secondary></indexterm> To obtain the other truth tables listed in
<xref linkend="section-four-basics"/>, we need to know how to negate the two bridi which represent the component sentences. We could negate them directly by inserting
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before the selbri, but Lojban also allows us to place the negation within the connective itself.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> before the selbri, but Lojban also allows us to place the negation within the connective itself.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> To negate the first or left-hand bridi, prefix
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> to the JA cmavo but after the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. To negate the second or right-hand bridi, suffix
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> to the JA cmavo. In either case, the negating word is placed on the side of the connective that is closest to the bridi being negated.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> to the JA cmavo but after the
+ <valsi>i</valsi>. To negate the second or right-hand bridi, suffix
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> to the JA cmavo. In either case, the negating word is placed on the side of the connective that is closest to the bridi being negated.</para>
<para>So to express the truth table FTTF, which requires
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase> with either of the two bridi negated (not both), we can say either:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgKB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .inajo la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman.</gloss>
@@ -460,37 +460,37 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .inaja la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man or James is-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>John is a man only if James is a woman.</en>
<en>If John is a man, then James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>in logical connective to exchange sentences</secondary></indexterm> The following example illustrates the use of
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is to (in effect) transpose places of a bridi, as explained in
+ <valsi>se</valsi> to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of
+ <valsi>se</valsi> is to (in effect) transpose places of a bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-z43X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .iseju la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>Whether or not John is a man, James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with se</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with na</secondary></indexterm> If both
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> are present, which is legal but never necessary,
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> would come before
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and
+ <valsi>se</valsi> are present, which is legal but never necessary,
+ <valsi>na</valsi> would come before
+ <valsi>se</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijeks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The full syntax of ijeks, therefore, is:</para>
<compound-syntax>
.i [na] [se] JA [nai]
</compound-syntax>
<para>where the cmavo in brackets are optional.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-forethought-bridi-connection">
<title>Forethought bridi connection</title>
@@ -526,30 +526,30 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mYeS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>ga</jbophrase> is the cmavo which represents the
+ <valsi>ga</valsi> is the cmavo which represents the
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase> truth function in selma'o GA. The word
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> does not belong to GA at all, but constitutes its own selma'o: it serves only to separate the two bridi without having any content of its own. The English translation of
- <jbophrase>ga ... gi</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> does not belong to GA at all, but constitutes its own selma'o: it serves only to separate the two bridi without having any content of its own. The English translation of
+ <oldjbophrase>ga ... gi</oldjbophrase> is
<quote>either ... or</quote>, but in the English form the truth function is specified both by the word
<quote>either</quote> and by the word
<quote>or</quote>: not so in Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>i</primary><secondary>regarding forethought bridi connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought bridi connection</primary><secondary>as grammatically one sentence</secondary></indexterm> Even though two bridi are being connected, geks and giks do not have any
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> in them. The forethought construct binds up the two bridi into a single sentence as far as the grammar is concerned.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> in them. The forethought construct binds up the two bridi into a single sentence as far as the grammar is concerned.</para>
<para>Some more examples of forethought bridi connection are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGLh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
@@ -561,51 +561,51 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gu la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>It is true that John is a man, whether or not James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is worth emphasizing that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qgMN"/> does not assert that James is (or is not) a woman. The
- <jbophrase>gu</jbophrase> which indicates that
- <jbophrase>la djeimyz. ninmu</jbophrase> may be true or false is unfortunately rather remote from the bridi thus affected.</para>
+ <valsi>gu</valsi> which indicates that
+ <oldjbophrase>la djeimyz. ninmu</oldjbophrase> may be true or false is unfortunately rather remote from the bridi thus affected.</para>
<para>Perhaps the most important of the truth functions commonly expressed in forethought is TFTT, which can be paraphrased as
<quote>if ... then ...</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Xcg1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>Either John is not a man, or James is a woman.</gloss>
<en>If John is a man, then James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ganai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nai</primary><secondary>placement in afterthought bridi connection contrasted with forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nai</primary><secondary>placement in forethought bridi connection contrasted with afterthought</secondary></indexterm> Note the placement of the
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Xcg1"/>. When added to afterthought selma'o such as JA, a following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negates the second bridi, to which it is adjacent. Since GA cmavo precede the first bridi, a following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negates the first bridi instead.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> negates the second bridi, to which it is adjacent. Since GA cmavo precede the first bridi, a following
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> negates the first bridi instead.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>negated first sentence as a potential problem for understanding</secondary></indexterm> Why does English insist on forethought in the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Xcg1"/>? Possibly because it would be confusing to seemingly assert a sentence and then make it conditional (which, as the Lojban form shows, involves a negation). Truth functions which involve negating the first sentence may be confusing, even to the Lojbanic understanding, when expressed using afterthought.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>if … then</primary><secondary>logical connectives contrasted with other translations</secondary></indexterm> It must be reiterated here that not every use of English
<quote>if ... then</quote> is properly translated by
- <jbophrase>.inaja</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>ganai ... gi</jbophrase>; anything with implications of time needs a somewhat different Lojban translation, which will be discussed in
+ <oldjbophrase>.inaja</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>ganai ... gi</oldjbophrase>; anything with implications of time needs a somewhat different Lojban translation, which will be discussed in
<xref linkend="section-sumtcita"/>. Causal sentences like
<quote>If you feed the pig, then it will grow</quote> are not logical connectives of any type, but rather need a translation using
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> as the selbri joining two event abstractions, thus:</para>
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi> as the selbri joining two event abstractions, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TQP9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do cidja dunda fi le xarju cu rinka le nu ri ba banro</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (you food-give to the pig) causes the event-of (it will grow).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -618,37 +618,37 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ginai</primary></indexterm> How can the second bridi be negated? By adding
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> to the
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> to the
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Tiz6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man if-and-only-if James is-not-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A compound cmavo based on
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is called a gik; the only giks are
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> is called a gik; the only giks are
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> itself and
- <jbophrase>ginai</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> itself and
+ <oldjbophrase>ginai</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>Further examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgmv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man and James is-not-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -663,21 +663,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ganai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>geks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The syntax of geks is:</para>
<compound-syntax>
[se] GA [nai]
</compound-syntax>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>giks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> and of giks (which are not themselves connectives, but part of the machinery of forethought connection) is:</para>
<compound-syntax>
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> [nai]
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> [nai]
</compound-syntax>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-connection">
<title>sumti connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi logical connection</primary><secondary>compared with sumti logical connections</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti logical connection</primary><secondary>compared with bridi logical connections</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti logical connection</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti logical connection</primary></indexterm> Geks and ijeks are sufficient to state every possible logical connection between two bridi. However, it is often the case that two bridi to be logically connected have one or more portions in common:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ecnq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d1"/>
</title>
@@ -732,37 +732,37 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YEa4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga la djan. gi la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Either John or Alice (or both) goes-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se writing convention</primary><secondary>in eks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na writing convention</primary><secondary>in eks</secondary></indexterm> Of course, eks include all the same patterns of compound cmavo that ijeks do. When
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is part of an ek, a special writing convention is invoked, as in the following example:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> or
+ <valsi>se</valsi> is part of an ek, a special writing convention is invoked, as in the following example:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na.a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-caoY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. na.a la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John only if Alice goes-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John goes to the market only if Alice does.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the period in
- <jbophrase>na.a</jbophrase>. The cmavo of A begin with vowels, and therefore must always be preceded by a pause. It is conventional to write all connective compounds as single words (with no spaces), but this pause must still be marked in writing as in speech; otherwise, the
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>a</jbophrase> would tend to run together.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>na.a</oldjbophrase>. The cmavo of A begin with vowels, and therefore must always be preceded by a pause. It is conventional to write all connective compounds as single words (with no spaces), but this pause must still be marked in writing as in speech; otherwise, the
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and
+ <valsi>a</valsi> would tend to run together.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-more-propositions">
<title>More than two propositions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>more than 2 sentences</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen logical connectives used to connect exactly two sentences. How about connecting three or more? Is this possible in Lojban? The answer is yes, subject to some warnings and some restrictions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>associative</secondary></indexterm> Of the four primitive truth functions
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>,
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase>,
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase>, and
<phrase role="logical-vowel">U</phrase>, all but
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase> have the same truth values no matter how their component sentences are associated in pairs. Therefore,</para>
@@ -858,161 +858,161 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is not equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mLo1"/>, but is instead a valid translation into Lojban, using forethought, of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSuT"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping">
<title>Grouping of afterthought connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary><tertiary>precedence</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> There are several ways in Lojban to render
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSuT"/> using afterthought only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In particular, if
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatically distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Connections marked with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are interpreted before connections not so marked.
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> (of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In particular, if
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatically distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Connections marked with
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> are interpreted before connections not so marked.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Dd2"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uu7D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ijabo mi nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John, and I like Martha or I like Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English translation feebly indicates with a comma what the Lojban marks far more clearly: the
<quote>I like Martha</quote> and
<quote>I like Mary</quote> sentences are joined by
- <jbophrase>.ija</jbophrase> first, before the result is joined to
+ <oldjbophrase>.ija</oldjbophrase> first, before the result is joined to
<quote>I like John</quote> by
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>Eks can have
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> attached in exactly the same way, so that
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> attached in exactly the same way, so that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/> is equivalent in meaning to <xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JVhK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo and forethought connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives and bo</primary></indexterm> Forethought connectives, however, never can be suffixed with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, for every use of forethought connectives clearly indicates the intended pattern of grouping.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, for every use of forethought connectives clearly indicates the intended pattern of grouping.</para>
<para>What happens if
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is used on both connectives, giving them the same high precedence, as in
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is used on both connectives, giving them the same high precedence, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YJeE"/>?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YJeE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ebo la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>right-grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>right-grouping</secondary></indexterm> Does this wind up meaning the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mLo1"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dPcI"/>? Not at all. A second rule relating to
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is that where several
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>-marked connectives are used in succession, the normal Lojban left-grouping rule is replaced by a right-grouping rule. As a result,
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is that where several
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>-marked connectives are used in succession, the normal Lojban left-grouping rule is replaced by a right-grouping rule. As a result,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YJeE"/> in fact means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/>. This rule may be occasionally exploited for special effects, but is tricky to keep straight; in writing intended to be easy to understand, multiple consecutive connectives marked with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> should be avoided.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> should be avoided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with parentheses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>grouping strategies for complex cases contrasted</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connection</primary><secondary>grouping strategies contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The use of
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, therefore, gets tricky in complex connections of more than three sentences. Looking back at the English translations of
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, therefore, gets tricky in complex connections of more than three sentences. Looking back at the English translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-487z"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Dd2"/>, parentheses were used to clarify the grouping. These parentheses have their Lojban equivalents, two sets of them actually.
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> are used with ijeks, and
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> with eks and other connectives to be discussed later. (
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> are also used in other roles in the language, but always as grouping markers). Consider the English sentence:</para>
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi> are used with ijeks, and
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> with eks and other connectives to be discussed later. (
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> are also used in other roles in the language, but always as grouping markers). Consider the English sentence:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-aqIg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d4"/>
</title>
<para>I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> where the semantics tells us that the instances of
<quote>and</quote> are meant to have higher precedence than that of
<quote>if</quote>. If we wish to express
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aqIg"/> in afterthought, we can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PSK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cinba do .ije[bo] do cinba mi .ijanai mi prami do .ijebo do prami mi</jbo>
<en>I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>marking two of the ijeks with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> for high precedence. (The first
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is not strictly necessary, because of the left-grouping rule, and is shown here in brackets.)</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> for high precedence. (The first
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is not strictly necessary, because of the left-grouping rule, and is shown here in brackets.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with parentheses</secondary></indexterm> But it may be clearer to use explicit parenthesis words and say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erTb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'e mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi tu'u .ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>( I kiss you and you kiss me ) if ( I love you and you love me ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> pairs set off the structure. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> pairs set off the structure. The cmavo
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi> is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/> is bracketed, because all terminators may be elided at the end of a text.</para>
<para>In addition, parentheses are a general solution: multiple parentheses may be nested inside one another, and additional afterthought material may be added without upsetting the existing structure. Neither of these two advantages apply to
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping. In general, afterthought constructions trade generality for simplicity.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> grouping. In general, afterthought constructions trade generality for simplicity.</para>
<para>Because of the left-grouping rule, the first set of
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> parentheses may actually be left off altogether, producing:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> parentheses may actually be left off altogether, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QGBz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi .ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I kiss you and you kiss me if ( I love you and you love me ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What about parenthesized sumti connection? Consider</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-y9CC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d8"/>
</title>
<para>I walk to either the market and the house, or the school and the office.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>beginning with "ke"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>restriction on ke</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>grouping with parentheses</tertiary></indexterm> Two pairs of parentheses, analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/>, would seem to be the right approach. However, it is a rule of Lojban grammar that a sumti may not begin with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, so the first set of parentheses must be omitted, producing
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, so the first set of parentheses must be omitted, producing
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0mJM"/>, which is instead parallel to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-QGBz"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0mJM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .e le zdani .a ke le ckule .e le briju [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and the house or ( the school and the office ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke in sumti grouping</primary><secondary>where allowed</secondary></indexterm> If sumti were allowed to begin with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logical connective. This rule does not apply to
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> grouping of bridi, as
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logical connective. This rule does not apply to
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> grouping of bridi, as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/> shows.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>German rich man</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now we have enough facilities to handle the problem of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3zE1"/>:
<quote>I am German, rich, and a man – or else none of these.</quote> The following paraphrase has the correct meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KyHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[tu'e] mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu [tu'u] .ije tu'e mi dotco .ijo mi nanmu [tu'u]</jbo>
@@ -1049,39 +1049,39 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market and like John.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tail</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gihek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> As
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9H9e"/> indicates, giheks are used in afterthought to create compound bridi;
- <jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase> is the gihek corresponding to
+ <valsi>gi'e</valsi> is the gihek corresponding to
<quote>and</quote>. The actual phrases
- <jbophrase>klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>nelci la djan.</jbophrase> that the gihek connects are known as
+ <oldjbophrase>klama le zarci</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>nelci la djan.</oldjbophrase> that the gihek connects are known as
<quote>bridi-tails</quote>, because they represent (in this use) the
<quote>tail end</quote> of a bridi, including the selbri and any following sumti, but excluding any sumti that precede the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-F3RE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ricfu gi'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-rich and go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-F3RE"/>, the first bridi-tail is
- <jbophrase>ricfu</jbophrase>, a simple selbri, and the second bridi-tail is
- <jbophrase>klama le zarci</jbophrase>, a selbri with one following sumti.</para>
+ <valsi>ricfu</valsi>, a simple selbri, and the second bridi-tail is
+ <oldjbophrase>klama le zarci</oldjbophrase>, a selbri with one following sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>more than one sumti in common</secondary></indexterm> Suppose that more than a single sumti is identical between the two sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PRxj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta do .ije mi lebna lo rupnu do</jbo>
<gloss>I give the book to-you, and I take some currency-units from-you.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1091,90 +1091,90 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Evo4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi do fa mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu</jbo>
<gloss>to/from you I give the book and take some currency-units.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tail-terms</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>bridi-tail connection</secondary></indexterm> where the
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> does not have an exact English translation because it merely places
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> in the third place of both
- <jbophrase>lebna</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>dunda</jbophrase>. However, a form that preserves natural sumti order also exists in Lojban. Giheks connect two bridi-tails, but also allow sumti to be added following the bridi-tail. These sumti are known as tail-terms, and apply to both bridi. The straightforward gihek version of
+ <valsi>fi</valsi> does not have an exact English translation because it merely places
+ <valsi>do</valsi> in the third place of both
+ <valsi>lebna</valsi> and
+ <valsi>dunda</valsi>. However, a form that preserves natural sumti order also exists in Lojban. Giheks connect two bridi-tails, but also allow sumti to be added following the bridi-tail. These sumti are known as tail-terms, and apply to both bridi. The straightforward gihek version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PRxj"/> therefore is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DYBN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<gloss>I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tails</primary><secondary>eliding vau in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi with more than one sumti in common</primary><secondary>with vau</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> (of selma'o VAU) serves to separate the bridi-tail from the tail-terms. Every bridi-tail is terminated by an elidable
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, but only in connection with compound bridi is it ever necessary to express this
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> (of selma'o VAU) serves to separate the bridi-tail from the tail-terms. Every bridi-tail is terminated by an elidable
+ <valsi>vau</valsi>, but only in connection with compound bridi is it ever necessary to express this
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>. Thus:</para>
+ <valsi>vau</valsi>. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L3eN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci [vau]</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has a single elided
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>vau</valsi>, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9H9e"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RfIR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la djan. [vau] [vau]</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the double
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> at the end of
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> at the end of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-RfIR"/> terminates both the right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>observative sentence connection</secondary></indexterm> A final use of giheks is to combine bridi-tails used as complete sentences, the Lojban observative:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rvUD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama le zarci gi'e dzukla le briju</jbo>
<gloss>A goer to-the market and a walker to-the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of observatives</secondary><tertiary>relation of first places</tertiary></indexterm> Since x1 is omitted in both of the bridi underlying
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rvUD"/>, this compound bridi does not necessarily imply that the goer and the walker are the same. Only the presence of an explicit x1 (other than
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>, which is equivalent to omission) can force the goer and the walker to be identical.</para>
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi>, which is equivalent to omission) can force the goer and the walker to be identical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relation of first places in logical connection of observatives</primary><secondary>rationale</secondary></indexterm> A strong argument for this convention is provided by analysis of the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cBrg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama la nu,IORK. la finyks. gi'e klama la nu,IORK. la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>A goer to-New York from-Phoenix and a goer to-New York from-Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If the rule were that the x1 places of the two underlying bridi were considered identical, then (since there is nothing special about x1), the unspecified x4 (route) and x5 (means) places would also have to be the same, leading to the absurd result that the route from Phoenix to New York is the same as the route from Rome to New York. Inserting
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>, meaning roughly
+ <valsi>da</valsi>, meaning roughly
<quote>something</quote>, into the x1 place cures the problem:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ij9G">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da klama la nu,IORK. la finyks. gi'e klama la nu,IORK. la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>Something is-a-goer to-New York from-Phoenix and is-a-goer to-New York from-Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1182,47 +1182,47 @@
<compound-syntax>
[na] [se] GIhA [nai]
</compound-syntax>
<para>which is exactly parallel to the syntax of eks.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-multiple-compound-bridi">
<title>Multiple compound bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>multiple with bo</secondary></indexterm> Giheks can be combined with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> in the same way as eks:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> in the same way as eks:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DpCN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. gi'e nelci la martas. gi'abo nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John and ( like Martha or like Mary ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>multiple with ke…ke'e</secondary></indexterm> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/>. Likewise,
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> grouping can be used after giheks:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> grouping can be used after giheks:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rH4n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci gi'e dzukla le zdani gi'a ke dzukla le ckule gi'e dzukla le briju [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and walk-to the house, or walk-to the school and walk-to the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of bridi-tails</secondary><tertiary>restriction on ke</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple compound bridi</primary><secondary>restriction on ke</secondary></indexterm> is the gihek version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0mJM"/>. The same rule about using
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> bracketing only just after a connective applies to bridi-tails as to sumti, so the first two bridi-tails in
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> bracketing only just after a connective applies to bridi-tails as to sumti, so the first two bridi-tails in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rH4n"/> cannot be explicitly grouped; implicit left-grouping suffices to associate them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>separate tail-terms for bridi-tails</secondary></indexterm> Each of the pairs of bridi-tails joined by multiple giheks can have its own set of tail-terms:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1asY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu la djan. .inaja mi dunda le cukta la djan. .ijabo mi lebna le cukta la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>[If] I owe some currency-units to John, then I give the book to John or I take the book from John.</gloss>
@@ -1234,30 +1234,30 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu nagi'a dunda gi'abo lebna vau le cukta vau la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>[If] I owe some currency-units then (give or take) a book to/from John.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The literal English translation in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-901t"/> is almost unintelligible, but the Lojban is perfectly grammatical.
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> fills the x1 place of all three selbri;
- <jbophrase>lo rupnu</jbophrase> is the x2 of
- <jbophrase>dejni</jbophrase>, whereas
- <jbophrase>le cukta</jbophrase> is a tail-term shared between
- <jbophrase>dunda</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lebna</jbophrase>;
- <jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase> is a tail-term shared by
- <jbophrase>dejni</jbophrase> and by
- <jbophrase>dunda gi'abo lebna</jbophrase>. In this case, greater clarity is probably achieved by moving
- <jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase> to the beginning of the sentence, as in
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> fills the x1 place of all three selbri;
+ <oldjbophrase>lo rupnu</oldjbophrase> is the x2 of
+ <valsi>dejni</valsi>, whereas
+ <oldjbophrase>le cukta</oldjbophrase> is a tail-term shared between
+ <valsi>dunda</valsi> and
+ <valsi>lebna</valsi>;
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase> is a tail-term shared by
+ <valsi>dejni</valsi> and by
+ <oldjbophrase>dunda gi'abo lebna</oldjbophrase>. In this case, greater clarity is probably achieved by moving
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase> to the beginning of the sentence, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Evo4"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7NnV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi la djan. fa mi dejni lo rupnu nagi'a dunda gi'abo lebna vau le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>To/from John, [if] I owe some currency-units then [I] give or take the book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1278,21 +1278,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mInd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ge klama le zarci gi'e dzukla le zdani gi nelci la djan.</jbo>
<en>I both ( go to the market and walk to the house ) and like John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negating a forethought-connected bridi-tail pair</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negating a forethought-connected sentence pair</primary></indexterm> The entire gek-connected sentence pair may be negated as a whole by prefixing
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DzgI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na ge klama le zarci gi dzukla le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>[False!] I both go to the market and walk to the house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>separate tail-terms for forethought-connected bridi-tails</secondary></indexterm> Since a pair of sentences joined by geks is the equivalent of a bridi-tail, it may be followed by tail terms. The forethought equivalent of
@@ -1339,26 +1339,26 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-G02C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d1"/>
</title>
<para>I go to the market from the office and to the house from the school.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>termsets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termset</primary><secondary>formation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>term</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-G02C"/> requires two termsets joined by a logical connective. A
<quote>term</quote> is either a sumti or a sumti preceded by a tense or modal tag such as
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>bai</jbophrase>. Afterthought termsets are formed by linking terms together by inserting the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ce'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermore, the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combination of
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> or
+ <valsi>bai</valsi>. Afterthought termsets are formed by linking terms together by inserting the cmavo
+ <valsi>ce'e</valsi> (of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermore, the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo
+ <valsi>pe'e</valsi> (of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combination of
- <jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase> and a jek as a
+ <valsi>pe'e</valsi> and a jek as a
<quote>pehejek</quote>, I suppose.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>to the market from the office</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UVPj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci ce'e le briju pe'e je le zdani ce'e le ckule</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-the market [plus] from-the office [joint] and to-the house [plus] from-the school.</gloss>
@@ -1394,70 +1394,70 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NIuS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le briju .ija do le zarci cu klama le briju</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-the office, or you to-the market go from-the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unequal termset connection</primary><secondary>compared with compound bridi connection with unequal separate bridi-tails</secondary></indexterm> So
- <jbophrase>le briju</jbophrase> is your origin but my destination, and thus falls in the x2 and x3 places of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> simultaneously! This is legal because even though there is only one selbri,
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, there are two distinct bridi expressed here. In addition,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>le briju</oldjbophrase> is your origin but my destination, and thus falls in the x2 and x3 places of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> simultaneously! This is legal because even though there is only one selbri,
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>, there are two distinct bridi expressed here. In addition,
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yYsr"/> is serving as a termset containing only one term. An analogous paradox applies to compound bridi with tail-terms and unequal numbers of sumti within the connected bridi-tails:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zsiy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci gi'e dzukla vau le briju</jbo>
<gloss>I ( go to-the market and walk ) to/from-the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I go to the market from the office, and I walk to the office;
- <jbophrase>le briju</jbophrase> is the x3 place of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> and the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>dzukla</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le briju</oldjbophrase> is the x3 place of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> and the x2 place of
+ <oldjbophrase>dzukla</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NUhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought termsets</primary><secondary>logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of forethought termsets</secondary></indexterm> Forethought termsets also exist, and use
- <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> of selma'o NUhI to signal the beginning and
- <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> of selma'o NUhU (an elidable terminator) to signal the end. Nothing is inserted between the individual terms: they simply sit side-by-side. To make a logical connection in a forethought termset, use a gek, with the gek just after the
- <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase>, and an extra
- <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> just before the gik:</para>
+ <valsi>nu'i</valsi> of selma'o NUhI to signal the beginning and
+ <valsi>nu'u</valsi> of selma'o NUhU (an elidable terminator) to signal the end. Nothing is inserted between the individual terms: they simply sit side-by-side. To make a logical connection in a forethought termset, use a gek, with the gek just after the
+ <valsi>nu'i</valsi>, and an extra
+ <valsi>nu'u</valsi> just before the gik:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeLv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one
- <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> is used.</para>
+ <valsi>nu'i</valsi> is used.</para>
<para>The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical connectives are explained in
<xref linkend="section-modal-connectives"/>,
<xref linkend="section-explicit-magnitudes"/>, and
<xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tanru">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary></indexterm> As noted at the beginning of
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>, there is no logical connective in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is possible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
- <jbophrase>blanu bolci</jbophrase>, Lojbanists can say
- <jbophrase>blanu je bolci</jbophrase>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu bolci</oldjbophrase>, Lojbanists can say
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu je bolci</oldjbophrase>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
<xref linkend="section-termsets"/> also, but there they were always prefixed by
- <jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
+ <valsi>pe'e</valsi>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGoH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-blue type-of house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1526,46 +1526,46 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu blanu prenu .ije la .alis. cu zdani prenu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a blue person, and Alice is-a house person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is probably false, because the blueness is associated with the house, not with Alice, even leaving aside the question of what it means to say
<quote>Alice is a blue person</quote>. (Perhaps she belongs to the Blue team, or is wearing blue clothes.) The semantic ambiguity of tanru make such logical manipulations impossible.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>grouping with bo</tertiary></indexterm> It suffices to note here, then, a few purely grammatical points about tanru logical connection.
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> may be appended to jeks as to eks, with the same rules:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> may be appended to jeks as to eks, with the same rules:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RNMY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi</jbo>
<en>Terry is rich and ( male or female ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>grouping with ke</tertiary></indexterm>
The components of tanru may be grouped with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> both before and after a logical connective:</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> both before and after a logical connective:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JdID">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .teris. cu [ke] ricfu ja pindi [ke'e] je ke nakni ja fetsi [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>Terry is (rich or poor) and (male or female).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the first
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> pair may be omitted altogether by the rule of left-grouping, but is optionally permitted. In any case, the last instance of
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> may be elided.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> pair may be omitted altogether by the rule of left-grouping, but is optionally permitted. In any case, the last instance of
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> may be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The syntax of jeks is:</para>
<compound-syntax>
[na] [se] JA [nai]
</compound-syntax>
<para>parallel to eks and giheks.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guhek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought tanru connection</primary></indexterm> Forethought tanru connection does not use geks, but uses guheks instead. Guheks have exactly the same form as geks:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guheks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
@@ -1625,63 +1625,63 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu je ninmu</jbo>
<en>I see a man and woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ag8r"/> means that you see one thing which is both a man and a woman simultaneously! A
- <jbophrase>nanmu je ninmu</jbophrase> is a manwoman, a presumably non-existent creature who is both a
- <jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase> and a
- <jbophrase>ninmu</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nanmu je ninmu</oldjbophrase> is a manwoman, a presumably non-existent creature who is both a
+ <valsi>nanmu</valsi> and a
+ <valsi>ninmu</valsi>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-truth-and-connective-questions">
<title>Truth questions and connective questions</title>
<para>So far we have addressed only sentences which are statements. Lojban, like all human languages, needs also to deal with sentences which are questions. There are many ways of asking questions in Lojban, but some of these (like questions about quantity, tense, and emotion) are discussed in other chapters.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>simple</secondary></indexterm> The simplest kind of question is of the type
<quote>Is it true that ...</quote> where some statement follows. This type is called a
<quote>truth question</quote>, and can be represented in English by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bMjE"/>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-bMjE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d1"/>
</title>
<para>Is it true that Fido is a dog?</para>
<para>Is Fido a dog?</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary></indexterm> Note the two formulations. English truth questions can always be formed by prefixing
<quote>Is is true that</quote> to the beginning of a statement; there is also usually a more idiomatic way involving putting the verb before its subject.
<quote>Is Fido a dog?</quote> is the truth question corresponding to
<quote>Fido is a dog</quote>. In Lojban, the equivalent mechanism is to prefix the cmavo
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI) to the statement:</para>
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> (of selma'o UI) to the statement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gKaM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu la faidon. gerku</jbo>
<gloss>Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bMjE"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gKaM"/> are equivalent in meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>answering "no"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>answering "yes"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>as yes-or-no questions</secondary></indexterm> A truth question can be answered
<quote>yes</quote> or
<quote>no</quote>, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of the underlying statement. The standard way of saying
<quote>yes</quote> in Lojban is
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and of saying
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> and of saying
<quote>no</quote> is
- <jbophrase>nago'i</jbophrase>. (The reasons for this rule are explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>nago'i</oldjbophrase>. (The reasons for this rule are explained in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.) In answer to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gKaM"/>, the possible answers are:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XSmq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i</jbo>
<en>Fido is a dog.</en>
@@ -1709,33 +1709,33 @@
<para>Superficially,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mftC"/> seems like a truth question with the underlying statement:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-n6Ec">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d6"/>
</title>
<para>Fido is a dog or a cat.</para>
</example>
<para>By translating
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n6Ec"/> into Lojban and prefixing
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> to signal a truth question, we get:</para>
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> to signal a truth question, we get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hz4S">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu la faidon. gerku gi'onai mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog or is-a-cat (but not both)?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Given that Fido really is either a dog or a cat, the appropriate answer would be
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>; if Fido were a fish, the appropriate answer would be
- <jbophrase>nago'i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi>; if Fido were a fish, the appropriate answer would be
+ <oldjbophrase>nago'i</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>But that is not what an English-speaker who utters
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mftC"/> is asking! The true significance of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mftC"/> is that the speaker desires to know the truth value of either of the two underlying bridi (it is presupposed that only one is true).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>connection</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has an elegant mechanism for rendering this kind of question which is very unlike that used in English. Instead of asking about the truth value of the connected bridi, Lojban users ask about the truth function which connects them. This is done by using a special question cmavo: there is one of these for each of the logical connective selma'o, as shown by the following table:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ge'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>GA</selmaho>
@@ -1761,23 +1761,23 @@
<selmaho>JA</selmaho>
<description>tanru connective question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ji</cmavo>
<selmaho>A</selmaho>
<description>sumti connective question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective question cmavo</primary><secondary>departure from regularity of</secondary></indexterm> (This list unfortunately departs from the pretty regularity of the other cmavo for logical connection. The two-syllable selma'o, GIhA and GUhA, make use of the cmavo ending in
- <jbophrase>-i</jbophrase> which is not used for a truth function, but
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> were not available, and different cmavo had to be chosen. This table must simply be memorized, like most other non-connective cmavo assignments.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-i</oldjbophrase> which is not used for a truth function, but
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>i</valsi> were not available, and different cmavo had to be chosen. This table must simply be memorized, like most other non-connective cmavo assignments.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective questions</primary><secondary>answering</secondary></indexterm> One correct translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mftC"/> employs a question gihek:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-G1Xs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis gerku gi'i mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a-dog [truth function?] is-a-cat?</gloss>
@@ -1818,39 +1818,39 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nagi'o</jbo>
<jbo>gi'onai</jbo>
<en>Alice is a dog or is a cat but not both (I'm not saying which).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGRz"/> is correct but uncooperative.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connectives</primary><secondary>as complete grammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connectives</primary><secondary>as complete grammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> As usual, Lojban questions are answered by filling in the blank left by the question. Here the blank is a logical connective, and therefore it is grammatical in Lojban to utter a bare logical connective without anything for it to connect.</para>
<para>The answer
- <jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase>, meaning that Alice is a dog and is a cat, is impossible in the real world, but for:</para>
+ <valsi>gi'e</valsi>, meaning that Alice is a dog and is a cat, is impossible in the real world, but for:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xtIf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djica tu'a loi ckafi ji loi tcati</jbo>
<gloss>You desire something-about a-mass-of coffee [truth function?] a-mass-of tea?</gloss>
<en>Do you want coffee or tea?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee or tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> the answer
- <jbophrase>.e</jbophrase>, meaning that I want both, is perfectly plausible, if not necessarily polite.</para>
+ <valsi>e</valsi>, meaning that I want both, is perfectly plausible, if not necessarily polite.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with forethought for grammatical utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with afterthought for grammatical utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives</primary><secondary>as ungrammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connectives</primary><secondary>as ungrammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> The forethought questions
- <jbophrase>ge'i</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>ge'i</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>gu'i</jbophrase> are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids the use of isolated forethought connectives as answers – they sound like the start of forethought-connected bridi. So although
+ <valsi>gu'i</valsi> are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids the use of isolated forethought connectives as answers – they sound like the start of forethought-connected bridi. So although
<xref linkend="example-random-id-286J"/> is the forethought version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xtIf"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-286J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djica tu'a ge'i loi ckafi gi loi tcati</jbo>
@@ -1877,42 +1877,42 @@
<jbo>do cadzu gi'i bajra</jbo>
<gloss>You walk [or?] run?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective question answers</primary><secondary>contrasted with other languages</secondary></indexterm> However, Chinese does not use logical connectives in the reply to such a question, so the resemblance, though striking, is superficial.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>if coffee</primary><secondary>bring tea</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Abraham Lincoln</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>and truth</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth</primary><secondary>in imperative sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi connection</primary><secondary>use of imperatives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi connection</primary><secondary>use of truth questions in</secondary></indexterm> Truth questions may be used in bridi connection. This form of sentence is perfectly legitimate, and can be interpreted by using the convention that a truth question is true if the answer is
<quote>yes</quote> and false if the answer is
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase>. Analogously, an imperative sentence (involving the special pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>, which means
+ <valsi>no</valsi>. Analogously, an imperative sentence (involving the special pro-sumti
+ <valsi>ko</valsi>, which means
<quote>you</quote> but marks the sentence as a command) is true if the command is obeyed, and false otherwise. A request of Abraham Lincoln's may be translated thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPv0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai ti ckafi gi ko bevri loi tcati mi .ije ganai ti tcati gi ko bevri loi ckafi mi</jbo>
<gloss>If this is-coffee then [you!] bring a-mass-of tea to-me, and if this is-tea then [you!] bring a-mass-of coffee to-me.</gloss>
<en>If this is coffee, bring me tea; but if this is tea, bring me coffee.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>compared with but</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>compared with and</secondary></indexterm> In logical terms, however,
<quote>but</quote> is the same as
<quote>and</quote>; the difference is that the sentence after a
<quote>but</quote> is felt to be in tension or opposition to the sentence before it. Lojban represents this distinction by adding the discursive cmavo
- <jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI), which is explained in
+ <valsi>ku'i</valsi> (of selma'o UI), which is explained in
<xref linkend="section-discursives"/>, to the logical
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-connectives">
<title>Non-logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>as non-logical connective</secondary></indexterm> Way back in
<xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>, the point was made that not every use of English
<quote>and</quote>,
<quote>if ... then</quote>, and so on represents a Lojban logical connective. In particular, consider the
<quote>and</quote> of:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-x6JW">
@@ -1923,166 +1923,166 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carried piano</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>joining elements into a</secondary></indexterm> Given the nature of pianos, this probably means that John carried one end and Alice the other. So it is not true that:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-58yv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d2"/>
</title>
<para>John carried the piano, and Alice carried the piano.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>joi</primary></indexterm> which would mean that each of them carried the piano by himself/herself. Lojban deals with this particular linguistic phenomenon as a
<quote>mass</quote>. John and Alice are joined together into a mass, John-and-Alice, and it is this mass which carried the piano, not either of them separately. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> (of selma'o JOI) is used to join two or more components into a mass:</para>
+ <valsi>joi</valsi> (of selma'o JOI) is used to join two or more components into a mass:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pC5x">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>John massed-with Alice carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>components contrasted with mass</primary><secondary>in properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass contrasted with components</primary><secondary>in properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>supervising</primary><secondary>as a contribution to mass action</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pC5x"/> covers the case mentioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in
<xref linkend="section-masses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>distinguishing from connection of sumti</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>distinguishing from connection in tanru</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joi grammar</primary><secondary>contrasted with jeks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joi grammar</primary><secondary>contrasted with eks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>and elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically,
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or between two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in the form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided:</para>
+ <valsi>joi</valsi> can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or between two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in the form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>terminators</primary><secondary>eliding ku in non-logical connections</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NN93">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ku joi le ninmu [ku] cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The man massed-with the woman go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> is the elidable terminator for
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, which can almost always be elided, but not in this case. If the first
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> were elided here, Lojban's parsing rules would see
- <jbophrase>le nanmu joi</jbophrase> and assume that another tanru component is to follow; since the second
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> cannot be part of a tanru, a parsing error results. No such problem can occur with logical connectives, because an ek signals a following sumti and a jek a following tanru component unambiguously.</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> is the elidable terminator for
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, which can almost always be elided, but not in this case. If the first
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> were elided here, Lojban's parsing rules would see
+ <oldjbophrase>le nanmu joi</oldjbophrase> and assume that another tanru component is to follow; since the second
+ <valsi>le</valsi> cannot be part of a tanru, a parsing error results. No such problem can occur with logical connectives, because an ek signals a following sumti and a jek a following tanru component unambiguously.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Single or compound cmavo involving members of selma'o JOI are called joiks, by analogy with the names for logical connectives. It is not grammatical to use joiks to connect bridi-tails.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue and red</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mixed with</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru connection</primary><secondary>connotation of non-logical</secondary></indexterm> In tanru,
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> has the connotation
+ <valsi>joi</valsi> has the connotation
<quote>mixed with</quote>, as in the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Xxp2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu joi xunre bolci</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-(blue mixed-with red) ball.</gloss>
<en>This is a blue and red ball.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the ball is neither wholly blue nor wholly red, but partly blue and partly red. Its blue/redness is a mass property. (Just how blue something has to be to count as
<quote>wholly blue</quote> is an unsettled question, though. A
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> may be so even though not every part of it is blue.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase> may be so even though not every part of it is blue.)</para>
<para>There are several other cmavo in selma'o JOI which can be used in the same grammatical constructions. Not all of them are well-defined as yet in all contexts. All have clear definitions as sumti connectives; those definitions are shown in the following table:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>joi</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>the mass with components A and B</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>ce</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>ce</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>the set with elements A and B</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>ce'o</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>ce'o</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>the sequence with elements A and B in order</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>sece'o</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <oldjbophrase>sece'o</oldjbophrase> B</entry>
<entry>the sequence with elements B and A in order</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>jo'u</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>jo'u</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>A and B considered jointly</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>fa'u</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>fa'u</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>A and B respectively</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>sefa'u</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <oldjbophrase>sefa'u</oldjbophrase> B</entry>
<entry>B and A respectively</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>jo'e</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>jo'e</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>the union of sets A and B</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>ku'a</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>ku'a</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>the intersection of sets A and B</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>pi'u</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <valsi>pi'u</valsi> B</entry>
<entry>the cross product of sets A and B</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry>A <jbophrase>sepi'u</jbophrase> B</entry>
+ <entry>A <oldjbophrase>sepi'u</oldjbophrase> B</entry>
<entry>the cross product of sets B and A</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sepi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sefa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sece'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>joi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joiks</primary><secondary>use of "se" in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>as grammatical in JOI compounds</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is grammatical before any JOI cmavo, but only useful with those that have inherent order. Here are some examples of joiks:</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> is grammatical before any JOI cmavo, but only useful with those that have inherent order. Here are some examples of joiks:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cwG8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cuxna la .alis. la frank. ce la .alis. ce la djeimyz.</jbo>
<gloss>I choose Alice from Frank and-member Alice and-member James.</gloss>
<en>I choose Alice from among Frank, Alice, and James.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>choose from</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with set in distribution of properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass in distribution of properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>as specified by members</secondary></indexterm> The x3 place of
- <jbophrase>cuxna</jbophrase> is a set from which the choice is being made. A set is an abstract object which is determined by specifying its members. Unlike those of a mass, the properties of a set are unrelated to its members' properties: the set of all rats is large (since many rats exist), but the rats themselves are small. This chapter does not attempt to explain set theory (the mathematical study of sets) in detail: explaining propositional logic is quite enough for one chapter!</para>
+ <valsi>cuxna</valsi> is a set from which the choice is being made. A set is an abstract object which is determined by specifying its members. Unlike those of a mass, the properties of a set are unrelated to its members' properties: the set of all rats is large (since many rats exist), but the rats themselves are small. This chapter does not attempt to explain set theory (the mathematical study of sets) in detail: explaining propositional logic is quite enough for one chapter!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>by listing members with ce</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-cwG8"/> we specify that set by listing the members with
- <jbophrase>ce</jbophrase> joining them.</para>
+ <valsi>ce</valsi> joining them.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Emw0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti liste mi ce'o do ce'o la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-list-of me and-sequence you and-sequence John.</gloss>
<en>This is a list of you, me, and John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with ordered sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with ordered sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>by listing members</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>as an abstract list</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>as a physical object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with list</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>contrasted with sequence</secondary></indexterm> The x2 place of
- <jbophrase>liste</jbophrase> is a sequence of the things which are mentioned in the list. (It is worth pointing out that
- <jbophrase>lo liste</jbophrase> means a physical object such as a grocery list: a purely abstract list is
- <jbophrase>lo porsi</jbophrase>, a sequence.) Here the three sumti connected by
- <jbophrase>ce'o</jbophrase> are in a definite order, not just lumped together in a set or a mass.</para>
+ <valsi>liste</valsi> is a sequence of the things which are mentioned in the list. (It is worth pointing out that
+ <oldjbophrase>lo liste</oldjbophrase> means a physical object such as a grocery list: a purely abstract list is
+ <oldjbophrase>lo porsi</oldjbophrase>, a sequence.) Here the three sumti connected by
+ <valsi>ce'o</valsi> are in a definite order, not just lumped together in a set or a mass.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>result of connection with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ce'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ce</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with joi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals into set</primary><secondary>by non-logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals into mass</primary><secondary>by non-logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of individuals into set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of individuals into mass</secondary></indexterm> So
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ce</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ce'o</jbophrase> are parallel, in that the sumti connected are taken to be individuals, and the result is something else: a mass, a set, or a sequence respectively. The cmavo
+ <valsi>joi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ce</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ce'o</valsi> are parallel, in that the sumti connected are taken to be individuals, and the result is something else: a mass, a set, or a sequence respectively. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>jo'u</jbophrase> serves as a fourth element in this pattern: the sumti connected are individuals, and the result is still individuals – but inseparably so. The normal Lojban way of saying that James and George are brothers is:</para>
+ <valsi>jo'u</valsi> serves as a fourth element in this pattern: the sumti connected are individuals, and the result is still individuals – but inseparably so. The normal Lojban way of saying that James and George are brothers is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sy2V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. bruna la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>James is-the-brother-of George.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2094,68 +2094,68 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PHN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo gloss="iffy">la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna</jbo>
<gloss>James and George is-a-brother.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since that expands to two bridi and means that James is a brother and so is George, but not necessarily of each other. If the
- <jbophrase>.e</jbophrase> is changed to
- <jbophrase>jo'u</jbophrase>, however, the meaning of
+ <valsi>e</valsi> is changed to
+ <valsi>jo'u</valsi>, however, the meaning of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sy2V"/> is preserved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gnwy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. jo'u la djordj. cu remei bruna</jbo>
<gloss>James in-common-with George are-a-twosome type-of-brothers.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The tanru
- <jbophrase>remei bruna</jbophrase> is not strictly necessary in this sentence, but is used to make clear that we are not saying that James and George are both brothers of some third person not specified. Alternatively, we could turn the tanru around: the x1 place of
+ <oldjbophrase>remei bruna</oldjbophrase> is not strictly necessary in this sentence, but is used to make clear that we are not saying that James and George are both brothers of some third person not specified. Alternatively, we could turn the tanru around: the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>remei</jbophrase> is a mass with two components, leading to:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>remei</oldjbophrase> is a mass with two components, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t0FJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. joi la djordj. cu bruna remei</jbo>
<gloss>James massed-with George are-a-brother type-of-twosome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>joi</primary></indexterm> where
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> is used to create the necessary mass.</para>
+ <valsi>joi</valsi> is used to create the necessary mass.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>respectively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>respectively</primary><secondary>specifying with fa'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>non-distributed</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
- <jbophrase>fa'u</jbophrase> can be used to put two individuals together where order matters. Typically, there will be another
- <jbophrase>fa'u</jbophrase> somewhere else in the same bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>fa'u</valsi> can be used to put two individuals together where order matters. Typically, there will be another
+ <valsi>fa'u</valsi> somewhere else in the same bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MBsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. fa'u la djordj. prami la meris. fa'u la martas.</jbo>
<gloss>James jointly-in-order-with George loves Mary jointly-in-order-with Martha.</gloss>
<en>James and George love Mary and Martha, respectively.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>.e</primary><secondary>contrasted with fa'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with .e</secondary></indexterm> Here the information carried by the English adverb
<quote>respectively</quote>, namely that James loves Mary and George loves Martha, is divided between the two occurrences of
- <jbophrase>fa'u</jbophrase>. If both uses of
- <jbophrase>fa'u</jbophrase> were to be changed to
- <jbophrase>.e</jbophrase>, we would get:</para>
+ <valsi>fa'u</valsi>. If both uses of
+ <valsi>fa'u</valsi> were to be changed to
+ <valsi>e</valsi>, we would get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7bv3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. .e la djordj. prami la meris. .e la martas.</jbo>
<en>James and George love Mary and Martha.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which can be transformed to four bridi:</para>
@@ -2190,25 +2190,25 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. fa'u la djordj. prami re mensi</jbo>
<gloss>James and-respectively George love two sisters.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which conveys that James loves one sister and George the other, though we are not able to tell which of the sisters is which.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-continued">
<title>More about non-logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross-product</primary><secondary>of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersection</primary><secondary>of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>union</primary><secondary>of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set operations</primary></indexterm> The final three JOI cmavo,
- <jbophrase>jo'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>jo'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>ku'a</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>ku'a</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>pi'u</jbophrase>, are probably only useful when talking explicitly about sets. They represent three standard set operators usually called
+ <valsi>pi'u</valsi>, are probably only useful when talking explicitly about sets. They represent three standard set operators usually called
<quote>union</quote>,
<quote>intersection</quote>, and
<quote>cross product</quote> (also known as
<quote>Cartesian product</quote>). The union of two sets is a set containing all the members that are in either set; the intersection of two sets is a set containing all the members that are in both sets. The cross product of two sets is the set of all possible ordered pairs, where each ordered pair contains a single element from the first set followed by a single element from the second. This may seem very abstract; hopefully, the following examples will help:</para>
@@ -2252,48 +2252,48 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QjD7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ricfu je dotco cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rich-and-German-things is small.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The following example uses
- <jbophrase>se remei</jbophrase>, which is a set (not a mass) of two elements:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se remei</oldjbophrase>, which is a set (not a mass) of two elements:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-D9gz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. ce[bo] la djordj. pi'u la meris. cebo la martas. cu prami se remei</jbo>
<gloss>James and-set George cross-product Mary and-set Martha are-lover type-of-pairs.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>contrasted with cross-product</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross-product</primary><secondary>contrasted with and</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e</primary><secondary>contrasted with pi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with .e</secondary></indexterm> means that each of the pairs James/Mary, George/Mary, James/Martha, and George/Martha love each other. Therefore it is similar in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7bv3"/>; however, that example speaks only of the men loving the women, not vice versa.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joiks</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> Joiks may be combined with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> in the same way as eks and jeks; this allows grouping of non-logical connections between sumti and tanru units, in complete parallelism with logical connections:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> or with
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> in the same way as eks and jeks; this allows grouping of non-logical connections between sumti and tanru units, in complete parallelism with logical connections:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mwpo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi joibo do ce la djan. joibo la djein. cu gunma se remei</jbo>
<gloss>(I massed-with you) and (John massed-with Jane) are-a-mass type-of-two-set</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>asserts that there is a set of two items each of which is a mass.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termsets</primary><secondary>non-logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of termsets</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connection is permitted at the joint of a termset; this is useful for associating more than one sumti or tagged sumti with each side of the non-logical connection. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>casnu</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>casnu</valsi> is:</para>
<place-structure>
casnu: the mass x1 discusses/talks about x2
</place-structure>
<para>so the x1 place must be occupied by a mass (for reasons not explained here); however, different components of the mass may discuss in different languages. To associate each participant with his or her language, we can say:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>discuss in language</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sdba">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2322,67 +2322,67 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban. nu'u fa'u bai tu'a la djordj. [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>John respectively-with Frank express [start termset] in-language Lojban [joint] respectively-with under-compulsion-by George.</gloss>
<en>John and Frank speak in Lojban and under George's compulsion, respectively.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wVSG"/> associates speaking in Lojban with John, and speaking under George's compulsion with Frank. We do not know what language Frank uses, or whether John speaks under anyone's compulsion.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence of events</primary><secondary>expressing non-time-related sequences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ice'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with .ibabo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>connecting non-logically</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijoik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Joiks may be prefixed with
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> to produce ijoiks, which serve to non-logically connect sentences. The ijoik
+ <valsi>i</valsi> to produce ijoiks, which serve to non-logically connect sentences. The ijoik
- <jbophrase>.ice'o</jbophrase> indicates that the event of the second bridi follows that of the first bridi in some way other than a time relationship (which is handled with a tense):</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ice'o</oldjbophrase> indicates that the event of the second bridi follows that of the first bridi in some way other than a time relationship (which is handled with a tense):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-27xU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e .i tu'e kanji lo ni cteki .ice'o lumci le karce .ice'o dzukansa le gerku tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] do the-referent-of-the-following: ( Compute the quantity of taxes. And-then wash the car. And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. )</gloss>
<en>List of things to do: Figure taxes. Wash car. Walk dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list of things to do</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to-do list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>use in lists</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>effect on di'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'e</primary><secondary>effect of tu'e/tu'u on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lists</primary><secondary>use of tu'e/tu'u in</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-27xU"/> represents a list of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
<xref linkend="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping"/>, because there is no logical connective between the introductory phrase
- <jbophrase>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e</jbophrase> and the rest. The brackets effectively show how large an utterance the word
- <jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>, which means
+ <oldjbophrase>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e</oldjbophrase> and the rest. The brackets effectively show how large an utterance the word
+ <valsi>di'e</valsi>, which means
<quote>the following utterance</quote>, refers to.</para>
<para>Similarly,
- <jbophrase>.ijoi</jbophrase> is used to connect sentences that represent the components of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of
+ <oldjbophrase>.ijoi</oldjbophrase> is used to connect sentences that represent the components of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of
<quote>Fran hit her head and fell out of the boat, so that she drowned</quote> would join the events
<quote>Fran hit her head</quote> and
<quote>Fran fell out of the boat</quote> with
- <jbophrase>.ijoi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ijoi</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation of non-logical connective</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>effect of nai on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joiks</primary><secondary>effect of nai on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nai</primary><secondary>effect on joiks</secondary></indexterm> The following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, if present, does not negate either of the things to be connected, but instead specifies that some other connection (logical or non-logical) is applicable: it is a scalar negation:</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>, if present, does not negate either of the things to be connected, but instead specifies that some other connection (logical or non-logical) is applicable: it is a scalar negation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mMdb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jo'unai do cu remei</jbo>
<gloss>I in-common-with [not!] you are-a-twosome</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The result of
- <jbophrase>mi jo'u do</jbophrase> would be two individuals, not a mass, therefore
+ <oldjbophrase>mi jo'u do</oldjbophrase> would be two individuals, not a mass, therefore
- <jbophrase>jo'u</jbophrase> is not applicable;
+ <valsi>jo'u</valsi> is not applicable;
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> would be the correct connective.</para>
+ <valsi>joi</valsi> would be the correct connective.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective answers</primary><secondary>non-logical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective questions</primary><secondary>non-logical</secondary></indexterm> There is no joik question cmavo as such; however, joiks and ijoiks may be uttered in isolation in response to a logical connective question, as in the following exchange:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGSm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djica tu'a loi ckafi ji loi tcati</jbo>
<gloss>You desire something-about a-mass-of coffee [what connective?] a-mass-of tea?</gloss>
<en>Do you want coffee or tea?</en>
@@ -2391,109 +2391,109 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgsp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joi</jbo>
<gloss>Mixed-mass-and.</gloss>
<en>Both as a mass (i.e, mixed together).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ugh</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee mixed with tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Ugh. (Or in Lojban: <jbophrase>.a'unaisairo'o</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ugh</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee mixed with tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Ugh. (Or in Lojban: <oldjbophrase>.a'unaisairo'o</oldjbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-continued-continued">
<title>Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>expressed as endpoints</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>intervals</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the non-logical connectives of selma'o JOI explained in
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-continued"/>, there are three other connectives which can appear in joiks:
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>mi'i</jbophrase>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo are used to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. The cmavo
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bi'o</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>mi'i</valsi>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo are used to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> is correct if the endpoints are independent of order, whereas
- <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>sebi'o</jbophrase> are used when order matters.</para>
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi> is correct if the endpoints are independent of order, whereas
+ <valsi>bi'o</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase>sebi'o</oldjbophrase> are used when order matters.</para>
<para>An example of
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> in sumti connection:</para>
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi> in sumti connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sHhA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>un-ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sHhA"/>, it is all the same whether I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt or between Frankfurt and Dresden, so
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> is the appropriate interval connective. The sumti
- <jbophrase>la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</jbophrase> falls into the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>sanli</jbophrase>, which is the surface I stand on; the interval specifies that surface by its limits. (Obviously, I am not standing on the whole of the interval; the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>sanli</jbophrase> specifies a surface which is typically larger in extent than just the size of the stander's feet.)</para>
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi> is the appropriate interval connective. The sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</oldjbophrase> falls into the x2 place of
+ <valsi>sanli</valsi>, which is the surface I stand on; the interval specifies that surface by its limits. (Obviously, I am not standing on the whole of the interval; the x2 place of
+ <valsi>sanli</valsi> specifies a surface which is typically larger in extent than just the size of the stander's feet.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rYv4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu ca la pacac. bi'o la recac.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk simultaneous-with First-hour [ordered-interval] Second-hour.</gloss>
<en>I walk from one o'clock to two o'clock.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>from one to two o'clock</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rYv4"/>, on the other hand, it is essential that
- <jbophrase>la pacac.</jbophrase> comes before
- <jbophrase>la recac.</jbophrase>; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) interval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the whole interval is probably intended, or at least most of it.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la pacac.</oldjbophrase> comes before
+ <oldjbophrase>la recac.</oldjbophrase>; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) interval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the whole interval is probably intended, or at least most of it.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rYv4"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sebi'o</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qqIr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu ca la recac. sebi'o la pacac.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk simultaneous-with Second-hour [reverse] [ordered] First-hour.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>English cannot readily express
- <jbophrase>sebi'o</jbophrase>, but its meaning can be understood by reversing the two sumti.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sebi'o</oldjbophrase>, but its meaning can be understood by reversing the two sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>expressed as center and distance</secondary></indexterm> The third cmavo of selma'o BIhI, namely
- <jbophrase>mi'i</jbophrase>, expresses an interval seen from a different viewpoint: not a pair of endpoints, but a center point and a distance. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>mi'i</valsi>, expresses an interval seen from a different viewpoint: not a pair of endpoints, but a center point and a distance. For example:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bomb destroyed fifty miles</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wm5E">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jbama pu daspo la .uacintyn. mi'i lo minli be li muno</jbo>
<gloss>The bomb [past] destroys Washington [center] what-is measured-in-miles by 50.</gloss>
<en>The bomb destroyed Washington and fifty miles around.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here we have an interval whose center is Washington and whose distance, or radius, is fifty miles.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>endpoints</primary><secondary>inclusion in interval</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>inclusion of endpoints</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>open</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>closed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>open interval</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closed interval</primary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sHhA"/>, is it possible that I am standing in Dresden (or Frankfurt) itself? Yes. The connectives of selma'o BIhI are ambiguous about whether the endpoints themselves are included in or excluded from the interval. Two auxiliary cmavo
- <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> (of cmavo GAhO) are used to indicate the status of the endpoints:
- <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> means that the endpoint is included,
- <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> that it is excluded:</para>
+ <valsi>ga'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'i</valsi> (of cmavo GAhO) are used to indicate the status of the endpoints:
+ <valsi>ga'o</valsi> means that the endpoint is included,
+ <valsi>ke'i</valsi> that it is excluded:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGTc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2524,58 +2524,58 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. ke'i bi'i ke'i la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand Dresden [exclusive] [interval] [exclusive] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, exclusive of both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> As these examples should make clear, the GAhO cmavo that applies to a given endpoint is the one that stands physically adjacent to it: the left-hand endpoint is referred to by the first GAhO, and the right-hand endpoint by the second GAhO. It is ungrammatical to have just one GAhO.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'i</primary><secondary>etymology of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ga'o</primary><secondary>etymology of</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically,
- <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> is derived from
- <jbophrase>ganlo</jbophrase>, which means
+ <valsi>ga'o</valsi> is derived from
+ <valsi>ganlo</valsi>, which means
<quote>closed</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> from
- <jbophrase>kalri</jbophrase>, which means
+ <valsi>ke'i</valsi> from
+ <valsi>kalri</valsi>, which means
<quote>open</quote>. In mathematics, inclusive intervals are referred to as closed intervals, and exclusive intervals as open ones.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> BIhI joiks are grammatical anywhere that other joiks are, including in tanru connection and (as ijoiks) between sentences. No meanings have been found for these uses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>effect of nai on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nai</primary><secondary>effect on intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negated intervals</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Negated intervals, marked with a
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> following the BIhI cmavo, indicate an interval that includes everything but what is between the endpoints (with respect to some understood scale):</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> following the BIhI cmavo, indicate an interval that includes everything but what is between the endpoints (with respect to some understood scale):</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>except from 10 to 12</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-39EI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do dicra .e'a mi ca la daucac. bi'onai la gaicac.</jbo>
<gloss>You disturb (allowed) me at 10 not-from ... to 12</gloss>
<en>You can contact me except from 10 to 12.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The complete syntax of joiks is:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joiks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<compound-syntax>
[se] JOI [nai] [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO
</compound-syntax>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> Notice that the colloquial English translations of
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> have forethought form:
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi> and
+ <valsi>bi'o</valsi> have forethought form:
<quote>between ... and</quote> for
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi>, and
<quote>from ... to</quote> for
- <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase>. In Lojban too, non-logical connectives can be expressed in forethought. Rather than using a separate selma'o, the forethought logical connectives are constructed from the afterthought ones by suffixing
+ <valsi>bi'o</valsi>. In Lojban too, non-logical connectives can be expressed in forethought. Rather than using a separate selma'o, the forethought logical connectives are constructed from the afterthought ones by suffixing
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>. Such a compound cmavo is not unnaturally called a
- <jbophrase>joigik</jbophrase>; the syntax of joigiks is any of:</para>
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>. Such a compound cmavo is not unnaturally called a
+ <oldjbophrase>joigik</oldjbophrase>; the syntax of joigiks is any of:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigiks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<compound-syntax>
[se] JOI [nai] GI [se] BIhI [nai] GI GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO GI
</compound-syntax>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigiks</primary><secondary>connection types</secondary></indexterm> Joigiks may be used to non-logically connect bridi, sumti, and bridi-tails; and also in termsets.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pC5x"/> in forethought becomes:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry the piano</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
@@ -2583,23 +2583,23 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joigi la djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>[Together] John and Alice carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is part of the joigik; the second
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> is part of the joigik; the second
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is the regular gik that separates the two things being connected in all forethought forms.</para>
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> is the regular gik that separates the two things being connected in all forethought forms.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGtv"/> can be expressed in forethought as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u51K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli ke'i bi'i ga'o gi la drezdn. gi la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand [exclusive] between [inclusive] Dresden and Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclusive).</en>
@@ -2610,25 +2610,25 @@
<section xml:id="section-mekso-connections">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>connectives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has a separate grammar embedded within the main grammar for representing mathematical expressions (or mekso in Lojban) such as
<quote>2 + 2</quote>. Mathematical expressions are explained fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. The basic components of mekso are operands, like
<quote>2</quote>, and operators, like
<quote>+</quote>. Both of these may be either logically or non-logically connected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in joiks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in jeks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guheks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>geks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>eks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> Operands are connected in afterthought with eks and in forethought with geks, just like sumti. Operators, on the other hand, are connected in afterthought with jeks and in forethought with guheks, just like tanru components. (However, jeks and joiks with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>analogue of tanru in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with ke in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operands</primary><secondary>with ke in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operands</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> In addition, eks with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and with
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> and with
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be given. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connective scheme of things. These examples are drawn from
<xref linkend="section-connectives-within-mekso"/>, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gMU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -2644,23 +2644,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'o</primary></indexterm> Note that the mekso in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ftNY"/> are being used as quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be enclosed in
- <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> parentheses when used as a quantifier. The right parenthesis mark,
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, is an elidable terminator.</para>
+ <valsi>vei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi> parentheses when used as a quantifier. The right parenthesis mark,
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi>, is an elidable terminator.</para>
<para>Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard to come by. A contrived example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dCxf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus and times 2 equals the-number 4.</gloss>
<en><inlineequation><mathphrase>2 + 2 = 4</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>2 x 2 = 4</mathphrase></inlineequation>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2672,64 +2672,64 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two both plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>Both <inlineequation><mathphrase>2 + 2 = 4</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>2 x 2 = 4</mathphrase></inlineequation>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical intervals</primary></indexterm> Non-logical connection with joiks or joigiks is also permitted between operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect operands with
- <jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> to create mathematical intervals:</para>
+ <valsi>bi'i</valsi> to create mathematical intervals:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-z2oF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li no ga'o bi'i ke'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one</gloss>
<math>[0,1)</math>
<en>the numbers from zero to one, including zero but not including one</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>zero to one</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound subscript</primary></indexterm> You can also combine two operands with
- <jbophrase>ce'o</jbophrase>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
+ <valsi>ce'o</valsi>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8rEL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. boi xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>x</quote> sub (
<quote>b</quote> sequence
<quote>d</quote>)</gloss>
<math>x<subscript>b,d</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x{b</primary><secondary>d}</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> Note that the
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8rEL"/> is not elidable, because the
- <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
+ <valsi>xi</valsi> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumtcita">
<title>Tenses, modals, and logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a
- <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> abstraction; see
+ <valsi>pu</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ca</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a
+ <oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> abstraction; see
<xref linkend="section-events"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logically connected tenses</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>interaction with tenses</secondary></indexterm> The two types of interaction between tenses and logical connectives are logically connected tenses and tensed logical connections. The former are fairly simple. Jeks may be used between tense cmavo to specify two connected bridi that differ only in tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-g6iT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu nolraitru .ije la .artr. ba nolraitru</jbo>
@@ -2784,149 +2784,149 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .ije mi pu tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. And I [past] buy items-of food.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>fails to fully represent a feature of the English, namely that the buying came after the going. (It also fails to represent that the buying was a consequence of the going, which can be expressed by a modal that is discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>.) However, the tense information – that the event of my going to the market preceded the event of my buying food – can be added to the logical connective as follows. The
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase> is replaced by
- <jbophrase>.ijebo</jbophrase>, and the tense cmavo
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> is inserted between
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase> is replaced by
+ <oldjbophrase>.ijebo</oldjbophrase>, and the tense cmavo
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> is inserted between
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase> and
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ijebabo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPG1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .ijebabo mi pu tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. And [later] I [past] buy items-of food.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> cmavo in the two bridi-tails express the time of both actions with respect to the speaker: in the past. The
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> relates the two items to one another: the second item is later than the first item. The grammar does not permit omitting the
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>; if it were omitted, the
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> and the second
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> would run together to form a compound tense
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> cmavo in the two bridi-tails express the time of both actions with respect to the speaker: in the past. The
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> relates the two items to one another: the second item is later than the first item. The grammar does not permit omitting the
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>; if it were omitted, the
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> and the second
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> would run together to form a compound tense
- <jbophrase>bapu</jbophrase> applying to the second bridi-tail only.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bapu</oldjbophrase> applying to the second bridi-tail only.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Adding tense or modal information to a logical connective is permitted only in the following situations:</para>
<para>Between an ek (or joik) and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-129L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .djan .ecabo la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John and [simultaneous] Alice go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John and Alice go to the market simultaneously.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…ke</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ek…ke</secondary></indexterm> Between an ek (or joik) and
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nydK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .epuke le zdani .a le ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and [earlier] ( the house or the school ).</gloss>
<en>I walk to the market and, before that, to the house or the school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in gihek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between a gihek and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-APPE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta gi'ebabo lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<gloss>I give the book and [later] take some currency-units from/to you.</gloss>
<en>I give you the book and then take some dollars (pounds, yen) from you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in gihek…ke</secondary></indexterm> Between a gihek and
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-A0yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci gi'ecake cusku zo'e la djan. [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and [simultaneous] express something to-John.</gloss>
<en>I walk to the market and at the same time talk to John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AhnP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .ijebabo mi viska pa ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>I see a man. And [later] I see a woman.</gloss>
<en>I see a man, and then I see a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GBgP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .ijebatu'e mi viska pa ninmu [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I see a man. And [later] I see a woman.</gloss>
<en>I see a man, and then I see a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in jek…bo</secondary></indexterm> And finally, between a jek (or joik) and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ce09">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mikce jebabo ricfu</jbo>
<gloss>I-am-a doctor and [later] rich</gloss>
<en>I am a doctor and future rich person.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doctor and then rich</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with tu'e for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> As can be seen from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AhnP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GBgP"/>, the choice between
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> (or
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase>) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neither would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> that requires the use of one of these grouping cmavo in
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> (or
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi>) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neither would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> that requires the use of one of these grouping cmavo in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-129L"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-APPE"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ce09"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>tensed connection in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed connectives</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives</primary><secondary>with tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed non-logical connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>including tense</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connectives with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> can include tense information in exactly the same way as logical connectives. Forethought connectives, however (except as noted below) are unable to do so, as are termsets or tense connectives. Mathematical operands and operators can also include tense information in their logical connectives as a result of their close parallelism with sumti and tanru components respectively:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> can include tense information in exactly the same way as logical connectives. Forethought connectives, however (except as noted below) are unable to do so, as are termsets or tense connectives. Mathematical operands and operators can also include tense information in their logical connectives as a result of their close parallelism with sumti and tanru components respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sgUo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .ebabo vo [ve'o] tadni cu zvati le kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>( 3 and [future] 4 ) students are-at the room.</gloss>
<en>Three and, later, four students were in the room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2989,22 +2989,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-X69J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e19d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jinvi le du'u loi jmive cu zvati la .iupiter. .ijonai mi jinvi le du'u loi jmive cu zvati la .iupiter.</jbo>
<gloss>I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is false, since I have no evidence one way or the other (
- <jbophrase>jinvi</jbophrase> requires some sort of evidence, real or fancied, unlike
- <jbophrase>krici</jbophrase>).</para>
+ <valsi>jinvi</valsi> requires some sort of evidence, real or fancied, unlike
+ <valsi>krici</valsi>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-constructs-summary">
<title>Constructs and appropriate connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connectives</primary><secondary>table by constructs connected</secondary></indexterm> The following table specifies, for each kind of construct that can be logically or non-logically connected in Lojban, what kind of connective is required for both afterthought and (when possible) forethought modes. An asterisk (*) indicates that tensed connection is permitted.</para>
<para>A dash indicates that connection of the specified type is not possible.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="5">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
@@ -3083,22 +3083,22 @@
<entry><link linkend="section-abstractors">joik</link></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-truth-functions-summary">
<title>Truth functions and corresponding logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>table by truth function value</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth functions</primary><secondary>table of logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> The following table specifies, for each truth function, the most-often used cmavo or compound cmavo which expresses it for each of the six types of logical connective. (Other compound cmavo are often possible: for example,
- <jbophrase>se.a</jbophrase> means the same as
- <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>, and could be used instead.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se.a</oldjbophrase> means the same as
+ <valsi>a</valsi>, and could be used instead.)</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<thead>
<row>
@@ -3106,189 +3106,189 @@
<entry>ek</entry>
<entry>jek</entry>
<entry>gihek</entry>
<entry>gek-gik</entry>
<entry>guhek-gik</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>TTTF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ja</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ga-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'a-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>a</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ja</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gi'a</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ga-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'a-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TTFT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.anai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>janai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'anai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ga-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'a-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.anai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>janai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gi'anai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ga-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'a-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TTFF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ju</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'u-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>u</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ju</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gi'u</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'u-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TFTT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>na.a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>naja</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nagi'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ganai-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'anai-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>na.a</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>naja</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nagi'a</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ganai-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'anai-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TFTF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>se.u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>seju</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>segi'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>segu-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>segu'u-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>se.u</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>seju</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>segi'u</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>segu-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>segu'u-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TFFT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jo</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>go-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'o-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>o</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>jo</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gi'o</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>go-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'o-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>TFFF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>je</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ge-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'e-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>e</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>je</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gi'e</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ge-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'e-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FTTT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>na.anai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>najanai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nagi'anai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ganai-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'anai-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>na.anai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>najanai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nagi'anai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ganai-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'anai-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FTTF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.onai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jonai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'onai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>go-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'o-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.onai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jonai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gi'onai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>go-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'o-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FTFT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>se.unai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sejunai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>segi'unai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>segu-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>segu'u-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>se.unai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sejunai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>segi'unai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>segu-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>segu'u-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FTFF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.enai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jenai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gi'enai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ge-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'e-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.enai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jenai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gi'enai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ge-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'e-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FFTT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>na.u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>naju</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nagi'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gunai-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'unai-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>na.u</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>naju</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nagi'u</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gunai-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'unai-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FFTF</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>na.e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>naje</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nagi'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>genai-gi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'enai-gi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>na.e</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>naje</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nagi'e</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>genai-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'enai-gi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>FFFT</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>na.enai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>najenai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nagi'enai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>genai-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu'enai-ginai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>na.enai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>najenai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nagi'enai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>genai-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gu'enai-ginai</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Note: ijeks are exactly the same as the corresponding jeks, except for the prefixed
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-construction-summary">
<title>Rules for making logical and non-logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>syntax rules summary</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>syntax rules summary</secondary></indexterm> The full set of rules for inserting
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> into any connective is:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>,
+ <valsi>se</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> into any connective is:</para>
<para>Afterthought logical connectives (eks, jeks, giheks, ijeks):</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Negate first construct: Place
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo (but after the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> of an ijek).</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> before the connective cmavo (but after the
+ <valsi>i</valsi> of an ijek).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Negate second construct: Place
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the connective cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> after the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo (after
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> if any).</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> before the connective cmavo (after
+ <valsi>na</valsi> if any).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Forethought logical connectives (geks, guheks):</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Negate first construct: Place
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the connective cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> after the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Negate second construct: Place
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> after the
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> before the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Non-logical connectives (joiks, joigiks):</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Negate connection: Place
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the connective cmavo (but before the
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> of a joigik).</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> after the connective cmavo (but before the
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> of a joigik).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> before the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-tables">
<title>Locations of other tables</title>
<para>
<xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>: a table explaining the meaning of each truth function in English.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="section-four-basics"/>: a table relating the truth functions to the four basic vowels.</para>
<para>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index 82e78ee..7600931 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -116,22 +116,22 @@
</example>
<para>is taken as a negation of the entire sentence, equivalent to</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-vFYC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d2"/>
</title>
<para>No, I didn't go to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>The most important rule about bridi negation is that if a bridi is true, its negation is false, and vice versa.</para>
<para>The simplest way to express a bridi negation is to use the cmavo
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> of selma'o NA before the selbri of the affirmative form of the bridi (but after the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, if there is one):</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> of selma'o NA before the selbri of the affirmative form of the bridi (but after the
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>, if there is one):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7nrv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the store.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>when negated becomes:</para>
@@ -139,21 +139,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] go-to the store.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that we have used a special convention to show in the English that a bridi negation is present. We would like to use the word
<quote>not</quote>, because this highlights the naturalness of putting the negation marker just before the selbri, and makes the form easier to learn. But there is a major difference between Lojban's bridi negation with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and natural language negation with
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and natural language negation with
<quote>not</quote>. In English, the word
<quote>not</quote> can apply to a single word, to a phrase, to an English predicate, or to the entire sentence. In addition,
<quote>not</quote> may indicate either contradictory negation or another form of negation, depending on the sentence. Lojban's internal bridi negation, on the other hand, always applies to an entire bridi, and is always a contradictory negation; that is, it contradicts the claim of the whole bridi.</para>
<para>Because of the ambiguity of English
<quote>not</quote>, we will use
<quote>[false]</quote> in the translation of Lojban examples to remind the reader that we are expressing a contradictory negation. Here are more examples of bridi negation:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgzz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d5"/>
@@ -181,31 +181,31 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti na barda prenu co melbi mi</jbo>
<gloss>This [false] is a big-person of-type (beautiful to me).</gloss>
<en>This isn't a big person who is beautiful to me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Although there is this fundamental difference between Lojban's internal bridi negation and English negation, we note that in many cases, especially when there are no existential or quantified variables (the cmavo
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> of selma'o KOhA, explained in
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>di</valsi> of selma'o KOhA, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>) in the bridi, you can indeed translate Lojban
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> as
+ <valsi>na</valsi> as
<quote>not</quote> (or
<quote>isn't</quote> or
<quote>doesn't</quote>, as appropriate).</para>
<para>The most important rule about bridi negation is that if a bridi is true, its negation is false, and vice versa.</para>
<para>In Lojban, there are several structures that implicitly contain bridi, so that Lojban sentences may contain more than one occurrence of
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WU9u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na gleki le nu na klama le nu dansu</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] am-happy-about the event-of ([false] going-to the event-of dancing).</gloss>
<gloss>It is not the case that I am happy about it not being the case that I am going to the dance.</gloss>
<en>I am not happy about not going to the dance.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -230,25 +230,25 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci lo na ca nolraitru be le frasygu'e</jbo>
<gloss>I am-fond-of one-who-is ([false] the current king of the French-country).</gloss>
<en>I am fond of one who isn't the current king of France.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The claim of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eQaI"/> could apply to anyone except a person who is fond of no one at all, since the relation within the description is false for everyone. You cannot readily express these situations in colloquial English.</para>
<para>Negation with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> applies to an entire bridi, and not to just part of a selbri. Therefore, you won't likely have reason to put
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> inside a tanru. In fact, the grammar currently does not allow you to do so (except in a lujvo and in elaborate constructs involving GUhA, the forethought connector for selbri). Any situation where you might want to do so can be expressed in a less-compressed non-tanru form. This grammatical restriction helps ensure that bridi negation is kept separate from other forms of negation.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> applies to an entire bridi, and not to just part of a selbri. Therefore, you won't likely have reason to put
+ <valsi>na</valsi> inside a tanru. In fact, the grammar currently does not allow you to do so (except in a lujvo and in elaborate constructs involving GUhA, the forethought connector for selbri). Any situation where you might want to do so can be expressed in a less-compressed non-tanru form. This grammatical restriction helps ensure that bridi negation is kept separate from other forms of negation.</para>
<para>The grammar of
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> allows multiple adjacent negations, which cancel out, as in normal logic:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> allows multiple adjacent negations, which cancel out, as in normal logic:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RJKu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti na na barda prenu co melbi mi</jbo>
<gloss>This [false] [false] is-a-big person that is (beautiful to me).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -256,34 +256,34 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2UpW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti barda prenu co melbi mi</jbo>
<gloss>This is a big-person that is (beautiful to me).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>When a selbri is tagged with a tense or a modal, negation with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> is permitted in two positions: before or after the tag. No semantic difference between these forms has yet been defined, but this is not finally determined, since the interactions between tenses/modals and bridi negation have not been fully explored. In particular, it remains to be seen whether sentences using less familiar tenses, such as:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> is permitted in two positions: before or after the tag. No semantic difference between these forms has yet been defined, but this is not finally determined, since the interactions between tenses/modals and bridi negation have not been fully explored. In particular, it remains to be seen whether sentences using less familiar tenses, such as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fgmv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi [cu] ta'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I habitually go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>mean the same thing with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before the
- <jbophrase>ta'e</jbophrase>, as when the negation occurs afterwards; we'll let future, Lojban-speaking, logicians decide on how they relate to each other.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> before the
+ <valsi>ta'e</valsi>, as when the negation occurs afterwards; we'll let future, Lojban-speaking, logicians decide on how they relate to each other.</para>
<para>A final caution on translating English negations into Lojban: if you translate the English literally, you'll get the wrong one. With English causal statements, and other statements with auxiliary clauses, this problem is more likely.</para>
<para>Thus, if you translate the English:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-hEa7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d14"/>
</title>
<para>I do not go to the market because the car is broken.</para>
</example>
<para>as:</para>
@@ -327,21 +327,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NILi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<gloss>The event-of (my [false] being-conscripted-into the Army) was aided by my uncle the Senator.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is possible that someone will want to incorporate bridi negations into lujvo. For this reason, the rafsi
<rafsi>-nar-</rafsi> has been reserved for
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>. However, before using this rafsi, make sure that you intend the contradictory bridi negation, and not the scalar negation described in
+ <valsi>na</valsi>. However, before using this rafsi, make sure that you intend the contradictory bridi negation, and not the scalar negation described in
<xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/>, which will be much more common in tanru and lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-scalar-negation">
<title>Scalar Negation</title>
<para>Let us now consider some other types of negation. For example, when we say:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-GJga">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d1"/>
</title>
<para>The chair is not brown.</para>
@@ -498,22 +498,22 @@
<quote>im-</quote>. Just which form and permissible values are implied by a scalar negation is dependent on the semantics of the word or concept which is being negated, and on the context. Much confusion in English results from the uncontrolled variations in meaning of these phrases and prefixes.</para>
<para>In the examples of
<xref linkend="section-nahe"/>, we will translate the general case of scalar negation using the general formula
<quote>other than</quote> when a phrase is scalar-negated, and
<quote>non-</quote> when a single word is scalar-negated.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-nahe">
<title>selbri and tanru negation</title>
<para>All the scalar negations illustrated in
<xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/> are expressed in Lojban using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o NAhE). The most common use of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> is as a prefix to the selbri:</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> (of selma'o NAhE). The most common use of
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> is as a prefix to the selbri:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qh42" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qH4n" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -524,44 +524,44 @@
<jbo>mi na'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non-go to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Comparing these two, we see that the negation operator being used in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qH4n"/> is
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>. But what exactly does
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> negate? Does the negation include only the gismu
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, which is the entire selbri in this case, or does it include the
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> as well? In Lojban, the answer is unambiguously
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>. But what exactly does
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> negate? Does the negation include only the gismu
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>, which is the entire selbri in this case, or does it include the
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> as well? In Lojban, the answer is unambiguously
<quote>only the gismu</quote>. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> always applies only to what follows it.</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> always applies only to what follows it.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qH4n"/> looks as if it were parallel to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tqX1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>but in fact there is no real parallelism at all. A negation using
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> denies the truth of a relationship, but a selbri negation with
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> asserts that a relationship exists other than that stated, one which specifically involves the sumti identified in the statement. The grammar allotted to
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> allows us to unambiguously express scalar negations in terms of scope, scale, and range within the scale. Before we explain the scalar aspects, let us show how the scope of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> is determined.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> denies the truth of a relationship, but a selbri negation with
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> asserts that a relationship exists other than that stated, one which specifically involves the sumti identified in the statement. The grammar allotted to
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> allows us to unambiguously express scalar negations in terms of scope, scale, and range within the scale. Before we explain the scalar aspects, let us show how the scope of
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> is determined.</para>
<para>In tanru, we may wish to negate an individual element before combining it with another to form the tanru. We in effect need a shorter-than-selbri-scope negation, for which we can use
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> as well. The positive sentence</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> as well. The positive sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETuV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I walking-ly go to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>can be subjected to selbri negation in several ways. Two are:</para>
@@ -577,72 +577,72 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qH6w" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu na'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I walkingly-(other-than-go-to) the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>These negations show the default scope of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> is close-binding on an individual brivla in a tanru.
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> is close-binding on an individual brivla in a tanru.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qh4w"/> says that I am going to the market, but in some kind of a non-walking manner. (As with most tanru, there are a few other possible interpretations, but we'll assume this one – see
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/> for a discussion of tanru meaning).</para>
<para>In neither
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qh4w"/> nor
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qH6w"/> does the
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> negate the entire selbri. While both sentences contain negations that deny a particular relationship between the sumti, they also have a component which makes a positive claim about such a relationship. This is clearer in
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> negate the entire selbri. While both sentences contain negations that deny a particular relationship between the sumti, they also have a component which makes a positive claim about such a relationship. This is clearer in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qh4w"/>, which says that I am going, but in a non-walking manner. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qH6w"/>, we have claimed that the relationship between me and the market in some way involves walking, but is not one of
<quote>going to</quote> (perhaps we are walking around the market, or walking-in-place while at the market).</para>
<para>The
<quote>scale</quote>, or actually the
<quote>set</quote>, implied in Lojban tanru negations is anything which plausibly can be substituted into the tanru. (Plausibility here is interpreted in the same way that answers to a
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question must be plausible – the result must not only have the right number of places and have sumti values appropriate to the place structure, it must also be appropriate or relevant to the context.) This minimal condition allows a speaker to be intentionally vague, while still communicating meaningful information. The speaker who uses selbri negation is denying one relationship, while minimally asserting a different relationship.</para>
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> question must be plausible – the result must not only have the right number of places and have sumti values appropriate to the place structure, it must also be appropriate or relevant to the context.) This minimal condition allows a speaker to be intentionally vague, while still communicating meaningful information. The speaker who uses selbri negation is denying one relationship, while minimally asserting a different relationship.</para>
<para>We also need a scalar negation form that has a scope longer than a single brivla. There exists such a longer-scope selbri negation form, as exemplified by (each Lojban sentence in the next several examples is given twice, with parentheses in the second copy showing the scope of the
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>):</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t20b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'eke cadzu klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<jbo>mi na'e (ke cadzu klama [ke'e]) le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I other-than-(walkingly-go-to) the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This negation uses the same
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> delimiters (the
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is always elidable at the end of a selbri) that are used in tanru. The sentence clearly negates the entire selbri. The
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, whether elided or not, reminds us that the negation does not include the trailing sumti. While the trailing-sumti place-structure is defined as that of the final brivla, the trailing sumti themselves are not part of the selbri and are thus not negated by
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> delimiters (the
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> is always elidable at the end of a selbri) that are used in tanru. The sentence clearly negates the entire selbri. The
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi>, whether elided or not, reminds us that the negation does not include the trailing sumti. While the trailing-sumti place-structure is defined as that of the final brivla, the trailing sumti themselves are not part of the selbri and are thus not negated by
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>.</para>
<para>Negations of just part of the selbri are also permitted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PVct">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'eke sutra cadzu ke'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<jbo>mi na'e (ke sutra cadzu ke'e) klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I other-than-(quickly-walkingly) go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PVct"/>, only the
- <jbophrase>sutra cadzu</jbophrase> tanru is negated, so the speaker is indeed going to the market, but not by walking quickly.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sutra cadzu</oldjbophrase> tanru is negated, so the speaker is indeed going to the market, but not by walking quickly.</para>
<para>Negations made with
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>na'eke</jbophrase> also include within their scope any sumti attached to the brivla or tanru with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>. Such attached sumti are considered part of the brivla or tanru:</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase>na'eke</oldjbophrase> also include within their scope any sumti attached to the brivla or tanru with
+ <valsi>be</valsi> or
+ <valsi>bei</valsi>. Such attached sumti are considered part of the brivla or tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MYYa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be le mi birka ke'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I other-than-(quickly walking-on-my-arms-ly) go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
@@ -663,67 +663,67 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'eke sutra cadzu be lemi birka [ke'e]</jbo>
<jbo>mi na'e (ke sutra cadzu be lemi birka [ke'e])</jbo>
<gloss>I other-than-(quickly-walk-on my-arms).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The translations show that the negation in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qh7T"/> is more restricted in scope; i.e. less of the sentence is negated with respect to x1 (
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>).</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>).</para>
<para>Logical scope being an important factor in Lojban's claims to be unambiguous, let us indicate the relative precedence of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> as an operator. Grouping with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, of course, has an overt scope, which is its advantage.
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> is very close binding to its brivla. Internal binding of tanru, with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, is not as tightly bound as
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>.
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase>, the tanru inversion operator has a scope that is longer than all other tanru constructs.</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> as an operator. Grouping with
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi>, of course, has an overt scope, which is its advantage.
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> is very close binding to its brivla. Internal binding of tanru, with
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>, is not as tightly bound as
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>.
+ <valsi>co</valsi>, the tanru inversion operator has a scope that is longer than all other tanru constructs.</para>
<para>In short,
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>na'eke</jbophrase> define a type of negation, which is shorter in scope than bridi negation, and which affects all or part of a selbri. The result of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> negation remains an assertion of some specific truth and not merely a denial of another claim.</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>na'eke</oldjbophrase> define a type of negation, which is shorter in scope than bridi negation, and which affects all or part of a selbri. The result of
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> negation remains an assertion of some specific truth and not merely a denial of another claim.</para>
<para>The similarity becomes striking when it is noticed that the rafsi
<rafsi>-nal-</rafsi>, representing
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> when a tanru is condensed into a lujvo, forms an exact parallel to the English usage of
- <jbophrase>non-</jbophrase>. Turning a series of related negations into lujvo gives:</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> when a tanru is condensed into a lujvo, forms an exact parallel to the English usage of
+ <oldjbophrase>non-</oldjbophrase>. Turning a series of related negations into lujvo gives:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2buq"> <!-- FIXME: this "example" should probably just be a simplelist -->
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'e klama becomes nalkla</jbo>
<jbo>na'e cadzu klama becomes naldzukla</jbo>
<jbo>na'e sutra cadzu klama becomes nalsu'adzukla</jbo>
<jbo>nake sutra cadzu ke'e klama becomes nalsu'adzuke'ekla</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note:
<rafsi>-kem-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, but it is omitted in the final lujvo as superfluous –
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is its own rafsi, and its inclusion in the lujvo implies a
+ <valsi>ke</valsi>, but it is omitted in the final lujvo as superfluous –
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> is its own rafsi, and its inclusion in the lujvo implies a
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> after the
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> after the
<rafsi>-nal-</rafsi>, since it needs to close something; only a
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> immediately after the negation would make the
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> meaningful in the tanru expressed in this lujvo.</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> immediately after the negation would make the
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> meaningful in the tanru expressed in this lujvo.</para>
<para>In a lujvo, it is probably clearest to translate
<rafsi>-nal-</rafsi> as
<quote>non-</quote>, to match the English combining forms, except when the
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> has single word scope and English uses
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> has single word scope and English uses
<quote>un-</quote> or
<quote>im-</quote> to negate that single word. Translation style should determine the use of
<quote>other than</quote>,
<quote>non-</quote>, or another negator for
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> in tanru; the translator must render the Lojban into English so it is clear in context. Let's go back to our simplest example:</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> in tanru; the translator must render the Lojban into English so it is clear in context. Let's go back to our simplest example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qh9c" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I am other-than-(going-to) the market.</gloss>
<gloss>I am not going-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -731,35 +731,35 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nalkla le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-non-go-er-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that to compare with the English translation form using
<quote>non-</quote>, we've translated the Lojban as if the selbri were a noun. Since Lojban
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is indifferently a noun, verb, or adjective, the difference is purely a translation change, not a true change in meaning. The English difference seems significant, though, due to the strongly different English grammatical forms and the ambiguity of English negation.</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> is indifferently a noun, verb, or adjective, the difference is purely a translation change, not a true change in meaning. The English difference seems significant, though, due to the strongly different English grammatical forms and the ambiguity of English negation.</para>
<para>Consider the following highly problematic sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GFFo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual currently noblest-governor of the French country is-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>The current King of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The selbri
- <jbophrase>krecau</jbophrase> negates with
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> as:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>krecau</oldjbophrase> negates with
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2maY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu na'e krecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual currently noblest-governor of the French country is-other-than hair-without.</gloss>
<en>The current King of France is other-than-bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -770,45 +770,45 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu nalkrecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual currently noblest-governor of the French country is-non-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>The current King of France is a non-bald-one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2maY"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wGXL"/> express the predicate negation forms using a negation word (
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>) or rafsi (
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>) or rafsi (
<rafsi>-nal-</rafsi>); yet they make positive assertions about the current King of France; ie., that he is other-than-bald or non-bald. This follows from the close binding of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> to the brivla. The lujvo form makes this overt by absorbing the negative marker into the word.</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> to the brivla. The lujvo form makes this overt by absorbing the negative marker into the word.</para>
<para>Since there is no current King of France, it is false to say that he is bald, or non-bald, or to make any other affirmative claim about him. Any sentence about the current King of France containing only a selbri negation is as false as the sentence without the negation. No amount of selbri negations have any effect on the truth value of the sentence, which is invariably
<quote>false</quote>, since no affirmative statement about the current King of France can be true. On the other hand, bridi negation does produce a truth:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bwdy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu na krecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual current noblest-governor of the French Country [false] is-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>It is false that the current King of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note:
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> is used in these sentences because negation relates to truth conditions. To meaningfully talk about truth conditions in sentences carrying a description, it must be clear that the description actually applies to the referent. A sentence using
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> instead of
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> can be true even if there is no current king of France, as long as the speaker and the listener agree to describe something as the current king of France. (See the explanations of
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> is used in these sentences because negation relates to truth conditions. To meaningfully talk about truth conditions in sentences carrying a description, it must be clear that the description actually applies to the referent. A sentence using
+ <valsi>le</valsi> instead of
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> can be true even if there is no current king of France, as long as the speaker and the listener agree to describe something as the current king of France. (See the explanations of
+ <valsi>le</valsi> in
<xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-scales-negation">
<title>Expressing scales in selbri negation</title>
<para>In expressing a scalar negation, we can provide some indication of the scale, range, frame-of-reference, or universe of discourse that is being dealt with in an assertion. As stated in
<xref linkend="section-nahe"/>, the default is the set of plausible alternatives. Thus if we say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mw3B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d1"/>
</title>
@@ -833,97 +833,97 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre skari</jbo>
<gloss>The chair is of a non-(red)-color (as perceived by something under some conditions).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We might also have reduced the pragmatic ambiguity by making the two trailing sumti values explicit (the
<quote>as perceived by</quote> and
<quote>under conditions</quote> places have been added to the place structure of
- <jbophrase>xunre</jbophrase>). But assume we have a really stubborn listener (an artificially semi-intelligent computer?) who will find a way to misinterpret
+ <valsi>xunre</valsi>). But assume we have a really stubborn listener (an artificially semi-intelligent computer?) who will find a way to misinterpret
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yWSC"/> even with three specific sumti provided.</para>
<para>In this case, we use a sumti tagged with the sumti tcita
- <jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase>, which translates roughly as
+ <valsi>ci'u</valsi>, which translates roughly as
<quote>on a scale of X</quote>, where
<varname>X</varname> is the sumti. For maximal clarity, the tagged sumti can be bound into the negated selbri with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>. To clarify
+ <valsi>be</valsi>. To clarify
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yWSC"/>, we might say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-a8S1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be ci'u loka skari</jbo>
<gloss>The chair is a non-(red on-a-scale-of-colorness)-thing.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We can alternately use the sumti tcita
- <jbophrase>teci'e</jbophrase>, based on
- <jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase>, which translates roughly as
+ <oldjbophrase>teci'e</oldjbophrase>, based on
+ <valsi>ciste</valsi>, which translates roughly as
<quote>of a system of components X</quote>, for universes of discourse; in this case, we would express
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yWSC"/> as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I0eV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be teci'e le skari</jbo>
<gloss>The chair is a non-(red of-a-system-with-components-the-colors)-thing.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Other places of
- <jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase> can be brought out using the grammar of selma'o BAI modals, allowing slightly different forms of expression, thus:</para>
+ <valsi>ciste</valsi> can be brought out using the grammar of selma'o BAI modals, allowing slightly different forms of expression, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Rj71">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be ci'e lo'i skari</jbo>
<gloss>The chair is a non-(red of-a-system-which-is-the-set-of-colors)-thing.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase>, also in selma'o BAI, can be used to specify a category:</para>
+ <valsi>le'a</valsi>, also in selma'o BAI, can be used to specify a category:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5ibb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be le'a lo'i skari</jbo>
<gloss>The chair is a non-(red of-a-category-which-is-the-set-of-colors)-thing.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is minimally different in meaning from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Rj71"/>.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> is not the only member of selma'o NAhE. If we want to express a scalar negation which is a polar opposite, we use the cmavo
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase>, which is grammatically equivalent to
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> is not the only member of selma'o NAhE. If we want to express a scalar negation which is a polar opposite, we use the cmavo
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi>, which is grammatically equivalent to
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RuvP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu to'e xunre be ci'u loka skari</jbo>
<gloss>The chair is a (opposite-of red) on-scale a-property-of color-ness.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Likewise, the midpoint of a scale can be expressed with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>no'e</jbophrase>, also grammatically equivalent to
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>. Here are some parallel examples of
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>no'e</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>no'e</valsi>, also grammatically equivalent to
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>. Here are some parallel examples of
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>,
+ <valsi>no'e</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qH9T" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-beautiful.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qh9U" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -951,110 +951,110 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta to'e melbi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-opposite-of beautiful.</gloss>
<en>That is ugly/very ugly/repulsive.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase> has the assigned rafsi
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi> has the assigned rafsi
<rafsi>-tol-</rafsi> and
- <jbophrase>-to'e-</jbophrase>; the cmavo
- <jbophrase>no'e</jbophrase> has the assigned rafsi
+ <oldjbophrase>-to'e-</oldjbophrase>; the cmavo
+ <valsi>no'e</valsi> has the assigned rafsi
<rafsi>-nor-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-no'e-</rafsi>. The selbri in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qh9U"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHAV"/> could be replaced by the lujvo
- <jbophrase>nalmle</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>normle</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>tolmle</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nalmle</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>normle</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>tolmle</oldjbophrase> respectively.</para>
<para>This large variety of scalar negations is provided because different scales have different properties. Some scales are open-ended in both directions: there is no
<quote>ultimately ugly</quote> or
<quote>ultimately beautiful</quote>. Other scales, like temperature, are open at one end and closed at the other: there is a minimum temperature (so-called
<quote>absolute zero</quote>) but no maximum temperature. Still other scales are closed at both ends.</para>
<para>Correspondingly, some selbri have no obvious
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase>- what is the opposite of a dog? – while others have more than one, and need
- <jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> to specify which opposite is meant.</para>
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi>- what is the opposite of a dog? – while others have more than one, and need
+ <valsi>ci'u</valsi> to specify which opposite is meant.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-negation">
<title>sumti negation</title>
<para>There are two ways of negating sumti in Lojban. We have the choice of quantifying the sumti with zero, or of applying the sumti-negator
- <jbophrase>na'ebo</jbophrase> before the sumti. It turns out that a zero quantification serves for contradictory negation. As the cmavo we use implies,
+ <oldjbophrase>na'ebo</oldjbophrase> before the sumti. It turns out that a zero quantification serves for contradictory negation. As the cmavo we use implies,
- <jbophrase>na'ebo</jbophrase> forms a scalar negation.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>na'ebo</oldjbophrase> forms a scalar negation.</para>
<para>Let us show examples of each.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PL1E">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>no lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau</jbo>
<gloss>Zero of those who are currently noblest-governors of the French country are-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>No current king of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PL1E"/> true? Yes, because it merely claims that of the current Kings of France, however many there may be, none are bald, which is plainly true, since there are no such current Kings of France.</para>
<para>Now let us look at the same sentence using
- <jbophrase>na'ebo</jbophrase> negation:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>na'ebo</oldjbophrase> negation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LebJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'ebo lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau</jbo>
<gloss>[Something] other-than-(the-current-noblest-governor of the French country) is-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>Something other than the current King of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-LebJ"/> is true provided that something reasonably describable as
<quote>other than a current King of France</quote>, such as the King of Saudi Arabia, or a former King of France, is in fact bald.</para>
<para>In place of
- <jbophrase>na'ebo</jbophrase>, you may also use
+ <oldjbophrase>na'ebo</oldjbophrase>, you may also use
- <jbophrase>no'ebo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>to'ebo</jbophrase>, to be more specific about the sumti which would be appropriate in place of the stated sumti. Good examples are hard to come by, but here's a valiant try:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>no'ebo</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>to'ebo</oldjbophrase>, to be more specific about the sumti which would be appropriate in place of the stated sumti. Good examples are hard to come by, but here's a valiant try:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-S4AU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama to'ebo la bastn.</jbo>
<gloss>I go to the-opposite-of Boston.</gloss>
<en>I go to Perth.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Boston and Perth are nearly, but not quite, antipodal cities. In a purely United States context, San Francisco might be a better
<quote>opposite</quote>.) Coming up with good examples is difficult, because attaching
- <jbophrase>to'ebo</jbophrase> to a description sumti is usually the same as attaching
- <jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase> to the selbri of the description.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>to'ebo</oldjbophrase> to a description sumti is usually the same as attaching
+ <valsi>to'e</valsi> to the selbri of the description.</para>
<para>It is not possible to transform sumti negations of either type into bridi negations or scalar selbri negations. Negations of sumti will be used in Lojban conversation. The inability to manipulate these negations logically will, it is hoped, prevent the logical errors that result when natural languages attempt corresponding manipulations.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-negation">
<title>Negation of minor grammatical constructs</title>
<para>We have a few other constructs that can be negated, all of them based on negating individual words. For such negation, we use the suffix-combining negator, which is
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>.
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, by the way, is almost always written as a compound into the previous word that it is negating, although it is a regular separate-word cmavo and the sole member of selma'o NAI.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>.
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>, by the way, is almost always written as a compound into the previous word that it is negating, although it is a regular separate-word cmavo and the sole member of selma'o NAI.</para>
<para>Most of these negation forms are straightforward, and should be discussed and interpreted in connection with an analysis of the particular construct being negated. Thus, we will not go into much detail here.</para>
<para>The following are places where
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is used:</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> is used:</para>
<para>When attached to tenses and modals (see
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>), the <!-- also see chapter-modals? -->
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> suffix usually indicates a contradictory negation of the tagged bridi. Thus
- <jbophrase>punai</jbophrase> as a tense inflection means
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> suffix usually indicates a contradictory negation of the tagged bridi. Thus
+ <oldjbophrase>punai</oldjbophrase> as a tense inflection means
<quote>not-in-the-past</quote>, or
<quote>not-previously</quote>, without making any implication about any other time period unless explicitly stated. As a result,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PprX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] [past] go-to the store.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the store.</en>
@@ -1066,90 +1066,90 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi punai klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past-not] go-to the store.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>mean exactly the same thing, although there may be a difference of emphasis.</para>
<para>Tenses and modals can be logically connected, with the logical connectives containing contradictory negations; this allows negated tenses and modals to be expressed positively using logical connectives. Thus
- <jbophrase>punai je ca</jbophrase> means the same thing as
- <jbophrase>pu naje ca</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>punai je ca</oldjbophrase> means the same thing as
+ <oldjbophrase>pu naje ca</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>As a special case, a
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> attached to the interval modifiers of selma'o TAhE, ROI, or ZAhO (explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> attached to the interval modifiers of selma'o TAhE, ROI, or ZAhO (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>) signals a scalar negation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4YYQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi paroinai dansu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>I [once] [not] dance-on the ice</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I dance on the ice either zero or else two or more times within the relevant time interval described by the bridi.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4YYQ"/> is very different from the English use of
<quote>not once</quote>, which is an emphatic way of saying
<quote>never</quote> – that is, exactly zero times.</para>
<para>In indicators and attitudinals of selma'o UI or CAI,
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> denotes a polar negation. As discussed in
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> denotes a polar negation. As discussed in
<xref linkend="section-intensity-scale"/>, most indicators have an implicit scale, and
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> changes the indicator to refer to the opposite end of the scale. Thus
- <jbophrase>.uinai</jbophrase> expresses unhappiness, and
- <jbophrase>.ienai</jbophrase> expresses disagreement (not ambivalence, which is expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as
- <jbophrase>.iecu'i</jbophrase>).</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> changes the indicator to refer to the opposite end of the scale. Thus
+ <oldjbophrase>.uinai</oldjbophrase> expresses unhappiness, and
+ <oldjbophrase>.ienai</oldjbophrase> expresses disagreement (not ambivalence, which is expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as
+ <oldjbophrase>.iecu'i</oldjbophrase>).</para>
<para>Vocative cmavo of selma'o COI are considered a kind of indicator, but one which identifies the listener. Semantically, we could dispense with about half of the COI selma'o words based on the scalar paradigm. For example,
- <jbophrase>co'o</jbophrase> could be expressed as
- <jbophrase>coinai</jbophrase>. However, this is not generally done.</para>
+ <valsi>co'o</valsi> could be expressed as
+ <oldjbophrase>coinai</oldjbophrase>. However, this is not generally done.</para>
<para>Most of the COI cmavo are used in what are commonly called protocol situations. These protocols are used, for example, in radio conversations, which often take place in a noisy environment. The negatives of protocol words tend to convey diametrically opposite communications situations (as might be expected). Therefore, only one protocol vocative is dependent on
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>: negative acknowledgement, which is
- <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>: negative acknowledgement, which is
+ <oldjbophrase>je'enai</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>I didn't get that</quote>).</para>
<para>Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, in a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.
<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
<para>The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses and modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstractions connected by logical connectives:
- <jbophrase>su'ujeninai</jbophrase>, which corresponds to
- <jbophrase>su'u jenai ni</jbophrase> just as
- <jbophrase>punai je ca</jbophrase> corresponds to
- <jbophrase>pu naje ca</jbophrase>. It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see
+ <oldjbophrase>su'ujeninai</oldjbophrase>, which corresponds to
+ <oldjbophrase>su'u jenai ni</oldjbophrase> just as
+ <oldjbophrase>punai je ca</oldjbophrase> corresponds to
+ <oldjbophrase>pu naje ca</oldjbophrase>. It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see
<xref linkend="section-abstractor-connection"/>.</para>
<para>A
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical connectives are discussed in
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical connectives are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-truth-questions">
<title>Truth questions</title>
<para>One application of negation is in answer to truth questions (those which expect the answers
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>). The truth question cmavo
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> is in selma'o UI; placed at the beginning of a sentence, it asks whether the sentence as a whole is true or false.</para>
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> is in selma'o UI; placed at the beginning of a sentence, it asks whether the sentence as a whole is true or false.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5y84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu la djan. pu klama la paris. .e la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>Is it true that: (John previously went-to [both] Paris and Rome.)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>You can now use each of the several kinds of negation we've discussed in answer to this (presuming the same question and context for each answer).</para>
<para>The straightforward negative answer is grammatically equivalent to the expanded sentence with the
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> immediately after the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> (and before any tense/modal):</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> immediately after the
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> (and before any tense/modal):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DMAd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na go'i</jbo>
<gloss>[false] [repeat previous]</gloss>
<en>No.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1158,21 +1158,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. [cu] na pu klama la paris. .e la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>John [false] previously went-to [both] Paris and Rome.</gloss>
<en>It's not true that John went to Paris and Rome.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The respondent can change the tense, putting the
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> in either before or after the new tense:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> in either before or after the new tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rii2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na ba go'i</jbo>
<gloss>[false] [future] [repeat previous]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>meaning</para>
@@ -1204,50 +1204,50 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. [cu] ba na klama la paris. .e la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>John later-will [false] go-to [both] Paris and Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We stated in
<xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/> that sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Fn2c"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2SK0"/> appear to be semantically identical, but that subtle semantic distinctions may eventually be found.</para>
<para>You can also use a scalar negation with
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>, in which case, it is equivalent to putting a
- <jbophrase>na'eke</jbophrase> immediately after any tense:</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi>, in which case, it is equivalent to putting a
+ <oldjbophrase>na'eke</oldjbophrase> immediately after any tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q70h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'e go'i</jbo>
<gloss>other-than [repeat previous]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which means</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nQRQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. [cu] pu na'eke klama [ke'e] la paris. .e la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>John previously other-than(went-to) [both] Paris and Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>He might have telephoned the two cities instead of going there. The unnecessary
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> would have been essential if the selbri had been a tanru.</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> would have been essential if the selbri had been a tanru.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-affirmations">
<title>Affirmations</title>
<para>There is an explicit positive form for both selma'o NA (
- <jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase>) and selma'o NAhE (
- <jbophrase>je'a</jbophrase>), each of which would supplant the corresponding negator in the grammatical position used, allowing one to assert the positive in response to a negative question or statement without confusion. Assuming the same context as in
+ <valsi>ja'a</valsi>) and selma'o NAhE (
+ <valsi>je'a</valsi>), each of which would supplant the corresponding negator in the grammatical position used, allowing one to assert the positive in response to a negative question or statement without confusion. Assuming the same context as in
<xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KhoH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu na go'i</jbo>
<gloss>Is-it-true-that [false] [repeat previous]?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1265,66 +1265,66 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-F3LE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i</jbo>
<en>[repeat previous]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A plain
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> does not mean
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> does not mean
<quote>Yes it is</quote>; it merely abbreviates repeating the previous statement unmodified, including any negators present; and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-F3LE"/> actually states that it is false that John went to both Paris and Rome.</para>
<para>When considering:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pgrw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na go'i</jbo>
<gloss>[false] [repeat previous]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>as a response to a negative question like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8VCt"/>, Lojban designers had to choose between two equally plausible interpretations with opposite effects. Does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Pgrw"/> create a double negative in the sentence by adding a new
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> to the one already there (forming a double negative and hence a positive statement), or does the
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> replace the previous one, leaving the sentence unchanged?</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> to the one already there (forming a double negative and hence a positive statement), or does the
+ <valsi>na</valsi> replace the previous one, leaving the sentence unchanged?</para>
<para>It was decided that substitution, the latter alternative, is the preferable choice, since it is then clear whether we intend a positive or a negative sentence without performing any manipulations. This is the way English usually works, but not all languages work this way – Russian, Japanese, and Navajo all interpret a negative reply to a negative question as positive.</para>
<para>The positive assertion cmavo of selma'o NA, which is "ja'a", can also replace the
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> in the context, giving:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> in the context, giving:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iUfV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ja'a go'i</jbo>
<gloss>(John truly-(previously went-to) [both] Paris and Rome.)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase> can replace
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> in a similar manner wherever the latter is used:</para>
+ <valsi>ja'a</valsi> can replace
+ <valsi>na</valsi> in a similar manner wherever the latter is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mrtu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ja'a klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I indeed go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <jbophrase>je'a</jbophrase> can replace
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> in exactly the same way, stating that scalar negation does not apply, and that the relation indeed holds as stated. In the absence of a negation context, it emphasizes the positive:</para>
+ <valsi>je'a</valsi> can replace
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> in exactly the same way, stating that scalar negation does not apply, and that the relation indeed holds as stated. In the absence of a negation context, it emphasizes the positive:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-toQK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta je'a melbi</jbo>
<gloss>that is-indeed beautiful.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
@@ -1441,85 +1441,85 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e10d14"/>
</title>
<para>Not only was it a sheep, it was a black sheep.</para>
<para>(non-contradictory correction)</para>
</example>
<para>The set of possible metalinguistic errors is open-ended.</para>
<para>Many of these forms have a counterpart in the various examples that we've discussed under logical negation. Metalinguistic negation doesn't claim that the sentence is false or true, though. Rather, it claims that, due to some error in the statement,
<quote>true</quote> and
<quote>false</quote> don't really apply.</para>
<para>Because one can metalinguistically negate a true statement intending a non-contradictory correction (say, a spelling error); we need a way (or ways) to metalinguistically negate a statement which is independent of our logical negation schemes using
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> and kin. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> is assigned this function. If it is present in a statement, it indicates metalinguistically that something in the statement is incorrect. This metalinguistic negation must override any evaluation of the logic of the statement. It is equally allowed in both positive and negative statements.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>,
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> and kin. The cmavo
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> is assigned this function. If it is present in a statement, it indicates metalinguistically that something in the statement is incorrect. This metalinguistic negation must override any evaluation of the logic of the statement. It is equally allowed in both positive and negative statements.</para>
<para>Since
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> is not a logical operator, multiple occurrences of
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> need not be assumed to cancel each other. Indeed, we can use the position of
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate metalinguistically what is incorrect, preparatory to correcting it in a later sentence; for this reason, we give
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> the grammar of UI. The inclusion of
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> is not a logical operator, multiple occurrences of
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> need not be assumed to cancel each other. Indeed, we can use the position of
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> to indicate metalinguistically what is incorrect, preparatory to correcting it in a later sentence; for this reason, we give
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> the grammar of UI. The inclusion of
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-assertion, and suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para>
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-assertion, and suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para>
<para>Let us briefly indicate how the above-mentioned metalinguistic errors can be identified. Other metalinguistic problems can then be marked by devising analogies to these examples:</para>
<para>Existential failure can be marked by attaching
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to the descriptor
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> or the
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> in a
- <jbophrase>da poi</jbophrase>-form sumti. (See
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> to the descriptor
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> or the
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> in a
+ <oldjbophrase>da poi</oldjbophrase>-form sumti. (See
<xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/> and
<xref linkend="section-restricted-claims"/> for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent referent, you may not understand what the speaker has in mind – the appropriate response is then
- <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, asking for clarification.</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent referent, you may not understand what the speaker has in mind – the appropriate response is then
+ <valsi>ki'a</valsi>, asking for clarification.</para>
<para>Presupposition failure can be marked directly if the presupposition is overt; if not, one can insert a
<quote>mock presupposition</quote> to question with the sumti tcita (selma'o BAI) word
- <jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase>;
- <jbophrase>ji'uku</jbophrase> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed assumption, and
- <jbophrase>ji'una'iku</jbophrase> metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See
+ <valsi>ji'u</valsi>;
+ <oldjbophrase>ji'uku</oldjbophrase> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed assumption, and
+ <oldjbophrase>ji'una'iku</oldjbophrase> metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>.)</para>
<para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with selma'o BAI.
- <jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase> has meaning
+ <valsi>le'a</valsi> has meaning
<quote>of category/class/type X</quote>,
- <jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> has meaning
+ <valsi>ci'u</valsi> has meaning
<quote>on scale X</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>ci'e</jbophrase>, based on
- <jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase>, can be used to talk about universes of discourse defined either as systems or sets of components, as shown in
+ <valsi>ci'e</valsi>, based on
+ <valsi>ciste</valsi>, can be used to talk about universes of discourse defined either as systems or sets of components, as shown in
<xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>.
- <jbophrase>kai</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase> also exist in BAI for discussing other quality and quantity errors.</para>
+ <valsi>kai</valsi> and
+ <valsi>la'u</valsi> also exist in BAI for discussing other quality and quantity errors.</para>
<para>We have to make particular note of potential problems in the areas of undue quantity and incorrect scale/category. Assertions about the relationships between gismu are among the basic substance of the language. It is thus invalid to logically require that if something is blue, that it is colored, or if it is not-blue, then it is some other color. In Lojban,
- <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>blanu</valsi> (
<quote>blue</quote>) is not explicitly defined as a
- <jbophrase>skari</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>skari</valsi> (
<quote>color</quote>). Similarly, it is not implicit that the opposite of
<quote>good</quote> is
<quote>bad</quote>.</para>
<para>This mutual independence of gismu is only an ideal. Pragmatically, people will categorize things based on their world-views. We will write dictionary definitions that will relate gismu, unfortunately including some of these world-view assumptions. Lojbanists should try to minimize these assumptions, but this seems a likely area where logical rules will break down (or where Sapir-Whorf effects will be made evident). In terms of negation, however, it is vital that we clearly preserve the capability of denying a presumably obvious scale or category assumption.</para>
<para>Solecisms, grammatical and spelling errors will be marked by marking the offending word or phrase with
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> (in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). In this sense,
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> becomes equivalent to the English metalinguistic marker
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> (in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). In this sense,
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> becomes equivalent to the English metalinguistic marker
<quote>[sic]</quote>. Purists may choose to use ZOI or LOhU/LEhU quotes or
- <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a truly unparsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/text. See
+ <valsi>sa'a</valsi>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a truly unparsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/text. See
<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/> for explanations of these usages.</para>
<para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> at the beginning of a statement merely says that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> at the beginning of a statement merely says that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>
<para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without correcting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguistic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, metalinguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseless expression.</para>
<para>Note that metalinguistic negation gives us another kind of legitimate negative answer to a
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question (see
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> question (see
<xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>).
- <jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> will be used when something about the questioned statement is inappropriate, such as in questions like
+ <valsi>na'i</valsi> will be used when something about the questioned statement is inappropriate, such as in questions like
<quote>Have you stopped beating your wife?</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SfSU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e10d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do sisti lezu'o do rapydarxi ledo fetspe</jbo>
<gloss>Have you ceased the activity of repeat-hitting your female-spouse?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1532,37 +1532,37 @@
<jbo>na'i go'i</jbo>
<en>The bridi as a whole is inappropriate in some way.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHKe" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e10d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i na'i</jbo>
- <en>The selbri (<jbophrase>sisti</jbophrase>) is inappropriate in some way.</en>
+ <en>The selbri (<valsi>sisti</valsi>) is inappropriate in some way.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>One can also specifically qualify the metalinguistic negation, by explicitly repeating the erroneous portion of the bridi to be metalinguistically negated, or adding on of the selma'o BAI qualifiers mentioned above:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ANpd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e10d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i ji'una'iku</jbo>
<en>Some presupposition is wrong with the previous bridi.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Finally, one may metalinguistically affirm a bridi with
- <jbophrase>jo'a</jbophrase>, another cmavo of selma'o UI. A common use for
+ <valsi>jo'a</valsi>, another cmavo of selma'o UI. A common use for
- <jbophrase>jo'a</jbophrase> might be to affirm that a particular construction, though unusual or counterintuitive, is in fact correct; another usage would be to disagree with – by overriding – a respondent's metalinguistic negation.</para>
+ <valsi>jo'a</valsi> might be to affirm that a particular construction, though unusual or counterintuitive, is in fact correct; another usage would be to disagree with – by overriding – a respondent's metalinguistic negation.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-are-all-questions-answered">
<title>Summary – Are All Possible Questions About Negation Now Answered?</title>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MdRP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na go'i .ije na'e go'i .ije na'i go'i</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 987b3d1..edb9b13 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -63,21 +63,21 @@
<quote>some/no/any/everyone</quote> and
<quote>some/no/any/everything</quote>), but they obey rules which can often be surprising to English-speakers. The dialogue above simply cannot be translated into Lojban without distortion: the name
<quote>Nobody</quote> would have to be represented by a Lojban name, which would spoil the perfection of the wordplay. As a matter of fact, this is the desired result: a logical language should not allow two conversationalists to affirm
<quote>Nobody walks slower than the Messenger</quote> and
<quote>Nobody walks faster than the Messenger</quote> and both be telling the truth. (Unless, of course, nobody but the Messenger walks at all, or everyone walks at exactly the same speed.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logic</primary><secondary>resolving ambiguities of "nobody"</secondary></indexterm> This chapter will explore the Lojban mechanisms that allow the correct and consistent construction of sentences like those in the dialogue. There are no new grammatical constructs explained in this chapter; instead, it discusses the way in which existing facilities that allow Lojban-speakers to resolve problems like the above, using the concepts of modern logic. However, we will not approach the matter from the viewpoint of logicians, although readers who know something of logic will discover familiar notions in Lojban guise.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logic</primary><secondary>limits of</secondary></indexterm> Although Lojban is called a logical language, not every feature of it is
<quote>logical</quote>. In particular, the use of
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is incompatible with logical reasoning based on the description selbri, because that selbri may not truthfully apply: you cannot conclude from my statement that</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> is incompatible with logical reasoning based on the description selbri, because that selbri may not truthfully apply: you cannot conclude from my statement that</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4J5Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>I see the-one-I-refer-to-as-the man.</gloss>
<en>I see the man/men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -100,22 +100,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b9pV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[zo'e] viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>Something-unspecified sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>unspecified definite with "zo'e"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as a translation for "something"</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, even
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> itself can be omitted in this case, as explained in
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, even
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> itself can be omitted in this case, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-zohe-cohe-series"/>) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-b9pV"/> means
<quote><quote>You-know-what</quote> sees me.</quote></para>
<para>However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/> is just as likely to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translation is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jjLd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -124,45 +124,45 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with da</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da</primary><secondary>contrasted with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>existential claims</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da</primary><secondary>as a translation for "something"</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/> does not presuppose that the listener knows who sees the speaker, but simply tells the listener that there is someone who sees the speaker. Statements of this kind are called
<quote>existential claims</quote>. (Formally, the one doing the seeing is not restricted to being a person; it could be an animal or – in principle – an inanimate object. We will see in
<xref linkend="section-restricted-claims"/> how to represent such restrictions.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>notation convention</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>variables</primary><secondary>logical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>explanation</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/> has a two-part structure: there is the part
- <jbophrase>da zo'u</jbophrase>, called the prenex, and the part
- <jbophrase>da viska mi</jbophrase>, the main bridi. Almost any Lojban bridi can be preceded by a prenex, which syntactically is any number of sumti followed by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZOhU). For the moment, the sumti will consist of one or more of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> (of selma'o KOhA), glossed in the literal translations as
+ <oldjbophrase>da zo'u</oldjbophrase>, called the prenex, and the part
+ <oldjbophrase>da viska mi</oldjbophrase>, the main bridi. Almost any Lojban bridi can be preceded by a prenex, which syntactically is any number of sumti followed by the cmavo
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi> (of selma'o ZOhU). For the moment, the sumti will consist of one or more of the cmavo
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>di</valsi> (of selma'o KOhA), glossed in the literal translations as
<quote>X</quote>,
<quote>Y</quote>, and
<quote>Z</quote> respectively. By analogy to the terminology of symbolic logic, these cmavo are called
<quote>variables</quote>.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a prenex with two variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t4qI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X there-is-a-Y such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>Somebody loves somebody.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves somebody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of using multiple different</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>somebody</primary><secondary>contrasted with somebody else</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/>, the literal interpretation of the two variables
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase> as
+ <valsi>da</valsi> and
+ <valsi>de</valsi> as
<quote>there-is-an-X</quote> and
<quote>there-is-a-Y</quote> tells us that there are two things which stand in the relationship that one loves the other. It might be the case that the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself; nothing in the Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/> rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say
<quote>Somebody loves somebody else.</quote> The things referred to by different variables may be different or the same. (We use
<quote>somebody</quote> here rather than
<quote>something</quote> for naturalness; lovers and beloveds are usually persons, though the Lojban does not say so.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with multiple appearances in bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly all right for the variables to appear more than once in the main bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wBYE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d5"/>
@@ -170,23 +170,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da prami da</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such that X loves X</gloss>
<en>Somebody loves himself/herself.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami de</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami da</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami da</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami de</secondary></indexterm> What
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wBYE"/> claims is fundamentally different from what
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/> claims, because
- <jbophrase>da prami da</jbophrase> is not structurally the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>da prami da</oldjbophrase> is not structurally the same as
- <jbophrase>da prami de</jbophrase>. However,</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>da prami de</oldjbophrase>. However,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3QV5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>de zo'u de prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Y such that Y loves Y</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of global substitution</secondary></indexterm> means exactly the same thing as
@@ -196,21 +196,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u le da gerku cu viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that the of-X dog sees me</gloss>
<en>Somebody's dog sees me</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody's dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is perfectly correct even though the
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is used only in a possessive construction. (Possessives are explained in
+ <valsi>da</valsi> is used only in a possessive construction. (Possessives are explained in
<xref linkend="section-possessive-sumti"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>when not in main bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is very peculiar, however, even if technically grammatical, for the variable not to appear in the main bridi at all:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mE4m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u la ralf. gerku</jbo>
<en>There is something such that Ralph is a dog.</en>
@@ -237,49 +237,49 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nraD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X : X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>everything</primary><secondary>expressing with "ro da"</secondary></indexterm> When the variable cmavo
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is preceded by
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>, the combination means
+ <valsi>da</valsi> is preceded by
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>, the combination means
<quote>For every X</quote> rather than
<quote>There is an X</quote>. Superficially, these English formulations look totally unrelated:
<xref linkend="section-quantified-variables"/> will bring them within a common viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of
- <jbophrase>ro da</jbophrase> for
+ <oldjbophrase>ro da</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>everything</quote> on faith.</para>
<para>Here is a universal claim with two variables:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything loves everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jSrU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da ro de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, for-every Y : X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>Everything loves everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, X and Y can represent the same thing, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jSrU"/> does not mean
<quote>Everything loves everything else.</quote> Furthermore, because the claim is universal, it is about every thing, not merely every person, so we cannot use
<quote>everyone</quote> or
<quote>everybody</quote> in the translation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal</primary><secondary>mixed claim with existential</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>existential</primary><secondary>mixed claim with universal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mixed claim</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Note that
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> appears before both
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>. If
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> is omitted before either variable, we get a mixed claim, partly existential like those of
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> appears before both
+ <valsi>da</valsi> and
+ <valsi>de</valsi>. If
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> is omitted before either variable, we get a mixed claim, partly existential like those of
<xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>, partly universal.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHKm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da de zo'u da viska de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, there-is-a-Y : X sees Y.</gloss>
<en>Everything sees something.</en>
@@ -302,37 +302,37 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/>, on the other hand, says that there is a particular thing which can see everything that there is (including itself). Both of these are fairly silly, but they are different kinds of silliness.</para>
<para>There are various possible translations of universal claims in English: sometimes we use
<quote>anybody/anything</quote> rather than
<quote>everybody/everything</quote>. Often it makes no difference which of these is used: when it does make a difference, it is a rather subtle one which is explained in
<xref linkend="section-any"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-restricted-claims">
<title>Restricted claims:
- <jbophrase>da poi</jbophrase></title>
+ <oldjbophrase>da poi</oldjbophrase></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>restricted claims</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>restricting</secondary></indexterm> The universal claims of
<xref linkend="section-universal-claims"/> are not only false but absurd: there is really very little to be said that is both true and non-trivial about every object whatsoever. Furthermore, we have been glossing over the distinction between
<quote>everything</quote> and
<quote>everybody</quote> and the other pairs ending in
<quote>-thing</quote> and
<quote>-body</quote>. It is time to bring up the most useful feature of Lojban variables: the ability to restrict their ranges.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da poi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>poi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>existential claims</primary><secondary>restricting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use in restricting existential claims</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, a variable
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> may be followed by a
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> relative clause in order to restrict the range of things that the variable describes. Relative clauses are described in detail in
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>di</valsi> may be followed by a
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> relative clause in order to restrict the range of things that the variable describes. Relative clauses are described in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>, but the kind we will need at present consist of
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> followed by a bridi (often just a selbri) terminated with
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> (which can usually be elided). Consider the difference between</para>
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> followed by a bridi (often just a selbri) terminated with
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> or
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> (which can usually be elided). Consider the difference between</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NPX7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da viska la djim.</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X : X sees Jim.</gloss>
<en>Something sees Jim.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -342,25 +342,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da poi prenu zo'u da viska la djim.</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X which is-a-person : X sees Jim.</gloss>
<en>Someone sees Jim.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>contrasted with someone</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-NPX7"/>, the variable
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> can refer to any object whatever; there are no restrictions on it. In
+ <valsi>da</valsi> can refer to any object whatever; there are no restrictions on it. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I8AF"/>,
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is restricted by the
- <jbophrase>poi prenu</jbophrase> relative clause to persons only, and so
- <jbophrase>da poi prenu</jbophrase> translates as
+ <valsi>da</valsi> is restricted by the
+ <oldjbophrase>poi prenu</oldjbophrase> relative clause to persons only, and so
+ <oldjbophrase>da poi prenu</oldjbophrase> translates as
<quote>someone.</quote> (The difference between
<quote>someone</quote> and
<quote>somebody</quote> is a matter of English style, with no real counterpart in Lojban.) If
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I8AF"/> is true, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-NPX7"/> must be true, but not necessarily vice versa.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>restricting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use in restricting universal claims</secondary></indexterm> Universal claims benefit even more from the existence of relative clauses. Consider</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DFen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d3"/>
</title>
@@ -405,22 +405,22 @@
<jbo>da poi gerku zo'u da vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X which is-a-dog : X breathes.</gloss>
<en>Some dog breathes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-prenex-elision">
<title>Dropping the prenex</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>considerations for dropping</secondary></indexterm> It isn't really necessary for every Lojban bridi involving variables to have a prenex on the front. In fact, none of the examples we've seen so far required prenexes at all! The rule for dropping the prenex is simple: if the variables appear in the same order within the bridi as they did in the prenex, then the prenex is superfluous. However, any
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> appearing in the prenex must be transferred to the first occurrence of the variable in the main part of the bridi. Thus,
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> or
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> appearing in the prenex must be transferred to the first occurrence of the variable in the main part of the bridi. Thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/> becomes just:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9zAo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X-which sees me.</gloss>
<en>Something sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -445,30 +445,30 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi prenu ku'o de poi gerku ku'o zo'u de batci da</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X which is-a-person, there-is-a-Y which is-a-dog: Y bites X.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The prenex of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Cfnb"/> is like that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKm"/> (but with relative clauses): it notes that the following bridi is true of every person with respect to some dog, not necessarily the same dog for each. But in the main bridi part, the
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase> appears before the
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>. Therefore, the true translation is</para>
+ <valsi>de</valsi> appears before the
+ <valsi>da</valsi>. Therefore, the true translation is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KLAr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d4"/>
</title>
<para>Every person is bitten by some dog (or other).</para>
</example>
<para>If we tried to omit the prenex and move the
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> and the relative clauses into the main bridi, we would get:</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> and the relative clauses into the main bridi, we would get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-c9bq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>de poi gerku cu batci ro da poi prenu</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Y which is-a-dog which-bites every X which is-a-person</gloss>
<en>Some dog bites everyone.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -489,93 +489,93 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y90e">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi prenu cu se batci de poi gerku</jbo>
<gloss>Every-X which is-a-person is-bitten-by some-Y which is-a-dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>using the conversion operator
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> (explained in
+ <valsi>se</valsi> (explained in
<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>) to change the selbri
- <jbophrase>batci</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>batci</valsi> (
<quote>bites</quote>) into
- <jbophrase>se batci</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>se batci</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>is bitten by</quote>). The translation given in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KLAr"/> uses the corresponding strategy in English, since English does not have prenexes (except in strained
<quote>logician's English</quote>). This implies that a sentence with both a universal and an existential variable can't be freely converted with
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>; one must be careful to preserve the order of the variables.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi>; one must be careful to preserve the order of the variables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>poi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>poi</primary><secondary>dropping from multiple appearances on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ro</primary><secondary>dropping from multiple appearances on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with poi</secondary><tertiary>in multiple appearances</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with ro</secondary><tertiary>in multiple appearances</tertiary></indexterm> If a variable occurs more than once, then any
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> decorations are moved only to the first occurrence of the variable when the prenex is dropped. For example,</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> or
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> decorations are moved only to the first occurrence of the variable when the prenex is dropped. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4nqt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>di poi prenu zo'u ti xarci di di</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Z which is-a-person : this-thing is-a-weapon for-use-against-Z by-Z</gloss>
<en>This is a weapon for someone to use against himself/herself.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>weapon against self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (in which
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> is used rather than
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> just for variety) loses its prenex as follows:</para>
+ <valsi>di</valsi> is used rather than
+ <valsi>da</valsi> just for variety) loses its prenex as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CseH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xarci di poi prenu ku'o di</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing is-a-weapon-for-use-against some-Z which is-a-person by-Z.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>dropping for terseness</secondary></indexterm> As the examples in this section show, dropping the prenex makes for terseness of expression often even greater than that of English (Lojban is meant to be an unambiguous language, not necessarily a terse or verbose one), provided the rules are observed.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quantified-variables">
<title>Variables with generalized quantifiers</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifiers</primary><secondary>with logical variables</secondary></indexterm> So far, we have seen variables with either nothing in front, or with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> in front. Now
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> is a Lojban number, and means
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> in front. Now
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> is a Lojban number, and means
<quote>all</quote>; thus
- <jbophrase>ro prenu</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>all persons</quote>, just as
- <jbophrase>re prenu</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>re prenu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>two persons</quote>. In fact, unadorned
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is also taken to have an implicit number in front of it, namely
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, which means
+ <valsi>da</valsi> is also taken to have an implicit number in front of it, namely
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>, which means
<quote>at least one</quote>. Why is this? Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/> again, this time with an explicit
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>expressing using "su'o"</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TI8K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one X : X sees me.</gloss>
<en>Something sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>From this version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/>, we understand the speaker's claim to be that of all the things that there are, at least one of them sees him or her. The corresponding universal claim,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nraD"/>, says that of all the things that exist, every one of them can see the speaker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> Any other number can be used instead of
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> to precede a variable. Then we get claims like:</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> or
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> to precede a variable. Then we get claims like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3C69">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-two-Xes : X sees me.</gloss>
<en>Two things see me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -584,25 +584,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mSzo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ore da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-two Xes : X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which would be false if nothing, or only one thing, saw the speaker, but not otherwise. We note the
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> here meaning
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> here meaning
<quote>at least</quote>;
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> by itself is short for
- <jbophrase>su'opa</jbophrase> where
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> by itself is short for
+ <oldjbophrase>su'opa</oldjbophrase> where
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> means
<quote>one</quote>, as is explained in
<xref linkend="section-approximation"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>removing when numeric quantifiers present</secondary></indexterm> The prenex may be removed from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3C69"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mSzo"/> as from the others, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2r5v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -616,36 +616,36 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ore da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>At-least-two Xes see me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively, subject to the rules prescribed in
<xref linkend="section-prenex-elision"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all persons</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>restricted variable</primary><secondary>compared with indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>compared with restricted variable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Now we can explain the constructions
- <jbophrase>ro prenu</jbophrase> for
+ <oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>all persons</quote> and
- <jbophrase>re prenu</jbophrase> for
+ <oldjbophrase>re prenu</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>two persons</quote> which were casually mentioned at the beginning of this Section. In fact,
- <jbophrase>ro prenu</jbophrase>, a so-called
+ <oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase>, a so-called
<quote>indefinite description</quote>, is shorthand for
- <jbophrase>ro DA poi prenu</jbophrase>, where
+ <oldjbophrase>ro DA poi prenu</oldjbophrase>, where
<quote>DA</quote> represents a fictitious variable that hasn't been used yet and will not be used in future. (Even if all three of
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> have been used up, it does not matter, for there are ways of getting more variables, discussed in
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>di</valsi> have been used up, it does not matter, for there are ways of getting more variables, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-notes-on-variables"/>.) So in fact</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Kr4S">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re prenu cu viska mi</jbo>
<en>Two persons see me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -667,23 +667,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re da poi prenu zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-two Xes which are-persons : X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>order of variables</primary><secondary>in moving to prenex</secondary></indexterm> Note that when we move more than one variable to the prenex (along with its attached relative clause), we must make sure that the variables are in the same order in the prenex as in the bridi proper.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quantifier-grouping">
<title>Grouping of quantifiers</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distribution of quantified sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Let us consider a sentence containing two quantifier expressions neither of which is
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (remembering that
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> is implicit where no explicit quantifier is given):</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> or
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (remembering that
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> is implicit where no explicit quantifier is given):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uovr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku cu batci re nanmu</jbo>
<en>Three dogs bite two men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dogs bite</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three dogs bite two men</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The question raised by
@@ -693,22 +693,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-neNT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi gerku cu batci re de poi nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xes which are-dogs bite two Ys which are-men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that we need separate variables
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, because of the rule that says each indefinite description gets a variable never used before or since.)</para>
+ <valsi>da</valsi> and
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, because of the rule that says each indefinite description gets a variable never used before or since.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Iuj2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi gerku ku'o re de poi nanmu zo'u da batci de</jbo>
<gloss>For-three Xes which are-dogs, for-two Ys which are-men : X bites Y.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -721,60 +721,60 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re de poi nanmu ku'o ci da poi gerku zo'u da batci de</jbo>
<gloss>For-two Ys which are-men, for-three Xes which are-dogs, X bites Y</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>for although we have now limited the number of men to exactly two, we end up with an indeterminate number of dogs, from three to six. The distinction is called a
<quote>scope distinction</quote>: in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-neNT"/>,
- <jbophrase>ci gerku</jbophrase> is said to have wider scope than
- <jbophrase>re nanmu</jbophrase>, and therefore precedes it in the prenex. In
+ <oldjbophrase>ci gerku</oldjbophrase> is said to have wider scope than
+ <oldjbophrase>re nanmu</oldjbophrase>, and therefore precedes it in the prenex. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4Qxe"/> the reverse is true.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NUhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termset</primary><secondary>effect on scope of multiple indefinite sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti scope</primary><secondary>in termset</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>expressing with equal scope</secondary></indexterm> The solution is to use a termset, which is a group of terms either joined by
- <jbophrase>ce'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o CEhE) between each term, or else surrounded by
- <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o NUhI) on the front and
- <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o NUhU) on the rear. Terms (which are either sumti or sumti prefixed by tense or modal tags) that are grouped into a termset are understood to have equal scope:</para>
+ <valsi>ce'e</valsi> (of selma'o CEhE) between each term, or else surrounded by
+ <valsi>nu'i</valsi> (of selma'o NUhI) on the front and
+ <valsi>nu'u</valsi> (of selma'o NUhU) on the rear. Terms (which are either sumti or sumti prefixed by tense or modal tags) that are grouped into a termset are understood to have equal scope:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JbVH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku ce'e re nanmu cu batci</jbo>
<jbo>nu'i ci gerku re nanmu [nu'u] cu batci</jbo>
<gloss>Three dogs [plus] two men, bite.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which picks out two groups, one of three dogs and the other of two men, and says that every one of the dogs bites each of the men. The second Lojban version uses forethought; note that
- <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> is an elidable terminator, and in this case can be freely elided.</para>
+ <valsi>nu'u</valsi> is an elidable terminator, and in this case can be freely elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ro</primary><secondary>effect of order when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>compared to sumti with lo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with lo</primary><secondary>compared to indefinite sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified sumti</primary><secondary>different types contrasted for scope for distribution</secondary></indexterm> What about descriptors, like
- <jbophrase>ci lo gerku</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>re le ci mlatu</jbophrase>? They too can be grouped in termsets, but usually need not be, except for the
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> case which functions like the case without a descriptor. Unless an actual quantifier precedes it,
- <jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> means
- <jbophrase>ro le nanmu</jbophrase>, as is explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>ci lo gerku</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>le nanmu</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>re le ci mlatu</oldjbophrase>? They too can be grouped in termsets, but usually need not be, except for the
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> case which functions like the case without a descriptor. Unless an actual quantifier precedes it,
+ <oldjbophrase>le nanmu</oldjbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>ro le nanmu</oldjbophrase>, as is explained in
<xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Two sumti with
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> quantifiers are independent of order, so:</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> quantifiers are independent of order, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MADY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ro] le ci gerku cu batci [ro] le re nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>[All of] the three dogs bite [all of] the two men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that each of the dogs specified bites each of the men specified, for six acts of biting altogether. However, if there is an explicit quantifier before
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> other than
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>, the problems of this section reappear.</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> other than
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>, the problems of this section reappear.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-any">
<title>The problem of
<quote>any</quote></title>
<para>Consider the English sentence</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>anyone who goes</primary><secondary>walks</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as a translation problem</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-R4mX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d1"/>
</title>
@@ -788,22 +788,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="iffy">ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi</jbo>
<gloss>All X such-that-it goes-to the store walks-on the field.</gloss>
<en>Everyone who goes to the store walks across the field.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>everyone</primary><secondary>contrasted with anyone in assumption of existence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anyone</primary><secondary>contrasted with everyone in assumption of existence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as a restricted universal claim</secondary></indexterm> But there is a subtle difference between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Kn8"/>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Kn8"/> tells us that, in fact, there are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the field. A sumti of the type
- <jbophrase>ro da poi klama</jbophrase> requires that there are things which
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>: Lojban universal claims always imply the corresponding existential claims as well.
+ <oldjbophrase>ro da poi klama</oldjbophrase> requires that there are things which
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>: Lojban universal claims always imply the corresponding existential claims as well.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX"/>, on the other hand, does not require that there are any people who go to the store: it simply states, conditionally, that if there is anyone who goes to the store, he or she walks across the field as well. This conditional form mirrors the true Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BwU7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d3"/>
@@ -841,21 +841,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fAo5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu da</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this : I need X.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What to do? Well, the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>nitcu</jbophrase> can be filled with an event as well as an object, and in fact
+ <valsi>nitcu</valsi> can be filled with an event as well as an object, and in fact
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KHya"/> can also be paraphrased as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e7ta">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nitcu lo nu mi ponse lo tanxe poi bramau ti</jbo>
<gloss>I need an event-of I possess some box(es) which-are bigger-than this-one.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -877,21 +877,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu le nu mi ponse da</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one such-that : I need the event-of my possessing X.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>existential variable</primary><secondary>in main bridi contrasted with in abstraction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>existential variable</primary><secondary>in abstraction contrasted with in main bridi</secondary></indexterm> But what are the implications of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e7ta"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7KKM"/>? The main difference is that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7KKM"/>, the
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is said to exist in the real world of the outer bridi; but in
+ <valsi>da</valsi> is said to exist in the real world of the outer bridi; but in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e7ta"/>, the existence is only within the inner bridi, which is a mere event that need not necessarily come to pass. So
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7KKM"/> means</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-xC32">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d10"/>
</title>
<para>There's a box, bigger than this one, that I need</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>expressing as existential by variable in subordinate bridi</secondary></indexterm> which is what
@@ -904,61 +904,61 @@
<title>Negation boundaries</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"there is a Y"</primary><secondary>expression</secondary><tertiary>notation convention</tertiary></indexterm> This section, as well as
<xref linkend="section-connectives"/> through
<xref linkend="section-demorgans-law"/>, are in effect a continuation of
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>, introducing features of Lojban negation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the examples below,
<quote>there is a Y</quote> and the like must be understood as
<quote>there is at least one Y, possibly more</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>two forms of</secondary></indexterm> As explained in
<xref linkend="section-bridi-negation"/>, the negation of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> at the beginning of the selbri:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> at the beginning of the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hBRH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] go-to the store.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that I go to the store.</gloss>
<en>I don't go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> The other form of bridi negation is expressed by using the compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> in the prenex, which is identified and compounded by the lexer before looking at the sentence grammar. In Lojban grammar,
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> is then treated like a sumti. In a prenex,
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> means precisely the same thing as the logician's
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> in the prenex, which is identified and compounded by the lexer before looking at the sentence grammar. In Lojban grammar,
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> is then treated like a sumti. In a prenex,
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> means precisely the same thing as the logician's
<quote>it is not the case that</quote> in a similar English context. (Outside of a prenex,
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> is also grammatically treated as a single entity – the equivalent of a sumti – but does not have this exact meaning; we'll discuss these other situations in
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> is also grammatically treated as a single entity – the equivalent of a sumti – but does not have this exact meaning; we'll discuss these other situations in
<xref linkend="section-na-outside-prenex"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>external bridi negation</primary><secondary>compared to internal bridi negation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary><secondary>compared to external bridi negation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>external bridi negation</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>na before selbri compared to naku in prenex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>naku in prenex compared to na before selbri</secondary></indexterm> To represent a bridi negation using a prenex, remove the
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> from before the selbri and place
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> at the left end of the prenex. This form is called
+ <valsi>na</valsi> from before the selbri and place
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> at the left end of the prenex. This form is called
<quote>external bridi negation</quote>, as opposed to
<quote>internal bridi negation</quote> using
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>. The prenex version of
+ <valsi>na</valsi>. The prenex version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hBRH"/> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IH8J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that: John comes.</gloss>
<en>It is false that: John comes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation in prenex</primary><secondary>effects of position</secondary></indexterm> However,
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> can appear at other points in the prenex as well. Compare</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> can appear at other points in the prenex as well. Compare</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cy6j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku de zo'u de zutse</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that: for some Y, Y sits.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that: for at least one Y, Y sits.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that something sits.</gloss>
<en>Nothing sits.</en>
@@ -1023,22 +1023,22 @@
<gloss>It is false that: there is a Y such that for each X, X loves Y.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that: there is at least one thing that is loved by everybody.</gloss>
<en>There isn't any one thing that everybody loves.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the negation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Tj99"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inversion of quantifiers</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inversion of quantifiers</primary><secondary>in moving negation boundary</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation boundary</primary><secondary>effect of moving</secondary></indexterm> The rules of formal logic require that, to move a negation boundary within a prenex, you must
<quote>invert any quantifier</quote> that the negation boundary passes across. Inverting a quantifier means that any
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all) is changed to
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one) and vice versa. Thus,
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (all) is changed to
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (at least one) and vice versa. Thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1LqV"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-u1jY"/> can be restated as, respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cJLQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda naku su'ode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For some X, it is false that: there is a Y such that: X loves Y.</gloss>
@@ -1075,23 +1075,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>rode su'oda naku zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For every Y, there is an X, such that it is false that: X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>For each thing there is someone who doesn't love it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inversion of quantifiers on passing negation boundary</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> Investigation will show that, indeed, each transformation preserves the meanings of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1LqV"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-u1jY"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation boundary</primary><secondary>and zero</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zero</primary><secondary>relation to negation boundary</secondary></indexterm> The quantifier
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <valsi>no</valsi> (meaning
<quote>zero of</quote>) also involves a negation boundary. To transform a bridi containing a variable quantified with
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase>, we must first expand it. Consider</para>
+ <valsi>no</valsi>, we must first expand it. Consider</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qCph">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>noda rode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There is no X, for every Y, such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>Nobody loves everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1103,26 +1103,26 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku noda rode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>It is false that: there is no X that, for every Y, X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>It is false that there is nobody who loves everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku su'oda</primary><secondary>as expansion of noda</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>noda</primary><secondary>expanding to naku su'oda</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"no" quantifier</primary><secondary>expanding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>expanding "no" quantifier</primary></indexterm> We can simplify
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fpeW"/> by transforming the prenex. To move the negation phrase within the prenex, we must first expand the
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase> quantifier. Thus
+ <valsi>no</valsi> quantifier. Thus
<quote>for no x</quote> means the same thing as
<quote>it is false for some x</quote>, and the corresponding Lojban
- <jbophrase>noda</jbophrase> can be replaced by
+ <oldjbophrase>noda</oldjbophrase> can be replaced by
- <jbophrase>naku su'oda</jbophrase>. Making this substitution, we get:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku su'oda</oldjbophrase>. Making this substitution, we get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xTie">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku naku su'oda rode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
@@ -1158,77 +1158,77 @@
<para>A logical connective is a cmavo or compound cmavo. In this chapter, we will make use of the logical connectives
<quote>and</quote> and
<quote>or</quote> (where
<quote>or</quote> really means
<quote>and/or</quote>,
<quote>either or both</quote>). The following simplified recipes explain how to make some logical connectives:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>recipes</secondary><tertiary>simplified for logic chapter discussion</tertiary></indexterm> To logically connect two Lojban sumti with
<quote>and</quote>, put them both in the bridi and separate them with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.e</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>e</valsi>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To logically connect two Lojban bridi with
<quote>and</quote>, replace the regular separator cmavo
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> with the compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> with the compound cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To logically connect two Lojban sumti with
<quote>or</quote>, put them both in the bridi and separate them with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.a</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>a</valsi>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To logically connect two Lojban bridi with
<quote>or</quote>, replace the regular separator cmavo
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> with the compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>.ija</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> with the compound cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>.ija</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>More complex logical connectives also exist; in particular, one may place
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before
- <jbophrase>.e</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>.a</jbophrase>, or between
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase>; likewise, one may place
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> at the end of a connective. Both
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> have negative effects on the sumti or bridi being connected. Specifically,
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> negates the first or left-hand sumti or bridi, and
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negates the second or right-hand one.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> before
+ <valsi>e</valsi> or
+ <valsi>a</valsi>, or between
+ <valsi>i</valsi> and
+ <valsi>je</valsi> or
+ <valsi>ja</valsi>; likewise, one may place
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> at the end of a connective. Both
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> have negative effects on the sumti or bridi being connected. Specifically,
+ <valsi>na</valsi> negates the first or left-hand sumti or bridi, and
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> negates the second or right-hand one.</para>
<para>Whenever a logical connective occurs in a sentence, that sentence can be expanded into two sentences by repeating the common terms and joining the sentences by a logical connective beginning with
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Thus the following sentence:</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi>. Thus the following sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jmDS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi .e do klama ti</jbo>
<en>I and you come here.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>can be expanded to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KTQH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama ti .ije do klama ti</jbo>
<en>I come here, and, you come here.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The same type of expansion can be performed for any logical connective, with any valid combination of
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> attached. No change in meaning occurs under such a transformation.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> or
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> attached. No change in meaning occurs under such a transformation.</para>
<para>Clearly, if we know what negation means in the expanded sentence forms, then we know what it means in all of the other forms. But what does negation mean between sentences?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation between sentences</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>compared with negation between sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation between sentences</primary><secondary>compared with bridi negation</secondary></indexterm> The mystery is easily solved. A negation in a logical expression is identical to the corresponding bridi negation, with the negator placed at the beginning of the prenex. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pLiB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi .enai do prami roda</jbo>
<en>I, and not you, love everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1247,65 +1247,65 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JxDJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda zo'u mi prami da .ije naku zo'u do prami da</jbo>
<en>For each thing: I love it, and it is false that you love (the same) it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifier scope</primary><secondary>in multiple connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> By the rules of predicate logic, the
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> quantifier on
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> has scope over both sentences. That is, once you've picked a value for
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> for the first sentence, it stays the same for both sentences. (The
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> continues with the same fixed value until a new paragraph or a new prenex resets the meaning.)</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> quantifier on
+ <valsi>da</valsi> has scope over both sentences. That is, once you've picked a value for
+ <valsi>da</valsi> for the first sentence, it stays the same for both sentences. (The
+ <valsi>da</valsi> continues with the same fixed value until a new paragraph or a new prenex resets the meaning.)</para>
<para>Thus the following example has the indicated translation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yCA1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda zo'u mi prami da .ije naku zo'u do prami da</jbo>
<gloss>For at least one thing: I love that thing. And it is false that: you love that (same) thing.</gloss>
<en>There is something that I love that you don't.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>rules</secondary></indexterm> If you remember only two rules for prenex manipulation of negations, you won't go wrong:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>moving naku past bound variable</secondary></indexterm> Within a prenex, whenever you move
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> past a bound variable (da, de, di, etc.), you must invert the quantifier.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> past a bound variable (da, de, di, etc.), you must invert the quantifier.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>exporting na from left of prenex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>importing na from selbri</secondary></indexterm> A
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before the selbri is always transformed into a
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa.</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi> before the selbri is always transformed into a
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-na-outside-prenex">
<title>Using
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> outside a prenex</title>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> outside a prenex</title>
<para>Let us consider the English sentence</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some do not go to school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hp0j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Some children do not go to school.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We cannot express this directly with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>; the apparently obvious translation</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>; the apparently obvious translation</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6mHh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba na klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<gloss>At-least-one X which-are child(ren) [false] go-to at-least-one Y which-are school(s).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>when converted to the external negation form produces:</para>
@@ -1313,43 +1313,43 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u su'oda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<gloss>It is false that some which are children go-to some which are schools.</gloss>
<en>All children don't go to some school (not just some children).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>contradictory negation</primary><secondary>using naku before selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku</primary><secondary>outside of prenex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>form for emulating natural language negation</secondary></indexterm> Lojban provides a negation form which more closely emulates natural language negation. This involves putting
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> before the selbri, instead of a
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>.
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> is clearly a contradictory negation, given its parallel with prenex bridi negation. Using
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> before the selbri, instead of a
+ <valsi>na</valsi>.
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> is clearly a contradictory negation, given its parallel with prenex bridi negation. Using
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hp0j"/> can be expressed as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nvtf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba naku klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<gloss>Some which-are children don't go-to some which-are schools.</gloss>
<en>Some children don't go to a school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku</primary><secondary>compared with sumti in grammar</secondary></indexterm> Although it is not technically a sumti,
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> can be used in most of the places where a sumti may appear. We'll see what this means in a moment.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> can be used in most of the places where a sumti may appear. We'll see what this means in a moment.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inverting quantifiers</primary><secondary>with movement relative to naku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifiers</primary><secondary>effect of moving naku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku</primary><secondary>effect on moving quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku</primary><secondary>as creating a negation boundary</secondary></indexterm> When you use
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> within a bridi, you are explicitly creating a negation boundary. As explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> within a bridi, you are explicitly creating a negation boundary. As explained in
<xref linkend="section-negation-boundaries"/>, when a prenex negation boundary expressed by
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> moves past a quantifier, the quantifier has to be inverted. The same is true for
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> in the bridi proper. We can move
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> to any place in the sentence where a sumti can go, inverting any quantifiers that the negation boundary crosses. Thus, the following are equivalent to
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> moves past a quantifier, the quantifier has to be inverted. The same is true for
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> in the bridi proper. We can move
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> to any place in the sentence where a sumti can go, inverting any quantifiers that the negation boundary crosses. Thus, the following are equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nvtf"/> (no good English translations exist):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhLG" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba cu klama rode poi ckule naku</jbo>
<en>For some children, for every school, they don't go to it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1366,78 +1366,78 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku roda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<en>It is false that all children go to some school(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhLG"/>, we moved the negation boundary rightward across the quantifier of
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, forcing us to invert it. In
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, forcing us to invert it. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhoH"/> we moved the negation boundary across the quantifier of
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>, forcing us to invert it instead.
+ <valsi>da</valsi>, forcing us to invert it instead.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhnP"/> merely switched the selbri and the negation boundary, with no effect on the quantifiers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inverting quantifiers</primary><secondary>with movement relative to fixed negation</secondary></indexterm> The same rules apply if you rearrange the sentence so that the quantifier crosses an otherwise fixed negation. You can't just convert the selbri of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nvtf"/> and rearrange the sumti to produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rHwu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ode poi ckule ku'o naku se klama roda poi verba</jbo>
<gloss>Some schools aren't gone-to-by every child.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku negation</primary><secondary>rationale for considering an advanced technique</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku negation boundary</primary><secondary>effect on conversion with se</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion with se</primary><secondary>effect of naku negation boundary on</secondary></indexterm> or rather,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rHwu"/> means something completely different from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nvtf"/>. Conversion with
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> under
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> negation is not symmetric; not all sumti are treated identically, and some sumti are not invariant under conversion. Thus, internal negation with
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> is considered an advanced technique, used to achieve stylistic compatibility with natural languages.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> under
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> negation is not symmetric; not all sumti are treated identically, and some sumti are not invariant under conversion. Thus, internal negation with
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> is considered an advanced technique, used to achieve stylistic compatibility with natural languages.</para>
<para>It isn't always easy to see which quantifiers have to be inverted in a sentence.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nvtf"/> is identical in meaning to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-S6y4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o verba naku klama su'o ckule</jbo>
<gloss>Some children don't go-to some school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>as implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> but in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-S6y4"/>, the bound variables
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase> have been hidden.</para>
+ <valsi>da</valsi> and
+ <valsi>de</valsi> have been hidden.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exporting negation to prenex</primary><secondary>"naku" contrasted with internal bridi negation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exporting negation to prenex</primary><secondary>internal bridi negation contrasted with "naku"</secondary></indexterm> It is trivial to export an internal bridi negation expressed with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> to the prenex, as we saw in
+ <valsi>na</valsi> to the prenex, as we saw in
<xref linkend="section-negation-boundaries"/>; you just move it to the left end of the prenex. In comparison, it is non-trivial to export a
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> to the prenex because of the quantifiers. The rules for exporting
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> require that you export all of the quantified variables (implicit or explicit) along with
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase>, and you must export them from left to right, in the same order that they appear in the sentence. Thus
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> to the prenex because of the quantifiers. The rules for exporting
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> require that you export all of the quantified variables (implicit or explicit) along with
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase>, and you must export them from left to right, in the same order that they appear in the sentence. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nvtf"/> goes into prenex form as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3f22">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba ku'o naku su'ode poi ckule zo'u da klama de</jbo>
<gloss>For some X which is a child, it is not the case that there is a Y which is a school such that: X goes to Y.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We can now move the
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> to the left end of the prenex, getting a contradictory negation that can be expressed with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> to the left end of the prenex, getting a contradictory negation that can be expressed with
+ <valsi>na</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gPvc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku roda poi verba su'ode poi ckule zo'u da klama de</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that for all X's which are children, there is a Y which is a school such that: X goes to Y.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1457,105 +1457,105 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro verba cu na klama su'o ckule</jbo>
<gloss>All children [false] go-to some school(s).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sentence with quantified variables</primary><secondary>technique</secondary></indexterm> As noted in
<xref linkend="section-prenex-elision"/>, a sentence with two different quantified variables, such as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-msIC"/>, cannot always be converted with
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> without first exporting the quantified variables. When the variables have been exported, the sentence proper can be converted, but the quantifier order in the prenex must remain unchanged:</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> without first exporting the quantified variables. When the variables have been exported, the sentence proper can be converted, but the quantifier order in the prenex must remain unchanged:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d8h3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda poi verba su'ode poi ckule zo'u de na se klama da</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that for all X's which are children, there is a Y which is a school such that: Y is gone to by X.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple quantification</primary><secondary>effect on selbri placement among sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri placement among sumti</primary><secondary>effect of multiple quantification on</secondary></indexterm> While you can't freely convert with
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> when you have two quantified variables in a sentence, you can still freely move sumti to either side of the selbri, as long as the order isn't changed. If you use
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> negation in such a sentence, nothing special need be done. If you use
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> negation, then quantified variables that cross the negation boundary must be inverted.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> when you have two quantified variables in a sentence, you can still freely move sumti to either side of the selbri, as long as the order isn't changed. If you use
+ <valsi>na</valsi> negation in such a sentence, nothing special need be done. If you use
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> negation, then quantified variables that cross the negation boundary must be inverted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation manipulation</primary><secondary>"na" contrasted with "naku" in difficulty of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation manipulation</primary><secondary>"naku" contrasted with "na" in difficulty of</secondary></indexterm> Clearly, if all of Lojban negation was built on
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> negation instead of
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> negation, logical manipulation in Lojban would be as difficult as in natural languages. In
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> negation instead of
+ <valsi>na</valsi> negation, logical manipulation in Lojban would be as difficult as in natural languages. In
<xref linkend="section-demorgans-law"/>, for example, we'll discuss DeMorgan's Law, which must be used whenever a sumti with a logical connection is moved across a negation boundary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku</primary><secondary>in linked sumti places</secondary></indexterm> Since
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> has the grammar of a sumti, it can be placed almost anywhere a sumti can go, including
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> clauses; it isn't clear what these mean, and we recommend avoiding such constructs.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> has the grammar of a sumti, it can be placed almost anywhere a sumti can go, including
+ <valsi>be</valsi> and
+ <valsi>bei</valsi> clauses; it isn't clear what these mean, and we recommend avoiding such constructs.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double negation</primary><secondary>and naku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku</primary><secondary>multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> You can put multiple
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase>s in a sentence, each forming a separate negation boundary. Two adjacent
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase>s in a bridi are a double negative and cancel out:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase>s in a sentence, each forming a separate negation boundary. Two adjacent
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase>s in a bridi are a double negative and cancel out:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u784">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi naku naku le zarci cu klama</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Other expressions using two
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> s may or may not cancel out. If there is no quantified variable between them, then the
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> s cancel.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> s may or may not cancel out. If there is no quantified variable between them, then the
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> s cancel.</para>
<para>Negation with internal
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> is clumsy and non-intuitive for logical manipulations, but then, so are the natural language features it is emulating.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> is clumsy and non-intuitive for logical manipulations, but then, so are the natural language features it is emulating.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-demorgans-law">
<title>Logical Connectives and DeMorgan's Law</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negations with logical connectives</primary><secondary>effects on expansion of sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives within negation</primary><secondary>effects of expansion on</secondary></indexterm> DeMorgan's Law states that when a logical connective between terms falls within a negation, then expanding the negation requires a change in the connective. Thus (where
<quote>p</quote> and
<quote>q</quote> stand for terms or sentences)
<quote>not (p or q)</quote> is identical to
<quote>not p and not q</quote>, and
<quote>not (p and q)</quote> is identical to
<quote>not p or not q</quote>. The corresponding changes for the other two basic Lojban connectives are:
<quote>not (p equivalent to q)</quote> is identical to
<quote>not p exclusive-or not q</quote>, and
<quote>not (p whether-or-not q)</quote> is identical to both
<quote>not p whether-or-not q</quote> and
<quote>not p whether-or-not not q</quote>. In any Lojban sentence having one of the basic connectives, you can substitute in either direction from these identities. (These basic connectives are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>.)</para>
<para>The effects of DeMorgan's Law on the logical connectives made by modifying the basic connectives with
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> can be derived directly from these rules; modify the basic connective for DeMorgan's Law by substituting from the above identities, and then, apply each
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> modifier of the original connectives. Cancel any double negatives that result.</para>
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>,
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and
+ <valsi>se</valsi> can be derived directly from these rules; modify the basic connective for DeMorgan's Law by substituting from the above identities, and then, apply each
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>,
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and
+ <valsi>se</valsi> modifier of the original connectives. Cancel any double negatives that result.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and moving a logical connective relative to "naku"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and distributing a negation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distributing a negation</primary></indexterm> When do we apply DeMorgan's Law? Whenever we wish to
<quote>distribute</quote> a negation over a logical connective; and, for internal
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> negation, whenever a logical connective moves in to, or out of, the scope of a negation – when it crosses a negation boundary.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> negation, whenever a logical connective moves in to, or out of, the scope of a negation – when it crosses a negation boundary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>sample applications</secondary></indexterm> Let us apply DeMorgan's Law to some sample sentences. These sentences make use of forethought logical connectives, which are explained in
<xref linkend="section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>. It suffices to know that
- <jbophrase>ga</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, used before each of a pair of sumti or bridi, mean
+ <valsi>ga</valsi> and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>, used before each of a pair of sumti or bridi, mean
<quote>either</quote> and
<quote>or</quote> respectively, and that
- <jbophrase>ge</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> used similarly mean
+ <valsi>ge</valsi> and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> used similarly mean
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote>. Furthermore,
- <jbophrase>ga</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ge</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> can all be suffixed with
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to negate the bridi or sumti that follows.</para>
+ <valsi>ga</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ge</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> can all be suffixed with
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> to negate the bridi or sumti that follows.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naku zo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>and negation boundary</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naku zo'u</primary><secondary>and negation boundary</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na</primary><secondary>and negation boundary</secondary></indexterm> We have defined
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>naku zo'u</jbophrase> as, respectively, internal and external bridi negation. These forms being identical, the negation boundary always remains at the left end of the prenex. Thus, exporting or importing negation between external and internal bridi negation forms never requires DeMorgan's Law to be applied.
+ <valsi>na</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>naku zo'u</oldjbophrase> as, respectively, internal and external bridi negation. These forms being identical, the negation boundary always remains at the left end of the prenex. Thus, exporting or importing negation between external and internal bridi negation forms never requires DeMorgan's Law to be applied.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHPi"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHPI"/> are exactly equivalent:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHPi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1579,25 +1579,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KMct">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. la paris. na klama gi la djan. la rom. na klama</jbo>
<gloss>[It is true that] both John, to-Paris, [false] goes, and John, to-Rome, [false] goes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>ga</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>ga</valsi> and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>, meaning
<quote>either-or</quote>, have become
- <jbophrase>ge</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>ge</valsi> and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>, meaning
<quote>both-and</quote>, as a consequence of moving the negators into the individual bridi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and bridi-tail logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tail logical connection</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> Here is another example of DeMorgan's Law in action, involving bridi-tail logical connection (explained in
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHpR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla</jbo>
@@ -1608,26 +1608,26 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djein. le zarci ganai dzukla ginai bajrykla</jbo>
<gloss>Jane to-the market either [false] walks or [false] runs.</gloss>
<gloss>Jane to-the market if walks then ([false] runs).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Placing
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> before the selbri makes sure that it is properly associated with both parts of the logical connection. Otherwise, it is easy to erroneously leave it off one of the two sentences.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> before the selbri makes sure that it is properly associated with both parts of the logical connection. Otherwise, it is easy to erroneously leave it off one of the two sentences.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>transformations with logical connectives</primary><secondary>steps</secondary></indexterm> It is wise, before freely doing transformations such as the one from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHpR"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHQ2"/>, that you become familiar with expanding logical connectives to separate sentences, transforming the sentences, and then recondensing. Thus, you would prove the transformation correct by the following steps. By moving its
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> to the beginning of the prenex as a
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>na</valsi> to the beginning of the prenex as a
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHpR"/> becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-g5PI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djein. le zarci ge dzukla gi bajrykla</jbo>
<gloss>It is false that : Jane to-the market (both walks and runs).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1659,21 +1659,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai la djein. le zarci cu dzukla ginai la djein. le zarci cu bajrykla</jbo>
<gloss>If Jane to-the market walks, then Jane to-the market [false] runs.</gloss>
<en>If Jane walks to the market, then she doesn't run.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which then condenses down to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHQ2"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and internal naku negations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>internal naku negations</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> DeMorgan's Law must also be applied to internal
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> negations:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> negations:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhQP" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga la paris. gi la rom. naku se klama la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>(Either Paris or Rome) is-not gone-to-by John.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhQw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1686,70 +1686,70 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>That
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhQP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhQw"/> mean the same should become evident by studying the English. It is a good exercise to work through the Lojban and prove that they are the same.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-selbri-variables">
<title>selbri variables</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri logical variables</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>for selbri</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the variables
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> that we have seen so far, which function as sumti and belong to selma'o KOhA, there are three corresponding variables
- <jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bu'e</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>di</valsi> that we have seen so far, which function as sumti and belong to selma'o KOhA, there are three corresponding variables
+ <valsi>bu'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bu'e</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>bu'i</jbophrase> which function as selbri and belong to selma'o GOhA. These new variables allow existential or universal claims which are about the relationships between objects rather than the objects themselves. We will start with the usual silly examples; the literal translation will represent
+ <valsi>bu'i</valsi> which function as selbri and belong to selma'o GOhA. These new variables allow existential or universal claims which are about the relationships between objects rather than the objects themselves. We will start with the usual silly examples; the literal translation will represent
- <jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bu'e</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>bu'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bu'e</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>bu'i</jbophrase> with F, G, and H respectively.</para>
+ <valsi>bu'i</valsi> with F, G, and H respectively.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gEWB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationship-F to-John.</gloss>
<en>There's some relationship between Jim and John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some relationship</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri variables</primary><secondary>prenex form as indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> The translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> show how unidiomatic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> need to be totally reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the prenex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>; it is ungrammatical to just say
- <jbophrase>bu'a zo'u</jbophrase>. This rule is necessary because only sumti can appear in the prenex, and
- <jbophrase>su'o bu'a</jbophrase> is technically a sumti – in fact, it is an indefinite description like
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>; it is ungrammatical to just say
+ <oldjbophrase>bu'a zo'u</oldjbophrase>. This rule is necessary because only sumti can appear in the prenex, and
+ <oldjbophrase>su'o bu'a</oldjbophrase> is technically a sumti – in fact, it is an indefinite description like
- <jbophrase>re nanmu</jbophrase>, since
- <jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase> is grammatically equivalent to a brivla like
- <jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase>. However, indefinite descriptions involving the bu'a-series cannot be imported from the prenex.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>re nanmu</oldjbophrase>, since
+ <valsi>bu'a</valsi> is grammatically equivalent to a brivla like
+ <valsi>nanmu</valsi>. However, indefinite descriptions involving the bu'a-series cannot be imported from the prenex.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri variables</primary><secondary>form when not in prenex</secondary></indexterm> When the prenex is omitted, the preceding number has to be omitted too:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XxgT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>Jim stands-in-at-least-one-relationship to-John.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri variables</primary><secondary>quantified</secondary></indexterm> As a result, if the number before the variable is anything but
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, the prenex is required:</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>, the prenex is required:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L068">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>For-every relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationship-F to-John.</gloss>
<en>Every relationship exists between Jim and John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1768,61 +1768,61 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi mlatu cu blabi .ije re da cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xs which-are cats are white, and two Xs are big.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP"/> mean? The appearance of
- <jbophrase>ci da</jbophrase> quantifies
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> as referring to three things, which are restricted by the relative clause to be cats. When
- <jbophrase>re da</jbophrase> appears later, it refers to two of those three things – there is no saying which ones. Further uses of
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> alone, if there were any, would refer once more to the three cats, so the requantification of
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is purely local.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ci da</oldjbophrase> quantifies
+ <valsi>da</valsi> as referring to three things, which are restricted by the relative clause to be cats. When
+ <oldjbophrase>re da</oldjbophrase> appears later, it refers to two of those three things – there is no saying which ones. Further uses of
+ <valsi>da</valsi> alone, if there were any, would refer once more to the three cats, so the requantification of
+ <valsi>da</valsi> is purely local.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>in abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>in embedded bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>informal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>for sentences joined by .i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>for sentences joined by ijeks</secondary></indexterm> In general, the scope of a prenex that precedes a sentence extends to following sentences that are joined by ijeks (explained in
<xref linkend="section-bridi-connection"/>) such as the
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP"/>. Theoretically, a bare
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> terminates the scope of the prenex. Informally, however, variables may persist for a while even after an
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, as if it were an
- <jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>. Prenexes that precede embedded bridi such as relative clauses and abstractions extend only to the end of the clause, as explained in
+ <valsi>i</valsi> terminates the scope of the prenex. Informally, however, variables may persist for a while even after an
+ <valsi>i</valsi>, as if it were an
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije</oldjbophrase>. Prenexes that precede embedded bridi such as relative clauses and abstractions extend only to the end of the clause, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-any"/>. A prenex preceding
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> long-scope brackets persists until the
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase>, which may be many sentences or even paragraphs later.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> long-scope brackets persists until the
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi>, which may be many sentences or even paragraphs later.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>use with logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>creating more by subscripting</secondary></indexterm> If the variables
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase> (or the selbri variables
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>di</valsi> (or the selbri variables
- <jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bu'e</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>bu'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bu'e</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>bu'i</jbophrase>) are insufficient in number for handling a particular problem, the Lojban approach is to add a subscript to any of them. Each possible different combination of a subscript and a variable cmavo counts as a distinct variable in Lojban. Subscripts are explained in full in
+ <valsi>bu'i</valsi>) are insufficient in number for handling a particular problem, the Lojban approach is to add a subscript to any of them. Each possible different combination of a subscript and a variable cmavo counts as a distinct variable in Lojban. Subscripts are explained in full in
<xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>, but in general consist of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI) followed by a number, one or more lerfu words forming a single string, or a general mathematical expression enclosed in parentheses.</para>
+ <valsi>xi</valsi> (of selma'o XI) followed by a number, one or more lerfu words forming a single string, or a general mathematical expression enclosed in parentheses.</para>
<para>A quantifier can be prefixed to a variable that has already been bound either in a prenex or earlier in the bridi, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6gyb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi prenu cu se ralju pa da</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xs which are-persons are-led-by one-of X</gloss>
<en>Three people are led by one of them.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>pa da</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>pa da</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6gyb"/> does not specify the number of things to which
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> refers, as the preceding
- <jbophrase>ci da</jbophrase> does. Instead, it selects one of them for use in this sumti only. The number of referents of
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase> remains three, but a single one (there is no way of knowing which one) is selected to be the leader.</para>
+ <valsi>da</valsi> refers, as the preceding
+ <oldjbophrase>ci da</oldjbophrase> does. Instead, it selects one of them for use in this sumti only. The number of referents of
+ <valsi>da</valsi> remains three, but a single one (there is no way of knowing which one) is selected to be the leader.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-logic-conclusion">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logic and Lojban</primary><secondary>more aspects</secondary></indexterm> This chapter is incomplete. There are many more aspects of logic that I neither fully understand nor feel competent to explain, neither in abstract nor in their Lojban realization. Lojban was designed to be a language that makes predicate logic speakable, and achieving that goal completely will need to wait for someone who understands both logic and Lojban better than I do. I can only hope to have pointed out the areas that are well-understood (and by implication, those that are not).</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 2edf2a3..42feba9 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -12,158 +12,158 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>There are fourteen occurrences of the letteral
<quote>e</quote> in this sentence.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fourteen "e"s</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> (Don't forget the one within quotation marks.) Using the word
<quote>letteral</quote> avoids confusion with
<quote>letter</quote>, the kind you write to someone. Not surprisingly, there is a Lojban gismu for
<quote>letteral</quote>, namely
- <jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase>, and this word will be used in the rest of this chapter.</para>
+ <valsi>lerfu</valsi>, and this word will be used in the rest of this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabet</primary><secondary>Latin used for Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Latin</primary><secondary>alphabet of Lojban</secondary></indexterm> Lojban uses the Latin alphabet, just as English does, right? Then why is there a need for a chapter like this? After all, everyone who can read it already knows the alphabet. The answer is twofold:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabet</primary><secondary>words for letters in</secondary><tertiary>rationale</tertiary></indexterm> First, in English there are a set of words that correspond to and represent the English lerfu. These words are rarely written down in English and have no standard spellings, but if you pronounce the English alphabet to yourself you will hear them: ay, bee, cee, dee ... . They are used in spelling out words and in pronouncing most acronyms. The Lojban equivalents of these words are standardized and must be documented somehow.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabets</primary><secondary>words for non-Lojban letters</secondary><tertiary>rationale</tertiary></indexterm> Second, English has names only for the lerfu used in writing English. (There are also English names for Greek and Hebrew lerfu: English-speakers usually refer to the Greek lerfu conventionally spelled
<quote>phi</quote> as
<quote>fye</quote>, whereas
<quote>fee</quote> would more nearly represent the name used by Greek-speakers. Still, not all English-speakers know these English names.) Lojban, in order to be culturally neutral, needs a more comprehensive system that can handle, at least potentially, all of the world's alphabets and other writing systems.</para>
<para>Letterals have several uses in Lojban: in forming acronyms and abbreviations, as mathematical symbols, and as pro-sumti – the equivalent of English pronouns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter</primary><secondary>contrasted with word for the letter</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word</primary><secondary>contrasted with lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>contrasted with lerfu word</secondary></indexterm> In earlier writings about Lojban, there has been a tendency to use the word
- <jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase> for both the letterals themselves and for the Lojban words which represent them. In this chapter, that tendency will be ruthlessly suppressed, and the term
+ <valsi>lerfu</valsi> for both the letterals themselves and for the Lojban words which represent them. In this chapter, that tendency will be ruthlessly suppressed, and the term
<quote>lerfu word</quote> will invariably be used for the latter. The Lojban equivalent would be
- <jbophrase>lerfu valsi</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>lervla</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lerfu valsi</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>lervla</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lerfu-liste">
<title>A to Z in Lojban, plus one</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>Lojban coverage requirement</secondary></indexterm> The first requirement of a system of lerfu words for any language is that they must represent the lerfu used to write the language. The lerfu words for English are a motley crew: the relationship between
<quote>doubleyou</quote> and
<quote>w</quote> is strictly historical in nature;
<quote>aitch</quote> represents
<quote>h</quote> but has no clear relationship to it at all; and
<quote>z</quote> has two distinct lerfu words,
<quote>zee</quote> and
<quote>zed</quote>, depending on the dialect of English in question.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word</primary><secondary>for "'"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>for consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>for vowels</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>formation rules</secondary></indexterm> All of Lojban's basic lerfu words are made by one of three rules:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>to get a lerfu word for a vowel, add
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>to get a lerfu word for a consonant, add
<letteral>y</letteral>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the lerfu word for
<letteral>'</letteral> is
- <jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.y'y</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>table of Lojban</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the following table represents the basic Lojban alphabet:</para>
<!-- FIXME: should this list be displayed more like this:
' a b c d e
.y'y. .abu by. cy. dy. .ebu
f g i j k l
fy. gy. .ibu jy. ky. ly.
m n o p r s
my. ny. .obu py. ry. sy.
t u v x y z
ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
-->
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>'</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>'</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.y'y.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>a</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>a</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>b</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>by.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>b</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>by.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>c</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>cy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>c</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>cy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>d</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>dy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>d</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>dy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>e</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>e</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.ebu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>f</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>f</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>fy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>g</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>g</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>gy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>i</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>i</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.ibu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>j</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>jy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>j</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>jy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>k</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ky.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>k</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>ky.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>l</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ly.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>l</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>ly.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>m</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>my.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>m</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>my.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>n</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ny.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>n</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>ny.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>o</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>o</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.obu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>p</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>py.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>p</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>py.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>r</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ry.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>r</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>ry.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>s</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>sy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>s</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>sy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>t</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>t</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>ty.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>u</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>u</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.ubu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>v</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>vy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>v</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>vy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>x</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>x</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>xy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>y</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ybu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>y</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.ybu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><letteral>z</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>z</letteral></term><listitem><para><oldjbophrase>zy.</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>effect on preceding word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>composed of compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>composed of single cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>vowel words contrasted with consonant words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>consonant words contrasted with vowel words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words for vowels</primary><secondary>pause requirement before</secondary></indexterm> There are several things to note about this table. The consonant lerfu words are a single syllable, whereas the vowel and
<letteral>'</letteral> lerfu words are two syllables and must be preceded by pause (since they all begin with a vowel). Another fact, not evident from the table but important nonetheless, is that
- <jbophrase>by</jbophrase> and its like are single cmavo of selma'o BY, as is
- <jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase>. The vowel lerfu words, on the other hand, are compound cmavo, made from a single vowel cmavo plus the cmavo
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> (which belongs to its own selma'o, BU). All of the vowel cmavo have other meanings in Lojban (logical connectives, sentence separator, hesitation noise), but those meanings are irrelevant when
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> follows.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>by</oldjbophrase> and its like are single cmavo of selma'o BY, as is
+ <oldjbophrase>.y'y</oldjbophrase>. The vowel lerfu words, on the other hand, are compound cmavo, made from a single vowel cmavo plus the cmavo
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> (which belongs to its own selma'o, BU). All of the vowel cmavo have other meanings in Lojban (logical connectives, sentence separator, hesitation noise), but those meanings are irrelevant when
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> follows.</para>
<para>Here are some illustrations of common Lojban words spelled out using the alphabet above:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHRb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ty. .abu ny. ry. .ubu</jbo>
<en>
<quote>t</quote>
<quote>a</quote>
@@ -205,21 +205,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cy. claxu</jbo>
<gloss>I lerfu-
<quote>c</quote> without</gloss>
<en>I am without (whatever is referred to by) the letter
<quote>c</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>without a pause after
- <jbophrase glossary="false">cy</jbophrase> would be interpreted as:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">cy</oldjbophrase> would be interpreted as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qBLA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>micyclaxu</jbo>
<gloss>(Observative:) doctor-without</gloss>
<en>Something unspecified is without a doctor.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -239,53 +239,53 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.iVAN.</jbo>
<en>the name
<quote>Ivan</quote> in Russian/Slavic pronunciation.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>case</primary><secondary>upper/lower specification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower-case</primary><secondary>lerfu word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>upper-case</primary><secondary>lerfu word for</secondary></indexterm> It would require far too many cmavo to assign one for each upper-case and one for each lower-case lerfu, so instead we have two special cmavo
- <jbophrase>ga'e</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>ga'e</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>to'a</jbophrase> representing upper case and lower case respectively. They belong to the same selma'o as the basic lerfu words, namely BY, and they may be freely interspersed with them.</para>
+ <valsi>to'a</valsi> representing upper case and lower case respectively. They belong to the same selma'o as the basic lerfu words, namely BY, and they may be freely interspersed with them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower-case word</primary><secondary>effect on following lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> The effect of
- <jbophrase>ga'e</jbophrase> is to change the interpretation of all lerfu words following it to be the upper-case version of the lerfu. An occurrence of
+ <valsi>ga'e</valsi> is to change the interpretation of all lerfu words following it to be the upper-case version of the lerfu. An occurrence of
- <jbophrase>to'a</jbophrase> causes the interpretation to revert to lower case. Thus,
+ <valsi>to'a</valsi> causes the interpretation to revert to lower case. Thus,
- <jbophrase>ga'e .abu</jbophrase> means not
+ <oldjbophrase>ga'e .abu</oldjbophrase> means not
<quote>a</quote> but
<quote>A</quote>, and Ivan's name may be spelled out thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q6pw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ibu ga'e vy. .abu ny. to'a</jbo>
<gloss>i [upper] V A N [lower]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo and compound cmavo of this type will be called
<quote>shift words</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift word</primary><secondary>scope</secondary></indexterm> How long does a shift word last? Theoretically, until the next shift word that contradicts it or until the end of text. In practice, it is common to presume that a shift word is only in effect until the next word other than a lerfu word is found.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift</primary><secondary>single-letter</secondary><tertiary>grammar of</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift word</primary><secondary>for single letter</secondary></indexterm> It is often convenient to shift just a single letter to upper case. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>tau</jbophrase>, of selma'o LAU, is useful for the purpose. A LAU cmavo must always be immediately followed by a BY cmavo or its equivalent: the combination is grammatically equivalent to a single BY. (See
+ <valsi>tau</valsi>, of selma'o LAU, is useful for the purpose. A LAU cmavo must always be immediately followed by a BY cmavo or its equivalent: the combination is grammatically equivalent to a single BY. (See
<xref linkend="section-lerfu-cmavo-summary"/> for details.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chemical elements</primary><secondary>use of single-letter shift for</secondary></indexterm> A likely use of
- <jbophrase>tau</jbophrase> is in the internationally standardized symbols for the chemical elements. Each element is represented using either a single upper-case lerfu or one upper-case lerfu followed by one lower-case lerfu:</para>
+ <valsi>tau</valsi> is in the internationally standardized symbols for the chemical elements. Each element is represented using either a single upper-case lerfu or one upper-case lerfu followed by one lower-case lerfu:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhS7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -299,129 +299,129 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<anchor xml:id="c17e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tau sy. .ibu</jbo>
<gloss>[single shift] S i</gloss>
<en>Si (chemical symbol for silicon)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single-letter shift</primary><secondary>as toggle</secondary></indexterm> If a shift to upper-case is in effect when
- <jbophrase>tau</jbophrase> appears, it shifts the next lerfu word only to lower case, reversing its usual effect.</para>
+ <valsi>tau</valsi> appears, it shifts the next lerfu word only to lower case, reversing its usual effect.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-bu">
<title>The universal
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word set extension</primary><secondary>with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>for extension of lerfu word set</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> only as a suffix to vowel cmavo to produce vowel lerfu words. Originally, this was the only use of
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. In developing the lerfu word system, however, it proved to be useful to allow
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> to be attached to any word whatsoever, in order to allow arbitrary extensions of the basic lerfu word set.</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> only as a suffix to vowel cmavo to produce vowel lerfu words. Originally, this was the only use of
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>. In developing the lerfu word system, however, it proved to be useful to allow
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> to be attached to any word whatsoever, in order to allow arbitrary extensions of the basic lerfu word set.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zoi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>si</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'o</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zoi</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zei</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>za'e</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'e</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>interaction with ba'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>and compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Formally,
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> may be attached to any single Lojban word. Compound cmavo do not count as words for this purpose. The special cmavo
- <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase>,
-
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> may not have
-
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> attached, because they are interpreted before
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> detection is done; in particular,</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> may be attached to any single Lojban word. Compound cmavo do not count as words for this purpose. The special cmavo
+ <valsi>ba'e</valsi>,
+ <valsi>za'e</valsi>,
+
+ <valsi>zei</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi>,
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>,
+ <valsi>su</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>fa'o</valsi> may not have
+
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> attached, because they are interpreted before
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> detection is done; in particular,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WvFu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo bu</jbo>
<en>the word
<quote>bu</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bubu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>word "bu"</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>pause requirement in lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>effect of multiple</secondary></indexterm> is needed when discussing
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> in Lojban. It is also illegal to attach
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> to itself, but more than one
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> may be attached to a word; thus
- <jbophrase>.abubu</jbophrase> is legal, if ugly. (Its meaning is not defined, but it is presumably different from
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase>.) It does not matter if the word is a cmavo, a cmene, or a brivla. All such words suffixed by
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> are treated grammatically as if they were cmavo belonging to selma'o BY. However, if the word is a cmene it is always necessary to precede and follow it by a pause, because otherwise the cmene may absorb preceding or following words.</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> in Lojban. It is also illegal to attach
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> to itself, but more than one
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> may be attached to a word; thus
+ <oldjbophrase>.abubu</oldjbophrase> is legal, if ugly. (Its meaning is not defined, but it is presumably different from
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase>.) It does not matter if the word is a cmavo, a cmene, or a brivla. All such words suffixed by
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> are treated grammatically as if they were cmavo belonging to selma'o BY. However, if the word is a cmene it is always necessary to precede and follow it by a pause, because otherwise the cmene may absorb preceding or following words.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happy face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logograms</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unusual characters</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> The ability to attach
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> to words has been used primarily to make names for various logograms and other unusual characters. For example, the Lojban name for the
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> to words has been used primarily to make names for various logograms and other unusual characters. For example, the Lojban name for the
<quote>happy face</quote> is
- <jbophrase>.uibu</jbophrase>, based on the attitudinal
+ <oldjbophrase>.uibu</oldjbophrase>, based on the attitudinal
<diphthong>.ui</diphthong> that means
<quote>happiness</quote>. Likewise, the
<quote>smiley face</quote>, written
<quote>:-)</quote> and used on computer networks to indicate humor, is called
- <jbophrase>zo'obu</jbophrase> The existence of these names does not mean that you should insert
- <jbophrase>.uibu</jbophrase> into running Lojban text to indicate that you are happy, or
- <jbophrase>zo'obu</jbophrase> when something is funny; instead, use the appropriate attitudinal directly.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>zo'obu</oldjbophrase> The existence of these names does not mean that you should insert
+ <oldjbophrase>.uibu</oldjbophrase> into running Lojban text to indicate that you are happy, or
+ <oldjbophrase>zo'obu</oldjbophrase> when something is funny; instead, use the appropriate attitudinal directly.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ampersand</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ampersand character</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"&"</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
- <jbophrase>joibu</jbophrase> represents the ampersand character,
+ <oldjbophrase>joibu</oldjbophrase> represents the ampersand character,
<quote>&</quote>, based on the cmavo
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> meaning
+ <valsi>joi</valsi> meaning
<quote>mixed and</quote>. Many more such lerfu words will probably be invented in future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"</primary><secondary>"</secondary><tertiary>word for</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"."</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>symbol for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>symbol for</secondary></indexterm> The
<letteral>.</letteral> and
<letteral>,</letteral> characters used in Lojbanic writing to represent pause and syllable break respectively have been assigned the lerfu words
- <jbophrase>denpa bu</jbophrase> (literally,
+ <oldjbophrase>denpa bu</oldjbophrase> (literally,
<quote>pause bu</quote>) and
- <jbophrase>slaka bu</jbophrase> (literally,
+ <oldjbophrase>slaka bu</oldjbophrase> (literally,
<quote>syllable bu</quote>). The written space is mandatory here, because
- <jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase> are normal gismu with normal stress:
- <jbophrase glossary="false">denpabu</jbophrase> would be a fu'ivla (word borrowed from another language into Lojban) stressed
- <jbophrase glossary="false">denPAbu</jbophrase>. No pause is required between
- <jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> (or
- <jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase>) and
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>, though.</para>
+ <valsi>denpa</valsi> and
+ <valsi>slaka</valsi> are normal gismu with normal stress:
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">denpabu</oldjbophrase> would be a fu'ivla (word borrowed from another language into Lojban) stressed
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">denPAbu</oldjbophrase>. No pause is required between
+ <valsi>denpa</valsi> (or
+ <valsi>slaka</valsi>) and
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>, though.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-alien-alphabets">
<title>Alien alphabets</title>
<para>As stated in
<xref linkend="section-letterals-introduction"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
<para>There are certainly hundreds of alphabets and other writing systems in use around the world, and it is probably an unachievable goal to create a single system which can express all of them, but if perfection is not demanded, a usable system can be created from the raw material which Lojban provides.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>alpha</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with names</tertiary></indexterm> One possibility would be to use the lerfu word associated with the language itself, Lojbanized and with
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added. Indeed, an isolated Greek
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> added. Indeed, an isolated Greek
<quote>alpha</quote> in running Lojban text is probably most easily handled by calling it
- <jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
+ <oldjbophrase>.alfas. bu</oldjbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
<letteral>s</letteral> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Note that the pause after
- <jbophrase>.alfas.</jbophrase> is still needed.</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>. Note that the pause after
+ <oldjbophrase>.alfas.</oldjbophrase> is still needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu</tertiary></indexterm> Likewise, the easiest way to handle the Latin letters
<quote>h</quote>,
<quote>q</quote>, and
<quote>w</quote> that are not used in Lojban is by a consonant lerfu word with
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> attached. The following assignments have been made:</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> attached. The following assignments have been made:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>.y'y.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>h</para></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>.y'y.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>h</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ky.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>q</para></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>ky.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>q</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>vy.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>w</para></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>vy.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>w</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As an example, the English word
<quote>quack</quote> would be spelled in Lojban thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0oAR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -435,73 +435,73 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>symbol contrasted with sound for spelling</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>sound contrasted with symbol for spelling</secondary></indexterm> Note that the fact that the letter
<quote>c</quote> in this word has nothing to do with the sound of the Lojban letter
<letteral>c</letteral> is irrelevant; we are spelling an English word and English rules control the choice of letters, but we are speaking Lojban and Lojban rules control the pronunciations of those letters.</para>
<para>A few more possibilities for Latin-alphabet letters used in languages other than English:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ty.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>þ (thorn)</para></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>ty.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>þ (thorn)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dy.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>ð (edh)</para></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>dy.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>ð (edh)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>However, this system is not ideal for all purposes. For one thing, it is verbose. The native lerfu words are often quite long, and with
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added they become even longer: the worst-case Greek lerfu word would be
- <jbophrase>.Omikron. bu</jbophrase>, with four syllables and two mandatory pauses. In addition, alphabets that are used by many languages have separate sets of lerfu words for each language, and which set is Lojban to choose?</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> added they become even longer: the worst-case Greek lerfu word would be
+ <oldjbophrase>.Omikron. bu</oldjbophrase>, with four syllables and two mandatory pauses. In addition, alphabets that are used by many languages have separate sets of lerfu words for each language, and which set is Lojban to choose?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with language-shift</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>choice of Lojban-lerfu-word counterpart</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>effect on following words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu, drawback</tertiary></indexterm> The alternative plan, therefore, is to use a shift word similar to those introduced in
<xref linkend="section-upper-case"/>. After the appearance of such a shift word, the regular lerfu words are re-interpreted to represent the lerfu of the alphabet now in use. After a shift to the Greek alphabet, for example, the lerfu word
- <jbophrase>ty</jbophrase> would represent not Latin
+ <oldjbophrase>ty</oldjbophrase> would represent not Latin
<quote>t</quote> but Greek
<quote>tau</quote>. Why
<quote>tau</quote>? Because it is, in some sense, the closest counterpart of
<quote>t</quote> within the Greek lerfu system. In principle it would be all right to map
- <jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase> to
+ <oldjbophrase>ty.</oldjbophrase> to
<quote>phi</quote> or even
<quote>omega</quote>, but such an arbitrary relationship would be extremely hard to remember.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>interaction with language shift</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> Where no obvious closest counterpart exists, some more or less arbitrary choice must be made. Some alien lerfu may simply not have any shifted equivalent, forcing the speaker to fall back on a
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> form. Since a
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> form may mean different things in different alphabets, it is safest to employ a shift word even when
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> forms are in use.</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> form. Since a
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> form may mean different things in different alphabets, it is safest to employ a shift word even when
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> forms are in use.</para>
<para>Shifts for several alphabets have been assigned cmavo of selma'o BY:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>lo'a</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Latin/Roman/Lojban alphabet</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>lo'a</valsi></term><listitem><para>Latin/Roman/Lojban alphabet</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ge'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Greek alphabet</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>ge'o</valsi></term><listitem><para>Greek alphabet</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>je'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Hebrew alphabet</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>je'o</valsi></term><listitem><para>Hebrew alphabet</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>jo'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Arabic alphabet</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>jo'o</valsi></term><listitem><para>Arabic alphabet</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ru'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Cyrillic alphabet</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>ru'o</valsi></term><listitem><para>Cyrillic alphabet</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>based on name + bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>formation of shift alphabet name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cyrillic alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Arabic alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Hebrew alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Latin alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>zai</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAU) is used to create shift words to still other alphabets. The BY word which must follow any LAU cmavo would typically be a name representing the alphabet with
+ <valsi>zai</valsi> (of selma'o LAU) is used to create shift words to still other alphabets. The BY word which must follow any LAU cmavo would typically be a name representing the alphabet with
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> suffixed:</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> suffixed:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHT3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zai .devanagar. bu</jbo>
<en>Devanagari (Hindi) alphabet</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -534,21 +534,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Devanagari</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>standardization of</secondary></indexterm> Unlike the cmavo above, these shift words have not been standardized and probably will not be until someone actually has a need for them. (Note the
<letteral>.</letteral> characters marking leading and following pauses.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bold</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>italic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for face</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for font</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>face</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> In addition, there may be multiple visible representations within a single alphabet for a given letter: roman vs. italics, handwriting vs. print, Bodoni vs. Helvetica. These traditional
<quote>font and face</quote> distinctions are also represented by shift words, indicated with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ce'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAU) and a following BY word:</para>
+ <valsi>ce'a</valsi> (of selma'o LAU) and a following BY word:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhV0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ce'a .xelveticas. bu</jbo>
<en>Helvetica font</en>
@@ -571,25 +571,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ce'a .pavrel. bu</jbo>
<gloss>12-point font size</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>12-point</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>handwriting</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Helvetica font</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with na'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>canceling letter shifts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>canceling effect</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o BY) is a universal shift-word cancel: it returns the interpretation of lerfu words to the default of lower-case Lojban with no specific font. It is more general than
+ <valsi>na'a</valsi> (of selma'o BY) is a universal shift-word cancel: it returns the interpretation of lerfu words to the default of lower-case Lojban with no specific font. It is more general than
- <jbophrase>lo'a</jbophrase>, which changes the alphabet only, potentially leaving font and case shifts in place.</para>
+ <valsi>lo'a</valsi>, which changes the alphabet only, potentially leaving font and case shifts in place.</para>
<para>Several sections at the end of this chapter contain tables of proposed lerfu word assignments for various languages.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-accents">
<title>Accent marks and compound lerfu words</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tilde</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cedilla</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>circumflex</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>umlaut</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation of diacritical marks on</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>as lerfu</secondary></indexterm> Many languages that make use of the Latin alphabet add special marks to some of the lerfu they use. French, for example, uses three accent marks above vowels, called (in English)
@@ -599,98 +599,98 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>umlaut</quote>; a mark which looks the same is also used in French, but with a different name and meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>problem of position</secondary></indexterm> These marks may be considered lerfu, and each has a corresponding lerfu word in Lojban. So far, no problem. But the marks appear over lerfu, whereas the words must be spoken (or written) either before or after the lerfu word representing the basic lerfu. Typewriters (for mechanical reasons) and the computer programs that emulate them usually require their users to type the accent mark before the basic lerfu, whereas in speech the accent mark is often pronounced afterwards (for example, in German
<quote>a umlaut</quote> is preferred to
<quote>umlaut a</quote>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>foi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>specifying with tei…foi</secondary></indexterm> Lojban cannot settle this question by fiat. Either it must be left up to default interpretation depending on the language in question, or the lerfu-word compounding cmavo
- <jbophrase>tei</jbophrase> (of selma'o TEI) and
- <jbophrase>foi</jbophrase> (of selma'o FOI) must be used. These cmavo are always used in pairs; any number of lerfu words may appear between them, and the whole is treated as a single compound lerfu word. The French word
+ <valsi>tei</valsi> (of selma'o TEI) and
+ <valsi>foi</valsi> (of selma'o FOI) must be used. These cmavo are always used in pairs; any number of lerfu words may appear between them, and the whole is treated as a single compound lerfu word. The French word
<quote>été</quote>, with acute accent marks on both
<quote>e</quote> lerfu, could be spelled as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NQgb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tei .ebu .akut. bu foi ty. tei .akut. bu .ebu foi</jbo>
<en>(
<quote>e</quote> acute )
<quote>t</quote> ( acute
<quote>e</quote>)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ete</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>order of specification within tei…foi</secondary></indexterm> and it does not matter whether
- <jbophrase>akut. bu</jbophrase> appears before or after
- <jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase>; the
- <jbophrase>tei ... foi</jbophrase> grouping guarantees that the acute accent is associated with the correct lerfu. Of course, the level of precision represented by
+ <oldjbophrase>akut. bu</oldjbophrase> appears before or after
+ <oldjbophrase>.ebu</oldjbophrase>; the
+ <oldjbophrase>tei ... foi</oldjbophrase> grouping guarantees that the acute accent is associated with the correct lerfu. Of course, the level of precision represented by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-NQgb"/> would rarely be required: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French word for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know French.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>problem with multiple on one lerfu</secondary></indexterm> This system breaks down in languages which use more than one accent mark on a single lerfu; some other convention must be used for showing which accent marks are written where in that case. The obvious convention is to represent the mark nearest the basic lerfu by the lerfu word closest to the word representing the basic lerfu. Any remaining ambiguities must be resolved by further conventions not yet established.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ch</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ll</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound letters</primary><secondary>native language</secondary><tertiary>representing as distinct letters</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accented letters</primary><secondary>considered as distinct from unaccented</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>considered as forming distinct letters</secondary></indexterm> Some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, consider certain accented lerfu to be completely distinct from their unaccented equivalents, but Lojban does not make a formal distinction, since the printed characters look the same whether they are reckoned as separate letters or not. In addition, some languages consider certain 2-letter combinations (like
<quote xml:lang="es">ll</quote> and
<quote xml:lang="es">ch</quote> in Spanish) to be letters; this may be represented by enclosing the combination in
- <jbophrase>tei ... foi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tei ... foi</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>forming new for non-Lojban letters using bu</secondary></indexterm> In addition, when discussing a specific language, it is permissible to make up new lerfu words, as long as they are either explained locally or well understood from context: thus Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">ll</quote> or Croatian
<quote xml:lang="hr">lj</quote> could be called
- <jbophrase>libu</jbophrase>, but that usage would not necessarily be universally understood.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>libu</oldjbophrase>, but that usage would not necessarily be universally understood.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="section-accents-multiple-letters"/> contains a table of proposed lerfu words for some common accent marks.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-punctuation">
<title>Punctuation marks</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lau</primary><secondary>effect on following lerfu word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation lerfu words</primary><secondary>mechanism for creating</secondary></indexterm> Lojban does not have punctuation marks as such: the denpa bu and the slaka bu are really a part of the alphabet. Other languages, however, use punctuation marks extensively. As yet, Lojban does not have any words for these punctuation marks, but a mechanism exists for devising them: the cmavo
- <jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> of selma'o LAU.
+ <valsi>lau</valsi> of selma'o LAU.
- <jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> must always be followed by a BY word; the interpretation of the BY word is changed from a lerfu to a punctuation mark. Typically, this BY word would be a name or brivla with a
+ <valsi>lau</valsi> must always be followed by a BY word; the interpretation of the BY word is changed from a lerfu to a punctuation mark. Typically, this BY word would be a name or brivla with a
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> suffix.</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> suffix.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation lerfu words</primary><secondary>rationale for lau</secondary></indexterm> Why is
- <jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> necessary at all? Why not just use a
+ <valsi>lau</valsi> necessary at all? Why not just use a
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>-marked word and announce that it is always to be interpreted as a punctuation mark? Primarily to avoid ambiguity. The
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> mechanism is extremely open-ended, and it is easy for Lojban users to make up
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> words without bothering to explain what they mean. Using the
- <jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> cmavo flags at least the most important of such nonce lerfu words as having a special function: punctuation. (Exactly the same argument applies to the use of
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>-marked word and announce that it is always to be interpreted as a punctuation mark? Primarily to avoid ambiguity. The
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> mechanism is extremely open-ended, and it is easy for Lojban users to make up
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> words without bothering to explain what they mean. Using the
+ <valsi>lau</valsi> cmavo flags at least the most important of such nonce lerfu words as having a special function: punctuation. (Exactly the same argument applies to the use of
- <jbophrase>zai</jbophrase> to signal an alphabet shift or
+ <valsi>zai</valsi> to signal an alphabet shift or
- <jbophrase>ce'a</jbophrase> to signal a font shift.)</para>
+ <valsi>ce'a</valsi> to signal a font shift.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation lerfu words</primary><secondary>interaction with different alphabet systems</secondary></indexterm> Since different alphabets require different punctuation marks, the interpretation of a
- <jbophrase>lau</jbophrase>-marked lerfu word is affected by the current alphabet shift and the current font shift.</para>
+ <valsi>lau</valsi>-marked lerfu word is affected by the current alphabet shift and the current font shift.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-chinese-characters">
<title>What about Chinese characters?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Amharic writing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabaries</primary><secondary>lerfu word representation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>contrasted with kanji</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> Chinese characters (
<quote>han
<superscript>4</superscript> zi
<superscript>4</superscript></quote> in Chinese,
- <jbophrase>kanji</jbophrase> in Japanese) represent an entirely different approach to writing from alphabets or syllabaries. (A syllabary, such as Japanese hiragana or Amharic writing, has one lerfu for each syllable of the spoken language.) Very roughly, Chinese characters represent single elements of meaning; also very roughly, they represent single syllables of spoken Chinese. There is in principle no limit to the number of Chinese characters that can exist, and many thousands are in regular use.</para>
+ <valsi>kanji</valsi> in Japanese) represent an entirely different approach to writing from alphabets or syllabaries. (A syllabary, such as Japanese hiragana or Amharic writing, has one lerfu for each syllable of the spoken language.) Very roughly, Chinese characters represent single elements of meaning; also very roughly, they represent single syllables of spoken Chinese. There is in principle no limit to the number of Chinese characters that can exist, and many thousands are in regular use.</para>
<para>It is hopeless for Lojban, with its limited lerfu and shift words, to create an alphabet which will match this diversity. However, there are various possible ways around the problem.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>romaji</primary><secondary>as a basis for kanji characters in Lojban lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pinyin</primary><secondary>as a basis for Chinese characters in Lojban lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>representing based on romaji spelling</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>representing based on pinyin spelling</secondary></indexterm> First, both Chinese and Japanese have standard Latin-alphabet representations, known as
<quote>pinyin</quote> for Chinese and
<quote>romaji</quote> for Japanese, and these can be used. Thus, the word
<quote>han
<superscript>4</superscript> zi
<superscript>4</superscript></quote> is conventionally written with two characters, but it may be spelled out as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fBfe">
@@ -704,21 +704,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>a</quote>
<quote>n</quote>
<superscript>4</superscript>
<quote>z</quote>
<quote>i</quote>
<superscript>4</superscript>
</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>han^{4}zi^{4}</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words with numeric digits</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numeric digits in lerfu words</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>vo</jbophrase> is the Lojban digit
+ <valsi>vo</valsi> is the Lojban digit
<quote>4</quote>. It is grammatical to intersperse digits (of selma'o PA) into a string of lerfu words; as long as the first cmavo is a lerfu word, the whole will be interpreted as a string of lerfu words. In Chinese, the digits can be used to represent tones. Pinyin is more usually written using accent marks, the mechanism for which was explained in
<xref linkend="section-accents"/>.</para>
<para>The Japanese company named
<quote>Mitsubishi</quote> in English is spelled the same way in romaji, and could be spelled out in Lojban thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pLUV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e8d2"/>
@@ -736,49 +736,49 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>s</quote>
<quote>h</quote>
<quote>i</quote>
</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mitsubishi</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, a really ambitious Lojbanist could assign lerfu words to the individual strokes used to write Chinese characters (there are about seven or eight of them if you are a flexible human being, or about 40 if you are a rigid computer program), and then represent each character with a
- <jbophrase>tei</jbophrase>, the stroke lerfu words in the order of writing (which is standardized for each character), and a
- <jbophrase>foi</jbophrase>. No one has as yet attempted this project.</para>
+ <valsi>tei</valsi>, the stroke lerfu words in the order of writing (which is standardized for each character), and a
+ <valsi>foi</valsi>. No one has as yet attempted this project.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lerfu-pro-sumti">
<title>lerfu words as pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far, lerfu words have only appeared in Lojban text when spelling out words. There are several other grammatical uses of lerfu words within Lojban. In each case, a single lerfu word or more than one may be used. Therefore, the term
<quote>lerfu string</quote> is introduced: it is short for
<quote>sequence of one or more lerfu words</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string may be used as a pro-sumti (a sumti which refers to some previous sumti), just like the pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase>, and so on:</para>
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ko'e</valsi>, and so on:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A loves B</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2wo8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu prami by.</jbo>
<en>A loves B</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2wo8"/>,
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>by.</jbophrase> represent specific sumti, but which sumti they represent must be inferred from context.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>by.</oldjbophrase> represent specific sumti, but which sumti they represent must be inferred from context.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti assigned by goi</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, lerfu strings may be assigned by
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>, the regular pro-sumti assignment cmavo:</para>
+ <valsi>goi</valsi>, the regular pro-sumti assignment cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i7Ny">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku goi gy. cu xekri .i gy. klama le zdani</jbo>
<en>The dog, or G, is black. G goes to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -804,84 +804,84 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la stivn. mark. djonz. merko .i la .aleksandr. paliitc. kuzNIETsyf. rusko .i symyjy. tavla .abupyky. bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>Steven Mark Jones is-American. Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov is-Russian.</gloss>
<gloss>SMJ talks-to APK in Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Perhaps Alexander's name should be given as
- <jbophrase>ru'o.abupyky</jbophrase> instead.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ru'o.abupyky</oldjbophrase> instead.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary><tertiary>for multiple sumti separated by boi</tertiary></indexterm> What about</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives BC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gJFz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu dunda by. cy.</jbo>
<en>A gives B C</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>eliding from lerfu strings</secondary></indexterm> Does this mean that A gives B to C? No.
- <jbophrase>by. cy.</jbophrase> is a single lerfu string, although written as two words, and represents a single pro-sumti. The true interpretation is that A gives BC to someone unspecified. To solve this problem, we need to introduce the elidable terminator
+ <oldjbophrase>by. cy.</oldjbophrase> is a single lerfu string, although written as two words, and represents a single pro-sumti. The true interpretation is that A gives BC to someone unspecified. To solve this problem, we need to introduce the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> (of selma'o BOI). This cmavo is used to terminate lerfu strings and also strings of numerals; it is required when two of these appear in a row, as here. (The other reason to use
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is to attach a free modifier – subscript, parenthesis, or what have you – to a lerfu string.) The correct version is:</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> (of selma'o BOI). This cmavo is used to terminate lerfu strings and also strings of numerals; it is required when two of these appear in a row, as here. (The other reason to use
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> is to attach a free modifier – subscript, parenthesis, or what have you – to a lerfu string.) The correct version is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Hdwz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu [boi] dunda by. boi cy. [boi]</jbo>
<en>A gives B to C</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives B to C</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> where the two occurrences of
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> in brackets are elidable, but the remaining occurrence is not. Likewise:</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> in brackets are elidable, but the remaining occurrence is not. Likewise:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L9op">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. boi ro [boi] prenu cu prami</jbo>
<gloss>X all persons loves.</gloss>
<en>X loves everybody.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lerfu strings</secondary><tertiary>interaction with quantifiers and boi</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>required between pro-sumti lerfu string and quantifier</secondary></indexterm> requires the first
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> to separate the lerfu string
- <jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> from the digit string
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> to separate the lerfu string
+ <oldjbophrase>xy.</oldjbophrase> from the digit string
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-meho">
<title>References to lerfu</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lerfu string</secondary><tertiary>effect on reference to lerfu itself</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>reference to</secondary></indexterm> The rules of
<xref linkend="section-lerfu-pro-sumti"/> make it impossible to use unmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CYny">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu. cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>A is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>referring to with me'o</secondary></indexterm> the hearer would try to find what previous sumti
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> refers to. The solution to this problem makes use of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> of selma'o LI, which makes a lerfu string into a sumti representing that very string of lerfu. This use of
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is a special case of its mathematical use, which is to introduce a mathematical expression used literally rather than for its value.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> refers to. The solution to this problem makes use of the cmavo
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi> of selma'o LI, which makes a lerfu string into a sumti representing that very string of lerfu. This use of
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi> is a special case of its mathematical use, which is to introduce a mathematical expression used literally rather than for its value.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>"a" is letteral</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Yy32">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o .abu cu lerfu</jbo>
<en>The-expression
<quote>a</quote> is-a-letteral.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -899,44 +899,44 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<en>This sentence contains four
<quote>e</quote> s.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the Lojban sentence has only four
<letteral>e</letteral> lerfu rather than fourteen, the translation is not a literal one – but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is a Lojban truth just as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tvHm"/> is an English truth. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is also true!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e lu</primary><secondary>compared with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>compared with la'e lu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>representing lerfu</primary><secondary>lu contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with lu…li'u for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with quotation for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> The reader might be tempted to use quotation with
- <jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> instead of
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase>, producing:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lu ... li'u</oldjbophrase> instead of
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi>, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pbDf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(The single-word quote
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> cannot be used, because
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a compound cmavo.) But
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> cannot be used, because
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> is a compound cmavo.) But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is false, because it says:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-P8Ag">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d5"/>
</title>
<para>The word
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a letteral</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> is a letteral</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>word "abu"</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which is not the case; rather, the thing symbolized by the word
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a letteral. In Lojban, that would be:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> is a letteral. In Lojban, that would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Da4r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>The-referent-of [quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -958,39 +958,39 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .abu du li by. su'i cy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number a equals the-number b plus c</gloss>
<en>a = b + c</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>function name</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as function name</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as function name (preceded by
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MAhO):</para>
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi> of selma'o MAhO):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>function f of x</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .y.bu du li ma'o fy. boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number y equals the number the-function f of x</gloss>
<math>y = f(x)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> here to separate the lerfu strings
- <jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>xy</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> here to separate the lerfu strings
+ <oldjbophrase>fy</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>xy</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as selbri</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as selbri (followed by a cmavo of selma'o MOI):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-X4KM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1012,56 +1012,56 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ny.mai</jbo>
<en>Nthly</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nthly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as subscript</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as subscript (preceded by
- <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> of selma'o XI):</para>
+ <valsi>xi</valsi> of selma'o XI):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oTgS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. xi ky.</jbo>
<gloss>x sub k</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x sub k</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifier</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as quantifier (enclosed in
- <jbophrase>vei ... ve'o</jbophrase> parentheses):</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>vei ... ve'o</oldjbophrase> parentheses):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bbnL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ny. [ve'o] lo prenu</jbo>
<gloss>(
<quote>n</quote>) persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>n people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as quantifiers</secondary><tertiary>avoiding interaction with sumti quantified</tertiary></indexterm> The parentheses are required because
- <jbophrase>ny. lo prenu</jbophrase> would be two separate sumti,
- <jbophrase>ny.</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lo prenu</jbophrase>. In general, any mathematical expression other than a simple number must be in parentheses when used as a quantifier; the right parenthesis mark, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, can usually be elided.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ny. lo prenu</oldjbophrase> would be two separate sumti,
+ <oldjbophrase>ny.</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>lo prenu</oldjbophrase>. In general, any mathematical expression other than a simple number must be in parentheses when used as a quantifier; the right parenthesis mark, the cmavo
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi>, can usually be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu juxtaposition interpretation</primary><secondary>contrasted with mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>interpretation</secondary><tertiary>contrasted with mathematical interpretation</tertiary></indexterm> All the examples above have exhibited single lerfu words rather than lerfu strings, in accordance with the conventions of ordinary mathematics. A longer lerfu string would still be treated as a single variable or function name: in Lojban,
- <jbophrase>.abu by. cy.</jbophrase> is not the multiplication
+ <oldjbophrase>.abu by. cy.</oldjbophrase> is not the multiplication
<quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>a × b × c</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote> but is the variable
<varname>abc</varname>. (Of course, a local convention could be employed that made the value of a variable like
<varname>abc</varname>, with a multi-lerfu-word name, equal to the values of the variables
<varname>a</varname>,
<varname>b</varname>, and
<varname>c</varname> multiplied together.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu shift scope</primary><secondary>exception for mathematical texts</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical texts</primary><secondary>effect on lerfu shift scope</secondary></indexterm> There is a special rule about shift words in mathematical text: shifts within mathematical expressions do not affect lerfu words appearing outside mathematical expressions, and vice versa.</para>
</section>
@@ -1096,136 +1096,136 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dyny'abub. .i la ny'abuty'obub. .i la cy'ibu'abub. .i la sykybulyl. .i la .ibubymym. .i la ny'ybucyc.</jbo>
<en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NYC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>SQL</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NATO</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>IBM</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>CIA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>DNA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronym names from lerfu words</primary><secondary>assigning final consonant</secondary></indexterm> There is no fixed convention for assigning the final consonant. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-736i"/>, the last consonant of the lerfu string has been replicated into final position.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>omitting in acronyms names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms names based on lerfu words</primary><secondary>omitting bu</secondary></indexterm> Some compression can be done by leaving out
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> after vowel lerfu words (except for
- <jbophrase>.y.bu</jbophrase>, wherein the
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cannot be omitted without ambiguity). Compression is moderately important because it's hard to say long names without introducing an involuntary (and illegal) pause:</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> after vowel lerfu words (except for
+ <oldjbophrase>.y.bu</oldjbophrase>, wherein the
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> cannot be omitted without ambiguity). Compression is moderately important because it's hard to say long names without introducing an involuntary (and illegal) pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0sin">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dyny'am. .i la ny'aty'om. .i la cy'i'am. .i la sykybulym. .i la .ibymym. .i la ny'ybucym.</jbo>
<en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0sin"/>, the final consonant
<letteral>m</letteral> stands for
- <jbophrase>merko</jbophrase>, indicating the source culture of these acronyms.</para>
+ <valsi>merko</valsi>, indicating the source culture of these acronyms.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"z" instead of "'"</primary><secondary>in acronyms names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms names based on lerfu words</primary><secondary>using "z" instead of "'" in</secondary></indexterm> Another approach, which some may find easier to say and which is compatible with older versions of the language that did not have a
<letteral>'</letteral> character, is to use the consonant
<letteral>z</letteral> instead of
<letteral>'</letteral>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Js6m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dynyzaz. .i la nyzatyzoz. .i la cyzizaz. .i la sykybulyz. .i la .ibymyz. .i la nyzybucyz.</jbo>
<en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms</primary><secondary>as lerfu strings using "me"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as acronyms using "me"</secondary></indexterm> One more alternative to these lengthy names is to use the lerfu string itself prefixed with
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase>, the cmavo that makes sumti into selbri:</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi>, the cmavo that makes sumti into selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iMRB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la me dy ny. .abu</jbo>
<en>that-named what-pertains-to
<quote>d</quote>
<quote>n</quote>
<quote>a</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This works because
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, the cmavo that normally introduces names used as sumti, may also be used before a predicate to indicate that the predicate is a (meaningful) name:</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, the cmavo that normally introduces names used as sumti, may also be used before a predicate to indicate that the predicate is a (meaningful) name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7KLi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la cribe cu ciska</jbo>
<gloss>That-named
<quote>Bear</quote> writes.</gloss>
<en>Bear is a writer.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7KLi"/> does not of course refer to a bear (
- <jbophrase>le cribe</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>lo cribe</jbophrase>) but to something else, probably a person, named
+ <oldjbophrase>le cribe</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>lo cribe</oldjbophrase>) but to something else, probably a person, named
<quote>Bear</quote>. Similarly,
- <jbophrase>me dy ny. .abu</jbophrase> is a predicate which can be used as a name, producing a kind of acronym which can have pauses between the individual lerfu words.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>me dy ny. .abu</oldjbophrase> is a predicate which can be used as a name, producing a kind of acronym which can have pauses between the individual lerfu words.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-character-codes">
<title>Computerized character codes</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter encoding schemes</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>character encoding schemes</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>using computer encoding schemes with se'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>characters</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>character codes</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Since the first application of computers to non-numerical information, character sets have existed, mapping numbers (called
<quote>character codes</quote>) into selected lerfu, digits, and punctuation marks (collectively called
<quote>characters</quote>). Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks. International efforts have now created Unicode, a unified character set that can represent essentially all the characters in essentially all the world's writing systems. Lojban can take advantage of these encoding schemes by using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>se'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BY). This cmavo is conventionally followed by digit cmavo of selma'o PA representing the character code, and the whole string indicates a single character in some computerized character set:</para>
+ <valsi>se'e</valsi> (of selma'o BY). This cmavo is conventionally followed by digit cmavo of selma'o PA representing the character code, and the whole string indicates a single character in some computerized character set:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-r2jv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o se'ecixa cu lerfu la .asycy'i'is. loi merko rupnu</jbo>
<gloss>The-expression [code] 36 is-a-letteral in-set ASCII for-the-mass-of American currency-units.</gloss>
<en>The character code 36 in ASCII represents American dollars.</en>
<en>
<quote>$</quote> represents American dollars.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>$</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>American dollars</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ASCII</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> Understanding
<xref linkend="example-random-id-r2jv"/> depends on knowing the value in the ASCII character set (one of the simplest and oldest) of the
<quote>$</quote> character. Therefore, the
- <jbophrase>se'e</jbophrase> convention is only intelligible to those who know the underlying character set. For precisely specifying a particular character, however, it has the advantages of unambiguity and (relative) cultural neutrality, and therefore Lojban provides a means for those with access to descriptions of such character sets to take advantage of them.</para>
+ <valsi>se'e</valsi> convention is only intelligible to those who know the underlying character set. For precisely specifying a particular character, however, it has the advantages of unambiguity and (relative) cultural neutrality, and therefore Lojban provides a means for those with access to descriptions of such character sets to take advantage of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>peace symbol</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Unicode</primary></indexterm> As another example, the Unicode character set (also known as ISO 10646) represents the international symbol of peace, an inverted trident in a circle, using the base-16 value 262E. In a suitable context, a Lojbanist may say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MXET">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o se'erexarerei sinxa le ka panpi</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression [code] 262E is-a-sign-of the quality-of being-at-peace</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'e</primary><secondary>and number base convention</secondary></indexterm> When a
- <jbophrase>se'e</jbophrase> string appears in running discourse, some metalinguistic convention must specify whether the number is base 10 or some other base, and which character set is in use.</para>
+ <valsi>se'e</valsi> string appears in running discourse, some metalinguistic convention must specify whether the number is base 10 or some other base, and which character set is in use.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lerfu-cmavo-summary">
<title>List of all auxiliary lerfu-word cmavo</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu</cmavo>
<selmaho>BU</selmaho>
<description>makes previous word into a lerfu word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1315,22 +1315,22 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<description>start compound lerfu word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>foi</cmavo>
<selmaho>FOI</selmaho>
<description>end compound lerfu word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of following BY cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word cmavo</primary><secondary>list of auxiliary</secondary></indexterm> Note that LAU cmavo must be followed by a BY cmavo or the equivalent, where
<quote>equivalent</quote> means: either any Lojban word followed by
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>, another LAU cmavo (and its required sequel), or a
- <jbophrase>tei ... foi</jbophrase> compound cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>, another LAU cmavo (and its required sequel), or a
+ <oldjbophrase>tei ... foi</oldjbophrase> compound cmavo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-proposed-lerfu-words">
<title>Proposed lerfu words – introduction</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>list of proposed</secondary><tertiary>notation convention</tertiary></indexterm> The following sections contain tables of proposed lerfu words for some of the standard alphabets supported by the Lojban lerfu system. The first column of each list is the lerfu (actually, a Latin-alphabet name sufficient to identify it). The second column is the proposed name-based lerfu word, and the third column is the proposed lerfu word in the system based on using the cmavo of selma'o BY with a shift word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>proposed lerfu words</primary><secondary>as working basis</secondary></indexterm> These tables are not meant to be authoritative (several authorities within the Lojban community have niggled over them extensively, disagreeing with each other and sometimes with themselves). They provide a working basis until actual usage is available, rather than a final resolution of lerfu word problems. Probably the system presented here will evolve somewhat before settling down into a final, conventional form.</para>
<para>For Latin-alphabet lerfu words, see
<xref linkend="section-lerfu-liste"/> (for Lojban) and
<xref linkend="section-alien-alphabets"/> (for non-Lojban Latin-alphabet lerfu).</para>
</section>
@@ -1338,705 +1338,705 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Greek alphabet</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>alpha</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.alfas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>beta</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.betas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>by</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.betas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>by</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>gamma</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.gamas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.gamas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>delta</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.deltas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>dy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.deltas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>dy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>epsilon</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.Epsilon. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.Epsilon. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ebu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>zeta</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.zetas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.zetas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>eta</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.etas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.e'ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.etas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.e'ebu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>theta</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tetas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ty. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tetas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ty. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>iota</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.iotas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.iotas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ibu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>kappa</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.kapas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ky</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.kapas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ky</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>lambda</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.lymdas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ly</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.lymdas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>mu</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.mus. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>my</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.mus. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>nu</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.nus. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ny</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.nus. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ny</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>xi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ksis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ksis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ksis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ksis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>omicron</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.Omikron. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.Omikron. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.obu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>pi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.pis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>py</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.pis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>py</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>rho</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ros. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ry</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ros. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ry</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>sigma</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.sigmas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.sigmas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>tau</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.taus. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ty</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.taus. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ty</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>upsilon</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.Upsilon. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.Upsilon. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ubu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>phi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.fis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>py. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.fis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>py. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>chi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ky. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ky. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>psi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.psis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>psis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.psis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>psis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>omega</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.omegas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.o'obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.omegas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.o'obu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>rough</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.dasei,as. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.dasei,as. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.y'y</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>smooth</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.psiles. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xutla bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.psiles. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>xutla bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cyrillic">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Cyrillic alphabet</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cyrillic alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for Cyrillic alphabet</secondary></indexterm> The second column in this listing is based on the historical names of the letters in Old Church Slavonic. Only those letters used in Russian are shown; other languages require more letters which can be devised as needed.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>a</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.azys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.azys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>b</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.bukys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>by</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.bukys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>by</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>v</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.vedis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>vy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.vedis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>vy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>g</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.glagolis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.glagolis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>d</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.dobros. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>dy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.dobros. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>dy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>e</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.iestys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.iestys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ebu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>zh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.jivet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.jivet. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>z</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.zemlias. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.zemlias. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>i</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ije,is. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ije,is. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ibu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>short i</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.itord. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.itord. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.itord. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.itord. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>k</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.kakos. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ky</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.kakos. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ky</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>l</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.liudi,ies. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ly</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.liudi,ies. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>m</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.myslites. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>my</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.myslites. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>n</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.naciys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ny</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.naciys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ny</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>o</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.onys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.onys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.obu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>p</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.pokois. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>py</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.pokois. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>py</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>r</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.riytsis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ry</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.riytsis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ry</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>s</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.slovos. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.slovos. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>t</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tyvriydos. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ty</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tyvriydos. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ty</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>u</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ukys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ukys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ubu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>f</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.friytys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.friytys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>fy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>kh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xerys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xerys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>xy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ts</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tsis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tsys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tsis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tsys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ch</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tcriyviys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tcys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tcriyviys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tcys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>sh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.cas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.cas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>shch</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ctas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ctcys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ctas. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ctcys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>hard sign</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ier. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jdari bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ier. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jdari bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>yeri</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ierys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.y.bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ierys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.y.bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>soft sign</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ieriys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ranti bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ieriys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ranti bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>reversed e</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ecarn. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ecarn. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ecarn. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ecarn. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>yu</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ius. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.iubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ius. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.iubu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ya</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ias. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.iabu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ias. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.iabu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-hebrew">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Hebrew alphabet</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>aleph</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.alef. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.alef. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.alef. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.alef. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>bet</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.bet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>by</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.bet. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>by</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>gimel</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.gimel. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.gimel. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>daled</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.daled. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>dy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.daled. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>dy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>he</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xex. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.y'y</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>vav</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.vav. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>vy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.vav. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>vy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>zayin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.zai,in. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.zai,in. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>khet</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xy. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xet. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>xy. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>tet</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ty. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tet. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ty. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>yud</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.iud. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.iud. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.iud. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.iud. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>kaf</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.kaf. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ky</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.kaf. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ky</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>lamed</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.LYmed. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ly</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.LYmed. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>mem</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.mem. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>my</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.mem. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>nun</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.nun. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ny</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.nun. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ny</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>samekh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.samex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>samex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.samex. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>samex. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ayin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ai,in. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ai,in bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ai,in. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ai,in bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>pe</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.pex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>py</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.pex. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>py</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>tzadi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tsadik. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tsadik. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tsadik. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tsadik. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>quf</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.kuf. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ky. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.kuf. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ky. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>resh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.rec. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ry</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.rec. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ry</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>shin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.cin. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.cin. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>sin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.sin. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.sin. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sy</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>taf</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.taf. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.taf. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ty.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>dagesh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.daGEC. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>daGEC. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.daGEC. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>daGEC. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>hiriq</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xirik. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xirik. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ibu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>tzeirekh</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tseirex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.eibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tseirex. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.eibu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>segol</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.seGOL. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.seGOL. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ebu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>qubbutz</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.kubuts. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.kubuts. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ubu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>qamatz</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.kamats. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.kamats. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>patach</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.patax. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.a'abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.patax. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.a'abu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>sheva</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.cyVAS. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.y.bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.cyVAS. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.y.bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>kholem</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xolem. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xolem. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.obu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>shuruq</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.curuk. bu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.u'ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.curuk. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.u'ubu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-accents-multiple-letters">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple letters</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritic marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accent marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for multiple letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for diacritic marks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for accent marks</secondary></indexterm> This list is intended to be suggestive, not complete: there are lerfu such as Polish
<quote>dark</quote> l and Maltese h-bar that do not yet have symbols.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>acute</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.akut. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.pritygal. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>pritu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.akut. bu</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase>.pritygal. bu</oldjbophrase> [<valsi>pritu</valsi> <valsi>galtu</valsi>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>grave</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.grav. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.zulgal. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.grav. bu</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase>.zulgal. bu</oldjbophrase> [<valsi>zunle</valsi> <valsi>galtu</valsi>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>circumflex</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.cirkumfleks. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.midgal. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>midju</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.cirkumfleks. bu</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase>.midgal. bu</oldjbophrase> [<valsi>midju</valsi> <valsi>galtu</valsi>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>tilde</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.tildes. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.tildes. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>macron</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.makron. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.makron. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>breve</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.brevis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.brevis. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>over-dot</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.gapmoc. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.gapmoc. bu</oldjbophrase> [<valsi>gapru</valsi> <valsi>mokca</valsi>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>umlaut/trema</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.relmoc. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.relmoc. bu</oldjbophrase> [<valsi>re</valsi> <valsi>mokca</valsi>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>over-ring</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.gapyjin. bu</jbophrase> [<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>djine</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.gapyjin. bu</oldjbophrase> [<valsi>gapru</valsi> <valsi>djine</valsi>]</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>cedilla</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.seDIlys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.seDIlys. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>double-acute</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.re'akut. bu [re akut.]</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.re'akut. bu [re akut.]</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ogonek</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.ogoniek. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.ogoniek. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>hacek</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.xatcek. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.xatcek. bu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>ligatured fi fi</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tei fy. ibu foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tei fy. ibu foi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Danish/Latin ae ae</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tei .abu .ebu foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tei .abu .ebu foi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Dutch ij ij</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tei .ibu jy. foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tei .ibu jy. foi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>German es-zed es-zed</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>tei sy. zy. foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tei sy. zy. foi</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-ICAO-alphabet">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for radio communication</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Phonetic Alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ICAO Phonetic Alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>noisy environments</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>radio communication</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for radio communication</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for noisy environments</secondary></indexterm> There is a set of English words which are used, by international agreement, as lerfu words (for the English alphabet) over the radio, or in noisy situations where the utmost clarity is required. Formally they are known as the
<quote>ICAO Phonetic Alphabet</quote>, and are used even in non-English-speaking countries.</para>
<para>This table presents the standard English spellings and proposed Lojban versions. The Lojbanizations are not straightforward renderings of the English sounds, but make some concessions both to the English spellings of the words and to the Lojban pronunciations of the lerfu (thus
- <jbophrase>carlis. bu</jbophrase>, not
- <jbophrase>tcarlis. bu</jbophrase>).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>carlis. bu</oldjbophrase>, not
+ <oldjbophrase>tcarlis. bu</oldjbophrase>).</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Alfa</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.alfas. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Bravo</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.bravos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.bravos. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Charlie</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.carlis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.carlis. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Delta</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.deltas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.deltas. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Echo</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.ekos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.ekos. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Foxtrot</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.fokstrot. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.fokstrot. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Golf</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.golf. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.golf. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Hotel</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.xoTEL. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.xoTEL. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>India</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.indias. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.indias. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Juliet</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.juliet. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.juliet. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Kilo</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.kilos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.kilos. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Lima</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.limas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.limas. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Mike</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.maik. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.maik. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>November</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.novembr. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.novembr. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Oscar</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.oskar. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.oskar. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Papa</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.paPAS. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.paPAS. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Quebec</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.keBEK. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.keBEK. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Romeo</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.romios. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.romios. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Sierra</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.sieras. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.sieras. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Tango</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.tangos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.tangos. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Uniform</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.Uniform. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.Uniform. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Victor</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.viktas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.viktas. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Whiskey</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.uiskis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.uiskis. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>X-ray</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.eksreis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.eksreis. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Yankee</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.iankis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.iankis. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Zulu</term>
- <listitem><para><jbophrase>.zulus. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><oldjbophrase>.zulus. bu</oldjbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 51b8c0a..ece8e14 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -128,21 +128,21 @@
<math>1234567890</math>
<en>one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>123</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>greater than 9</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, there are no separate cmavo for
<quote>ten</quote>,
<quote>hundred</quote>, etc.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number words</primary><secondary>pattern in</secondary></indexterm> There is a pattern to the digit cmavo (except for
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase>, 0) which is worth explaining. The cmavo from 1 to 5 end in the vowels
+ <valsi>no</valsi>, 0) which is worth explaining. The cmavo from 1 to 5 end in the vowels
<letteral>a</letteral>,
<letteral>e</letteral>,
<letteral>i</letteral>,
<letteral>o</letteral>,
<letteral>u</letteral> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
<letteral>a</letteral>,
<letteral>e</letteral>,
<letteral>i</letteral>, and
<letteral>o</letteral> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
@@ -190,51 +190,51 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>comma between digits</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive numbers</primary><secondary>explicit expression</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signed numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> A number can be given an explicit sign by the use of
- <jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which are the positive and negative signs as distinct from the addition, subtraction, and negation operators. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>ma'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ni'u</valsi>, which are the positive and negative signs as distinct from the addition, subtraction, and negation operators. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6A5H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ni'u pa</jbo>
<gloss>negative-sign 1</gloss>
<math>-1</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>-1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signs on numbers</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, the signs are part of the number to which they are attached. It is also possible to use
- <jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase> by themselves as numbers; the meaning of these numbers is explained in
+ <valsi>ma'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ni'u</valsi> by themselves as numbers; the meaning of these numbers is explained in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>in numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical punctuation</primary></indexterm> Various numerical punctuation marks are likewise expressed by cmavo, as illustrated in the following examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ust4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci pi pa vo pa mu</jbo>
<gloss>three point one four one five</gloss>
<math>3.1415</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3.1415</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>effect of different notations</secondary></indexterm> (In some cultures, a comma is used instead of a period in the symbolic version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ust4"/>;
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> is still the Lojban representation for the decimal point.)</para>
+ <valsi>pi</valsi> is still the Lojban representation for the decimal point.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AeRL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re fi'u ze</jbo>
<gloss>two fraction seven</gloss>
<math>2/7</math>
@@ -260,21 +260,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pi ci mu ra'e pa vo re bi mu ze</jbo>
<gloss>point three five repeating one four two eight five seven</gloss>
<math>.35142857142857...</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ra'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>repeating decimals</primary><secondary>marking start of repeating portion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>repeating decimals</primary><secondary>expressing with numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> Note that the
- <jbophrase>ra'e</jbophrase> marks unambiguously where the repeating portion
+ <valsi>ra'e</valsi> marks unambiguously where the repeating portion
<quote>142857</quote> begins.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhWd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci mu ce'i</jbo>
<gloss>three five percent</gloss>
@@ -288,40 +288,40 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa ki'o re ci vo ki'o mu xa ze</jbo>
<gloss>one comma two three four comma five six seven</gloss>
<math>1,234,567</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commas in numbers</primary><secondary>effect of other notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commas in numbers</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>percent</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> (In some cultures, spaces are used in the symbolic representation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhwM"/>;
- <jbophrase>ki'o</jbophrase> is still the Lojban representation.)</para>
+ <valsi>ki'o</valsi> is still the Lojban representation.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commas in numbers</primary><secondary>with elided digits</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to have less than three digits between successive
- <jbophrase>ki'o</jbophrase> s, in which case zeros are assumed to have been elided:</para>
+ <valsi>ki'o</valsi> s, in which case zeros are assumed to have been elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TTBx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa ki'o re ci ki'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>one comma two three comma four</gloss>
<math>1,023,004</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In the same way,
- <jbophrase>ki'o</jbophrase> can be used after
+ <valsi>ki'o</valsi> can be used after
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> to divide fractions into groups of three:</para>
+ <valsi>pi</valsi> to divide fractions into groups of three:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHwu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pi ki'o re re</jbo>
<gloss>point comma two two</gloss>
<math>.022</math>
@@ -386,40 +386,40 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2VC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci ka'o re</jbo>
<en>3i2 (a complex number equivalent to <inlineequation><mathphrase>3 + 2i</mathphrase></inlineequation>) </en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary><secondary>as special number compared with as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Note that
- <jbophrase>ka'o</jbophrase> is both a special number (meaning
+ <valsi>ka'o</valsi> is both a special number (meaning
<quote>i</quote>) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number).</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d3"/>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>aleph null</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>transfinite cardinal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci'i no</jbo>
<en>infinity zero</en>
<en><inlineequation><mathphrase>ℵ<subscript>0</subscript></mathphrase></inlineequation> (a transfinite cardinal) </en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The special numbers
- <jbophrase>pai</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>te'o</jbophrase> are mathematically important, which is why they are given their own cmavo:</para>
+ <valsi>pai</valsi> and
+ <valsi>te'o</valsi> are mathematically important, which is why they are given their own cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k356">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pai</jbo>
<en><inlineequation><mathphrase>pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>, <inlineequation><mathphrase>π</mathphrase></inlineequation> </en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36i">
@@ -513,111 +513,111 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa su'i pa du li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number one plus one equals the-number two.</gloss>
<math>1 + 1 = 2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical equality</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-CUeK"/>, a mekso sentence, is a regular Lojban bridi that exploits mekso features.
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is the predicate meaning
+ <valsi>du</valsi> is the predicate meaning
<quote>x1 is mathematically equal to x2</quote>. It is a cmavo for conciseness, but it has the same grammatical uses as any brivla. Outside mathematical contexts,
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>du</valsi> means
<quote>x1 is identical with x2</quote> or
<quote>x1 is the same object as x2</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>using for quantification contrasted with talking about</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>talking about contrasted with using for quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number article</primary><secondary>explanation of use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>for talking about numbers themselves</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>article</primary><secondary>number</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is the number article. It is required whenever a sentence talks about numbers as numbers, as opposed to using numbers to quantify things. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>li</valsi> is the number article. It is required whenever a sentence talks about numbers as numbers, as opposed to using numbers to quantify things. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nSU9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci prenu</jbo>
<en>the three persons</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires no
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> article, because the
+ <valsi>li</valsi> article, because the
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> is being used to specify the number of
- <jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>. However, the sentence</para>
+ <valsi>ci</valsi> is being used to specify the number of
+ <valsi>prenu</valsi>. However, the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BNFi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sfani cu grake li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This fly masses-in-grams the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This fly has a mass of 3 grams.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 grams</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>units of measurement</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>measurements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> requires
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> because
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> is being used as a sumti. Note that this is the way in which measurements are stated in Lojban: all the predicates for units of length, mass, temperature, and so on have the measured object as the first place and a number as the second place. Using
+ <valsi>li</valsi> because
+ <valsi>ci</valsi> is being used as a sumti. Note that this is the way in which measurements are stated in Lojban: all the predicates for units of length, mass, temperature, and so on have the measured object as the first place and a number as the second place. Using
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> for
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>li</valsi> for
+ <valsi>le</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nSU9"/> would produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gJe1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci prenu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 is-a-person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is grammatical but nonsensical: numbers are not persons.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition operator</primary><secondary>contrasted with positive sign</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive sign</primary><secondary>contrasted with addition operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition</primary><secondary>a mathematical operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o VUhU, which is composed of mathematical operators, and means
+ <valsi>su'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o VUhU, which is composed of mathematical operators, and means
<quote>addition</quote>. As mentioned before, it is distinct from
- <jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> which means the positive sign as an indication of a positive number:</para>
+ <valsi>ma'u</valsi> which means the positive sign as an indication of a positive number:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4gsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ma'u pa su'i ni'u pa du li no</jbo>
<gloss>The-number positive-sign one plus negative-sign one equals the-number zero.</gloss>
<math>+1 + -1 = 0</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, it is legal to have complex mekso on both sides of
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d6bM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mu su'i pa du li ci su'i ci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number five plus one equals the-number three plus three.</gloss>
<math>5 + 1 = 3 + 3</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion into sumti from mekso</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of mekso into sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>as converter of mekso into sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>general sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>contrasted with general sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VUhU operands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators of VUhU</primary><secondary>grammar of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>with complex mekso on both sides</secondary></indexterm> Why don't we say
- <jbophrase>li mu su'i li pa</jbophrase> rather than just
- <jbophrase>li mu su'i pa</jbophrase>? The answer is that VUhU operators connect mekso operands (numbers, in
+ <oldjbophrase>li mu su'i li pa</oldjbophrase> rather than just
+ <oldjbophrase>li mu su'i pa</oldjbophrase>? The answer is that VUhU operators connect mekso operands (numbers, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>), not general sumti.
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is used to make the entire mekso into a sumti, which then plays the roles applicable to other sumti: in
+ <valsi>li</valsi> is used to make the entire mekso into a sumti, which then plays the roles applicable to other sumti: in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>, filling the places of a bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precedence</primary><secondary>mathematical default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator left-right grouping</primary><secondary>as Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>in Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>calculator mathematics</primary><secondary>as default in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> By default, Lojban mathematics is like simple calculator mathematics: there is no notion of
<quote>operator precedence</quote>. Consider the following example, where
- <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>pi'i</valsi> means
<quote>times</quote>, the multiplication operator:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7a2Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
@@ -635,82 +635,82 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li cimu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number three-five.</gloss>
<math>3 + 4 × 5 = 35</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>default operator precedence</primary><secondary>contrasted with mekso goal</secondary></indexterm> Here we calculate 3 + 4 first, giving 7, and then calculate 7 × 5 second, leading to the result 35. While possessing the advantage of simplicity, this result violates the design goal of matching the standards of mathematics. What can be done?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>effect of pragmatic convention</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>and mathematical notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>and operator precedence</secondary></indexterm> There are three solutions, all of which will probably be used to some degree. The first solution is to ignore the problem. People will say
- <jbophrase>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu</jbophrase> and mean 23 by it, because the notion that multiplication takes precedence over addition is too deeply ingrained to be eradicated by Lojban parsing, which totally ignores semantics. This convention essentially allows semantics to dominate syntax in this one area.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu</oldjbophrase> and mean 23 by it, because the notion that multiplication takes precedence over addition is too deeply ingrained to be eradicated by Lojban parsing, which totally ignores semantics. This convention essentially allows semantics to dominate syntax in this one area.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence in other languages</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>rationale for default left-grouping</secondary></indexterm> (Why not hard-wire the precedences into the grammar, as is done in computer programming languages? Essentially because there are too many operators, known and unknown, with levels of precedence that vary according to usage. The programming language 'C' has 13 levels of precedence, and its list of operators is not even extensible. For Lojban this approach is just not practical. In addition, hard-wired precedence could not be overridden in mathematical systems such as spreadsheets where the conventions are different.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>generalized explicit specification</secondary></indexterm> The second solution is to use explicit means to specify the precedence of operators. This approach is fully general, but clumsy, and will be explained in
<xref linkend="section-explicit-operator-precedence"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bi'e</primary><secondary>effect on following operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>scope modification with bi'e</secondary></indexterm> The third solution is simple but not very general. When an operator is prefixed with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BIhE), it becomes automatically of higher precedence than other operators not so prefixed. Thus,</para>
+ <valsi>bi'e</valsi> (of selma'o BIhE), it becomes automatically of higher precedence than other operators not so prefixed. Thus,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LIUa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo bi'e pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four-times-five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
<math>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a truthful Lojban bridi. If more than one operator has a
- <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> prefix, grouping is from the right; multiple
+ <valsi>bi'e</valsi> prefix, grouping is from the right; multiple
- <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> prefixes on a single operator are not allowed.</para>
+ <valsi>bi'e</valsi> prefixes on a single operator are not allowed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parenthesis</primary><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>specifying by parenthesis</secondary></indexterm> In addition, of course, Lojban has the mathematical parentheses
- <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, which can be used just like their written equivalents
+ <valsi>vei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi>, which can be used just like their written equivalents
<quote>(</quote> and
<quote>)</quote> to group expressions in any way desired:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wfFV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bi'e] te'a re su'i re bi'e pi'i ny. su'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number (<varname>n</varname> plus one) times (<varname>n</varname> plus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times- <varname>n</varname> plus 1.</gloss>
<math>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ny</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n^2 + 2n + 1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>interpretation of contrasted with normal mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> There are several new usages in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/>:
- <jbophrase>te'a</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>te'a</valsi> means
<quote>raised to the power</quote>, and we also see the use of the lerfu word
- <jbophrase>ny</jbophrase>, representing the letter
+ <oldjbophrase>ny</oldjbophrase>, representing the letter
<quote>n</quote>. In mekso, letters stand for just what they do in ordinary mathematics: variables. The parser will accept a string of lerfu words (called a
<quote>lerfu string</quote>) as the equivalent of a single lerfu word, in agreement with computer-science conventions;
<quote>abc</quote> is a single variable, not the equivalent of
<quote>a × b × c</quote>. (Of course, a local convention could state that the value of a variable like
<quote>abc</quote>, with a multi-lerfu name, was equal to the values of the variables
<quote>a</quote>,
<quote>b</quote>, and
<quote>c</quote> multiplied together.)</para>
<para>The explicit operator
- <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> is required in the Lojban verbal form whereas multiplication is implicit in the symbolic form. Note that
+ <valsi>pi'i</valsi> is required in the Lojban verbal form whereas multiplication is implicit in the symbolic form. Note that
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> (the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: the first use of it in
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi> (the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: the first use of it in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/> is required, but the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, the first
- <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> (also marked by square brackets) is not necessary to get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the other one.</para>
+ <valsi>bi'e</valsi> (also marked by square brackets) is not necessary to get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the other one.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-forethought">
<title>Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>boi</cmavo>
<selmaho>BOI</selmaho>
@@ -765,104 +765,104 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li su'i paboi reboi ci[boi] du li xa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number the-sum-of one two three equals the-number six.</gloss>
<math>sum(1,2,3) = 6</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the normally elidable number terminator
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required after
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> because otherwise the reading would be
- <jbophrase>pareci</jbophrase>= 123. It is not required after
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> but is inserted here in brackets for the sake of symmetry. The only time
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required is, as in
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> is required after
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> and
+ <valsi>re</valsi> because otherwise the reading would be
+ <oldjbophrase>pareci</oldjbophrase>= 123. It is not required after
+ <valsi>ci</valsi> but is inserted here in brackets for the sake of symmetry. The only time
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> is required is, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/>, when there are two consecutive numbers or lerfu strings.</para>
<para>Forethought mekso can use any number of operands, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/>, three. How do we know how many operands there are in ambiguous circumstances? The usual Lojban solution is employed: an elidable terminator, namely
- <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase>. Here is an example:</para>
+ <valsi>ku'e</valsi>. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IxMG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li py. su'i va'a ny. ku'e su'i zy du li xy.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number
<quote>p</quote> plus negative-of(
<quote>n</quote>) plus
<quote>z</quote> equals the-number
<quote>x</quote>.</gloss>
<math>p + -n + z = x</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where we know that
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is a forethought operator because there is no operand preceding it.</para>
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> is a forethought operator because there is no operand preceding it.</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
- <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase> is not used for numerical negation, but only for subtraction, as it always has two or more operands. Do not confuse
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase>, which are operators, with
- <jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which is part of a number.</para>
+ <valsi>vu'u</valsi> is not used for numerical negation, but only for subtraction, as it always has two or more operands. Do not confuse
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>vu'u</valsi>, which are operators, with
+ <valsi>ni'u</valsi>, which is part of a number.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IxMG"/>, the operator
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and the terminator
- <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> serve in effect as parentheses. (The regular parentheses
- <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> are NOT used for this purpose.) If the
- <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> were omitted, the
- <jbophrase>su'i zy</jbophrase> would be swallowed up by the
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> forethought operator, which would then appear to have two operands,
- <jbophrase>ny</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>su'i zy.</jbophrase>, where the latter is also a forethought expression.</para>
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> and the terminator
+ <valsi>ku'e</valsi> serve in effect as parentheses. (The regular parentheses
+ <valsi>vei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi> are NOT used for this purpose.) If the
+ <valsi>ku'e</valsi> were omitted, the
+ <oldjbophrase>su'i zy</oldjbophrase> would be swallowed up by the
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> forethought operator, which would then appear to have two operands,
+ <oldjbophrase>ny</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>su'i zy.</oldjbophrase>, where the latter is also a forethought expression.</para>
<para>Forethought mekso is also useful for matching standard functional notation. How do we represent
<quote>z = f(x)</quote>? The answer is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VybU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li zy du li ma'o fy.boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number z equals the-number the-operator f x.</gloss>
<math>z = f(x)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, no parentheses are used. The construct
- <jbophrase>ma'o fy.boi</jbophrase> is the equivalent of an operator, and appears in forethought here (although it could also be used as a regular infix operator). In mathematics, letters sometimes mean functions and sometimes mean variables, with only the context to tell which. Lojban chooses to accept the variable interpretation as the default, and uses the special flag
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> to mark a lerfu string as an operator. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase> are variables, but
- <jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> is an operator (a function) because
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> marks it as such. The
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required because otherwise the
- <jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> would look like part of the operator name. (The use of
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> can be generalized from lerfu strings to any mekso operand: see
+ <oldjbophrase>ma'o fy.boi</oldjbophrase> is the equivalent of an operator, and appears in forethought here (although it could also be used as a regular infix operator). In mathematics, letters sometimes mean functions and sometimes mean variables, with only the context to tell which. Lojban chooses to accept the variable interpretation as the default, and uses the special flag
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi> to mark a lerfu string as an operator. The cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>xy.</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>zy.</oldjbophrase> are variables, but
+ <oldjbophrase>fy.</oldjbophrase> is an operator (a function) because
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi> marks it as such. The
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> is required because otherwise the
+ <oldjbophrase>xy.</oldjbophrase> would look like part of the operator name. (The use of
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi> can be generalized from lerfu strings to any mekso operand: see
<xref linkend="section-miscellany"/>.)</para>
<para>When using forethought mekso, the optional marker
- <jbophrase>pe'o</jbophrase> may be placed in front of the operator. This usage can help avoid confusion by providing clearly marked
+ <valsi>pe'o</valsi> may be placed in front of the operator. This usage can help avoid confusion by providing clearly marked
- <jbophrase>pe'o</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>pe'o</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> pairs to delimit the operand list.
+ <valsi>ku'e</valsi> pairs to delimit the operand list.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VybU"/>, respectively, with explicit
- <jbophrase>pe'o</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>pe'o</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>ku'e</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhz5" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pe'o su'i paboi reboi ciboi ku'e du li xa</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhzu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -878,118 +878,118 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li zy du li pe'o ma'o fy.boi xy. ku'e</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note: When using forethought mekso, be sure that the operands really are operands: they cannot contain regular infix expressions unless parenthesized with
- <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>. An earlier version of the complex
+ <valsi>vei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi>. An earlier version of the complex
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> came to grief because I forgot this rule.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-useful-selbri">
<title>Other useful selbri for mekso bridi</title>
<para>So far our examples have been isolated mekso (it is legal to have a bare mekso as a sentence in Lojban) and equation bridi involving
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>. What about inequalities such as
+ <valsi>du</valsi>. What about inequalities such as
<quote>x < 5</quote>? The answer is to use a bridi with an appropriate selbri, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s4TW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy. mleca li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x is-less-than the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a partial list of selbri useful in mathematical bridi:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>du</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>du</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>x1 is identical to x2, x3, x4, ... </place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>dunli</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>x1 is equal/congruent to x2 in/on property/quality/dimension/quantity x3</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>mleca</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>x1 is less than x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>zmadu</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>x1 is greater than x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dubjavme'a</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><place-structure>x1 is less than or equal to x2 [<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>, equal or less]</place-structure></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>dubjavme'a</oldjbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is less than or equal to x2 [<valsi>du</valsi> <valsi>ja</valsi> <valsi>mleca</valsi>, equal or less]</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dubjavmau</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><place-structure>x1 is greater than or equal to x2 [<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>, equal or greater]</place-structure></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>dubjavmau</oldjbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is greater than or equal to x2 [<valsi>du</valsi> <valsi>ja</valsi> <valsi>zmadu</valsi>, equal or greater]</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>tamdu'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><place-structure>x1 is similar to x2 [<jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, shape-equal]</place-structure></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>tamdu'i</oldjbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is similar to x2 [<valsi>tarmi</valsi> <valsi>dunli</valsi>, shape-equal]</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>turdu'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><place-structure>x1 is isomorphic to x2 [<jbophrase>stura</jbophrase> <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, structure-equal]</place-structure></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>turdu'i</oldjbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is isomorphic to x2 [<valsi>stura</valsi> <valsi>dunli</valsi>, structure-equal]</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cmima</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>cmima</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>x1 is a member of set x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>gripau</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><place-structure>x1 is a subset of set x2 [<jbophrase>girzu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>pagbu</jbophrase>, set-part]</place-structure></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>gripau</oldjbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is a subset of set x2 [<valsi>girzu</valsi> <valsi>pagbu</valsi>, set-part]</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>na'ujbi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><place-structure>x1 is approximately equal to x2 [<jbophrase>namcu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>jibni</jbophrase>, number-near]</place-structure></listitem>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>na'ujbi</oldjbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is approximately equal to x2 [<valsi>namcu</valsi> <valsi>jibni</valsi>, number-near]</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>terci'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>terci'e</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><place-structure>x1 is a component with function x2 of system x3</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Note the difference between
- <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>dunli</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>;
- <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place that specifies the kind of equality that is meant.
+ <valsi>du</valsi>;
+ <valsi>dunli</valsi> has a third place that specifies the kind of equality that is meant.
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> refers to actual identity, and can have any number of places:</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi> refers to actual identity, and can have any number of places:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PTmF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>py. du xy.boi zy.</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>p</quote> is-identical-to
<quote>x</quote>
<quote>z</quote></gloss>
<math>p = x = z</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Lojban bridi can have only one predicate, so the
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is not repeated.</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi> is not repeated.</para>
<para>Any of these selbri may usefully be prefixed with
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, the contradictory negation cmavo, to indicate that the relation is false:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>, the contradictory negation cmavo, to indicate that the relation is false:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WuRn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re na du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 2 + 2 is-not equal-to the-number 5.</gloss>
<math>2 + 2 ≠ 5</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1059,26 +1059,26 @@
<description>too many</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>too few</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Not all the cmavo of PA represent numbers in the usual mathematical sense. For example, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> means
<quote>all</quote> or
<quote>each</quote>. This number does not have a definite value in the abstract:
- <jbophrase>li ro</jbophrase> is undefined. But when used to count or quantify something, the parallel between
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> is clearer:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>li ro</oldjbophrase> is undefined. But when used to count or quantify something, the parallel between
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> and
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> is clearer:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qI27" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu pa prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at one person</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qI3P" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1089,32 +1089,32 @@
<jbo>mi catlu ro prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at all persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qI27"/> might be true, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qI3P"/> is almost certainly false.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>so'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'i</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'i</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'o</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>so'o</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>so'u</jbophrase> represent a set of indefinite numbers less than
+ <valsi>so'u</valsi> represent a set of indefinite numbers less than
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>. As you go down an alphabetical list, the magnitude decreases:</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>. As you go down an alphabetical list, the magnitude decreases:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qi4a" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu so'a prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at almost-all persons</gloss>
@@ -1156,56 +1156,56 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu so'u prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at a-few persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English equivalents are only rough: the cmavo provide space for up to five indefinite numbers between
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase>, with a built-in ordering. In particular,
- <jbophrase>so'e</jbophrase> does not mean
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> and
+ <valsi>no</valsi>, with a built-in ordering. In particular,
+ <valsi>so'e</valsi> does not mean
<quote>most</quote> in the sense of
<quote>a majority</quote> or
<quote>more than half</quote>.</para>
<para>Each of these numbers, plus
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>, may be prefixed with
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> (the decimal point) in order to make a fractional form which represents part of a whole rather than some elements of a totality.
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>, may be prefixed with
+ <valsi>pi</valsi> (the decimal point) in order to make a fractional form which represents part of a whole rather than some elements of a totality.
- <jbophrase>piro</jbophrase> therefore means
+ <oldjbophrase>piro</oldjbophrase> therefore means
<quote>the whole of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dwJI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi citka piro lei nanba</jbo>
<gloss>I eat the-whole-of the-mass-of bread</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Similarly,
- <jbophrase>piso'a</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>piso'a</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>almost the whole of</quote>; and so on down to
- <jbophrase>piso'u</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>piso'u</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>a tiny part of</quote>. These numbers are particularly appropriate with masses, which are usually measured rather than counted, as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dwJI"/> shows.</para>
<para>In addition to these cmavo, there is
- <jbophrase>no'o</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>no'o</valsi>, meaning
<quote>the typical value</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>pino'o</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>pino'o</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>the typical portion</quote>: Sometimes
- <jbophrase>no'o</jbophrase> can be translated
+ <valsi>no'o</valsi> can be translated
<quote>the average value</quote>, but the average in question is not, in general, a mathematical mean, median, or mode; these would be more appropriately represented by operators.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qi7Q" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu no'o prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at a-typical-number-of persons</gloss>
@@ -1214,21 +1214,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qI8K" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi citka pino'o lei nanba</jbo>
<gloss>I eat a-typical-amount-of the-mass-of bread.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>times</primary><secondary>implicit expression of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>times</primary><secondary>explicit expression of</secondary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase> is a related cmavo meaning
+ <valsi>da'a</valsi> is a related cmavo meaning
<quote>all but</quote>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qi94" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu da'a re prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at all-but two persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1239,46 +1239,46 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu da'a so'u prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at all-but a-few persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qia0"/> is similar in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qi4a"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'a</primary><secondary>default number for</secondary></indexterm> If no number follows
- <jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase>, then
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> is assumed;
- <jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase> by itself means
+ <valsi>da'a</valsi>, then
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> is assumed;
+ <valsi>da'a</valsi> by itself means
<quote>all but one</quote>, or in ordinal contexts
<quote>all but the last</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3z2U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro ratcu ka'e citka da'a ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>All rats can eat all-but-one rats.</gloss>
<en>All rats can eat all other rats.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat themselves</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (The use of
- <jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase> means that
+ <valsi>da'a</valsi> means that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3z2U"/> does not require that all rats can eat themselves, but does allow it. Each rat has one rat it cannot eat, but that one might be some rat other than itself. Context often dictates that
<quote>itself</quote> is, indeed, the
<quote>other</quote> rat.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma'u</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-signs-punctuation"/>,
- <jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase> are also legal numbers, and they mean
+ <valsi>ma'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ni'u</valsi> are also legal numbers, and they mean
<quote>some positive number</quote> and
<quote>some negative number</quote> respectively.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiaK" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci vu'u re du li ma'u</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 3 − 2 = some-positive-number</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1295,53 +1295,53 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiAR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse ma'u rupnu</jbo>
<gloss>I possess a-positive-number-of currency-units.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>rau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite values</primary><secondary>subjective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective amounts</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> All of the numbers discussed so far are objective, even if indefinite. If there are exactly six superpowers (
- <jbophrase>rairgugde</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>rairgugde</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>superlative-states</quote>) in the world, then
- <jbophrase>ro rairgugde</jbophrase> means the same as
- <jbophrase>xa rairgugde</jbophrase>. It is often useful, however, to express subjective indefinite values. The cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>ro rairgugde</oldjbophrase> means the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>xa rairgugde</oldjbophrase>. It is often useful, however, to express subjective indefinite values. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>rau</jbophrase> (enough),
+ <valsi>rau</valsi> (enough),
- <jbophrase>du'e</jbophrase> (too many), and
+ <valsi>du'e</valsi> (too many), and
- <jbophrase>mo'a</jbophrase> (too few) are then appropriate:</para>
+ <valsi>mo'a</valsi> (too few) are then appropriate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TIiE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse rau rupnu</jbo>
<gloss>I possess enough currency-units.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough currency</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite portions</primary><secondary>subjective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective portions</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Like the
- <jbophrase>so'a</jbophrase>-series,
+ <valsi>so'a</valsi>-series,
- <jbophrase>rau</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>rau</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>du'e</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>du'e</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>mo'a</jbophrase> can be preceded by
+ <valsi>mo'a</valsi> can be preceded by
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase>; for example,
- <jbophrase>pirau</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>pi</valsi>; for example,
+ <oldjbophrase>pirau</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>a sufficient part of.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definite numbers</primary><secondary>combined with indefinite</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite numbers</primary><secondary>combined with definite</secondary></indexterm> Another possibility is that of combining definite and indefinite numbers into a single number. This usage implies that the two kinds of numbers have the same value in the given context:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qibb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le rore gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the all-of/two dogs.</gloss>
@@ -1392,51 +1392,51 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>za'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>more than</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary><secondary>effect of placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>approximate numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ji'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o PA) is used in several ways to indicate approximate or rounded numbers. If it appears at the beginning of a number, the whole number is approximate:</para>
+ <valsi>ji'i</valsi> (of selma'o PA) is used in several ways to indicate approximate or rounded numbers. If it appears at the beginning of a number, the whole number is approximate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YLcy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ji'i vo no</jbo>
<gloss>approximation four zero</gloss>
<en>approximately 40</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>approximately 40</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>approximate numbers</primary><secondary>expressing some exactness of</secondary></indexterm> If
- <jbophrase>ji'i</jbophrase> appears in the middle of a number, all the digits following it are approximate:</para>
+ <valsi>ji'i</valsi> appears in the middle of a number, all the digits following it are approximate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BANC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vo no ji'i mu no</jbo>
<gloss>four zero approximation five zero</gloss>
<en>roughly 4050 (where the
<quote>four thousand</quote> is exact, but the
<quote>fifty</quote> is approximate)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rounded numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truncation of number</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> If
- <jbophrase>ji'i</jbophrase> appears at the end of a number, it indicates that the number has been rounded. In addition, it can then be followed by a sign cmavo (
- <jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>), which indicate truncation towards positive or negative infinity respectively.</para>
+ <valsi>ji'i</valsi> appears at the end of a number, it indicates that the number has been rounded. In addition, it can then be followed by a sign cmavo (
+ <valsi>ma'u</valsi> or
+ <valsi>ni'u</valsi>), which indicate truncation towards positive or negative infinity respectively.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIc5" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re pi ze re ji'i</jbo>
<gloss>two point seven two approximation</gloss>
<en>2.72 (rounded)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1459,31 +1459,31 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re pi ze pa ji'i ni'u</jbo>
<gloss>two point seven one approximation negative-sign</gloss>
<en>2.71 (rounded down)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rounded down</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rounded up</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIc5"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiDE"/> are all approximations to
- <jbophrase>te'o</jbophrase> (exponential e).
- <jbophrase>ji'i</jbophrase> can also appear by itself, in which case it means
+ <valsi>te'o</valsi> (exponential e).
+ <valsi>ji'i</valsi> can also appear by itself, in which case it means
<quote>approximately the typical value in this context</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inexact numbers with bounds</primary></indexterm> The four cmavo
- <jbophrase>su'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>su'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>me'i</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>me'i</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>za'u</jbophrase>, also of selma'o PA, express inexact numbers with upper or lower bounds:</para>
+ <valsi>za'u</valsi>, also of selma'o PA, express inexact numbers with upper or lower bounds:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qidi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu su'e re prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at at-most two persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1515,47 +1515,47 @@
<jbo>mi catlu za'u re prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at more-than two persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>exactly two</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>more than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>less than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>at least</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>at most</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plural</primary><secondary>Lojban equivalent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exact number</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>at most</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>at least, less than</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>at least</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>less than, at most</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>more than</primary><secondary>contrasted with less than</secondary><tertiary>at least, at most</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>less than</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>at least, at most</tertiary></indexterm> Each of these is a subtly different claim:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiE3"/> is true of two or any greater number, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIfM"/> requires three persons or more. Likewise,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qidi"/> refers to zero, one, or two;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIe7"/> to zero or one. (Of course, when the context allows numbers other than non-negative integers,
- <jbophrase>me'i re</jbophrase> can be any number less than 2, and likewise with the other cases.) The exact quantifier,
+ <oldjbophrase>me'i re</oldjbophrase> can be any number less than 2, and likewise with the other cases.) The exact quantifier,
<quote>exactly 2, neither more nor less</quote> is just
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase>. Note that
- <jbophrase>su'ore</jbophrase> is the exact Lojban equivalent of English plurals.</para>
+ <valsi>re</valsi>. Note that
+ <oldjbophrase>su'ore</oldjbophrase> is the exact Lojban equivalent of English plurals.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>za'u</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'i</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'e</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> If no number follows one of these cmavo,
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> is understood: therefore,</para>
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> is understood: therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brir">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu su'o prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at at-least [one] person</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a meaningful claim.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inexact portions with bounds</primary></indexterm> Like the numbers in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>, all of these cmavo may be preceded by
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> to make the corresponding quantifiers for part of a whole. For example,
- <jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>pi</valsi> to make the corresponding quantifiers for part of a whole. For example,
+ <oldjbophrase>pisu'o</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>at least some part of</quote>. The quantifiers
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>piro</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> are particularly important in Lojban, as they are implicitly used in the descriptions introduced by the cmavo of selma'o LA and LE, as explained in
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>,
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>,
+ <oldjbophrase>piro</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>pisu'o</oldjbophrase> are particularly important in Lojban, as they are implicitly used in the descriptions introduced by the cmavo of selma'o LA and LE, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Descriptions in general are outside the scope of this chapter.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-radixen">
<title>Non-decimal and compound bases</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
@@ -1594,32 +1594,32 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pi'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>compound base point</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>radix</primary><secondary>decimal (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> In normal contexts, Lojban assumes that all numbers are expressed in the decimal (base 10) system. However, other bases are possible, and may be appropriate in particular circumstances.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>octal system</primary><secondary>specifying numbers in (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>binary system</primary><secondary>specifying numbers in (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm> To specify a number in a particular base, the VUhU operator
- <jbophrase>ju'u</jbophrase> is suitable:</para>
+ <valsi>ju'u</valsi> is suitable:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Iw8u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa no pa no ju'u re du li pa no</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 1010 base 2 equals the-number 10.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>changing permanently</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>assumed</secondary></indexterm> Here, the final
- <jbophrase>pa no</jbophrase> is assumed to be base 10, as usual; so is the base specification. (The base may also be changed permanently by a metalinguistic specification; no standard way of doing so has as yet been worked out.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>pa no</oldjbophrase> is assumed to be base 10, as usual; so is the base specification. (The base may also be changed permanently by a metalinguistic specification; no standard way of doing so has as yet been worked out.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hexadecimal system</primary><secondary>specifying numbers in (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>rationale for having 16</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has digits for representing bases up to 16, because 16 is a base often used in computer applications. In English, it is customary to use the letters A-F as the base 16 digits equivalent to the numbers ten through fifteen. In Lojban, this ambiguity is avoided:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIgb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li daufeigai ju'u paxa du li rezevobi</jbo>
<gloss>The-number ABC base 16 equals the-number 2748.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1627,76 +1627,76 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIha" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li jaureivai ju'u paxa du li cimuxaze</jbo>
<gloss>The-number DEF base 16 equals the-number 3567.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ABC base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits beyond 9</primary><secondary>word pattern</secondary></indexterm> Note the pattern in the cmavo: the diphthongs
- <jbophrase>au</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ai</jbophrase> are used twice in the same order. The digits for A to D use consonants different from those used in the decimal digit cmavo; E and F unfortunately overlap 2 and 4 – there was simply not enough available cmavo space to make a full differentiation possible. The cmavo are also in alphabetical order.</para>
+ <valsi>au</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ei</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ai</valsi> are used twice in the same order. The digits for A to D use consonants different from those used in the decimal digit cmavo; E and F unfortunately overlap 2 and 4 – there was simply not enough available cmavo space to make a full differentiation possible. The cmavo are also in alphabetical order.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>in bases other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base point</primary><secondary>in bases other than 10</secondary></indexterm> The base point
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> is used in non-decimal bases just as in base 10:</para>
+ <valsi>pi</valsi> is used in non-decimal bases just as in base 10:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gCo4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vai pi bi ju'u paxa du li pamu pi mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number F.8 base 16 equals the-number 15.5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>F.8 base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>non-constant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ju'u</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Since
- <jbophrase>ju'u</jbophrase> is an operator of selma'o VUhU, it is grammatical to use any operand as the left argument. Semantically, however, it is undefined to use anything but a numeral string on the left. The reason for making
- <jbophrase>ju'u</jbophrase> an operator is to allow reference to a base which is not a constant.</para>
+ <valsi>ju'u</valsi> is an operator of selma'o VUhU, it is grammatical to use any operand as the left argument. Semantically, however, it is undefined to use anything but a numeral string on the left. The reason for making
+ <valsi>ju'u</valsi> an operator is to allow reference to a base which is not a constant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hours</primary><secondary>minutes</secondary><tertiary>seconds: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>separator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base varying for each digit</primary><secondary>separator for</secondary></indexterm> There are some numerical values that require a
<quote>base</quote> that varies from digit to digit. For example, times represented in hours, minutes, and seconds have, in effect, three
<quote>digits</quote>: the first is base 24, the second and third are base 60. To express such numbers, the compound base separator
- <jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> is used:</para>
+ <valsi>pi'e</valsi> is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-17HR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci pi'e rere pi'e vono</jbo>
<math>3:22:40</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>expressing digits in</secondary></indexterm> Each digit sequence separated by instances of
- <jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> is expressed in decimal notation, but the number as a whole is not decimal and can only be added and subtracted by special rules:</para>
+ <valsi>pi'e</valsi> is expressed in decimal notation, but the number as a whole is not decimal and can only be added and subtracted by special rules:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iUYu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci pi'e rere pi'e vono su'i pi'e ci pi'e cici du li ci pi'e rexa pi'e paci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3:22:40 plus :3:33 equals the-number 3:26:13.</gloss>
<math>3:22:40 + 0:3:33 = 3:26:13</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, only context tells you that the first part of the numbers in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-17HR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iUYu"/> is hours, the second minutes, and the third seconds.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base greater than 16</primary><secondary>expressing numbers in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Mayan mathematics</primary><secondary>as a system with base larger than 16</secondary></indexterm> The same mechanism using
- <jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> can be used to express numbers which have a base larger than 16. For example, base-20 Mayan mathematics might use digits from
+ <valsi>pi'e</valsi> can be used to express numbers which have a base larger than 16. For example, base-20 Mayan mathematics might use digits from
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>paso</jbophrase>, each separated by
- <jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>no</valsi> to
+ <oldjbophrase>paso</oldjbophrase>, each separated by
+ <valsi>pi'e</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Nx5T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa pi'e re pi'e ci ju'u reno du li vovoci</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 1;2;3 base 20 equals the-number 443</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base greater than 16</primary><secondary>two digits contrasted with compound single-digits</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base greater than 16</primary><secondary>compound single-digits contrasted with two digits</secondary></indexterm> Carefully note the difference between:</para>
@@ -1714,34 +1714,34 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa pi'e no ju'u reno</jbo>
<gloss>1;0 base 20</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equal to twenty.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>large-base decimal fraction</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Both
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> can be used to express large-base fractions:</para>
+ <valsi>pi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>pi'e</valsi> can be used to express large-base fractions:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-26Li">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa pi'e vo pi ze ju'u reno du li re vo pi ci mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 1;4.7 base 20 equals the-number 24.35.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>vague</secondary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> is also used where the base of each digit is vague, as in the numbering of the examples in this chapter:</para>
+ <valsi>pi'e</valsi> is also used where the base of each digit is vague, as in the numbering of the examples in this chapter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-U161">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>dei jufra panopi'epapamoi</jbo>
<gloss>This-utterance is-a-sentence-type-of 10;11th-thing.</gloss>
<en>This is Sentence 10.11.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1790,21 +1790,21 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for ME</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> Lojban possesses a special category of selbri which are based on mekso. The simplest kind of such selbri are made by suffixing a member of selma'o MOI to a number. There are five members of MOI, each of which serves to create number-based selbri with specific place structures.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>mei</valsi> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is a mass formed from the set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed from set</secondary></indexterm> A cardinal selbri interrelates a set with a given number of members, the mass formed from that set, and the individuals which make the set up. The mass argument is placed first as a matter of convenience, not logical necessity.</para>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ujSA">
<title>
@@ -1826,21 +1826,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi poi pamei cu cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I who am-an-individual express this-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Pen"/>,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to a mass,
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> refers to a mass,
<quote>the mass consisting of me</quote>. Personal pronouns are vague between masses, sets, and individuals.</para>
<para>However, when the number expressed before
<rafsi>-mei</rafsi> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>, a slightly different place structure is required:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals of set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mei</primary><secondary>place structure formed for objective indefinites</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, measured relative to the set x4.
</place-structure>
<para>An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GJsg">
@@ -1849,45 +1849,45 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which are-in the park are a-fewsome with-respect-to the-set-of rats.</gloss>
<en>The rats in the park are a small number of all the rats there are.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of all rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fewsome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>with elided quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GJsg"/>, the x2 and x3 places are vacant, and the x4 place is filled by
- <jbophrase>lo'i ratcu</jbophrase>, which (because no quantifiers are explicitly given) means
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'i ratcu</oldjbophrase>, which (because no quantifiers are explicitly given) means
<quote>the whole of the set of all those things which are rats</quote>, or simply
<quote>the set of all rats.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manysome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-n52D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'i ratcu poi zvati le panka cu se so'imei</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats which-are in the park is-a manysome.</gloss>
<en>There are many rats in the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n52D"/>, the conversion cmavo
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
+ <valsi>se</valsi> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
<quote>many</quote> with respect to some unspecified comparison set.</para>
<para>More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, and individuals can be found in
<xref linkend="section-masses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>moi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>moi</valsi> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
</place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiHw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1915,178 +1915,178 @@
<jbo>mi raumoi le velskina porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-enough-th-in the movie-audience sequence</gloss>
<gloss>I am enough-th in the movie line.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>first rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIiA"/> means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>si'e</jbophrase> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>si'e</valsi> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
</place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i8r4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sanmi cu fi'ucisi'e lei mi djedi cidja</jbo>
<gloss>This-here meal is-a-slash-three-portion-of my day-food.</gloss>
<en>This meal is one-third of my daily food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>one-third of food</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>cu'o</valsi> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>values</secondary></indexterm> The number must be between 0 and 1 inclusive. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9sf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu lo sicni cu sedja'o cu pimucu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event of a coin being a head-displayer has probability .5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coin heads</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>probability .5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>va'e</jbophrase> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>va'e</valsi> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced fractions</primary><secondary>use in granular scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale</primary><secondary>granular contrasted with continuous</secondary></indexterm> If the scale is granular rather than continuous, a form like
- <jbophrase>cifi'uxa</jbophrase> (3/6) may be used; in this case, 3/6 is not the same as 1/2, because the third position on a scale of six positions is not the same as the first position on a scale of two positions. Here is an example:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cifi'uxa</oldjbophrase> (3/6) may be used; in this case, 3/6 is not the same as 1/2, because the third position on a scale of six positions is not the same as the first position on a scale of two positions. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XiTd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi rozgu cu sofi'upanova'e xunre</jbo>
<gloss>This rose is 9/10-scale red.</gloss>
<gloss>This rose is 9 out of 10 on the scale of redness.</gloss>
<en>This rose is very red.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>rau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>scale of redness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>8 out of ten</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for scale selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for probability selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for portion selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for ordinal selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for cardinal selbri</secondary></indexterm> When the quantifier preceding any MOI cmavo includes the subjective numbers
- <jbophrase>rau</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>rau</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>du'e</jbophrase>, or
+ <valsi>du'e</valsi>, or
- <jbophrase>mo'a</jbophrase> (enough, too many, too few) then an additional place is added for
+ <valsi>mo'a</valsi> (enough, too many, too few) then an additional place is added for
<quote>by standard</quote>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aGLh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu du'emei fo mi</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which-are in the park are too-many by-standard me.</gloss>
<en>There are too many rats in the park for me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>rationale for effect on place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>too many rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The extra place (which for
- <jbophrase>-mei</jbophrase> is the x4 place labeled by
- <jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>) is provided rather than using a BAI tag such as
- <jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase> because a specification of the standard for judgment is essential to the meaning of subjective words like
+ <oldjbophrase>-mei</oldjbophrase> is the x4 place labeled by
+ <valsi>fo</valsi>) is provided rather than using a BAI tag such as
+ <valsi>ma'i</valsi> because a specification of the standard for judgment is essential to the meaning of subjective words like
<quote>enough</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>specifying standard for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>standard for subjective numbers</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm> This place is not normally explicit when using one of the subjective numbers directly as a number. Therefore,
- <jbophrase>du'e ratcu</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>du'e ratcu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>too many rats</quote> without specifying any standard.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>with numerical selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary><tertiary>with lerfu strings</tertiary></indexterm> It is also grammatical to substitute a lerfu string for a number:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cyLo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ny.moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is-nth-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<en>That is my nth rat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>restriction on numbers used for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> More complex mekso cannot be placed directly in front of MOI, due to the resulting grammatical ambiguities. Instead, a somewhat artificial form of expression is required.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>alternative to compensate for restriction on numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"me"</primary><secondary>effect of MOI on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>use of "me" with</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) has the function of making a sumti into a selbri. A whole
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> construction can have a member of MOI added to the end to create a complex mekso selbri:</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi> (of selma'o ME) has the function of making a sumti into a selbri. A whole
+ <valsi>me</valsi> construction can have a member of MOI added to the end to create a complex mekso selbri:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n+1)-th rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xaYd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me li ny. su'i pa me'u moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is the-number n plus one-th-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<gloss>That is my (n+1)-th rat.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the mekso
- <jbophrase>ny. su'i pa</jbophrase> is made into a sumti (with
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>) and then changed into a mekso selbri with
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>me'u moi</jbophrase>. The elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> is required here in order to keep the
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and the
- <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> separate; otherwise, the parser will combine them into the compound
- <jbophrase>pamoi</jbophrase> and reject the sentence as ungrammatical.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ny. su'i pa</oldjbophrase> is made into a sumti (with
+ <valsi>li</valsi>) and then changed into a mekso selbri with
+ <valsi>me</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>me'u moi</oldjbophrase>. The elidable terminator
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> is required here in order to keep the
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> and the
+ <valsi>moi</valsi> separate; otherwise, the parser will combine them into the compound
+ <oldjbophrase>pamoi</oldjbophrase> and reject the sentence as ungrammatical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>based on non-numerical sumti</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly possible to use non-numerical sumti after
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> and before a member of MOI, producing strange results indeed:</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi> and before a member of MOI, producing strange results indeed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-enCe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi nolraitru cu me le'e snime bolci be vi la xel. cu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of me being-a-nobly-superlative-ruler has-the-stereotypical snow type-of-ball at Hell probability.</gloss>
<en>I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>snowball's chance</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary><secondary>use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi with MOI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MOI</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xaYd"/> could also be replaced by a
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> from joining into a compound.</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
+ <valsi>pa</valsi> and
+ <valsi>moi</valsi> from joining into a compound.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-number-questions">
<title>Number questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xo</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>number question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number questions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>number</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>xo</jbophrase>, a member of selma'o PA, is used to ask questions whose answers are numbers. Like most Lojban question words, it fills the blank where the answer should go. (See
+ <valsi>xo</valsi>, a member of selma'o PA, is used to ask questions whose answers are numbers. Like most Lojban question words, it fills the blank where the answer should go. (See
<xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/> for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIiE" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li xo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus 2 equals the-number what?</gloss>
@@ -2098,34 +2098,34 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xomoi prenu cu darxi do</jbo>
<gloss>The what-number-th person hit you?</gloss>
<gloss>Which person [as in a police lineup] hit you?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>digit</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digit questions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>police lineup</primary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>xo</jbophrase> can also be combined with other digits to ask questions whose answers are already partly specified. This ability could be very useful in writing tests of elementary arithmetical knowledge:</para>
+ <valsi>xo</valsi> can also be combined with other digits to ask questions whose answers are already partly specified. This ability could be very useful in writing tests of elementary arithmetical knowledge:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hSee">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li remu pi'i xa du li paxono</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 25 times 6 equals the-number 1?0</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number questions</primary><secondary>answers to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>as grammatically complete utterances</secondary></indexterm> to which the correct reply would be
- <jbophrase>mu</jbophrase>, or 5. The ability to utter bare numbers as grammatical Lojban sentences is primarily intended for giving answers to
- <jbophrase>xo</jbophrase> questions. (Another use, obviously, is for counting off physical objects one by one.)</para>
+ <valsi>mu</valsi>, or 5. The ability to utter bare numbers as grammatical Lojban sentences is primarily intended for giving answers to
+ <valsi>xo</valsi> questions. (Another use, obviously, is for counting off physical objects one by one.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-subscripts-math">
<title>Subscripts</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
<selmaho>XI</selmaho>
<description>subscript</description>
@@ -2137,22 +2137,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixici du li xy.boixipa su'i xy.boixire</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-3 equals the-number x-sub-1 plus x-sub-2.</gloss>
<math>x<subscript>3</subscript> = x<subscript>1</subscript> + x<subscript>2</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x-sub-3</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts always begin with the flag
- <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI).
- <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> may be followed by a number, a lerfu string, or a general mekso expression in parentheses:</para>
+ <valsi>xi</valsi> (of selma'o XI).
+ <valsi>xi</valsi> may be followed by a number, a lerfu string, or a general mekso expression in parentheses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiIs" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixino</jbo>
<math>x<subscript>0</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIJ6" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -2167,25 +2167,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIjf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixi vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o]</jbo>
<math>x<subscript>(n+1)</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>free modifiers</primary><secondary>effects on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>effects on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts on lerfu words</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of boi</secondary></indexterm> Note that subscripts attached directly to lerfu words (variables) generally need a
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> terminating the variable. Free modifiers, of which subscripts are one variety, generally require the explicit presence of an otherwise elidable terminator.</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> terminating the variable. Free modifiers, of which subscripts are one variety, generally require the explicit presence of an otherwise elidable terminator.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>superscripts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>before main expression</secondary></indexterm> There is no standard way of handling superscripts (other than those used as exponents) or for subscripts or superscripts that come before the main expression. If necessary, further cmavo could be assigned to selma'o XI for these purposes.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sub-subscripts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>multiple as sub-subscript</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for a subscript is that for a general number or lerfu string, namely
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase>. By convention, a subscript following another subscript is taken to be a sub-subscript:</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi>. By convention, a subscript following another subscript is taken to be a sub-subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FddL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo</jbo>
<math>x<subscript>b<subscript>4</subscript></subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See
@@ -2212,75 +2212,75 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>gei</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
<description>exponential notation</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary></indexterm> The infix operators presented so far have always had exactly two operands, and for more or fewer operands forethought notation has been required. However, it is possible to use an operator in infix style even though it has more or fewer than two operands, through the use of a pair of tricks: the null operand
- <jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> and the null operator
+ <valsi>tu'o</valsi> and the null operator
- <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase>. The first is suitable when there are too few operands, the second when there are too many. For example, suppose we wanted to express the numerical negation operator
+ <valsi>ge'a</valsi>. The first is suitable when there are too few operands, the second when there are too many. For example, suppose we wanted to express the numerical negation operator
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> in infix form. We would use:</para>
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> in infix form. We would use:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8Uh9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li tu'o va'a ny. du li no vu'u ny.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number (null) additive-inverse n equals the-number zero minus n.</gloss>
<math>-n = 0 − n</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too few for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operand</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> fulfills the grammatical requirement for a left operand for the infix use of
+ <valsi>tu'o</valsi> fulfills the grammatical requirement for a left operand for the infix use of
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase>, even though semantically none is needed or wanted.</para>
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi>, even though semantically none is needed or wanted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a binary operator</secondary></indexterm> Finding a suitable example of
- <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> requires exhibiting a ternary operator, and ternary operators are not common. The operator
- <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, however, has both a binary and a ternary use. As a binary operator, it provides a terse representation of scientific (also called
+ <valsi>ge'a</valsi> requires exhibiting a ternary operator, and ternary operators are not common. The operator
+ <valsi>gei</valsi>, however, has both a binary and a ternary use. As a binary operator, it provides a terse representation of scientific (also called
<quote>exponential</quote>) notation. The first operand of
- <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> is the exponent, and the second operand is the mantissa or fraction:</para>
+ <valsi>gei</valsi> is the exponent, and the second operand is the mantissa or fraction:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VjtV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li cinonoki'oki'o du li bi gei ci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three-zero-zero-comma-comma equals the-number eight scientific three.</gloss>
<math>300,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 ( 10^8</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> Why are the arguments to
- <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
- <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
+ <valsi>gei</valsi> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
+ <valsi>gei</valsi> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zmqy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gei reno</jbo>
<gloss>(scientific) two-zero</gloss>
<math>10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>10^20</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>floating point numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with base other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a ternary operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too many for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operator</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> Note, however, that although 10 is far and away the most common exponent base, it is not the only possible one. The third operand of
- <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, therefore, is the base, with 10 as the default value. Most computers internally store so-called
+ <valsi>gei</valsi>, therefore, is the base, with 10 as the default value. Most computers internally store so-called
<quote>floating-point</quote> numbers using 2 as the exponent base. (This has nothing to do with the fact that computers also represent all integers in base 2; the IBM 360 series used an exponent base of 16 for floating point, although each component of the number was expressed in base 2.) Here is a computer floating-point number with a value of 40:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7nMz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>papano bi'eju'u re gei pipanopano bi'eju'u re ge'a re</jbo>
<gloss>(one-one-zero base 2) scientific (point-one-zero-one-zero base 2) with-base 2</gloss>
<math>.1010</math>
@@ -2309,42 +2309,42 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sa'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
<description>matrix column combiner</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A mathematical vector is a list of numbers, and a mathematical matrix is a table of numbers. Lojban considers matrices to be built up out of vectors, which are in turn built up out of operands.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector indicator</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector</primary><secondary>components of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'i</primary><secondary>precedence of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector indicator</primary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>, the only cmavo of selma'o JOhI, is the vector indicator: it has a syntax reminiscent of a forethought operator, but has very high precedence. The components must be simple operands rather than full expressions (unless parenthesized). A vector can have any number of components;
+ <valsi>jo'i</valsi>, the only cmavo of selma'o JOhI, is the vector indicator: it has a syntax reminiscent of a forethought operator, but has very high precedence. The components must be simple operands rather than full expressions (unless parenthesized). A vector can have any number of components;
- <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> is the elidable terminator. An example:</para>
+ <valsi>te'u</valsi> is the elidable terminator. An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IVDJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du li jo'i voboi xaboi</jbo>
<gloss>The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals the-number array (four, six).</gloss>
<math>(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with ge'a for more than 2 rows/columns</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>as combination of vectors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix column operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix row operator</primary></indexterm> Vectors can be combined into matrices using either
- <jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase>, the matrix row operator, or
+ <valsi>pi'a</valsi>, the matrix row operator, or
- <jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
+ <valsi>sa'i</valsi>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
- <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ge'a</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>magic square</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the
<quote>magic square</quote> matrix</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>6</entry>
@@ -2374,106 +2374,106 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>jo'i biboi ciboi vo sa'i jo'i paboi muboi so ge'a jo'i xaboi zeboi re</jbo>
<gloss>the-vector (8 3 4) matrix-column the-vector (1 5 9), the-vector (6 7 2)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrices</primary><secondary>use of parentheses with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vectors</primary><secondary>use of parentheses with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrices</primary><secondary>use as operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vectors</primary><secondary>use as operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner product</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer product</primary></indexterm> The regular mekso operators can be applied to vectors and to matrices, since grammatically both of these are expressions. It is usually necessary to parenthesize matrices when used with operators in order to avoid incorrect groupings. There are no VUhU operators for the matrix operators of inner or outer products, but appropriate operators can be created using a suitable symbolic lerfu word or string prefixed by
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>to form matrices of more than 2 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with more than 2 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> Matrices of more than two dimensions can be built up using either
- <jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase> or
+ <valsi>pi'a</valsi> or
- <jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase> with an appropriate subscript numbering the dimension. When subscripted, there is no difference between
+ <valsi>sa'i</valsi> with an appropriate subscript numbering the dimension. When subscripted, there is no difference between
- <jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>pi'a</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>sa'i</valsi>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-reverse-polish-notation">
<title>Reverse Polish notation</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fu'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>FUhA</selmaho>
<description>reverse Polish flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>RP</primary><secondary>as abbreviation for reverse Polish notation</secondary></indexterm> So far, the Lojban notational conventions have mapped fairly familiar kinds of mathematical discourse. The use of forethought operators may have seemed odd when applied to
<quote>+</quote>, but when applied to
<quote>f</quote> they appear as the usual functional notation. Now comes a sharp break. Reverse Polish (RP) notation represents something completely different; even mathematicians don't use it much. (The only common uses of RP, in fact, are in some kinds of calculators and in the implementation of some programming languages.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>terminator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>marker</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>use of parentheses in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> In RP notation, the operator follows the operands. (Polish notation, where the operator precedes its operands, is another name for forethought mekso of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="section-forethought"/>.) The number of operands per operator is always fixed. No parentheses are required or permitted. In Lojban, RP notation is always explicitly marked by a
- <jbophrase>fu'a</jbophrase> at the beginning of the expression; there is no terminator. Here is a simple example:</para>
+ <valsi>fu'a</valsi> at the beginning of the expression; there is no terminator. Here is a simple example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-V4xe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li fu'a reboi ci su'i du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number (RP!) two, three, plus equals the-number five.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The operands are
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase>; the operator is
- <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>re</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ci</valsi>; the operator is
+ <valsi>su'i</valsi>.</para>
<para>Here is a more complex example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PSpq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li fu'a reboi ci pi'i voboi mu pi'i su'i du li rexa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number (RP!) (two, three, times), (four, five, times), plus equals the-number two-six</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the operands of the first
- <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> are
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase>; the operands of the second
- <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> are
- <jbophrase>vo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mu</jbophrase> (with
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> inserted where needed), and the operands of the
- <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> are
- <jbophrase>reboi ci pi'i</jbophrase>, or 6, and
- <jbophrase>voboi mu pi'i</jbophrase>, or 20. As you can see, it is easy to get lost in the world of reverse Polish notation; on the other hand, it is especially easy for a mechanical listener (who has a deep mental stack and doesn't get lost) to comprehend.</para>
+ <valsi>pi'i</valsi> are
+ <valsi>re</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ci</valsi>; the operands of the second
+ <valsi>pi'i</valsi> are
+ <valsi>vo</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mu</valsi> (with
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> inserted where needed), and the operands of the
+ <valsi>su'i</valsi> are
+ <oldjbophrase>reboi ci pi'i</oldjbophrase>, or 6, and
+ <oldjbophrase>voboi mu pi'i</oldjbophrase>, or 20. As you can see, it is easy to get lost in the world of reverse Polish notation; on the other hand, it is especially easy for a mechanical listener (who has a deep mental stack and doesn't get lost) to comprehend.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>parentheses in operands of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>operands of</secondary></indexterm> The operands of an RP operator can be any legal mekso operand, including parenthesized mekso that can contain any valid syntax, whether more RP or something more conventional.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a gei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'o va'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>number of operands</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, RP operators are always parsed with exactly two operands. What about operators which require only one operand, or more than two operands? The null operand
- <jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> and the null operator
+ <valsi>tu'o</valsi> and the null operator
- <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> provide a simple solution. A one-operand operator like
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> always appears in a reverse Polish context as
- <jbophrase>tu'o va'a</jbophrase>. The
+ <valsi>ge'a</valsi> provide a simple solution. A one-operand operator like
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> always appears in a reverse Polish context as
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'o va'a</oldjbophrase>. The
- <jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> provides the second operand, which is semantically ignored but grammatically necessary. Likewise, the three-operand version of
+ <valsi>tu'o</valsi> provides the second operand, which is semantically ignored but grammatically necessary. Likewise, the three-operand version of
- <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> appears in reverse Polish as
- <jbophrase>ge'a gei</jbophrase>, where the
+ <valsi>gei</valsi> appears in reverse Polish as
+ <oldjbophrase>ge'a gei</oldjbophrase>, where the
- <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> effectively merges the 2nd and 3rd operands into a single operand. Here are some examples:</para>
+ <valsi>ge'a</valsi> effectively merges the 2nd and 3rd operands into a single operand. Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiJp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li fu'a ciboi muboi vu'u du li fu'a reboi tu'o va'a</jbo>
<gloss>The-number (RP!) (three, five, minus) equals the-number (RP!) two, null, negative-of.</gloss>
<math>3 − 5 = -2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2516,21 +2516,21 @@
<cmavo>lo'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>LOhO</selmaho>
<description>terminator for LI</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operators</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e9Xi"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e9Xi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2542,41 +2542,41 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eiTM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parentheses</primary><secondary>for complex mekso used as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>complex used as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Note that the mekso here are being used as quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be enclosed in parentheses when used as a quantifier. This rule prevents ambiguities that do not exist when using
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>li</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'o</primary><secondary>effect of logical connective on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of lo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> By the way,
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> has an elidable terminator,
- <jbophrase>lo'o</jbophrase>, which is needed when a
+ <valsi>li</valsi> has an elidable terminator,
+ <valsi>lo'o</valsi>, which is needed when a
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> sumti is followed by a logical connective that could seem to be within the mekso. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>li</valsi> sumti is followed by a logical connective that could seem to be within the mekso. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LXtp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li vo lo'o .onai lo nalseldjuno namcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four or else a non-known number.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Omitting the
- <jbophrase>lo'o</jbophrase> would cause the parser to assume that another operand followed the
+ <valsi>lo'o</valsi> would cause the parser to assume that another operand followed the
- <jbophrase>.onai</jbophrase> and reject
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> as an invalid operand.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.onai</oldjbophrase> and reject
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> as an invalid operand.</para>
<para>Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard to come by. A contrived example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YoFg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<math>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2601,72 +2601,72 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy. su'i cy. du li no gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu</jbo>
<gloss>If-and-only-if the-number <quote>a</quote>-times-(<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus <quote>b</quote>-times- <quote>x</quote> plus <quote>c</quote> equals the-number zero then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus the-root-of (<quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times- <quote>a</quote>-times- <quote>c</quote> ) ] divided-by two-times- <quote>a</quote>.</gloss>
<en>Iff ax <superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0, then x = -b ± √ <!--sqrt-->(b <superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac) <!-- fraction bar --> 2a</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/>: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
- <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
+ <valsi>bi'e</valsi>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
- <jbophrase>fe'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
+ <valsi>fe'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ku'e</valsi> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
- <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
+ <valsi>bi'e</valsi> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connection with JOI and BIhI is also permitted between operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect operands with
- <jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> to create intervals:</para>
+ <valsi>bi'o</valsi> to create intervals:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bzf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li no ga'o bi'o ke'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one</gloss>
<math>[0,1)</math>
<en>the numbers from zero to one, including zero but not including one</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> Intervals defined by a midpoint and range rather than beginning and end points can be expressed by
- <jbophrase>mi'i</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>mi'i</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LvBT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu ga'o mi'i ke'i pimu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 0.5 ± 0.5</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closed interval</primary><secondary>expressed with mi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>open interval</primary><secondary>expressed with mi'i</secondary></indexterm> which expresses the same interval as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Bzf6"/>. Note that the
- <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> still refer to the endpoints, although these are now implied rather than expressed. Another way of expressing the same thing:</para>
+ <valsi>ga'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'i</valsi> still refer to the endpoints, although these are now implied rather than expressed. Another way of expressing the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CEvD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu su'i ni'upimu bi'o ma'upimu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 0.5 plus [-0.5 from-to +0.5]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>precedence over operator</secondary></indexterm> Here we have the sum of a number and an interval, which produces another interval centered on the number. As
<xref linkend="example-random-id-CEvD"/> shows, non-logical (or logical) connection of operands has higher precedence than any mekso operator.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>multiple for same base word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound subscript</primary></indexterm> You can also combine two operands with
- <jbophrase>ce'o</jbophrase>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
+ <valsi>ce'o</valsi>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eMsd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
<gloss>
@@ -2698,62 +2698,62 @@
<selmaho>MOhE</selmaho>
<description>sumti to operand</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>te'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>TEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for all three</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'u</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> One of the mekso design goals requires the ability to make use of Lojban's vocabulary resources within mekso to extend the built-in cmavo for operands and operators. There are three relevant constructs: all three share the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
- <jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>)</para>
+ <valsi>te'u</valsi> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
+ <valsi>jo'i</valsi>)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator derived from selbri</primary><secondary>effect of selbri place structure on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri place structure</primary><secondary>effect on operator formed by</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operator</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
+ <valsi>na'u</valsi> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k38f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i</jbo>
<gloss>The-number the-operator tangent (π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.</gloss>
<math>tan(π/2) = ∞</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase> is the gismu for
+ <valsi>tanjo</valsi> is the gismu for
<quote>x1 is the tangent of x2</quote>, and the
- <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
+ <valsi>na'u</valsi> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>formulae</primary><secondary>expressing based on pure dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
+ <valsi>ni'e</valsi> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
- <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction, since
- <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions represent numbers. The
- <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes that number available as a mekso operand. A common application is to make equations relating pure dimensions:</para>
+ <valsi>ni</valsi> abstraction, since
+ <valsi>ni</valsi> abstractions represent numbers. The
+ <valsi>ni'e</valsi> makes that number available as a mekso operand. A common application is to make equations relating pure dimensions:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wCJQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.</gloss>
<math>Length × Width × Depth = Volume</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Length ( Width ( Depth = Volume</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensioned numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting sumti into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo'e</jbophrase> operates similarly to
+ <valsi>mo'e</valsi> operates similarly to
- <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase>, but makes a sumti (rather than a selbri) into an operand. This construction is useful in stating equations involving dimensioned numbers:</para>
+ <valsi>ni'e</valsi>, but makes a sumti (rather than a selbri) into an operand. This construction is useful in stating equations involving dimensioned numbers:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETmX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals.</gloss>
@@ -2805,27 +2805,27 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>roi</cmavo>
<selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
<description>quantified tense</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>So far we have seen mekso used as sumti (with
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>), as quantifiers (often parenthesized), and in MOI and ME-MOI selbri. There are a few other minor uses of mekso within Lojban.</para>
+ <valsi>li</valsi>), as quantifiers (often parenthesized), and in MOI and ME-MOI selbri. There are a few other minor uses of mekso within Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expression</primary><secondary>referring to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with li</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> has the same grammatical use as
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> but slightly different semantics.
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi> has the same grammatical use as
+ <valsi>li</valsi> but slightly different semantics.
+ <valsi>li</valsi> means
<quote>the number which is the value of the mekso ...</quote>, whereas
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> just means
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi> just means
<quote>the mekso ...</quote> So it is true that:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-93Qu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<math>2 + 2 = 4</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2837,47 +2837,47 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o re su'i re du me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-mekso two plus two equals the-mekso four.</gloss>
<en><quote>2 + 2</quote>=<quote>4</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>relation to li compared with la/zo relation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>relation to me'o compared with la/zo relation</secondary></indexterm> since the expressions
<quote>2 + 2</quote> and
<quote>4</quote> are not the same. The relationship between
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is related to that between
- <jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase>, the person named John, and
- <jbophrase>zo .djan.</jbophrase>, the name
+ <valsi>li</valsi> and
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi> is related to that between
+ <oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase>, the person named John, and
+ <oldjbophrase>zo .djan.</oldjbophrase>, the name
<quote>John</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of converted operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting operator into</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> is the inverse of
- <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase>, and allows a mekso operator to be used as a normal selbri, with the place structure:</para>
+ <valsi>nu'a</valsi> is the inverse of
+ <valsi>na'u</valsi>, and allows a mekso operator to be used as a normal selbri, with the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the result of applying (operator) to x2, x3, ...
</place-structure>
<para>for as many places as may be required. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9idi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>uses
- <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> to make the operator
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> into a two-place bridi</para>
+ <valsi>nu'a</valsi> to make the operator
+ <valsi>va'a</valsi> into a two-place bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary><secondary>use in answering operator questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'u</primary><secondary>use in asking operator questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>to operator questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>operator</secondary></indexterm> Used together,
- <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> make it possible to ask questions about mekso operators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider
+ <valsi>nu'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>na'u</valsi> make it possible to ask questions about mekso operators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/>, to which
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> is one correct answer:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIKp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u mo re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two what-operator? two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<math>2 ? 2 = 4</math>
@@ -2887,39 +2887,39 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'a su'i</jbo>
<en>plus</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/>,
- <jbophrase>na'u mo</jbophrase> is an operator question, because
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is the selbri question cmavo and
- <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes the selbri into an operator.
+ <oldjbophrase>na'u mo</oldjbophrase> is an operator question, because
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> is the selbri question cmavo and
+ <valsi>na'u</valsi> makes the selbri into an operator.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> makes the true answer
- <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> into a selbri (which is a legal utterance) with the inverse cmavo
- <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase>. Mechanically speaking, inserting
+ <valsi>su'i</valsi> into a selbri (which is a legal utterance) with the inverse cmavo
+ <valsi>nu'a</valsi>. Mechanically speaking, inserting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/> produces:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-M5YX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u nu'a su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two (the-operator the-selbri plus) two equals the-number four.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
- <jbophrase>na'u nu'a</jbophrase> cancels out, leaving a truthful bridi</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>na'u nu'a</oldjbophrase> cancels out, leaving a truthful bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digit string</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>section numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>sub-division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> Numerical free modifiers, corresponding to English
<quote>firstly</quote>,
<quote>secondly</quote>, and so on, can be created by suffixing a member of selma'o MAI to a digit string or a lerfu string. (Digit strings are compound cmavo beginning with a cmavo of selma'o PA, and containing only cmavo of PA or BY; lerfu strings begin with a cmavo of selma'o BY, and likewise contain only PA or BY cmavo.) Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qimN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d7"/>
</title>
@@ -2960,62 +2960,62 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiPq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pasomo'o</jbo>
<en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chapter numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with mai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mai</primary><secondary>contrasted with mo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
- <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> is that
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
- <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase>. (See
+ <valsi>mai</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> is that
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
+ <valsi>mai</valsi>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi>. (See
<xref linkend="section-utterance-ordinals"/> for more on these words.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>numerical</secondary></indexterm> A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
- <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
+ <valsi>roi</valsi>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed discussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in
<xref linkend="section-interval-properties"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical tenses</primary><secondary>effect on use of boi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-explicit-operator-precedence">
<title>Explicit operator precedence</title>
<para>As mentioned earlier, Lojban does provide a way for the precedences of operators to be explicitly declared, although current parsers do not understand these declarations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'o</primary></indexterm> The declaration is made in the form of a metalinguistic comment using
- <jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase>, a member of selma'o SEI.
+ <valsi>ti'o</valsi>, a member of selma'o SEI.
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, the other member of SEI, is used to insert metalinguistic comments on a bridi which give information about the discourse which the bridi comprises. The format of a
- <jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase> declaration has not been formally established, but presumably would take the form of mentioning a mekso operator and then giving it either an absolute numerical precedence on some pre-established scale, or else specifying relative precedences between new operators and existing operators.</para>
+ <valsi>sei</valsi>, the other member of SEI, is used to insert metalinguistic comments on a bridi which give information about the discourse which the bridi comprises. The format of a
+ <valsi>ti'o</valsi> declaration has not been formally established, but presumably would take the form of mentioning a mekso operator and then giving it either an absolute numerical precedence on some pre-established scale, or else specifying relative precedences between new operators and existing operators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>plans for future</secondary></indexterm> In future, we hope to create an improved machine parser that can understand declarations of the precedences of simple operators belonging to selma'o VUhU. Originally, all operators would have the same precedence. Declarations would have the effect of raising the specified cmavo of VUhU to higher precedence levels. Complex operators formed with
- <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase>, or
+ <valsi>na'u</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ni'e</valsi>, or
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> would remain at the standard low precedence; declarations with respect to them are for future implementation efforts. It is probable that such a parser would have a set of
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi> would remain at the standard low precedence; declarations with respect to them are for future implementation efforts. It is probable that such a parser would have a set of
<quote>commonly assumed precedences</quote> built into it (selectable by a special
- <jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase> declaration) that would match mathematical intuition: times higher than plus, and so on.</para>
+ <valsi>ti'o</valsi> declaration) that would match mathematical intuition: times higher than plus, and so on.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-miscellany">
<title>Miscellany</title>
<para>A few other points:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>use with operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>of operator places</secondary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> can be used to convert an operator as if it were a selbri, so that its arguments are exchanged. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> can be used to convert an operator as if it were a selbri, so that its arguments are exchanged. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NwYJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci se vu'u vo du li pa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three (inverse) minus four equals the-number one.</gloss>
<en>3 subtracted from 4 equals 1.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3038,23 +3038,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci to'e vu'u re du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 opposite-of-minus 2 equals the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The sense in which
<quote>plus</quote> is the opposite of
<quote>minus</quote> is not a mathematical but rather a linguistic one; negated operators are defined only loosely.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>of operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>for operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>of operand</secondary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> can be used on operands with the usual semantics to get the referent of or a symbol for an operand. Likewise, a member of selma'o NAhE followed by
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> serves to scalar-negate an operand, implying that some other operand would make the bridi true:</para>
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>lu'e</valsi> can be used on operands with the usual semantics to get the referent of or a symbol for an operand. Likewise, a member of selma'o NAhE followed by
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> serves to scalar-negate an operand, implying that some other operand would make the bridi true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3het">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li na'ebo mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus 2 equals the-number non-5.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = something other than 5.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3064,80 +3064,80 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la zel. poi gunta la tebes. pu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Those-named <quote>Seven</quote> who attack that-named <quote>Thebes</quote> [past] are-men.</gloss>
<en>The Seven Against Thebes were men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, there is no guarantee that the name
- <jbophrase>zel.</jbophrase> is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>zel.</oldjbophrase> is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pf3n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la zemei poi gunta la tebes. pu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Those-named-the Sevensome who attack Thebes [past] are-men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>conventional meaning for frinu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>members with rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Certain other members of PA also have assigned rafsi:
- <jbophrase>so'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'i</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'i</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'o</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'o</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>so'u</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>so'u</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>da'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>,
+ <valsi>su'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ce'i</jbophrase>. Furthermore, although the cmavo
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>pi</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ce'i</valsi>. Furthermore, although the cmavo
- <jbophrase>fi'u</jbophrase> does not have a rafsi as such, it is closely related to the gismu
+ <valsi>fi'u</valsi> does not have a rafsi as such, it is closely related to the gismu
- <jbophrase>frinu</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>frinu</valsi>, meaning
<quote>fraction</quote>; therefore, in a context of numeric rafsi, you can use any of the rafsi for
- <jbophrase>frinu</jbophrase> to indicate a fraction slash.</para>
+ <valsi>frinu</valsi> to indicate a fraction slash.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>conventional meaning for cu'o</secondary></indexterm> A similar convention is used for the cmavo
- <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MOI, which is closely related to
+ <valsi>cu'o</valsi> of selma'o MOI, which is closely related to
- <jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase> (probability); use a rafsi for
- <jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase> in order to create lujvo based on
- <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase>. The cmavo
+ <valsi>cunso</valsi> (probability); use a rafsi for
+ <valsi>cunso</valsi> in order to create lujvo based on
+ <valsi>cu'o</valsi>. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> of MOI have their own rafsi, two each in fact:
+ <valsi>mei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>moi</valsi> of MOI have their own rafsi, two each in fact:
<rafsi>mem</rafsi>/
<rafsi>mei</rafsi> and
<rafsi>mom</rafsi>/
<rafsi>moi</rafsi> respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'enu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting from operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>algebra of functions</primary><secondary>operator and operand distinction in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lambda calculus</primary><secondary>operator and operand distinction in</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of mekso as described so far imposes a rigid distinction between operators and operands. Some flavors of mathematics (lambda calculus, algebra of functions) blur this distinction, and Lojban must have a method of doing the same. An operator can be changed into an operand with
- <jbophrase>ni'enu'a</jbophrase>, which transforms the operator into a matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'enu'a</oldjbophrase>, which transforms the operator into a matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting from operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting into operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operand into operator</primary></indexterm> To change an operand into an operator, we use the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase>, already introduced as a means of changing a lerfu string such as
- <jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> into an operator. In fact,
- <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> if necessary.</para>
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi>, already introduced as a means of changing a lerfu string such as
+ <oldjbophrase>fy.</oldjbophrase> into an operator. In fact,
+ <valsi>ma'o</valsi> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
+ <valsi>te'u</valsi> if necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary><secondary>potential ambiguity caveat</secondary></indexterm> There is a potential semantic ambiguity in
- <jbophrase>ma'o fy. [te'u]</jbophrase> if
- <jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> is already in use as a variable: it comes to mean
+ <oldjbophrase>ma'o fy. [te'u]</oldjbophrase> if
+ <oldjbophrase>fy.</oldjbophrase> is already in use as a variable: it comes to mean
<quote>the function whose value is always <quote>f</quote></quote>. However, mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings as both functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-four-score-and-seven">
<title>Four score and seven: a mekso problem</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Four score and seven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Gettysburg Address</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>and literary translation</secondary></indexterm> Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begins with the words
<quote>Four score and seven years ago</quote>. This section exhibits several different ways of saying the number
@@ -3176,25 +3176,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze</jbo>
<gloss>the-number-of four twentysomes plus seven</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iwba"/>,
- <jbophrase>voboi renomei</jbophrase> is a sumti signifying four things each of which are groups of twenty; the
- <jbophrase>mo'e</jbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>voboi renomei</oldjbophrase> is a sumti signifying four things each of which are groups of twenty; the
+ <valsi>mo'e</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> then make this sumti into a number in order to allow it to be the operand of
- <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>te'u</valsi> then make this sumti into a number in order to allow it to be the operand of
+ <valsi>su'i</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base-20 arithmetic</primary><secondary>remnants of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>score</primary><secondary>as alternate base for years</secondary></indexterm> Another approach is to think of
<quote>score</quote> as setting a representation base. There are remnants of base-20 arithmetic in some languages, notably French, in which 87 is
<quote>quatre-vingt-sept</quote>, literally
<quote>four-twenties-seven</quote>. (This fact makes the Gettysburg Address hard to translate into French!) If
<quote>score</quote> is the representation base, then we have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2C3I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d4"/>
@@ -3222,43 +3222,43 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>BY</selmaho>
<description>lerfu for variables and functions (see <xref linkend="section-math"/>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>FUhA</selmaho>
<description>reverse-Polish flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
- <description>includes <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo</description>
+ <description>includes <valsi>du</valsi> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>JOhI</selmaho>
<description>array flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>KUhE</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for forethought mekso</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>LI</selmaho>
- <description>mekso articles (<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> and <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>mekso articles (<valsi>li</valsi> and <valsi>me'o</valsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>MAhO</selmaho>
<description>make operand into operator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>MOI</selmaho>
- <description>creates mekso selbri (<jbophrase>moi</jbophrase>, <jbophrase>mei</jbophrase>, <jbophrase>si'e</jbophrase>, and <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase>, see <xref linkend="section-mekso-selbri"/>)</description>
+ <description>creates mekso selbri (<valsi>moi</valsi>, <valsi>mei</valsi>, <valsi>si'e</valsi>, and <valsi>cu'o</valsi>, see <xref linkend="section-mekso-selbri"/>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>MOhE</selmaho>
<description>make sumti into operand</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>NAhU</selmaho>
<description>make selbri into operator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -3665,21 +3665,21 @@
<rafsi>moi</rafsi>
<description role="place-structure">x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3 [by standard x4]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>si'e</cmavo>
<rafsi/> <!-- was: "rafsi: none" not "" -->
<description role="place-structure">x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu'o</cmavo>
- <rafsi>cu'o (borrowed from <jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase>; see <xref linkend="section-explicit-operator-precedence"/>)</rafsi>
+ <rafsi>cu'o (borrowed from <valsi>cunso</valsi>; see <xref linkend="section-explicit-operator-precedence"/>)</rafsi>
<description role="place-structure">event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2 [by standard x3]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>va'e</cmavo>
<rafsi/> <!-- was: "rafsi: none" not "" -->
<description role="place-structure">x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2 [by standard x3]</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 960de5b..2438270 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -11,64 +11,64 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.i</cmavo>
<selmaho>I</selmaho>
<description>sentence separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>audio-visually isomorphic</primary></indexterm> Since Lojban is audio-visually isomorphic, there needs to be a spoken and written way of signaling the end of a sentence and the start of the following one. In written English, a period serves this purpose; in spoken English, a tone contour (rising or falling) usually does the job, or sometimes a long pause. Lojban uses a single separator: the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> (of selma'o I):</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> (of selma'o I):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XKAG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci .i do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-the store. You walk on-the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>separator for joining</secondary></indexterm> The word
<quote>separator</quote> should be noted.
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is not normally used after the last sentence nor before the first one, although both positions are technically grammatical.
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> signals a new sentence on the same topic, not necessarily by the same speaker. The relationship between the sentences is left vague, except in stories, where the relationship usually is temporal, and the following sentence states something that happened after the previous sentence.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> is not normally used after the last sentence nor before the first one, although both positions are technically grammatical.
+ <valsi>i</valsi> signals a new sentence on the same topic, not necessarily by the same speaker. The relationship between the sentences is left vague, except in stories, where the relationship usually is temporal, and the following sentence states something that happened after the previous sentence.</para>
<para>Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is capitalized, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing, every
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before
+ <valsi>i</valsi> to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing, every
+ <valsi>i</valsi> is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.</para>
<para>An
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> cmavo may or may not be used when the speaker of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or not.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> cmavo may or may not be used when the speaker of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or not.</para>
<para>An
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> cmavo can be compounded with a logical or non-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both: these constructs are explained in
+ <valsi>i</valsi> cmavo can be compounded with a logical or non-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both: these constructs are explained in
<xref linkend="section-modal-connectives"/>,
<xref linkend="section-tense-connection"/>, and
<xref linkend="section-bridi-connection"/>. In all cases, the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> comes first in the compound. Attitudinals can also be attached to an
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> if they are meant to apply to the whole sentence: see
+ <valsi>i</valsi> comes first in the compound. Attitudinals can also be attached to an
+ <valsi>i</valsi> if they are meant to apply to the whole sentence: see
<xref linkend="section-scope"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>close grouping</secondary></indexterm> There exist a pair of mechanisms for binding a sequence of sentences closely together. If the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> (with or without connectives) is followed by
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> alone.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> (with or without connectives) is followed by
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by
+ <valsi>i</valsi> alone.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>title</primary><secondary>specifying with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a group of sentences can be preceded by
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> and contain one or more sentences separated by
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Grouping with
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> is analogous to grouping with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
+ <valsi>i</valsi>. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> and contain one or more sentences separated by
+ <valsi>i</valsi>. Grouping with
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi> is analogous to grouping with
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see
<xref linkend="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-niho">
<title>Paragraphs: NIhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ni'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>NIhO</selmaho>
<description>new topic</description>
@@ -80,69 +80,69 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>DAhO</selmaho>
<description>cancel cmavo assignments</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The paragraph is a concept used in writing systems for two purposes: to indicate changes of topic, and to break up the hard-to-read appearance of large blocks of text on the page. The former function is represented in both spoken and written Lojban by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase>, both of selma'o NIhO. Of these two,
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> is the more common. By convention, written Lojban is broken into paragraphs just before any
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase>, but a very long passage on a single topic might be paragraphed before an
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. On the other hand, it is conventional in English to start a new paragraph in dialogue when a new speaker starts, but this convention is not commonly observed in Lojban dialogues. Of course, none of these conventions affect meaning in any way.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi>, both of selma'o NIhO. Of these two,
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> is the more common. By convention, written Lojban is broken into paragraphs just before any
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> or
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi>, but a very long passage on a single topic might be paragraphed before an
+ <valsi>i</valsi>. On the other hand, it is conventional in English to start a new paragraph in dialogue when a new speaker starts, but this convention is not commonly observed in Lojban dialogues. Of course, none of these conventions affect meaning in any way.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraphs</primary><secondary>separator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>old topic</primary></indexterm> A
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> can take the place of an
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> as a sentence separator, and in addition signals a new topic or paragraph. Grammatically, any number of
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> can take the place of an
+ <valsi>i</valsi> as a sentence separator, and in addition signals a new topic or paragraph. Grammatically, any number of
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> cmavo can appear consecutively and are equivalent to a single one; semantically, a greater number of
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> cmavo indicates a larger-scale change of topic. This feature allows complexly structured text, with topics, subtopics, and sub-subtopics, to be represented clearly and unambiguously in both spoken and written Lojban. However, some conventional differences do exist between
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> in writing and in conversation.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> cmavo can appear consecutively and are equivalent to a single one; semantically, a greater number of
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> cmavo indicates a larger-scale change of topic. This feature allows complexly structured text, with topics, subtopics, and sub-subtopics, to be represented clearly and unambiguously in both spoken and written Lojban. However, some conventional differences do exist between
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> in writing and in conversation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraph separation</primary><secondary>written text</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraphs</primary><secondary>effects on scope</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursive indicator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicator scope</primary></indexterm> In written text, a single
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> is a mere discursive indicator of a new subject, whereas
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> is a mere discursive indicator of a new subject, whereas
- <jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> marks a change in the context. In this situation,
- <jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> implicitly cancels the definitions of all pro-sumti of selma'o KOhA as well as pro-bridi of selma'o GOhA. (Explicit cancelling is expressed by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> of selma'o DAhO, which has the free grammar of an indicator – it can appear almost anywhere.) The use of
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'oni'o</oldjbophrase> marks a change in the context. In this situation,
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'oni'o</oldjbophrase> implicitly cancels the definitions of all pro-sumti of selma'o KOhA as well as pro-bridi of selma'o GOhA. (Explicit cancelling is expressed by the cmavo
+ <valsi>da'o</valsi> of selma'o DAhO, which has the free grammar of an indicator – it can appear almost anywhere.) The use of
- <jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> does not affect indicators (of selma'o UI) or tense references, but
- <jbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</jbophrase>, indicating a drastic change of topic, would serve to reset both indicators and tenses. (See
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'oni'o</oldjbophrase> does not affect indicators (of selma'o UI) or tense references, but
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</oldjbophrase>, indicating a drastic change of topic, would serve to reset both indicators and tenses. (See
<xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/> for a discussion of indicator scope.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraph separation</primary><secondary>spoken text</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Arabian Nights</primary></indexterm> In spoken text, which is inherently less structured, these levels are reduced by one, with
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> indicating a change in context sufficient to cancel pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignment. On the other hand, in a book, or in stories within stories such as
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> indicating a change in context sufficient to cancel pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignment. On the other hand, in a book, or in stories within stories such as
<quote>The Arabian Nights</quote>, further levels may be expressed by extending the
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> string as needed. Normally, a written text will begin with the number of
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> cmavo needed to signal the largest scale division which the text contains.
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> strings may be subscripted to label each context of discourse: see
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> string as needed. Normally, a written text will begin with the number of
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> cmavo needed to signal the largest scale division which the text contains.
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> strings may be subscripted to label each context of discourse: see
<xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>no'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>previous topic</primary></indexterm>
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> is similar in effect to
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>, but indicates the resumption of a previous topic. In speech, it is analogous to (but much shorter than) such English discursive phrases as
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> is similar in effect to
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi>, but indicates the resumption of a previous topic. In speech, it is analogous to (but much shorter than) such English discursive phrases as
<quote>But getting back to the point ...</quote>. By default, the topic resumed is that in effect before the last
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>. When subtopics are nested within topics, then
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> would resume the previous subtopic and
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi>. When subtopics are nested within topics, then
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> would resume the previous subtopic and
- <jbophrase>no'ino'i</jbophrase> the previous topic. Note that
+ <oldjbophrase>no'ino'i</oldjbophrase> the previous topic. Note that
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> also resumes tense and pro-sumti assignments dropped at the previous
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> also resumes tense and pro-sumti assignments dropped at the previous
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripted topics</primary></indexterm> If a
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> is subscripted, then a
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> with the same subscript is assumed to be a continuation of it. A
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> may also have a negative subscript, which would specify counting backwards a number of paragraphs and resuming the topic found thereby.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> is subscripted, then a
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> with the same subscript is assumed to be a continuation of it. A
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> may also have a negative subscript, which would specify counting backwards a number of paragraphs and resuming the topic found thereby.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-topic-comments">
<title>Topic-comment sentences: ZOhU</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZOhU</selmaho>
<description>topic/comment separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -170,21 +170,21 @@
<gloss>As for this news, I knew it.</gloss>
<en>I've heard this news already.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>news</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The wide space in the first two versions of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ovFJ"/> separate the topic (
<quote>this news</quote>) from the comment (
<quote>I know already</quote>).</para>
<para>Lojban uses the cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi> (of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-p4ww">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nuzba zo'u mi ba'o djuno</jbo>
<gloss>The news : I [perfective] know.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -221,95 +221,95 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<foreign xml:lang="zh">yu<superscript>2</superscript> chi<superscript>1</superscript></foreign>
<gloss>fish eat</gloss> <!-- FIXME: instead of three spaces, why not a colon? -->
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is vague in exactly the same way.</para>
<para>Grammatically, it is possible to have more than one sumti before
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
<xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>), but an example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6yRx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da</jbo>
<gloss>For-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>Every person has a father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The string of sumti before
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (called the
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi> (called the
<quote>prenex</quote>: see
<xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>) may contain both a topic and bound variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ggMy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi patfu roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da</jbo>
<gloss>For-the-mass-of fathers for-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>As for fathers, every person has one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>topic/comment</primary><secondary>multiple sentence</secondary></indexterm> To specify a topic which affects more than one sentence, wrap the sentences in
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> brackets and place the topic and the
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> directly in front. This is the exception to the rule that a topic attaches directly to a sentence:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> brackets and place the topic and the
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi> directly in front. This is the exception to the rule that a topic attaches directly to a sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mK5Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jdini zo'u tu'e do ponse .inaja do djica [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of money : ( [if] you possess, then you want )</gloss>
<en>Money: if you have it, you want it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note: In Lojban, you do not
<quote>want money</quote>; you
<quote>want to have money</quote> or something of the sort, as the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>djica</jbophrase> demands an event. As a result, the straightforward rendering of
+ <valsi>djica</valsi> demands an event. As a result, the straightforward rendering of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ggMy"/> without a topic is not:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mdjd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do ponse loi jdini .inaja do djica ri</jbo>
<gloss>You possess money only-if you desire its-mere-existence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> means
- <jbophrase>loi jdini</jbophrase> and is interpreted as
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> means
+ <oldjbophrase>loi jdini</oldjbophrase> and is interpreted as
<quote>the mere existence of money</quote>, but rather:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fx2b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do ponse loi jdini .inaja do djica tu'a ri</jbo>
<gloss>You possess money only-if you desire something-about it.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>namely, the possession of money. But topic-comment sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mK5Y"/> are inherently vague, and this difference between
- <jbophrase>ponse</jbophrase> (which expects a physical object in x2) and
- <jbophrase>djica</jbophrase> is ignored. See
+ <valsi>ponse</valsi> (which expects a physical object in x2) and
+ <valsi>djica</valsi> is ignored. See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EXeq"/> for another topic/comment sentence.</para>
<para>The subject of an English sentence is often the topic as well, but in Lojban the sumti in the x1 place is not necessarily the topic, especially if it is the normal (unconverted) x1 for the selbri. Thus Lojban sentences don't necessarily have a
<quote>subject</quote> in the English sense.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-questions-and-answers">
<title>Questions and answers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
@@ -381,48 +381,48 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pau</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
<description>question premarker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>truth</secondary></indexterm> Lojban questions are not at all like English questions. There are two basic types: truth questions, of the form
<quote>Is it true that ...</quote>, and fill-in-the-blank questions. Truth questions are marked by preceding the bridi, or following any part of it specifically questioned, with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI):</para>
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> (of selma'o UI):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2t28">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[True or false?] You go to the store</gloss>
<en>Are you going to the store/Did you go to the store?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Since the Lojban is tenseless, either colloquial translation might be correct.) Truth questions are further discussed in
<xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>fill-in-the-blank</secondary></indexterm> Fill-in-the-blank questions have a cmavo representing some Lojban word or phrase which is not known to the questioner, and which the answerer is to supply. There are a variety of cmavo belonging to different selma'o which provide different kinds of blanks.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>sumti</secondary></indexterm> Where a sumti is not known, a question may be formed with
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> (of selma'o KOhA), which is a kind of pro-sumti:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> (of selma'o KOhA), which is a kind of pro-sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pqzy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[What sumti?] goes-to the store</gloss>
<en>Who is going to the store?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, the
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> need not be in the x1 place:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> need not be in the x1 place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oAJT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go-to [what sumti?]</gloss>
<en>Where are you going?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -432,43 +432,43 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci</jbo>
<en>The store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A sumti, then, is a legal utterance, although it does not by itself constitute a bridi – it does not claim anything, but merely completes the open-ended claim of the previous bridi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> There can be two
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> cmavo in a single question:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> cmavo in a single question:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Cx50">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma klama ma</jbo>
<en>Who goes where?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and the answer would be two sumti, which are meant to fill in the two
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> cmavo in order:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> cmavo in order:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t39K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi le zarci</jbo>
<en>I, to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary></indexterm> An even more complex example, depending on the non-logical connective
- <jbophrase>fa'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o JOI), which is like the English
+ <valsi>fa'u</valsi> (of selma'o JOI), which is like the English
<quote>and ... respectively</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nDeV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma fa'u ma klama ma fa'u ma</jbo>
<en>Who and who goes where and where, respectively?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -481,41 +481,41 @@
<jbo>la djan. la marcas. le zarci le briju</jbo>
<gloss>John, Marsha, the store, the office.</gloss>
<en>John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: A mechanical substitution of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yGYX"/> into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nDeV"/> produces an ungrammatical result, because
- <jbophrase valid="false">* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</jbophrase> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> has to be closed with its proper terminator
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, for reasons explained in
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</oldjbophrase> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> has to be closed with its proper terminator
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, for reasons explained in
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/>. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>selbri</secondary></indexterm> Questions to be answered with a selbri are expressed with
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uVCW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. mo</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban [what selbri?]</gloss>
<en>What is Lojban?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>predicate answers</primary></indexterm> Here the answerer is to supply some predicate which is true of Lojban. Such questions are extremely open-ended, due to the enormous range of possible predicate answers. The answer might be just a selbri, or might be a full bridi, in which case the sumti in the answer override those provided by the questioner. To limit the range of a
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question, make it part of a tanru.</para>
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> question, make it part of a tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>number</secondary></indexterm> Questions about numbers are expressed with
- <jbophrase>xo</jbophrase> of selma'o PA:</para>
+ <valsi>xo</valsi> of selma'o PA:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pdeh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do viska xo prenu</jbo>
<gloss>You saw [what number?] persons.</gloss>
<en>How many people did you see?</en>
@@ -525,127 +525,127 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zjVx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vomu</jbo>
<gloss>Forty-five.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Fill-in-the-blank questions may also be asked about: logical connectives (using cmavo
- <jbophrase>ji</jbophrase> of A,
- <jbophrase>ge'i</jbophrase> of GA,
+ <valsi>ji</valsi> of A,
+ <valsi>ge'i</valsi> of GA,
- <jbophrase>gi'i</jbophrase> of GIhA,
+ <valsi>gi'i</valsi> of GIhA,
- <jbophrase>gu'i</jbophrase> of GUhA, or
+ <valsi>gu'i</valsi> of GUhA, or
- <jbophrase>je'i</jbophrase> of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, or ijoik as an answer) – see
+ <valsi>je'i</valsi> of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, or ijoik as an answer) – see
<xref linkend="section-truth-and-connective-questions"/>; attitudes (using
- <jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) – see
+ <valsi>pei</valsi> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) – see
<xref linkend="section-questions-empathy-contours"/>; place structures (using
- <jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) – see
+ <valsi>fi'a</valsi> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) – see
<xref linkend="section-FA"/>; tenses and modals (using
- <jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as an answer) – see
+ <valsi>cu'e</valsi> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as an answer) – see
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.</para>
<para>Questions can be marked by placing
- <jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
+ <valsi>pau</valsi> (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
<xref linkend="section-miscellanious"/> for details.</para>
<para>The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to questions is:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked arguments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterances</primary><secondary>non-bridi</secondary></indexterm> any number of sumti (with elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, see
+ <valsi>vau</valsi>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a number, or any mathematical expression placed in parentheses (see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a bare
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> negator (to negate some previously expressed bridi), or corresponding
- <jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase> affirmer (see
+ <valsi>na</valsi> negator (to negate some previously expressed bridi), or corresponding
+ <valsi>ja'a</valsi> affirmer (see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a relative clause (to modify some previously expressed sumti, see
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a prenex/topic (to modify some previously expressed bridi, see
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>linked arguments (beginning with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> and attached to some previously expressed selbri, often in a description, see
+ <valsi>be</valsi> or
+ <valsi>bei</valsi> and attached to some previously expressed selbri, often in a description, see
<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>At the beginning of a text, the following non-bridi are also permitted:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>one or more names (to indicate direct address without
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, see
+ <valsi>doi</valsi>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>indicators (to express a prevailing attitude, see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
<xref linkend="section-other-negation"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these are made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversation, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely because most of them are vague.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-subscripts-general">
<title>Subscripts: XI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
<selmaho>XI</selmaho>
<description>subscript</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripting</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI) indicates that a subscript (a number, a lerfu string, or a parenthesized mekso) follows. Subscripts can be attached to almost any construction and are placed following the construction (or its terminator word, which is generally required). They are useful either to extend the finite cmavo list to infinite length, or to make more refined distinctions than the standard cmavo list permits. The remainder of this section mentions some places where subscripts might naturally be used.</para>
+ <valsi>xi</valsi> (of selma'o XI) indicates that a subscript (a number, a lerfu string, or a parenthesized mekso) follows. Subscripts can be attached to almost any construction and are placed following the construction (or its terminator word, which is generally required). They are useful either to extend the finite cmavo list to infinite length, or to make more refined distinctions than the standard cmavo list permits. The remainder of this section mentions some places where subscripts might naturally be used.</para>
<para>Lojban gismu have at most five places:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GuYz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu klama le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Consequently, selma'o SE (which operates on a selbri to change the order of its places) and selma'o FA (which provides place number tags for individual sumti) have only enough members to handle up to five places. Conversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GuYz"/>, using
- <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> to swap the x1 and x5 places, would produce:</para>
+ <valsi>xe</valsi> to swap the x1 and x5 places, would produce:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QPGC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce cu xe klama le zarci le zdani le dargu mi</jbo>
<gloss>The car is-a-transportation-means to-the market from-the house via-the road for-me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>And reordering of the place structures might produce:</para>
@@ -654,36 +654,36 @@
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo le dargu fi le zdani fa mi fe le zarci fu le karce cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, I, to the market, using-the car, go.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GuYz"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PaKo"/> all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo
- <jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase>, formed by applying the abstraction operator
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>nunkla</oldjbophrase>, formed by applying the abstraction operator
+ <valsi>nu</valsi> to
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sMPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'edi'u cu nunkla mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going by-me to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>after 5th place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>after 5th place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and sumti re-ordering</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn"/> shows that
- <jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase> has six places: the five places of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of
+ <oldjbophrase>nunkla</oldjbophrase> has six places: the five places of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-QPGC"/> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (<xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zGhw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce cu sexixa nunkla mi le zarci le zdani le dargu la'edi'u</jbo>
<gloss>The car is-a-transportation-means-in-the-event-of-going by-me to-the market via-the road which-is-referred-to-by-the-last-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -694,26 +694,26 @@
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fu le dargu fo le zdani fe mi fa la'edi'u fi le zarci faxixa le karce cu nunkla</jbo>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, by me, the-referent-of-the-last-sentence, to the market, using the car, is-an-event-of-going.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EW1n"/> also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
- <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>faxixa</jbophrase> without change of meaning:
- <jbophrase>vexixa</jbophrase> means the same thing as
- <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sexixa</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>faxixa</oldjbophrase> without change of meaning:
+ <oldjbophrase>vexixa</oldjbophrase> means the same thing as
+ <oldjbophrase>sexixa</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series</primary><secondary>after tenth</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da-series</primary><secondary>after third</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Lojban provides two groups of pro-sumti, both belonging to selma'o KOhA. The ko'a-series cmavo are used to refer to explicitly specified sumti to which they have been bound using
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
+ <valsi>goi</valsi>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>.) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo and 3 da-series cmavo available.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DA selma'o</primary></indexterm> If more are required, any cmavo of the ko'a-series or the da-series can be subscripted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bday">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>daxivo</jbo>
<gloss>X sub 4</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -722,88 +722,88 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gfXT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'ixipaso</jbo>
<gloss>something-3 sub 18</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the 18th free variable of the 3rd sequence of the ko'a-series. This convention allows 10 sequences of ko'a-type pro-sumti and 3 sequences of da-type pro-sumti, each with as many members as needed. Note that
- <jbophrase>daxivo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>dexivo</jbophrase> are considered to be distinct pro-sumti, unlike the situation with
- <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>vexixa</jbophrase> above. Exactly similar treatment can be given to the bu'a-series of selma'o GOhA and to the gismu pro-bridi
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>brode</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>daxivo</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>dexivo</oldjbophrase> are considered to be distinct pro-sumti, unlike the situation with
+ <oldjbophrase>sexixa</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>vexixa</oldjbophrase> above. Exactly similar treatment can be given to the bu'a-series of selma'o GOhA and to the gismu pro-bridi
+ <valsi>broda</valsi>,
+ <valsi>brode</valsi>,
+ <valsi>brodi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>brodo</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>brodu</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on lerfu words are used in the standard mathematical way to extend the number of variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wez6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixipa du li xy.boixire su'i xy.boixici</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-1 equals the-number x-sub-2 plus x-sub-3</gloss>
<math>x<subscript>1</subscript> = x<subscript>2</subscript> + x<subscript>3</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and can be used to extend the number of pro-sumti as well, since lerfu strings outside mathematical contexts are grammatically and semantically equivalent to pro-sumti of the ko'a-series. (In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wez6"/>, note the required terminator
- <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> after each
- <jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> cmavo; this terminator allows the subscript to be attached without ambiguity.)</para>
+ <valsi>boi</valsi> after each
+ <oldjbophrase>xy.</oldjbophrase> cmavo; this terminator allows the subscript to be attached without ambiguity.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and names</secondary></indexterm> Names, which are similar to pro-sumti, can also be subscripted to distinguish two individuals with the same name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tW4J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. xipa cusku lu mi'enai do li'u la djan. xire</jbo>
<gloss>John<subscript>1</subscript> expresses <quote>I-am-not you</quote> to John<subscript>2</subscript>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and tense</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on tenses allow talking about more than one time or place that is described by the same general cmavo. For example,
- <jbophrase>puxipa</jbophrase> could refer to one point in the past, and
- <jbophrase>puxire</jbophrase> a second point (earlier or later).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>puxipa</oldjbophrase> could refer to one point in the past, and
+ <oldjbophrase>puxire</oldjbophrase> a second point (earlier or later).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and fuzzy truths</secondary></indexterm> You can place a subscript on the word
- <jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase>, the bridi affirmative of selma'o NA, to express so-called fuzzy truths. The usual machinery for fuzzy logic (statements whose truth value is not merely
+ <valsi>ja'a</valsi>, the bridi affirmative of selma'o NA, to express so-called fuzzy truths. The usual machinery for fuzzy logic (statements whose truth value is not merely
<quote>true</quote> or
<quote>false</quote>, but is expressed by a number in the range 0 to 1) in Lojban is the abstractor
- <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>jei</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NGGv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu jei mi ganra</jbo>
<gloss>The-number .5 is-the-truth-value-of my being-broad.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>However, by convention we can attach a subscript to
- <jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase> to indicate fuzzy truth (or to
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> if we change the amount):</para>
+ <valsi>ja'a</valsi> to indicate fuzzy truth (or to
+ <valsi>na</valsi> if we change the amount):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xpiI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ja'a xipimu ganra</jbo>
<gloss>I truly-sub-.5 am-broad</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and paragraph separators</secondary></indexterm> Finally, as mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-i"/>,
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> cmavo with matching subscripts mark the start and the continuation of a given topic respectively. Different topics can be assigned to different subscripts.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> cmavo with matching subscripts mark the start and the continuation of a given topic respectively. Different topics can be assigned to different subscripts.</para>
<para>Other uses of subscripts will doubtless be devised in future.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-utterance-ordinals">
<title>Utterance ordinals: MAI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mai</cmavo>
<selmaho>MAI</selmaho>
@@ -815,51 +815,51 @@
<selmaho>MAI</selmaho>
<description>higher order utterance ordinal</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mai</primary></indexterm> Numerical free modifiers, corresponding to English
<quote>firstly</quote>,
<quote>secondly</quote>, and so on, can be created by suffixing
- <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MAI to a number or a lerfu string. Here are some examples:</para>
+ <valsi>mai</valsi> or
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> of selma'o MAI to a number or a lerfu string. Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ymMz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama pamai le zarci .e remai le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This does not imply that I go to the store before I go to the house: that meaning requires a tense. The sumti are simply numbered for convenience of reference. Like other free modifiers, the utterance ordinals can be inserted almost anywhere in a sentence without affecting its grammar or its meaning.</para>
<para>Any of the Lojban numbers can be used with MAI:
- <jbophrase>romai</jbophrase>, for example, means
+ <oldjbophrase>romai</oldjbophrase>, for example, means
<quote>all-thly</quote> or
<quote>lastly</quote>. Likewise, if you are enumerating a long list and have forgotten which number is wanted next, you can say
- <jbophrase>ny.mai</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>ny.mai</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>Nthly</quote>.</para>
<para>The difference between
- <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> is that
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text;
- <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> was designed for lists of numbered items, whereas
-
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> was intended to subdivide structured works. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, it might number each section with
- <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase>: this section would then be introduced with
- <jbophrase>zemo'o</jbophrase>, or
+ <valsi>mai</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> is that
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text;
+ <valsi>mai</valsi> was designed for lists of numbered items, whereas
+
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi> was intended to subdivide structured works. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, it might number each section with
+ <valsi>mo'o</valsi>: this section would then be introduced with
+ <oldjbophrase>zemo'o</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>Section 7.</quote></para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinal-scope">
<title>Attitude scope markers: FUhE/FUhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fu'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>FUhE</selmaho>
@@ -913,63 +913,63 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu zdani ku .ia</jbo>
<gloss>I see (the blue house) [belief]</gloss>
<en>I see what I believe to be a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>An attitudinal meant to cover a whole sentence can be attached to the preceding
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, expressed or understood:</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi>, expressed or understood:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tqGf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[.i] .ia mi viska le blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>[belief] I see the blue house.</gloss>
<en>I believe I see a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or to an explicit
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> placed at the end of a bridi.</para>
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> placed at the end of a bridi.</para>
<para>Likewise, an attitudinal meant to cover a whole paragraph can be attached to
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase>. An attitudinal at the beginning of a text applies to the whole text.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> or
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi>. An attitudinal at the beginning of a text applies to the whole text.</para>
<para>However, sometimes it is necessary to be more specific about the range of one or more attitudinals, particularly if the range crosses the boundaries of standard Lojban syntactic constructions. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o FUhE) and
+ <valsi>fu'e</valsi> (of selma'o FUhE) and
- <jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o FUhO) provide explicit scope markers. Placing
+ <valsi>fu'o</valsi> (of selma'o FUhO) provide explicit scope markers. Placing
- <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase> in front of an attitudinal disconnects it from what precedes it, and instead says that it applies to all following words until further notice. The notice is given by
+ <valsi>fu'e</valsi> in front of an attitudinal disconnects it from what precedes it, and instead says that it applies to all following words until further notice. The notice is given by
- <jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase>, which can appear anywhere and cancels all in-force attitudinals. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>fu'o</valsi>, which can appear anywhere and cancels all in-force attitudinals. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0vML">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse</jbo>
<gloss>I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor</gloss>
<en>I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, only the
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> portion of the three-part tanru
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani ponse</jbophrase> is marked as a belief of the speaker. Naturally, the attitudinal scope markers do not affect the rules for interpreting multi-part tanru:
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> groups first because tanru group from left to right unless overridden with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase> portion of the three-part tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani ponse</oldjbophrase> is marked as a belief of the speaker. Naturally, the attitudinal scope markers do not affect the rules for interpreting multi-part tanru:
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase> groups first because tanru group from left to right unless overridden with
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> or
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>.</para>
<para>Other attitudinals of more local scope can appear after attitudinals marked by FUhE; these attitudinals are added to the globally active attitudinals rather than superseding them.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quotations">
<title>Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu</cmavo>
<selmaho>LU</selmaho>
<description>begin quotation</description>
@@ -999,117 +999,117 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu mi'e djan [li'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express [quote] I-am John [unquote]</gloss>
<en>I said,
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But in fact there are four different flavors of quotation in the language, involving six cmavo of six different selma'o. This being the case, quotation deserves some elaboration.</para>
<para>The simplest kind of quotation, exhibited in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6SBj"/>, uses the cmavo
- <jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> (of selma'o LU) as the opening quotation mark, and the cmavo
+ <valsi>lu</valsi> (of selma'o LU) as the opening quotation mark, and the cmavo
- <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o LIhU) as the closing quotation mark. The text between
- <jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase> must be a valid, parseable Lojban text. If the quotation is ungrammatical, so is the surrounding expression. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase> is technically an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to elide it except at the end of text.</para>
+ <valsi>li'u</valsi> (of selma'o LIhU) as the closing quotation mark. The text between
+ <valsi>lu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>li'u</valsi> must be a valid, parseable Lojban text. If the quotation is ungrammatical, so is the surrounding expression. The cmavo
+ <valsi>li'u</valsi> is technically an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to elide it except at the end of text.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o LOhU) and
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o LEhU) are used to surround a quotation that is not necessarily grammatical Lojban. However, the text must consist of morphologically correct Lojban words (as defined in
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> (of selma'o LOhU) and
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> (of selma'o LEhU) are used to surround a quotation that is not necessarily grammatical Lojban. However, the text must consist of morphologically correct Lojban words (as defined in
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>), so that the
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> can be picked out reliably. The words need not be meaningful, but they must be recognizable as cmavo, brivla, or cmene. Quotation with
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> is essential to quoting ungrammatical Lojban for teaching in the language, the equivalent of the * that is used in English to mark such errors:</para>
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> can be picked out reliably. The words need not be meaningful, but they must be recognizable as cmavo, brivla, or cmene. Quotation with
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> is essential to quoting ungrammatical Lojban for teaching in the language, the equivalent of the * that is used in English to mark such errors:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IUz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'u mi du do du la djan. le'u na tergerna la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] mi du do du la djan. [unquote] is-not a-grammatical-structure in Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IUz8"/> is grammatical even though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation can quote fragments of a text which themselves do not constitute grammatical utterances:</para>
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation can quote fragments of a text which themselves do not constitute grammatical utterances:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EXeq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu le mlatu cu viska le finpe li'u zo'u lo'u viska le le'u cu selbasti .ei lo'u viska lo le'u</jbo>
- <gloss>[quote] <jbophrase>le mlatu cu viska le finpe</jbophrase> [unquote] : [quote] <jbophrase>viska le</jbophrase> [unquote] is-replaced-by [obligation!] [quote] <jbophrase>viska lo</jbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
+ <gloss>[quote] <oldjbophrase>le mlatu cu viska le finpe</oldjbophrase> [unquote] : [quote] <oldjbophrase>viska le</oldjbophrase> [unquote] is-replaced-by [obligation!] [quote] <oldjbophrase>viska lo</oldjbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
<en>In the sentence
- <jbophrase>le mlatu viska le finpe</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>viska le</jbophrase> should be replaced by
- <jbophrase>viska lo</jbophrase>.</en>
+ <oldjbophrase>le mlatu viska le finpe</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>viska le</oldjbophrase> should be replaced by
+ <oldjbophrase>viska lo</oldjbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the topic-comment formulation (
<xref linkend="section-topic-comments"/>) and the indicator applying to the selbri only (
<xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/>). Neither
- <jbophrase>viska le</jbophrase> nor
- <jbophrase>viska lo</jbophrase> is a valid Lojban utterance, and both require
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>viska le</oldjbophrase> nor
+ <oldjbophrase>viska lo</oldjbophrase> is a valid Lojban utterance, and both require
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation.</para>
<para>Additionally, pro-sumti or pro-bridi in the quoting sentence can refer to words appearing in the quoted sentence when
- <jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> is used, but not when
- <jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> is used:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lu ... li'u</oldjbophrase> is used, but not when
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</oldjbophrase> is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-x8XL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la tcarlis. cusku lu le ninmu cu morsi li'u .iku'i ri jmive</jbo>
<gloss>Charlie says [quote] the woman is-dead [unquote]. However, the-last-mentioned is-alive.</gloss>
<en>Charlie says <quote>The woman is dead</quote>, but she is alive.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x8XL"/>,
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> is a pro-sumti which refers to the most recent previous sumti, namely
- <jbophrase>le ninmu</jbophrase>. Compare:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> is a pro-sumti which refers to the most recent previous sumti, namely
+ <oldjbophrase>le ninmu</oldjbophrase>. Compare:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hvhb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la tcarlis. cusku lo'u le ninmu cu morsi le'u .iku'i ri jmive</jbo>
- <gloss>Charlie says [quote] <jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase> [unquote]. However, the-last-mentioned is-alive.</gloss>
- <en>Charlie says <jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase>, but he is alive.</en>
+ <gloss>Charlie says [quote] <oldjbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</oldjbophrase> [unquote]. However, the-last-mentioned is-alive.</gloss>
+ <en>Charlie says <oldjbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</oldjbophrase>, but he is alive.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hvhb"/>,
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cannot refer to the referent of the alleged sumti
- <jbophrase>le ninmu</jbophrase>, because
- <jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase> is a mere uninterpreted sequence of Lojban words. Instead,
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> cannot refer to the referent of the alleged sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>le ninmu</oldjbophrase>, because
+ <oldjbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</oldjbophrase> is a mere uninterpreted sequence of Lojban words. Instead,
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> ends up referring to the referent of the sumti
- <jbophrase>la tcarlis.</jbophrase>, and so it is Charlie who is alive.</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> ends up referring to the referent of the sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>la tcarlis.</oldjbophrase>, and so it is Charlie who is alive.</para>
<para>The metalinguistic erasers
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, discussed in
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>su</valsi>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-erasure"/>, do not operate in text between
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase>. Since the first
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> terminates a
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation, it is not directly possible to have a
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation within another
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation. However, it is possible for a
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> to occur within a
- <jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> quotation by preceding it with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, discussed in
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi>. Since the first
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> terminates a
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation, it is not directly possible to have a
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation within another
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation. However, it is possible for a
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> to occur within a
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</oldjbophrase> quotation by preceding it with the cmavo
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>. Note that
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is not an elidable terminator; it is required.</para>
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> is not an elidable terminator; it is required.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-more-quotations">
<title>More on quotations: ZO, ZOI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZO</selmaho>
<description>quote single word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1119,57 +1119,57 @@
<description>non-Lojban quotation</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZOI</selmaho>
<description>non-Lojban name</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZO) is a strong quotation mark for the single following word, which can be any Lojban word whatsoever. Among other uses,
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> (of selma'o ZO) is a strong quotation mark for the single following word, which can be any Lojban word whatsoever. Among other uses,
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> allows a metalinguistic word to be referenced without having it act on the surrounding text. The word must be a morphologically legal (but not necessarily meaningful) single Lojban word; compound cmavo are not permitted. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> allows a metalinguistic word to be referenced without having it act on the surrounding text. The word must be a morphologically legal (but not necessarily meaningful) single Lojban word; compound cmavo are not permitted. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qxjF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo si cu lojbo valsi</jbo>
<en>
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is a Lojbanic word.</en>
+ <valsi>si</valsi> is a Lojbanic word.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> acts on a single word only, there is no corresponding terminator. Brevity, then, is a great advantage of
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, since the terminators for other kinds of quotation are rarely or never elidable.</para>
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> acts on a single word only, there is no corresponding terminator. Brevity, then, is a great advantage of
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>, since the terminators for other kinds of quotation are rarely or never elidable.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is
- <jbophrase>zoi X. text .X</jbophrase>, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>zoi X. text .X</oldjbophrase>, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wYzm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra</jbo>
<en>
<quote>John is a man</quote> is an English sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
- <jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> stands for
- <jbophrase>glico</jbophrase>. Other popular choices of delimiting words are
- <jbophrase>.kuot.</jbophrase>, a Lojban name which sounds like the English word
+ <oldjbophrase>gy</oldjbophrase> stands for
+ <valsi>glico</valsi>. Other popular choices of delimiting words are
+ <oldjbophrase>.kuot.</oldjbophrase>, a Lojban name which sounds like the English word
<quote>quote</quote>, and the word
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.</para>
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.</para>
<para>Within written text, the Lojban written word used as a delimiting word may not appear, whereas within spoken text, the sound of the delimiting word may not be uttered. This leads to occasional breakdowns of audio-visual isomorphism:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIsv"/> is fine in speech but ungrammatical as written, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIsx"/> is correct when written but ungrammatical in speech.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIsv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d3"/>
@@ -1184,66 +1184,66 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi jai. gyrations .jai</jbo>
<en>I know about the word which-is
<quote>gyrations</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The text
- <jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> appears in the written word
+ <oldjbophrase>gy</oldjbophrase> appears in the written word
<quote>gyrations</quote>, whereas the sound represented in Lojban by
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> appears in the spoken word
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> appears in the spoken word
<quote>gyrations</quote>. Such borderline cases should be avoided as a matter of good style.</para>
<para>It should be noted particularly that
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:</para>
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Eeya">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zoi ry. sku .ry. cu rafsi zo cusku</jbo>
<en>
<rafsi>sku</rafsi> is a rafsi of
- <jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>.</en>
+ <valsi>cusku</valsi>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(A minor note on interaction between
- <jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>: The text between
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> should consist of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form of a
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation may also appear. However, if the word
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is used either as the delimiting word for the
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation, or within the quotation itself, the outer
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation will be prematurely terminated. Therefore,
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> should be avoided as the delimiting word in any
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</oldjbophrase> and
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi>: The text between
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> should consist of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form of a
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> quotation may also appear. However, if the word
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> is used either as the delimiting word for the
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> quotation, or within the quotation itself, the outer
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation will be prematurely terminated. Therefore,
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> should be avoided as the delimiting word in any
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> quotation.)</para>
<para>Lojban strictly avoids any confusion between things and the names of things:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-56m5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the-one-named Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/>,
- <jbophrase>zo .bab.</jbophrase> is the word, whereas
- <jbophrase>la bab.</jbophrase> is the thing named by the word. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth between references and their referents:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>zo .bab.</oldjbophrase> is the word, whereas
+ <oldjbophrase>la bab.</oldjbophrase> is the thing named by the word. The cmavo
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>lu'e</valsi> (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth between references and their referents:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qITB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab.</jbo>
<gloss>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word
<quote>Bob</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1267,53 +1267,53 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="iffy">la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>Bob is the name of Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.</para>
<para>(In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qITB"/>, the name
- <jbophrase>bab.</jbophrase> was separated from a preceding
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> by a pause, thus:
- <jbophrase>zo .bab.</jbophrase>. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase> (all of selma'o LA) and
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a name: of these,
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> is one of the most common.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bab.</oldjbophrase> was separated from a preceding
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> by a pause, thus:
+ <oldjbophrase>zo .bab.</oldjbophrase>. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>,
+ <valsi>la'i</valsi> (all of selma'o LA) and
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> (of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a name: of these,
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> is one of the most common.)</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> also belongs to selma'o ZOI, and is mentioned here for completeness, although it does not signal the beginning of a quotation. Instead,
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> serves to mark non-Lojban names, especially the Linnaean binomial names (such as
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi> also belongs to selma'o ZOI, and is mentioned here for completeness, although it does not signal the beginning of a quotation. Instead,
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi> serves to mark non-Lojban names, especially the Linnaean binomial names (such as
<quote>Homo sapiens</quote>) which are the internationally standardized names for species of animals and plants. Internationally known names which can more easily be recognized by spelling rather than pronunciation, such as
<quote>Goethe</quote>, can also appear in Lojban text with
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sn3u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'o dy. Goethe .dy. cu me la'o ly. Homo sapiens .ly.</jbo>
<en>Goethe is a Homo sapiens.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> for all names rather than Lojbanizing, however, makes for very cumbersome text. A rough equivalent of
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi> for all names rather than Lojbanizing, however, makes for very cumbersome text. A rough equivalent of
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> might be
- <jbophrase>la me zoi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi> might be
+ <oldjbophrase>la me zoi</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-bahe">
<title>Contrastive emphasis: BAhE</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ba'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAhE</selmaho>
<description>emphasize next word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1343,38 +1343,38 @@
<emphasis>George</emphasis>
</quote> (represented in writing by
<emphasis>italics</emphasis>) indicates that I saw George rather than someone else. Lojban does not use stress in this way: stress is used only to help separate words (because every brivla is stressed on the penultimate syllable) and in names to match other languages' stress patterns. Note that many other languages do not use stress in this way either; typically word order is rearranged, producing something like</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-E8mx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d3"/>
</title>
<para>It was George whom I saw.</para>
</example>
<para>In Lojban, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word which is to be emphasized:</para>
+ <valsi>ba'e</valsi> (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word which is to be emphasized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8SVn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la ba'e .djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the-one-named [emphasis]
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
<en>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the pause before the name
- <jbophrase>djordj.</jbophrase>, which serves to separate it unambiguously from the
- <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase>. Alternatively, the
- <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> can be moved to a position before the
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which in effect emphasizes the whole construct
- <jbophrase>la djordj.</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>djordj.</oldjbophrase>, which serves to separate it unambiguously from the
+ <valsi>ba'e</valsi>. Alternatively, the
+ <valsi>ba'e</valsi> can be moved to a position before the
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, which in effect emphasizes the whole construct
+ <oldjbophrase>la djordj.</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ud6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska ba'e la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw [emphasis] the-one-named
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
<en>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1394,38 +1394,38 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba'e viska la djordj.</jbo>
<en>I saw (not heard or smelled) George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Emphasis on one of the structural components of a Lojban bridi can also be achieved by rearranging it into an order that is not the speaker's or writer's usual order. Any sumti moved out of place, or the selbri when moved out of place, is emphatic to some degree.</para>
<para>For completeness, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> should be mentioned, also of selma'o BAhE. It marks a word as possibly irregular, non-standard, or nonce (created for the occasion):</para>
+ <valsi>za'e</valsi> should be mentioned, also of selma'o BAhE. It marks a word as possibly irregular, non-standard, or nonce (created for the occasion):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XtRW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la za'e .albeinias.</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to so-called Albania</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>marks a Lojbanization of an English name, where a more appropriate standard form might be something like
- <jbophrase>la ckiipyris.</jbophrase>, reflecting the country's name in Albanian.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la ckiipyris.</oldjbophrase>, reflecting the country's name in Albanian.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unabridged dictionary</primary></indexterm> Before a lujvo or fu'ivla,
- <jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> indicates that the word has been made up on the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged dictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!).</para>
+ <valsi>za'e</valsi> indicates that the word has been made up on the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged dictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-parentheses">
<title>Parenthesis and metalinguistic commentary: TO, TOI, SEI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>to</cmavo>
@@ -1442,72 +1442,72 @@
<selmaho>TOI</selmaho>
<description>close parenthesis</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sei</cmavo>
<selmaho>SEI</selmaho>
<description>metalinguistic bridi marker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>toi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>to</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>toi</jbophrase> are discursive (non-mathematical) parentheses, for inserting parenthetical remarks. Any text whatsoever can go within the parentheses, and it is completely invisible to its context. It can, however, refer to the context by the use of pro-sumti and pro-bridi: any that have been assigned in the context are still assigned in the parenthetical remarks, but the reverse is not true.</para>
+ <valsi>to</valsi> and
+ <valsi>toi</valsi> are discursive (non-mathematical) parentheses, for inserting parenthetical remarks. Any text whatsoever can go within the parentheses, and it is completely invisible to its context. It can, however, refer to the context by the use of pro-sumti and pro-bridi: any that have been assigned in the context are still assigned in the parenthetical remarks, but the reverse is not true.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FHJi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>O Lisa, I desire the event-of (O Frank, [imperative] stop!) you see the cat.</gloss>
<en>Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FHJi"/> implicitly redefines
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> within the parentheses: the listener is changed by
- <jbophrase>doi frank.</jbophrase> When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored.</para>
+ <valsi>do</valsi> within the parentheses: the listener is changed by
+ <oldjbophrase>doi frank.</oldjbophrase> When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial commentary</primary></indexterm> There is another cmavo of selma'o TO:
- <jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase>. The difference between
- <jbophrase>to</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase> is the difference between parentheses and square brackets in English prose. Remarks within
+ <valsi>to'i</valsi>. The difference between
+ <valsi>to</valsi> and
+ <valsi>to'i</valsi> is the difference between parentheses and square brackets in English prose. Remarks within
- <jbophrase>to ... toi</jbophrase> cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, whereas remarks within
- <jbophrase>to'i ... toi</jbophrase> are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an editor:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>to ... toi</oldjbophrase> cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, whereas remarks within
+ <oldjbophrase>to'i ... toi</oldjbophrase> are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an editor:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hXIi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. cusku lu mi prami do to'isa'a do du la djein. toi li'u</jbo>
<gloss>Frank expresses <quote>I love you [you = Jane]</quote></gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial insertion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bracketed remark</primary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> suffix is a discursive cmavo (of selma'o UI) meaning
+ <valsi>sa'a</valsi> suffix is a discursive cmavo (of selma'o UI) meaning
<quote>editorial insertion</quote>, and indicating that the marked word or construct (in this case, the entire bracketed remark) is not part of the quotation. It is required whenever the
- <jbophrase>to'i ... toi</jbophrase> remark is physically within quotation marks, at least when speaking to literal-minded listeners; the convention may be relaxed if no actual confusion results.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>to'i ... toi</oldjbophrase> remark is physically within quotation marks, at least when speaking to literal-minded listeners; the convention may be relaxed if no actual confusion results.</para>
<para>Note: The parser believes that parentheses are attached to the previous word or construct, because it treats them as syntactic equivalents of subscripts and other such so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote>. Semantically, however, parenthetical remarks are not necessarily attached either to what precedes them or what follows them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic comment</primary><secondary>with embedded discursive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>embedded</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>embedded discursive</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEI) begins an embedded discursive bridi. Comments added with
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> (of selma'o SEI) begins an embedded discursive bridi. Comments added with
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> are called
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> are called
<quote>metalinguistic</quote>, because they are comments about the discourse itself rather than about the subject matter of the discourse. This sense of the term
<quote>metalinguistic</quote> is used throughout this chapter, and is not to be confused with the sense
<quote>language for expressing other languages</quote>.</para>
<para>When marked with
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, a metalinguistic utterance can be embedded in another utterance as a discursive. In this way, discursives which do not have cmavo assigned in selma'o UI can be expressed:</para>
+ <valsi>sei</valsi>, a metalinguistic utterance can be embedded in another utterance as a discursive. In this way, discursives which do not have cmavo assigned in selma'o UI can be expressed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jA1T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei la frank. gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (Frank is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using the happiness attitudinal,
@@ -1517,36 +1517,36 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vago">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The grammar of the bridi following
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with
+ <valsi>be</valsi> and
+ <valsi>bei</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Susan</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sz7v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki be fa la suzn. la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (Susan is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This restriction allows the terminator cmavo
- <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> to almost always be elided.</para>
+ <valsi>se'u</valsi> to almost always be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>and discursive utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>and discursive utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic levels or reference</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic levels</primary></indexterm> Since a discursive utterance is working at a
<quote>higher</quote> level of abstraction than a non-discursive utterance, a non-discursive utterance cannot refer to a discursive utterance. Specifically, the various back-counting, reciprocal, and reflexive constructs in selma'o KOhA ignore the utterances at
<quote>higher</quote> metalinguistic levels in determining their referent. It is possible, and sometimes necessary, to refer to lower metalinguistic levels. For example, the English
<quote>he said</quote> in a conversation is metalinguistic. For this purpose, quotations are considered to be at a lower metalinguistic level than the surrounding context (a quoted text cannot refer to the statements of the one who quotes it), whereas parenthetical remarks are considered to be at a higher level than the context.</para>
<para>Lojban works differently from English in that the
<quote>he said</quote> can be marked instead of the quotation. In Lojban, you can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DY0u">
<title>
@@ -1592,30 +1592,30 @@
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu mi klama seisa'a la djan cusku le zarci</jbo>
<en>
<quote>I go</quote>, John said,
<quote>to the store</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the
- <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> following each
+ <valsi>sa'a</valsi> following each
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, marking the
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> and its attached bridi as an editorial insert, not part of the quotation. In a more relaxed style, these
- <jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> cmavo would probably be dropped.</para>
+ <valsi>sei</valsi>, marking the
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> and its attached bridi as an editorial insert, not part of the quotation. In a more relaxed style, these
+ <valsi>sa'a</valsi> cmavo would probably be dropped.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'u</primary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEhU); it is rarely needed, except to separate a selbri within the
- <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> comment from an immediately following selbri (or component) outside the comment.</para>
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> is
+ <valsi>se'u</valsi> (of selma'o SEhU); it is rarely needed, except to separate a selbri within the
+ <valsi>sei</valsi> comment from an immediately following selbri (or component) outside the comment.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-erasure">
<title>Erasure: SI, SA, SU</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>si</cmavo>
<selmaho>SI</selmaho>
<description>erase word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1624,153 +1624,153 @@
<selmaho>SA</selmaho>
<description>erase phrase</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>su</cmavo>
<selmaho>SU</selmaho>
<description>erase discourse</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>word</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> (of selma'o SI) is a metalinguistic operator that erases the preceding word, as if it had never been spoken:</para>
+ <valsi>si</valsi> (of selma'o SI) is a metalinguistic operator that erases the preceding word, as if it had never been spoken:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JErC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti gerku si mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-dog, er, is-a-cat.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as
- <jbophrase>ti mlatu</jbophrase>. Multiple
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo in succession erase the appropriate number of words:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ti mlatu</oldjbophrase>. Multiple
+ <valsi>si</valsi> cmavo in succession erase the appropriate number of words:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rjyy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani si si xekri zdani</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue house, er, er, is-a-black house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>zo</secondary></indexterm> In order to erase the word
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, it is necessary to use three
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo in a row:</para>
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>, it is necessary to use three
+ <valsi>si</valsi> cmavo in a row:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zSQi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. se cmene zo si si si la bab.</jbo>
<gloss>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the word
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>, er, er, Bob.</gloss>
+ <valsi>si</valsi>, er, er, Bob.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first use of
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> does not erase anything, but completes the
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation. Two more
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are then necessary to erase the first
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> and the
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>si</valsi> does not erase anything, but completes the
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> quotation. Two more
+ <valsi>si</valsi> cmavo are then necessary to erase the first
+ <valsi>si</valsi> and the
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>.</para>
<para>Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>si</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>names</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s7V6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton.</jbo>
<gloss>I talk in-language that-named
<quote>and</quote>
<quote>speranto</quote>, er, er, Esperanto.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The Lojbanized spelling
- <jbophrase valid="iffy">.esperanto</jbophrase> breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see
+ <oldjbophrase valid="iffy">.esperanto</oldjbophrase> breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>) into two Lojban words, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.e</jbophrase> and the undefined fu'ivla
- <jbophrase>speranto</jbophrase>. Therefore, two
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course,
- <jbophrase>.e speranto</jbophrase> is not grammatical after
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, but recognition of
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is done before grammatical analysis.</para>
+ <valsi>e</valsi> and the undefined fu'ivla
+ <oldjbophrase>speranto</oldjbophrase>. Therefore, two
+ <valsi>si</valsi> cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course,
+ <oldjbophrase>.e speranto</oldjbophrase> is not grammatical after
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, but recognition of
+ <valsi>si</valsi> is done before grammatical analysis.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>quotes</secondary></indexterm> Even more messy is the result of an incorrect
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zoWF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi fy. gy. .fy. si si si si zo .djan</jbo>
<gloss>I express [foreign] [quote]
- <jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> [unquote], er, er, er, er,
+ <oldjbophrase>gy</oldjbophrase> [unquote], er, er, er, er,
<quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zoWF"/>, the first
- <jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and
- <jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the Lojban name for the letter
+ <oldjbophrase>fy</oldjbophrase> is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and
+ <oldjbophrase>gy.</oldjbophrase>, the Lojban name for the letter
<letteral>g</letteral>, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more
+ <valsi>si</valsi> erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation mark must be erased with
- <jbophrase>fy. le'u si si si</jbophrase>, by completing the quotation and then erasing it all with three
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>si</valsi> cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotation mark must be erased with
+ <oldjbophrase>fy. le'u si si si</oldjbophrase>, by completing the quotation and then erasing it all with three
+ <valsi>si</valsi> cmavo.</para>
<para>What if less than the entire
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> construct is erased? The result is something which has a loose
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> in it, without its expected sequels, and which is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, it turns out to be necessary to erase the
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> as well:</para>
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> or
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> construct is erased? The result is something which has a loose
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> or
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi> in it, without its expected sequels, and which is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>, it turns out to be necessary to erase the
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> as well:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FzoX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se cmene zo .djan. si si zo .djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I am-named-by the-word
<quote>John</quote>, er, er, the-word
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The parser will reject
- <jbophrase valid="false">zo .djan. si .djordj.</jbophrase>, because in that context
- <jbophrase>djordj.</jbophrase> is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">zo .djan. si .djordj.</oldjbophrase>, because in that context
+ <oldjbophrase>djordj.</oldjbophrase> is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure.</para>
+ <valsi>si</valsi> erasure.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>multiple word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precise erasures</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>starting marker</primary></indexterm> As the above examples plainly show, precise erasures with
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> can be extremely hard to get right. Therefore, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more than one word. The cmavo following
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> should be the starting marker of some grammatical construct. The effect of the
+ <valsi>si</valsi> can be extremely hard to get right. Therefore, the cmavo
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more than one word. The cmavo following
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> should be the starting marker of some grammatical construct. The effect of the
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is to erase back to and including the last starting marker of the same kind. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> is to erase back to and including the last starting marker of the same kind. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YdX7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le sa .i mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
<gloss>I see the ... I say the-word <quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the word following
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, the sentence separator, its effect is to erase the preceding sentence. So
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> is
+ <valsi>i</valsi>, the sentence separator, its effect is to erase the preceding sentence. So
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YdX7"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JJmn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1779,195 +1779,195 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu zdan. sa le xekri zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I see the blue hou ... the black house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-SszI"/>,
- <jbophrase>le blanu zdan.</jbophrase> is ungrammatical, but clearly reflects the speaker's original intention to say
- <jbophrase>le blanu zdani</jbophrase>. However, the
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> was cut off before the end and changed into a name. The entire ungrammatical
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> construct is erased and replaced by
- <jbophrase>le xekri zdani</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le blanu zdan.</oldjbophrase> is ungrammatical, but clearly reflects the speaker's original intention to say
+ <oldjbophrase>le blanu zdani</oldjbophrase>. However, the
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> was cut off before the end and changed into a name. The entire ungrammatical
+ <valsi>le</valsi> construct is erased and replaced by
+ <oldjbophrase>le xekri zdani</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erasure. Getting
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> erasure. Getting
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> right is even more difficult (for a computer) than getting
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> right, as the behavior of
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is defined in terms of words rather than in terms of grammatical constructs (possibly incorrect ones) and words are conceptually simpler entities. On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is generally easier for human beings, because the rules for using it correctly are less finicky.</para>
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> right is even more difficult (for a computer) than getting
+ <valsi>si</valsi> right, as the behavior of
+ <valsi>si</valsi> is defined in terms of words rather than in terms of grammatical constructs (possibly incorrect ones) and words are conceptually simpler entities. On the other hand,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> is generally easier for human beings, because the rules for using it correctly are less finicky.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>total</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple speakers</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> (of selma'o SU) is yet another metalinguistic operator that erases the entire text. However, if the text involves multiple speakers, then
+ <valsi>su</valsi> (of selma'o SU) is yet another metalinguistic operator that erases the entire text. However, if the text involves multiple speakers, then
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> will only erase the remarks made by the one who said it, unless that speaker has said nothing. Therefore
- <jbophrase>susu</jbophrase> is needed to eradicate a whole discussion in conversation.</para>
+ <valsi>su</valsi> will only erase the remarks made by the one who said it, unless that speaker has said nothing. Therefore
+ <oldjbophrase>susu</oldjbophrase> is needed to eradicate a whole discussion in conversation.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement either
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>susu</jbophrase> erasure.</para>
+ <valsi>su</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase>susu</oldjbophrase> erasure.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-hesitation">
<title>Hesitation: Y</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.y.</cmavo>
<selmaho>Y</selmaho>
<description>hesitation noise</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>Y selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.y</primary></indexterm> Speakers often need to hesitate to think of what to say next or for some extra-linguistic reason. There are two ways to hesitate in Lojban: to pause between words (that is, to say nothing) or to use the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> (of selma'o Y). This resembles in sound the English hesitation noise written
+ <oldjbophrase>.y.</oldjbophrase> (of selma'o Y). This resembles in sound the English hesitation noise written
<quote>uh</quote> (or
<quote>er</quote>), but differs from it in the requirement for pauses before and after. Unlike a long pause, it cannot be mistaken for having nothing more to say: it holds the floor for the speaker. Since vowel length is not significant in Lojban, the
<letteral>y</letteral> sound can be dragged out for as long as necessary. Furthermore, the sound can be repeated, provided the required pauses are respected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hesitation sound</primary></indexterm> Since the hesitation sound in English is outside the formal language, English-speakers may question the need for a formal cmavo. Speakers of other languages, however, often hesitate by saying (or, if necessary, repeating) a word (
<quote>este</quote> in some dialects of Spanish, roughly meaning
<quote>that is</quote>), and Lojban's audio-visual isomorphism requires a written representation of all meaningful spoken behavior. Of course,
- <jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> has no grammatical significance: it can appear anywhere at all in a Lojban sentence except in the middle of a word.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.y.</oldjbophrase> has no grammatical significance: it can appear anywhere at all in a Lojban sentence except in the middle of a word.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-faho">
<title>No more to say: FAhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fa'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>FAhO</selmaho>
<description>end of text</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yielding the floor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>end of file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>computer interaction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unconditional signal</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o FAhO) is the usually omitted marker for the end of a text; it can be used in computer interaction to indicate the end of input or output, or for explicitly giving up the floor during a discussion. It is outside the regular grammar, and the machine parser takes it as an unconditional signal to stop parsing unless it is quoted with
+ <valsi>fa'o</valsi> (of selma'o FAhO) is the usually omitted marker for the end of a text; it can be used in computer interaction to indicate the end of input or output, or for explicitly giving up the floor during a discussion. It is outside the regular grammar, and the machine parser takes it as an unconditional signal to stop parsing unless it is quoted with
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or with
- <jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase>. In particular, it is not used at the end of subordinate texts quoted with
- <jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> or parenthesized with
- <jbophrase>to ... toi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> or with
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</oldjbophrase>. In particular, it is not used at the end of subordinate texts quoted with
+ <oldjbophrase>lu ... li'u</oldjbophrase> or parenthesized with
+ <oldjbophrase>to ... toi</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cmavo-interactions">
<title>List of cmavo interactions</title>
<para>The following list gives the cmavo and selma'o that are recognized by the earliest stages of the parser, and specifies exactly which of them interact with which others. All of the cmavo are at least mentioned in this chapter. The cmavo are written in lower case, and the selma'o in UPPER CASE.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erases the preceding word unless it is a
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>si</valsi> erases the preceding word unless it is a
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>sa</valsi> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> is the same as
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, but erases more words.
+ <valsi>su</valsi> is the same as
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>, but erases more words.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotes all following words up to a
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (but not a
- <jbophrase>zo le'u</jbophrase>).
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi> quotes all following words up to a
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> (but not a
+ <oldjbophrase>zo le'u</oldjbophrase>).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ZOI cmavo use the following word as a delimiting word, no matter what it is, but using
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> may create difficulties.
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi> may create difficulties.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>zei</valsi> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>,
+ <valsi>su</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi>, ZOI cmavo,
+ <valsi>fa'o</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>zei</valsi>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>BAhE cmavo mark the following word, unless it is
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, or unless it is preceded by
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>su</valsi>, or unless it is preceded by
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>,
+ <valsi>su</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi>, ZOI cmavo,
+ <valsi>fa'o</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cmavo may be used in succession.
+ <valsi>zei</valsi>, BAhE cmavo, and
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>. Multiple
+ <valsi>bu</valsi> cmavo may be used in succession.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>UI and CAI cmavo mark the previous word, except for
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI,
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>si</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sa</valsi>,
+ <valsi>su</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo'u</valsi>, ZOI,
+ <valsi>fa'o</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succession. A following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is made part of the UI.
+ <valsi>zei</valsi>, BAhE cmavo, and
+ <valsi>bu</valsi>. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succession. A following
+ <valsi>nai</valsi> is made part of the UI.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>.y.</oldjbophrase>,
+ <valsi>da'o</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>fu'e</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> are the same as UI, but do not absorb a following
+ <valsi>fu'o</valsi> are the same as UI, but do not absorb a following
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>nai</valsi>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-elidable-terminators">
<title>List of Elidable Terminators</title>
<para>The following list shows all the elidable terminators of Lojban. The first column is the terminator, the second column is the selma'o that starts the corresponding construction, and the third column states what kinds of grammatical constructs are terminated. Each terminator is the only cmavo of its selma'o, which naturally has the same name as the cmavo.</para>
<!-- These "selmaho" are anomalous in that they're the selmaho of the cmavo that the <cmavo> cmavo terminates, not the selmaho of <cmavo> cmavo. -->
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 36a5d31..4ffe52b 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -30,24 +30,24 @@
<quote>father</quote> to describe a static relationship in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIuj"/>, the verb
<quote>hits</quote> to describe an active relationship in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiuQ"/>, and the adjective
<quote>taller</quote> to describe an attributive relationship in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIuS"/>. In Lojban we make no such grammatical distinctions; these three sentences, when expressed in Lojban, are structurally identical. The same part of speech is used to represent the relationship. In formal logic this whole structure is called a
<quote>predication</quote>; in Lojban it is called a
- <jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>, and the central part of speech is the
- <jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>. Logicians refer to the things thus related as
+ <valsi>bridi</valsi>, and the central part of speech is the
+ <oldjbophrase>selbri</oldjbophrase>. Logicians refer to the things thus related as
<quote>arguments</quote>, while Lojbanists call them
- <jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>. These Lojban terms will be used for the rest of the book.</para>
+ <valsi>sumti</valsi>. These Lojban terms will be used for the rest of the book.</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="file:///epicuser/AISolutions/graphics/AIWorkbench/diagram.png" width="291px"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<alt>[svg version]</alt>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="diagram.svg"/>
</imageobject>
@@ -81,25 +81,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-DxbA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d6"/>
</title>
<para>The book gives John Sam.</para>
</example>
<para>seems strange to us merely because the places are being filled by unorthodox arguments. The relationship expressed by
<quote>give</quote> has not changed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, each selbri has a specified number and type of arguments, known collectively as its
<quote>place structure</quote>. The simplest kind of selbri consists of a single root word, called a
- <jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase>, and the definition in a dictionary gives the place structure explicitly. The primary task of constructing a Lojban sentence, after choosing the relationship itself, is deciding what you will use to fill in the sumti places.</para>
+ <valsi>gismu</valsi>, and the definition in a dictionary gives the place structure explicitly. The primary task of constructing a Lojban sentence, after choosing the relationship itself, is deciding what you will use to fill in the sumti places.</para>
<para>This book uses the Lojban terms
- <jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
+ <valsi>bridi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>sumti</valsi>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>selbri</oldjbophrase>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>underlines</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double underscore notation convention for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>underscore notation for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>notation conventions</primary><secondary>for Quick Tour chapter</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pronunciation">
<title>Pronunciation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Detailed pronunciation and spelling rules are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-phonology"/>, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Lojban has six recognized vowels:
<letteral>a</letteral>,
<letteral>e</letteral>,
<letteral>i</letteral>,
@@ -206,124 +206,124 @@
<description>that far away, those far away</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo'e</cmavo>
<description>unspecified value (used when a sumti is unimportant or obvious)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Lojban sumti are not specific as to number (singular or plural), nor gender (masculine/feminine/neutral). Such distinctions can be optionally added by methods that are beyond the scope of this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pointing cmavo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and should not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.</para>
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ta</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>tu</valsi> refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and should not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Names may also be used as sumti, provided they are preceded with the word
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la meris.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>la meris.</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>the one/ones named Mary</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>la djan.</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>the one/ones named John</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojban names: see
<xref linkend="section-names"/> for more information.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-selbri">
<title>Some words used to indicate selbri relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri list for quick tour</primary></indexterm> Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in this chapter:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vecnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>vecnu</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>tavla</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>sutra</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blari'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blari'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 (object/light source) is blue-green</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>melbi</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cutci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>cutci</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 is a shoe/boot for x2 (foot) made of x3 (material)</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bajra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>bajra</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 runs on x2 (surface) using x3 (limbs) in manner x4 (gait)</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>klama</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 goes/comes to x2 (destination) from x3 (origin point) via x4 (route) using x5 (means of transportation)</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pluka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>pluka</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 pleases/is pleasing to x2 (experiencer) under conditions x3</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gerku</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 is a dog of breed x2</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kurji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>kurji</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 takes care of x2</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kanro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>kanro</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 is healthy by standard x2</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>stali</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>stali</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 stays/remains with x2</place-structure></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zarci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>zarci</valsi></entry>
<entry><place-structure>x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)</place-structure></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>notation convention</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Each selbri (relation) has a specific rule that defines the role of each sumti in the bridi, based on its position. In the table above, that order was expressed by labeling the sumti positions as x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>words not in the dictionary</primary></indexterm> Like the table in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-cmavo"/>, this table is far from complete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new words to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference between Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and English; in English, most people are very leery of using words that
<quote>aren't in the dictionary</quote>. Lojbanists are encouraged to invent new words; doing so is a major way of participating in the development of the language.
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/> explains how to make new words, and
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-simple-bridi">
<title>Some simple Lojban bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the gismu
- <jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase> is</para>
+ <valsi>tavla</valsi> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-5Lis">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>x1 talks to x2 about x3 in language x4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where the
<quote>x</quote> es with following numbers represent the various arguments that could be inserted at the given positions in the English sentence. For example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-3bc3">
<title>
@@ -355,21 +355,21 @@
<sumti glossary="false">x1</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti glossary="false">x2</sumti>
<sumti glossary="false">x3</sumti>
<sumti glossary="false">x4</sumti>
</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tavla</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>use of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The word
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> serves as a separator between any preceding sumti and the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> serves as a separator between any preceding sumti and the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<sumti>zo'e</sumti>
@@ -408,21 +408,21 @@
<sumti>zo'e</sumti>
<sumti>tu</sumti>
<sumti>ti</sumti>
</jbo>
<en>I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is a bit unusual, as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of this book, and hope the meaning gets across!)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ellipsis</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When there are one or more occurrences of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a process called
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a process called
<quote>ellipsis</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02C"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02u"/> may be expressed thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k04J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
@@ -445,21 +445,21 @@
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<sumti>ta</sumti>
</jbo>
<en>You talk to me about that thing (in some language).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is not subject to ellipsis by this direct method, as the
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> in it is not at the end of the bridi.</para>
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> in it is not at the end of the bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-variant-bridi-structure">
<title>Variant bridi structure</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti placement</primary><secondary>variant</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k068">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
@@ -549,21 +549,21 @@
<sumti>sell.</sumti>
<comment>translates as stilted or poetic English</comment>
</gloss>
<en>I this thing to that buyer do sell.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k068"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Bm"/> mean the same thing. Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal position. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such orders.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> If there are no sumti before the selbri, then it is understood that the x1 sumti value is equivalent to
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; i.e. unimportant or obvious, and therefore not given. Any sumti after the selbri start counting from x2.</para>
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi>; i.e. unimportant or obvious, and therefore not given. Any sumti after the selbri start counting from x2.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0br">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ta</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>melbi</selbri>
</jbo>
@@ -600,32 +600,32 @@
<en>It's beautiful!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Omitting the x1 adds emphasis to the selbri relation, which has become first in the sentence. This kind of sentence is termed an observative, because it is often used when someone first observes or takes note of the relationship, and wishes to quickly communicate it to someone else. Commonly understood English observatives include
<quote>Smoke!</quote> upon seeing smoke or smelling the odor, or
<quote>Car!</quote> to a person crossing the street who might be in danger. Any Lojban selbri can be used as an observative if no sumti appear before the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> does not occur in an observative;
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> does not occur in an observative;
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is a separator, and there must be a sumti before the selbri that needs to be kept separate for
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> to be used. With no sumti preceding the selbri,
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is not permitted. Short words like
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> which serve grammatical functions are called
- <jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase> in Lojban.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> is a separator, and there must be a sumti before the selbri that needs to be kept separate for
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> to be used. With no sumti preceding the selbri,
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> is not permitted. Short words like
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> which serve grammatical functions are called
+ <valsi>cmavo</valsi> in Lojban.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-order-of-sumti">
<title>Varying the order of sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti reordering</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> For one reason or another you may want to change the order, placing one particular sumti at the front of the bridi. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0dU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<sumti>ti</sumti>
@@ -642,21 +642,21 @@
<jbo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<selbri>se tavla</selbri>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<sumti>ti</sumti>
</jbo>
<en>You are talked to by me about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
+ <valsi>te</valsi>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<sumti>ti</sumti>
@@ -674,63 +674,63 @@
<sumti>ti</sumti>
<selbri>te tavla</selbri>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
</jbo>
<en>This is talked about to you by me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that only the first and third sumti have switched places; the second sumti has remained in the second place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
+ <valsi>ve</valsi> and
+ <valsi>xe</valsi> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
<quote>conversions</quote>, and the
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> cmavo are said to convert the selbri.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi>,
+ <valsi>te</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ve</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>xe</valsi> cmavo are said to convert the selbri.</para>
<para>More than one of these operators may be used on a given selbri at one time, and in such a case they are evaluated from left to right. However, in practice they are used one at a time, as there are better tools for complex manipulation of the sumti places. See
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/> for details.</para> <!-- FIXME: chapter-modals, no? -->
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>passive voice</primary></indexterm> The effect is similar to what in English is called the
<quote>passive voice</quote>. In Lojban, the converted selbri has a new place structure that is renumbered to reflect the place reversal, thus having effects when such a conversion is used in combination with other constructs such as
- <jbophrase>le selbri [ku]</jbophrase> (see
+ <oldjbophrase>le selbri [ku]</oldjbophrase> (see
<xref linkend="section-description-sumti"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-structure-of-utterances">
<title>The basic structure of longer utterances</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NIhO selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> People don't always say just one sentence. Lojban has a specific structure for talk or writing that is longer than one sentence. The entirety of a given speech event or written text is called an utterance. The sentences (usually, but not always, bridi) in an utterance are separated by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. These correspond to a brief pause (or nothing at all) in spoken English, and the various punctuation marks like period, question mark, and exclamation mark in written English. These separators prevent the sumti at the beginning of the next sentence from being mistaken for a trailing sumti of the previous sentence.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>i</valsi>. These correspond to a brief pause (or nothing at all) in spoken English, and the various punctuation marks like period, question mark, and exclamation mark in written English. These separators prevent the sumti at the beginning of the next sentence from being mistaken for a trailing sumti of the previous sentence.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> separates paragraphs (covering different topics of discussion). In a long text or utterance, the topical structure of the text may be indicated by multiple
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> s, with perhaps
- <jbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</jbophrase> used to indicate a chapter,
- <jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> to indicate a section, and a single
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> to indicate a subtopic corresponding to a single English paragraph.</para>
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> separates paragraphs (covering different topics of discussion). In a long text or utterance, the topical structure of the text may be indicated by multiple
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> s, with perhaps
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</oldjbophrase> used to indicate a chapter,
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'oni'o</oldjbophrase> to indicate a section, and a single
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> to indicate a subtopic corresponding to a single English paragraph.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> separates sentences. It is sometimes compounded with words that modify the exact meaning (the semantics) of the sentence in the context of the utterance. (The cmavo
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, discussed in
+ <valsi>i</valsi> separates sentences. It is sometimes compounded with words that modify the exact meaning (the semantics) of the sentence in the context of the utterance. (The cmavo
+ <valsi>xu</valsi>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-basic-questions"/>, is one such word – it turns the sentence from a statement to a question about truth.) When more than one person is talking, a new speaker will usually omit the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> even though she/he may be continuing on the same topic.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> even though she/he may be continuing on the same topic.</para>
<para>It is still O.K. for a new speaker to say the
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> before continuing; indeed, it is encouraged for maximum clarity (since it is possible that the second speaker might merely be adding words onto the end of the first speaker's sentence). A good translation for
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is the
+ <valsi>i</valsi> before continuing; indeed, it is encouraged for maximum clarity (since it is possible that the second speaker might merely be adding words onto the end of the first speaker's sentence). A good translation for
+ <valsi>i</valsi> is the
<quote>and</quote> used in run-on sentences when people are talking informally:
<quote>I did this, and then I did that, and ..., and ...</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-tanru">
<title>tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When two gismu are adjacent, the first one modifies the second, and the selbri takes its place structure from the rightmost word. Such combinations of gismu are called
- <jbophrase>tanru</jbophrase>. For example,</para>
+ <valsi>tanru</valsi>. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GPcS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ANfh">
@@ -790,42 +790,42 @@
<jbo>jikca toldi</jbo>
<en>social butterfly</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lepidoptera</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butterfly</primary><secondary>social</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>social butterfly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of the family
<emphasis>Lepidoptera</emphasis>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final component of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>sutra klama</selbri>
<sumti>la meris.</sumti>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>I</sumti>
<selbri>quickly-go</selbri>
<sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru conversion</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> With the conversion
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase> as the final component of the tanru, the place structure of the entire selbri is that of
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 place is the one who goes:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase> as the final component of the tanru, the place structure of the entire selbri is that of
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 place is the one who goes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0J1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>sutra se klama</selbri>
@@ -858,21 +858,21 @@
<sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
</gloss>
<gloss>
<sumti>Tom</sumti>
<selbri>is a beautiful-talker</selbri>
<sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure of
- <jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>, but note the two distinct interpretations.</para>
+ <valsi>tavla</valsi>, but note the two distinct interpretations.</para>
<para>Now, using conversion, we can modify the place structure order:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0mh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>la meris.</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
@@ -928,24 +928,24 @@
<selbri>is audiencely-beautiful</selbri>
<sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, the observer of beauty.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-description-sumti">
<title>Description sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
- <jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
+ <valsi>tavla</valsi>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
<quote>description sumti</quote>. The description sumti
- <jbophrase>le tavla ku</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>le tavla ku</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>the talker</quote>, and may be used wherever any sumti may be used.</para>
<para>For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Pj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
@@ -958,28 +958,28 @@
<para>means the same as</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-oH9T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d2"/>
</title>
<para>I talk to you about the talker</para>
</example>
<para>where
<quote>the talker</quote> is presumably someone other than me, though not necessarily.</para>
<para>Similarly
- <jbophrase>le sutra tavla ku</jbophrase> is
+ <oldjbophrase>le sutra tavla ku</oldjbophrase> is
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and
- <jbophrase>le sutra te tavla ku</jbophrase> is
+ <oldjbophrase>le sutra te tavla ku</oldjbophrase> is
<quote>the fast subject of talk</quote> or
<quote>the subject of fast talk</quote>. Which of these related meanings is understood will depend on the context in which the expression is used. The most plausible interpretation within the context will generally be assumed by a listener to be the intended one.</para>
<para>In many cases the word
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Q2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<sumti>le tavla</sumti>
@@ -990,28 +990,28 @@
<sumti>you</sumti>
<sumti>about-the talker</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Pj"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>need for</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> There is a problem when we want to say
<quote>The fast one is talking.</quote> The
<quote>obvious</quote> translation
- <jbophrase>le sutra tavla</jbophrase> turns out to mean
+ <oldjbophrase>le sutra tavla</oldjbophrase> turns out to mean
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and has no selbri at all. To solve this problem we can use the word
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, which so far has always been optional, in front of the selbri.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>, which so far has always been optional, in front of the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>. Thus:</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
+ <valsi>se</valsi> or
+ <valsi>te</valsi>. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0QA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo> <sumti>le sutra tavla</sumti> </jbo>
<gloss> <sumti>The fast talker</sumti> </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0qb">
@@ -1072,35 +1072,35 @@
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>I</sumti>
<selbri>talk-to</selbri>
<sumti>the seller</sumti>
<sumti>about the blue-green-thing.</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The sumti
- <jbophrase>le vecnu</jbophrase> contains the selbri
- <jbophrase>vecnu</jbophrase>, which has the
+ <oldjbophrase>le vecnu</oldjbophrase> contains the selbri
+ <valsi>vecnu</valsi>, which has the
<quote>seller</quote> in the x1 place, and uses it in this sentence to describe a particular
<quote>seller</quote> that the speaker has in mind (one that he or she probably expects the listener will also know about). Similarly, the speaker has a particular blue-green thing in mind, which is described using
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> to mark
- <jbophrase>blari'o</jbophrase>, a selbri whose first sumti is something blue-green.</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> to mark
+ <oldjbophrase>blari'o</oldjbophrase>, a selbri whose first sumti is something blue-green.</para>
<para>It is safe to omit both occurrences of
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0S1"/>, and it is also safe to omit the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-brivla">
<title>Examples of brivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>types of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The simplest form of selbri is an individual word. A word which may by itself express a selbri relation is called a
- <jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>. The three types of brivla are gismu (root words), lujvo (compounds), and fu'ivla (borrowings from other languages). All have identical grammatical uses. So far, most of our selbri have been gismu or tanru built from gismu.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>brivla</oldjbophrase>. The three types of brivla are gismu (root words), lujvo (compounds), and fu'ivla (borrowings from other languages). All have identical grammatical uses. So far, most of our selbri have been gismu or tanru built from gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> gismu:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
@@ -1158,21 +1158,21 @@
<selbri>djarspageti</selbri>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>This</sumti>
<selbri>is-spaghetti.</selbri>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo as selbri</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Some cmavo may also serve as selbri, acting as variables that stand for another selbri. The most commonly used of these is
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, which represents the main bridi of the previous Lojban sentence, with any new sumti or other sentence features being expressed replacing the previously expressed ones. Thus, in this context:</para>
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi>, which represents the main bridi of the previous Lojban sentence, with any new sumti or other sentence features being expressed replacing the previously expressed ones. Thus, in this context:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0UC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ta</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>go'i</selbri>
</jbo>
@@ -1180,22 +1180,22 @@
<sumti>That</sumti>
<selbri>too/same-as-last selbri.</selbri>
</gloss>
<en>That (is spaghetti), too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-dihu-and-lahe-dihu">
<title>The sumti
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la'e di'u</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>la'e di'u</oldjbophrase></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In English, I might say
<quote>The dog is beautiful</quote>, and you might reply
<quote>This pleases me.</quote> How do you know what
<quote>this</quote> refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to convey the possible meanings of the English:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d1"/>
</title>
@@ -1252,30 +1252,30 @@
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>pluka</selbri>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
</jbo>
<en>This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0YS"/> uses one sumti to point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write
- <jbophrase>la'edi'u</jbophrase> as a single word; it is used more often than
+ <oldjbophrase>la'edi'u</oldjbophrase> as a single word; it is used more often than
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> by itself.</para>
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi> by itself.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-possession">
<title>Possession</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Possession</quote> refers to the concept of specifying an object by saying who it belongs to (or with). A full explanation of Lojban possession is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. A simple means of expressing possession, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, between the
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> and the selbri of the description:</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> and the selbri of the description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>le mi gerku</sumti>
<elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
<selbri>sutra</selbri>
</jbo>
@@ -1289,45 +1289,45 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession not ownership</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, possession doesn't necessarily mean ownership: one may
<quote>possess</quote> a chair simply by sitting on it, even though it actually belongs to someone else. English uses possession casually in the same way, but also uses it to refer to actual ownership or even more intimate relationships:
<quote>my arm</quote> doesn't mean
<quote>some arm I own</quote> but rather
<quote>the arm that is part of my body</quote>. Lojban has methods of specifying all these different kinds of possession precisely and easily.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vocatives-and-commands">
<title>Vocatives and commands</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> You may call someone's attention to the fact that you are addressing them by using
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> followed by their name. The sentence</para>
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> followed by their name. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ahVb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
<quote>Oh, John, I'm talking to you</quote>. It also has the effect of setting the value of
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>;
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> now refers to
+ <valsi>do</valsi>;
+ <valsi>do</valsi> now refers to
<quote>John</quote> until it is changed in some way in the conversation. Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ahVb"/> is not a bridi, but it is a legitimate Lojban sentence nevertheless; it is known as a
<quote>vocative phrase</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Other cmavo can be used instead of
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> in a vocative phrase, with a different significance. For example, the cmavo
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> in a vocative phrase, with a different significance. For example, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>coi</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>coi</valsi> means
<quote>hello</quote> and
- <jbophrase>co'o</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>co'o</valsi> means
<quote>good-bye</quote>. Either word may stand alone, they may follow one another, or either may be followed by a pause and a name. (Vocative phrases with
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> do not need a pause before the name.)</para>
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> do not need a pause before the name.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIWX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIxE" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1349,22 +1349,22 @@
<sumti>do</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>You</sumti>
<selbri>are-talking.</selbri>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you are simply making a statement of fact. In order to issue a command in Lojban, substitute the word
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> for
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>. The bridi</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> for
+ <valsi>do</valsi>. The bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1378,38 +1378,38 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>sutra</selbri>
</jbo>
<en>Be fast!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur anywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are very unlike English commands:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur anywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are very unlike English commands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
</jbo>
<en>Be talked to by me.</en>
<en>Let me talk to you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> can fill any appropriate sumti place, and can be used as often as is appropriate for the selbri:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> can fill any appropriate sumti place, and can be used as often as is appropriate for the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>kurji</selbri>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
</jbo>
@@ -1433,22 +1433,22 @@
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-questions">
<title>Questions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
<xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> is used to create a sumti question: it indicates that the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the location of the
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> to make the bridi true. It can be translated as
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> is used to create a sumti question: it indicates that the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the location of the
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> to make the bridi true. It can be translated as
<quote>Who?</quote> or
<quote>What?</quote> in most cases, but also serves for
<quote>When?</quote>,
<quote>Where?</quote>, and
<quote>Why?</quote> when used in sumti places that express time, location, or cause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k161">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1471,86 +1471,86 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Aa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo> <sumti>la djan.</sumti> </jbo>
<en>John (is talking to you about me).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Like
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> can occur in any position where a sumti is allowed, not just in the first position:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> can occur in any position where a sumti is allowed, not just in the first position:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>ma</sumti>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>You</sumti>
<selbri>talk</selbri>
<sumti>to what/whom?</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> can also appear in multiple sumti positions in one sentence, in effect asking several questions at once.</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> can also appear in multiple sumti positions in one sentence, in effect asking several questions at once.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1dc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ma</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>ma</sumti>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>What/Who</sumti>
<selbri>talks</selbri>
<sumti>to what/whom?</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>separate questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The two separate
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> positions ask two separate questions, and can therefore be answered with different values in each sumti place.</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> positions ask two separate questions, and can therefore be answered with different values in each sumti place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is the selbri analogue of
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>. It asks the respondent to provide a selbri that would be a true relation if inserted in place of the
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> is the selbri analogue of
+ <valsi>ma</valsi>. It asks the respondent to provide a selbri that would be a true relation if inserted in place of the
+ <valsi>mo</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>mo</selbri>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>You</sumti>
<selbri>are-what/do-what?</selbri>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might. Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is a very non-specific question. The response to the question in
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might. Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> is a very non-specific question. The response to the question in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1DE"/> could be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>melbi</selbri>
@@ -1566,44 +1566,44 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
</jbo>
<en>I talk.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-listener cooperation</primary></indexterm> Clearly,
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
<xref linkend="section-basic-tanru"/>).</para>
<para>It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other unspecified places in responding to a
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question. Thus, the respondent in
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> question. Thus, the respondent in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1gh"/> could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>, such as</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-fVMN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d8"/>
</title>
<para>Are you talking to me?</para>
</example>
<para>Like all yes-or-no questions in English,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fVMN"/> may be reformulated as</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-648w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d9"/>
</title>
<para>Is it true that you are talking to me?</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban we have a word that asks precisely that question in precisely the same way. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that bridi is true as stated. So</para>
+ <valsi>xu</valsi>, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that bridi is true as stated. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
@@ -1613,25 +1613,25 @@
<sumti>you</sumti>
<selbri>are-talking</selbri>
<sumti>to-me?</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fVMN"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>affirmative answer</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i with xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The answer
<quote>Yes</quote> may be given by simply restating the bridi without the
- <jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question word. Lojban has a shorthand for doing this with the word
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, mentioned in
+ <valsi>xu</valsi> question word. Lojban has a shorthand for doing this with the word
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi>, mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-some-brivla"/>. Instead of a negative answer, the bridi may be restated in such a way as to make it true. If this can be done by substituting sumti, it may be done with
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> as well. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> as well. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<selbri>kanro</selbri>
</jbo>
@@ -1661,22 +1661,22 @@
<jbo>
<selbri>go'i</selbri>
</jbo>
<en>I am healthy.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
(Note that
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> to the questioner is
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> to the respondent.)
+ <valsi>do</valsi> to the questioner is
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> to the respondent.)
</para>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1jY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>le tavla</sumti>
<elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
@@ -1696,23 +1696,23 @@
<sumti>le tavla</sumti>
<elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
<selbri>go'i</selbri>
</jbo>
<en>The talker is healthy.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nago'i</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative answer</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> A general negative answer may be given by
- <jbophrase>na go'i</jbophrase>.
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> may be placed before any selbri (but after the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>). It is equivalent to stating
+ <oldjbophrase>na go'i</oldjbophrase>.
+ <valsi>na</valsi> may be placed before any selbri (but after the
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>). It is equivalent to stating
<quote>It is not true that ...</quote> before the bridi. It does not imply that anything else is true or untrue, only that that specific bridi is not true. More details on negative statements are available in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinals">
<title>Indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interjections</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written language. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. Aha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to culture.</para> <!-- FIXME: put <quote>s around the interjections? -->
<para>Lojban has a group of cmavo known as
<quote>attitudinal indicators</quote> which specifically covers this type of commentary on spoken statements. They are both written and spoken, but require no specific intonation or gestures. Grammatically they are very simple: one or more attitudinals at the beginning of a bridi apply to the entire bridi; anywhere else in the bridi they apply to the word immediately to the left. For example:</para>
@@ -1861,25 +1861,25 @@
<sumti>you</sumti>
<selbri>stay.</selbri>
<comment>contrast</comment>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Another group of indicators are called
<quote>evidentials</quote>. Evidentials show the speaker's relationship to the statement, specifically how the speaker came to make the statement. These include
- <jbophrase>za'a</jbophrase> (I directly observe the relationship),
+ <valsi>za'a</valsi> (I directly observe the relationship),
- <jbophrase>pe'i</jbophrase> (I believe that the relationship holds),
+ <valsi>pe'i</valsi> (I believe that the relationship holds),
- <jbophrase>ru'a</jbophrase> (I postulate the relationship), and others. Many American Indian languages use this kind of words.</para>
+ <valsi>ru'a</valsi> (I postulate the relationship), and others. Many American Indian languages use this kind of words.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1uT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<cmavo>pe'i</cmavo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
@@ -1963,45 +1963,45 @@
<jbo>
<sumti>la djan.</sumti>
<selbri>pu klama</selbri>
<sumti>le zarci</sumti>
</jbo>
<sumti>John</sumti>
<selbri>[past] goes to-the store</selbri>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the tag
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> forces the sentence to refer to a time in the past. Similarly,</para>
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> forces the sentence to refer to a time in the past. Similarly,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Y8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>la djan.</sumti>
<selbri>ca klama</selbri>
<sumti>le zarci</sumti>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>John</sumti>
<selbri>[present] goes to-the store</selbri>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>necessarily refers to the present, because of the tag
- <jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>. Tags used in this way always appear at the very beginning of the selbri, just after the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, and they may make a
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanru. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojban, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriate tense is picked up from context.</para>
+ <valsi>ca</valsi>. Tags used in this way always appear at the very beginning of the selbri, just after the
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>, and they may make a
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanru. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojban, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriate tense is picked up from context.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Lojban also extends the notion of
<quote>tense</quote> to refer not only to time but to space. The following example uses the tag
- <jbophrase>vu</jbophrase> to specify that the event it describes happens far away from the speaker:</para>
+ <valsi>vu</valsi> to specify that the event it describes happens far away from the speaker:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k20b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<selbri>vu vecnu</selbri>
<sumti>zo'e</sumti>
</jbo>
@@ -2028,48 +2028,48 @@
<sumti>The earlier/former/past runner</sumti>
<selbri>talked/talks.</selbri>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Since Lojban tense is optional, we don't know when he or she talks.)</para>
<para>Tensed sumti with space tags correspond roughly to the English use of
<quote>this</quote> or
<quote>that</quote> as adjectives, as in the following example, which uses the tag
- <jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> meaning
+ <valsi>vi</valsi> meaning
<quote>nearby</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k28N">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>le vi bajra </sumti>
<elidable>ku</elidable>
<elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
</jbo>
<gloss>
<sumti>The nearby runner</sumti>
<selbri>talks.</selbri>
</gloss>
<en>This runner talks.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Do not confuse the use of
- <jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>vi</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k28N"/> with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, which also means
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>, which also means
<quote>this</quote>, but in the sense of
<quote>this thing</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore, a tense tag can appear both on the selbri and within a description, as in the following example (where
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> is the tag for future time):</para>
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> is the tag for future time):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k29L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>le vi tavla </sumti>
<elidable>ku</elidable>
<elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
<selbri>ba klama</selbri>
diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml
index 7da5b2c..c92892a 100644
--- a/todocbook/21.xml
+++ b/todocbook/21.xml
@@ -9,43 +9,43 @@
<para>/* The Lojban machine parsing algorithm is a multi-step process. The YACC machine grammar presented here is an amalgam of those steps, concatenated so as to allow YACC to verify the syntactic ambiguity of the grammar. YACC is used to generate a parser for a portion of the grammar, which is LALR1 (the type of grammar that YACC is designed to identify and process successfully), but most of the rest of the grammar must be parsed using some language-coded processing.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 1 – Lexing</bridgehead>
<para>From phonemes, stress, and pause, it is possible to resolve Lojban unambiguously into a stream of words. Any machine processing of speech will have to have some way to deal with <quote>non-Lojban</quote> failures of fluent speech, of course. The resolved words can be expressed as a text file using Lojban's phonetic spelling rules.</para>
<para>The following steps assume that there is the possibility of non-Lojban text within the Lojban text (delimited appropriately). Such non-Lojban text may not be reducible from speech phonetically. However, step 2 allows the filtering of a phonetically transcribed text stream, to recognize such portions of non-Lojban text where properly delimited, without interference with the parsing algorithm.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 2 – Filtering</bridgehead>
<para>From start to end, performing the following filtering and lexing tasks using the given order of precedence in case of conflict:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="lowerroman">
<listitem>
- <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> (selma'o ZOI) is identified, take the following Lojban word (which should be end delimited with a pause for separation from the following non-Lojban text) as an opening delimiter. Treat all text following that delimiter, until that delimiter recurs
+ <para>If the Lojban word <valsi>zoi</valsi> (selma'o ZOI) is identified, take the following Lojban word (which should be end delimited with a pause for separation from the following non-Lojban text) as an opening delimiter. Treat all text following that delimiter, until that delimiter recurs
<emphasis>after a pause</emphasis>, as grammatically a single token (labelled <quote>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/></quote> in this grammar). There is no need for processing within this text except as necessary to find the closing delimiter.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> (selma'o ZO) is identified, treat the following Lojban word as a token labelled <quote>
+ <para>If the Lojban word <valsi>zo</valsi> (selma'o ZO) is identified, treat the following Lojban word as a token labelled <quote>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/></quote>, instead of lexing it by its normal grammatical function.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the Lojban word <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> (selma'o LOhU) is identified, search for the closing delimiter <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (selma'o LEhU), ignoring any such closing delimiters absorbed by the previous two steps. The text between the delimiters should be treated as the single token <quote>
+ <para>If the Lojban word <valsi>lo'u</valsi> (selma'o LOhU) is identified, search for the closing delimiter <valsi>le'u</valsi> (selma'o LEhU), ignoring any such closing delimiters absorbed by the previous two steps. The text between the delimiters should be treated as the single token <quote>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-697"/></quote>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Categorize all remaining words into their Lojban selma'o category, including the various delimiters mentioned in the previous steps. In all steps after step 2, only the selma'o token type is significant for each word.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the word <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> (selma'o SI) is identified, erase it and the previous word (or token, if the previous text has been condensed into a single token by one of the above rules).</para>
+ <para>If the word <valsi>si</valsi> (selma'o SI) is identified, erase it and the previous word (or token, if the previous text has been condensed into a single token by one of the above rules).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the word <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> (selma'o SA) is identified, erase it and all preceding text as far back as necessary to make what follows attach to what precedes. (This rule is hard to formalize and may receive further definition later.)</para>
+ <para>If the word <valsi>sa</valsi> (selma'o SA) is identified, erase it and all preceding text as far back as necessary to make what follows attach to what precedes. (This rule is hard to formalize and may receive further definition later.)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>If the word <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> (selma'o SU) is identified, erase it and all preceding text back to and including the first preceding token word which is in one of the selma'o: NIhO, LU, TUhE, and TO. However, if speaker identification is available, a SU shall only erase to the beginning of a speaker's discourse, unless it occurs at the beginning of a speaker's discourse. (Thus, if the speaker has said something, two adjacent uses of <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> are required to erase the entire conversation.</para>
+ <para>If the word <valsi>su</valsi> (selma'o SU) is identified, erase it and all preceding text back to and including the first preceding token word which is in one of the selma'o: NIhO, LU, TUhE, and TO. However, if speaker identification is available, a SU shall only erase to the beginning of a speaker's discourse, unless it occurs at the beginning of a speaker's discourse. (Thus, if the speaker has said something, two adjacent uses of <valsi>su</valsi> are required to erase the entire conversation.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<bridgehead>Step 3 – Termination</bridgehead>
<para>If the text contains a FAhO, treat that as the end-of-text and ignore everything that follows it.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 4 – Absorption of Grammar-Free Tokens</bridgehead>
<para>In a new pass, perform the following absorptions (absorption means that the token is removed from the grammar for processing in following steps, and optionally reinserted, grouped with the absorbing token after parsing is completed).</para>
<orderedlist numeration="lowerroman">
<listitem>
<para>Token sequences of the form any - (ZEI - any) ..., where there may be any number of ZEIs, are merged into a single token of selma'o BRIVLA.</para>
</listitem>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 23497ba..ed72158 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -35,28 +35,28 @@
</simplelist>
omitting the letters
<quote>h</quote>,
<quote>q</quote>, and
<quote>w</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabetic order</primary></indexterm> The alphabetic order given above is that of the ASCII coded character set, widely used in computers. By making Lojban alphabetical order the same as ASCII, computerized sorting and searching of Lojban text is facilitated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>showing non-standard</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capital letters</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> Capital letters are used only to represent non-standard stress, which can appear only in the representation of Lojbanized names. Thus the English name
<quote>Josephine</quote>, as normally pronounced, is Lojbanized as
- <jbophrase>DJOsefin.</jbophrase>, pronounced
+ <oldjbophrase>DJOsefin.</oldjbophrase>, pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">['dʒosɛfinʔ]</phrase>. (See
<xref linkend="section-basic-phonetics"/> for an explanation of the symbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize the vowel letter, in this case
<letteral>O</letteral>, but it is easier on the reader to capitalize the whole syllable.</para>
<para>Without the capitalization, the ordinary rules of Lojban stress would cause the
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> syllable to be stressed. Lojbanized names are meant to represent the pronunciation of names from other languages with as little distortion as may be; as such, they are exempt from many of the regular rules of Lojban phonology, as will appear in the rest of this chapter.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> syllable to be stressed. Lojbanized names are meant to represent the pronunciation of names from other languages with as little distortion as may be; as such, they are exempt from many of the regular rules of Lojban phonology, as will appear in the rest of this chapter.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-phonetics">
<title>Basic Phonetics</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brackets</primary><secondary>use in IPA notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>phonetic alphabet</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IPA</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>International Phonetic Alphabet (see also IPA)</primary></indexterm> Lojban pronunciations are defined using the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, a standard method of transcribing pronunciations. By convention, IPA transcriptions are always within square brackets: for example, the word
<quote>cat</quote> is pronounced (in General American pronunciation)
<phrase role="IPA">[kæt]</phrase>.
<xref linkend="section-anglophone-phonetics"/> contains a brief explanation of the IPA characters used in this chapter, with their nearest analogues in English, and will be especially useful to those not familiar with the technical terms used in describing speech sounds.</para>
@@ -279,21 +279,21 @@
<letteral>c</letteral>,
<letteral>j</letteral>,
<letteral>x</letteral>). The English
<quote>c</quote> represents three different sounds,
<phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase> in
<quote>cat</quote> and
<phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase> in
<quote>cent</quote>, as well as the
<phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase> of
<quote>ocean</quote>. Similarly, English
- <jbophrase>g</jbophrase> can represent
+ <oldjbophrase>g</oldjbophrase> can represent
<phrase role="IPA">[ɡ]</phrase> as in
<quote>go</quote>,
<phrase role="IPA">[dʒ]</phrase> as in
<quote>gentle</quote>, and
<phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase> as in the second "g" in
<quote>garage</quote> (in some pronunciations). English
<quote>s</quote> can be either
<phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase> as in
<quote>cats</quote>,
<phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase> as in
@@ -548,89 +548,89 @@
<pronunciation>
<jbo>brlgan.</jbo>
<ipa>[br̩l gan]</ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa>[brl̩ gan]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>is a hypothetical Lojbanized name with more than one valid pronunciation; however it is pronounced, it remains the same word.</para>
<para> <!--FIXME: there's no example for this "Earl" to go in--><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Earl</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary><secondary>final in word</secondary></indexterm> Syllabic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels from the standpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are generally required to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllabic consonant. An example is
- <jbophrase>rl.</jbophrase>, which is an approximation of the English name
+ <oldjbophrase>rl.</oldjbophrase>, which is an approximation of the English name
<quote>Earl</quote>, and has two syllabic consonants.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary><secondary>effect on stress</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>effect of syllabic consonants on</secondary></indexterm> Syllables with syllabic consonants and no vowel are never stressed or counted when determining which syllables to stress (see
<xref linkend="section-stress"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vowel-pairs">
<title>Vowel Pairs</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>use of apostrophe in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>use in vowel pairs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> Lojban vowels also occur in pairs, where each vowel sound is in a separate syllable. These two vowel sounds are connected (and separated) by an apostrophe. Lojban vowel pairs should be pronounced continuously with the
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase> sound between (and not by a glottal stop or pause, which would split the two vowels into separate words).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>contrasted with vowel pairs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>contrasted with diphthongs</secondary></indexterm> All vowel combinations are permitted in two-syllable pairs with the apostrophe separating them; this includes those which constitute diphthongs when the apostrophe is not included.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban vowel pairs are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="6">
- <member><jbophrase>a'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'u</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'y</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'u</valsi></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>a'y</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'u</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'y</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'u</valsi></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>e'y</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'u</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'y</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'u</valsi></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>i'y</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'y</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'u</valsi></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>o'y</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'u</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'y</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'u</valsi></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>u'y</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>y'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>y'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>y'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>y'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>y'u</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>y'y</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>y'a</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>y'e</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>y'i</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>y'o</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>y'u</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>y'y</oldjbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>involving y</secondary></indexterm> Vowel pairs involving
<letteral>y</letteral> appear only in Lojbanized names. They could appear in cmavo (structure words), but only
- <jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase> is so used – it is the Lojban name of the apostrophe letter (see
+ <oldjbophrase>.y'y.</oldjbophrase> is so used – it is the Lojban name of the apostrophe letter (see
<xref linkend="section-lerfu-liste"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>grouping of</secondary></indexterm> When more than two vowels occur together in Lojban, the normal pronunciation pairs vowels from the left into syllables, as in the Lojbanized name:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RxtI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>meiin.</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">mei,in.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
@@ -768,21 +768,21 @@
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>djeimyz.</jbo>
<ipa>[dʒɛj məzʔ]</ipa>
<en>James</en>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>The regular English pronunciation of
<quote>James</quote>, which is
<phrase role="IPA">[dʒɛjmz]</phrase>, would Lojbanize as
- <jbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</jbophrase>, which contains a forbidden consonant pair.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</oldjbophrase>, which contains a forbidden consonant pair.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-initial-pairs">
<title>Initial Consonant Pairs</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>initial</secondary></indexterm> The set of consonant pairs that may appear at the beginning of a word (excluding Lojbanized names) is far more restricted than the fairly large group of permissible consonant pairs described in
<xref linkend="section-clusters"/>. Even so, it is more than English allows, although hopefully not more than English-speakers (and others) can learn to pronounce.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>initial consonant pairs</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> There are just 48 such permissible initial consonant pairs, as follows:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="8">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
@@ -1206,41 +1206,41 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stressed vowel</primary><secondary>compared with stressed syllable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stressed syllable</primary><secondary>compared with stressed vowel</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> Stress is a relatively louder pronunciation of one syllable in a word or group of words. Since every syllable has a vowel sound (or diphthong or syllabic consonant) as its nucleus, and the stress is on the vowel sound itself, the terms
<quote>stressed syllable</quote> and
<quote>stressed vowel</quote> are largely interchangeable concepts.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Most Lojban words are stressed on the next-to-the-last, or penultimate, syllable. In counting syllables, however, syllables whose vowel is
<letteral>y</letteral> or which contain a syllabic consonant (
<letteral>l</letteral>,
<letteral>m</letteral>,
<letteral>n</letteral>, or
<letteral>r</letteral>) are never counted. (The Lojban term for penultimate stress is
- <jbophrase>da'amoi terbasna</jbophrase>.) Similarly, syllables created solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as
+ <oldjbophrase>da'amoi terbasna</oldjbophrase>.) Similarly, syllables created solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as
<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase>, are not counted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>levels of</secondary></indexterm> There are actually three levels of stress – primary, secondary, and weak. Weak stress is the lowest level, so it really means no stress at all. Weak stress is required for syllables containing
<letteral>y</letteral>, a syllabic consonant, or a buffer vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>primary</secondary></indexterm> Primary stress is required on the penultimate syllable of Lojban content words (called
- <jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>). Lojbanized names may be stressed on any syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the syllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban structural words (called
- <jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase>) may be stressed on any syllable or none at all. However, primary stress may not be used in a syllable just preceding a brivla, unless a pause divides them; otherwise, the two words may run together.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>brivla</oldjbophrase>). Lojbanized names may be stressed on any syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the syllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban structural words (called
+ <valsi>cmavo</valsi>) may be stressed on any syllable or none at all. However, primary stress may not be used in a syllable just preceding a brivla, unless a pause divides them; otherwise, the two words may run together.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>secondary</secondary></indexterm> Secondary stress is the optional and non-distinctive emphasis used for other syllables besides those required to have either weak or primary stress. There are few rules governing secondary stress, which typically will follow a speaker's native language habits or preferences. Secondary stress can be used for contrast, or for emphasis of a point. Secondary stress can be emphasized at any level up to primary stress, although the speaker must not allow a false primary stress in brivla, since errors in word resolution could result.</para>
<para> The following are Lojban words with stress explicitly shown:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cxzt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>dikyjvo</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">DI,ky,jvo</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>(In a fully-buffered dialect, the pronunciation would be:
<phrase role="IPA">['di kə ʒɪ vo]</phrase>.) Note that the syllable
- <jbophrase>ky</jbophrase> is not counted in determining stress. The vowel
+ <oldjbophrase>ky</oldjbophrase> is not counted in determining stress. The vowel
<letteral>y</letteral> is never stressed in a normal Lojban context.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sz52">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Armstrong</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d7"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.armstrong.</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">.ARM,strong.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
@@ -1330,43 +1330,43 @@
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>e'u bridi</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">e'u BRI,di</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">E'u BRI,di</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">e'U.BRI,di</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ki4a"/>,
- <jbophrase>e'u</jbophrase> is a cmavo and
- <jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase> is a brivla. Either of the first two pronunciations is permitted: no primary stress on either syllable of
- <jbophrase>e'u</jbophrase>, or primary stress on the first syllable. The third pronunciation, which places primary stress on the second syllable of the cmavo, requires that – since the following word is a brivla – the two words must be separated by a pause. Consider the following two cases:</para>
+ <valsi>e'u</valsi> is a cmavo and
+ <valsi>bridi</valsi> is a brivla. Either of the first two pronunciations is permitted: no primary stress on either syllable of
+ <valsi>e'u</valsi>, or primary stress on the first syllable. The third pronunciation, which places primary stress on the second syllable of the cmavo, requires that – since the following word is a brivla – the two words must be separated by a pause. Consider the following two cases:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIXo" role="pronunciation-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d14"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>le re nobli prenu</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">le re NObli PREnu</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiXR" role="pronunciation-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d15"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>le re no bliprenu</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">le re no bliPREnu</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>If the cmavo
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>no</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiXR"/> were to be stressed, the phrase would sound exactly like the given pronunciation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIXo"/>, which is unacceptable in Lojban: a single pronunciation cannot represent both.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anglophone-phonetics">
<title>IPA For English Speakers</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IPA pronunciation</primary><secondary>description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>television</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Received Pronunciation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>General American</primary></indexterm> There are many dialects of English, thus making it difficult to define the standardized symbols of the IPA in terms useful to every reader. All the symbols used in this chapter are repeated here, in more or less alphabetical order, with examples drawn from General American. In addition, some attention is given to the Received Pronunciation of (British) English. These two dialects are referred to as GA and RP respectively. Speakers of other dialects should consult a book on phonetics or their local television sets.</para>
<variablelist>
@@ -1411,25 +1411,25 @@
<letteral>a</letteral>. The
<quote>a</quote> of GA
<quote>father</quote>. The sound
<phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase> is preferred because GA speakers often relax an unstressed
<phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase> into a schwa
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, as in the usual pronunciations of
<quote>about</quote> and
<quote>sofa</quote>. Because schwa is a distinct vowel in Lojban, English speakers must either learn to avoid this shift or to use
<phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase> instead: the Lojban word for
<quote>sofa</quote> is
- <jbophrase>sfofa</jbophrase>, pronounced
+ <valsi>sfofa</valsi>, pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[sfofa]</phrase> or
<phrase role="IPA">[sfofɑ]</phrase> but never
<phrase role="IPA">[sfofə]</phrase> which would be the non-word
- <jbophrase>sfofy</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sfofy</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[æ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Not a Lojban sound. The
<quote>a</quote> of English
<quote>cat</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
@@ -1535,21 +1535,21 @@
<letteral>i</letteral>. Essentially like the English vowel of
<quote>pizza</quote> or
<quote>machine</quote>, although the English vowel is sometimes pronounced with an off-glide, which should not be present in Lojban.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase> of English
+ <valsi>i</valsi> of English
<quote>bit</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɨ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The
<quote>u</quote> of
<quote>just</quote> in some varieties of GA, those which make the word sound more or less like
@@ -1615,21 +1615,21 @@
<letteral>m</letteral>. As in English
<quote>catch 'em</quote> or
<quote>bottom</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<letteral>n</letteral>. As in English
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>no</valsi>,
<quote>honor</quote>, or
<quote>son</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[n̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
<letteral>n</letteral>. As in English
<quote>button</quote>.</para>
@@ -1736,21 +1736,21 @@
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ʀ̩]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>are syllabic versions of the above.
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase> appears in the GA (but not RP) pronunciation of
- <jbophrase>bird</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bird</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
<letteral>s</letteral>. As in English
<quote>so</quote>,
<quote>basin</quote>, or
<quote>yes</quote>.</para>
@@ -1981,57 +1981,57 @@
<listitem>
<para>
<diphthong>ia</diphthong> through
<diphthong>iu</diphthong> and
<diphthong>ua</diphthong> through
<diphthong>uu</diphthong> remain unchanged.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>a'i</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>e'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>o'i</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>e'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>o'i</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase> become
+ <valsi>a'o</valsi> become
- <jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">e,i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">o,i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,o</jbophrase>.
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,i</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">e,i</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">o,i</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,o</oldjbophrase>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>i'a</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase>i'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>u'a</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase>u'u</jbophrase> are changed to
+ <valsi>i'a</valsi> through
+ <valsi>i'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>u'a</valsi> through
+ <valsi>u'u</valsi> are changed to
<diphthong>ia</diphthong> through
<diphthong>iu</diphthong> and
<diphthong>ua</diphthong> through
<diphthong>uu</diphthong> in lujvo and cmavo other than attitudinals, but become
<diphthong>i,a</diphthong> through
<diphthong>i,u</diphthong> and
<diphthong>u,a</diphthong> through
<diphthong>u,u</diphthong> in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All other vowel pairs simply drop the apostrophe.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altogether, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. In addition, names and the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> are capitalized, and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stressed syllable.</para>
+ <valsi>i</valsi> are capitalized, and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stressed syllable.</para>
<para>Three points must be emphasized about this alternative orthography:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-standard orthographies</primary><secondary>caveat</secondary></indexterm> It is not standard, and has not been used.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>It does not represent any changes to the standard Lojban phonology; it is simply a representation of the same phonology using a different written form.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 5b26e8a..113db01 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -28,49 +28,49 @@
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VV string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a double vowel</secondary></indexterm> VV represents either a diphthong, one of the following:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="4">
<member><diphthong>ai</diphthong></member>
<member><diphthong>ei</diphthong></member>
<member><diphthong>oi</diphthong></member>
<member><diphthong>au</diphthong></member>
</simplelist>
or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostrophe separating the vowels, one of the following:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="5">
- <member><jbophrase>a'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>a'u</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>a'u</valsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>e'u</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>e'u</valsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>i'u</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>i'u</valsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>o'u</valsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'a</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'e</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'i</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'o</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>u'u</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'a</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'e</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'i</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'o</valsi></member>
+ <member><valsi>u'u</valsi></member>
</simplelist>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>as not a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic r</primary><secondary>as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic n</primary><secondary>as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic m</primary><secondary>as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic l</primary><secondary>considered as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a single consonant</secondary></indexterm> C represents a single Lojban consonant, not including the apostrophe, one of
<simplelist type="inline">
<member><letteral>b</letteral></member>
<member><letteral>c</letteral></member>
<member><letteral>d</letteral></member>
<member><letteral>f</letteral></member>
@@ -131,21 +131,21 @@
<quote>come</quote>,
<quote>red</quote>,
<quote>doctor</quote>, and
<quote>freely</quote>; cmene are proper names, corresponding to English
<quote>James</quote>,
<quote>Afghanistan</quote>, and
<quote>Pope John Paul II</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cmavo">
<title>cmavo</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation marks</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prepositions</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conjunctions</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>articles</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>structure words</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selma'o</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The first group of Lojban words discussed in this chapter are the cmavo. They are the structure words that hold the Lojban language together. They often have no semantic meaning in themselves, though they may affect the semantics of brivla to which they are attached. The cmavo include the equivalent of English articles, conjunctions, prepositions, numbers, and punctuation marks. There are over a hundred subcategories of cmavo, known as <jbophrase>selma'o</jbophrase>, each having a specifically defined grammatical usage. The various selma'o are discussed throughout
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation marks</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prepositions</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conjunctions</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>articles</primary><secondary>cmavo as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>structure words</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selma'o</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The first group of Lojban words discussed in this chapter are the cmavo. They are the structure words that hold the Lojban language together. They often have no semantic meaning in themselves, though they may affect the semantics of brivla to which they are attached. The cmavo include the equivalent of English articles, conjunctions, prepositions, numbers, and punctuation marks. There are over a hundred subcategories of cmavo, known as <oldjbophrase>selma'o</oldjbophrase>, each having a specifically defined grammatical usage. The various selma'o are discussed throughout
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/> to
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> and summarized in
<xref linkend="chapter-catalogue"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>structure of</secondary></indexterm> Standard cmavo occur in four forms defined by their word structure. Here are some examples of the various forms:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
@@ -155,54 +155,54 @@
<row>
<entry>V-form</entry>
<entry><letteral>.a</letteral></entry>
<entry><letteral>.e</letteral></entry>
<entry><letteral>.i</letteral></entry>
<entry><letteral>.o</letteral></entry>
<entry><letteral>.u</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CV-form</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ba</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ce</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>di</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fo</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ba</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ce</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>di</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>fo</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gu</valsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>VV-form</entry>
<entry><diphthong>.au</diphthong></entry>
<entry><diphthong>.ei</diphthong></entry>
<entry><diphthong>.ia</diphthong></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.o'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.u'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>o'u</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>u'e</valsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV-form</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pei</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>coi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ki'a</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>pei</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>mi'o</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>coi</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>cu'u</valsi></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In addition, there is the cmavo
- <jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> (remember that
+ <oldjbophrase>.y.</oldjbophrase> (remember that
<letteral>y</letteral> is not a V), which must have pauses before and after it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>lack of relation of form to grammatical use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experimental cmavo</primary><secondary>forms for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>for experimental use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>simple</secondary></indexterm> A simple cmavo thus has the property of having only one or two vowels, or of having a single consonant followed by one or two vowels. Words consisting of three or more vowels in a row, or a single consonant followed by three or more vowels, are also of cmavo form, but are reserved for experimental use: a few examples are
<!-- FIXME: is this valid="false"? probably not, but just checking -->
- <jbophrase>ku'a'e</jbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>ku'a'e</oldjbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sau'e</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>bai'ai</jbophrase>. All CVV cmavo beginning with the letter
+ <oldjbophrase>sau'e</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>bai'ai</oldjbophrase>. All CVV cmavo beginning with the letter
<letteral>x</letteral> are also reserved for experimental use. In general, though, the form of a cmavo tells you little or nothing about its grammatical use.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experimental cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>experimental</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Experimental use</quote> means that the language designers will not assign any standard meaning or usage to these words, and words and usages coined by Lojban speakers will not appear in official dictionaries for the indefinite future. Experimental-use words provide an escape hatch for adding grammatical mechanisms (as opposed to semantic concepts) the need for which was not foreseen.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>diphthongs in</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of VV-form include not only the diphthongs and vowel pairs listed in
<xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>, but also the following ten additional diphthongs:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="5">
<member><diphthong>.ia</diphthong></member>
<member><diphthong>.ie</diphthong></member>
<member><diphthong>.ii</diphthong></member>
@@ -252,21 +252,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiz6" role="compound-cmavo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d3"/>
</title>
<compound-cmavo>
<jbo>ki'e.u'e</jbo>
<jbo>ki'e .u'e</jbo>
</compound-cmavo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pauses</primary><secondary>before vowels</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>.u'e</jbophrase> begins with a vowel, and like all words beginning with a vowel, requires a pause (represented by
+ <valsi>u'e</valsi> begins with a vowel, and like all words beginning with a vowel, requires a pause (represented by
<letteral>.</letteral>) before it. This pause cannot be omitted simply because the cmavo is incorporated into a compound cmavo. On the other hand,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FDhH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ki'e'u'e</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a single cmavo reserved for experimental purposes: it has four vowels.</para>
@@ -274,22 +274,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d5"/>
</title>
<compound-cmavo>
<jbo>cy.ibu.abu</jbo>
<jbo>cy. .ibu .abu</jbo>
</compound-cmavo>
</example>
<para>Again the pauses are required (see
<xref linkend="section-pauses"/>); the pause after
- <jbophrase>cy.</jbophrase> merges with the pause before
- <jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cy.</oldjbophrase> merges with the pause before
+ <oldjbophrase>.ibu</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>on cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> There is no particular stress required in cmavo or their compounds. Some conventions do exist that are not mandatory. For two-syllable cmavo, for example, stress is typically placed on the first vowel; an example is</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pdGY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.e'o ko ko kurji</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">.E'o ko ko KURji</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
@@ -307,55 +307,55 @@
<para>can be optionally pronounced</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dfzc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d8"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo role="pronunciation">le RE. NANmu</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>since there are no rules forcing stress on either of the first two words; the stress on
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase>, though, demands that a pause separate
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> from the following syllable
- <jbophrase>nan</jbophrase> to ensure that the stress on
- <jbophrase>nan</jbophrase> is properly heard as a stressed syllable. The alternative pronunciation</para>
+ <valsi>re</valsi>, though, demands that a pause separate
+ <valsi>re</valsi> from the following syllable
+ <oldjbophrase>nan</oldjbophrase> to ensure that the stress on
+ <oldjbophrase>nan</oldjbophrase> is properly heard as a stressed syllable. The alternative pronunciation</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bLbf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d9"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>LE re NANmu</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>is also valid; this would apply secondary stress (used for purposes of emphasis, contrast or sentence rhythm) to
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, comparable in rhythmical effect to the English phrase
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, comparable in rhythmical effect to the English phrase
<quote>THE two men</quote>. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dfzc"/>, the secondary stress on
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> would be similar to that in the English phrase
+ <valsi>re</valsi> would be similar to that in the English phrase
<quote>the TWO men</quote>.</para>
<para>Both cmavo may also be left unstressed, thus:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sg0p">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d10"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo role="pronunciation">le re NANmu</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This would probably be the most common usage.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-morphology-brivla">
<title>brivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adverbs</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>verbs</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adjectives</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nouns</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Predicate words, called
- <jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>, are at the core of Lojban. They carry most of the semantic information in the language. They serve as the equivalent of English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, all in a single part of speech.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>brivla</oldjbophrase>, are at the core of Lojban. They carry most of the semantic information in the language. They serve as the equivalent of English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, all in a single part of speech.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subtypes of words</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>types and subtypes of words</primary></indexterm> Every brivla belongs to one of three major subtypes. These subtypes are defined by the form, or morphology, of the word – all words of a particular structure can be assigned by sight or sound to a particular type (cmavo, brivla, or cmene) and subtype. Knowing the type and subtype then gives you, the reader or listener, significant clues to the meaning and the origin of the word, even if you have never heard the word before.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flexible vocabulary</primary></indexterm> The same principle allows you, when speaking or writing, to invent new brivla for new concepts
<quote>on the fly</quote>; yet it offers people that you are trying to communicate with a good chance to figure out your meaning. In this way, Lojban has a flexible vocabulary which can be expanded indefinitely.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> All brivla have the following properties:</para>
@@ -366,86 +366,86 @@
<listitem>
<para>always contain a consonant pair in the first five letters, where
<letteral>y</letteral> and apostrophe are not counted as letters for this purpose (see
<xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always are stressed on the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable; this implies that they have two or more syllables.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene form</primary><secondary>contrasted with brivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo form</primary><secondary>contrasted with brivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla form</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmene form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla form</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmavo form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>recognition of</secondary></indexterm> The presence of a consonant pair distinguishes brivla from cmavo and their compounds. The final vowel distinguishes brivla from cmene, which always end in a consonant. Thus
- <jbophrase>da'amei</jbophrase> must be a compound cmavo because it lacks a consonant pair;
- <jbophrase>lojban.</jbophrase> must be a name because it lacks a final vowel.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>da'amei</oldjbophrase> must be a compound cmavo because it lacks a consonant pair;
+ <oldjbophrase>lojban.</oldjbophrase> must be a name because it lacks a final vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>letter y within</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>letter</secondary><tertiary>between letters of consonant pair</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>in brivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>consonant pairs in</secondary></indexterm> Thus,
- <jbophrase>bisycla</jbophrase> has the consonant pair
+ <oldjbophrase>bisycla</oldjbophrase> has the consonant pair
<morphology>sc</morphology> in the first five non-
<letteral>y</letteral> letters even though the
<morphology>sc</morphology> actually appears in the form of
- <jbophrase>syc</jbophrase>. Similarly, the word
- <jbophrase>ro'inre'o</jbophrase> contains
+ <oldjbophrase>syc</oldjbophrase>. Similarly, the word
+ <oldjbophrase>ro'inre'o</oldjbophrase> contains
<morphology>nr</morphology> in the first five letters because the apostrophes are not counted for this purpose.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>subtypes of</secondary></indexterm> The three subtypes of brivla are:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>as a subtype of brivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>primitive roots</primary><secondary>gismu as</secondary></indexterm> gismu, the Lojban primitive roots from which all other brivla are built;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound of gismu</primary><secondary>lujvo as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>as a subtype of brivla</secondary></indexterm> lujvo, the compounds of two or more gismu; and</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowing from other language</primary><secondary>fu'ivla as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>as a subtype of brivla</secondary></indexterm> fu'ivla (literally
<quote>copy-word</quote>), the specialized words that are not Lojban primitives or natural compounds, and are therefore borrowed from other languages.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-gismu">
<title>gismu</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>rationale for choice of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The gismu, or Lojban root words, are those brivla representing concepts most basic to the language. The gismu were chosen for various reasons: some represent concepts that are very familiar and basic; some represent concepts that are frequently used in other languages; some were added because they would be helpful in constructing more complex words; some because they represent fundamental Lojban concepts (like
- <jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase> themselves).</para>
+ <valsi>cmavo</valsi> and
+ <valsi>gismu</valsi> themselves).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>as partitioning semantic space</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>selection of</secondary></indexterm> The gismu do not represent any sort of systematic partitioning of semantic space. Some gismu may be superfluous, or appear for historical reasons: the gismu list was being collected for almost 35 years and was only weeded out once. Instead, the intention is that the gismu blanket semantic space: they make it possible to talk about the entire range of human concerns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>learning Lojban</primary><secondary>magnitude of task</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo and gismu</primary><secondary>major</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>and cmavo</secondary><tertiary>major</tertiary></indexterm> There are about 1350 gismu. In learning Lojban, you need only to learn most of these gismu and their combining forms (known as
- <jbophrase>rafsi</jbophrase>) as well as perhaps 200 major cmavo, and you will be able to communicate effectively in the language. This may sound like a lot, but it is a small number compared to the vocabulary needed for similar communications in other languages.</para>
+ <valsi>rafsi</valsi>) as well as perhaps 200 major cmavo, and you will be able to communicate effectively in the language. This may sound like a lot, but it is a small number compared to the vocabulary needed for similar communications in other languages.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> All gismu have very strong form restrictions. Using the conventions defined in
<xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>, all gismu are of the forms CVC/CV or CCVCV. They must meet the rules for all brivla given in
<xref linkend="section-morphology-brivla"/>; furthermore, they:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>always have five letters;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always start with a consonant and end with a single vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain exactly one consonant pair, which is a permissible initial pair (CC) if it's at the beginning of the gismu, but otherwise only has to be a permissible pair (C/C);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>are always stressed on the first syllable (since that is penultimate).</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>length of</secondary></indexterm> The five letter length distinguishes gismu from lujvo and fu'ivla. In addition, no gismu contains
<letteral>'</letteral>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>conflicts between</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> With the exception of five special brivla variables,
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>brode</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase>, no two gismu differ only in the final vowel. Furthermore, the set of gismu was specifically designed to reduce the likelihood that two similar sounding gismu could be confused. For example, because
- <jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase> is in the set of gismu,
- <jbophrase>kismu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>xismu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>gicmu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>gizmu</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>gisnu</jbophrase> cannot be.</para>
+ <valsi>broda</valsi>,
+ <valsi>brode</valsi>,
+ <valsi>brodi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>brodo</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>brodu</valsi>, no two gismu differ only in the final vowel. Furthermore, the set of gismu was specifically designed to reduce the likelihood that two similar sounding gismu could be confused. For example, because
+ <valsi>gismu</valsi> is in the set of gismu,
+ <valsi>kismu</valsi>,
+ <valsi>xismu</valsi>,
+ <valsi>gicmu</valsi>,
+ <valsi>gizmu</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>gisnu</valsi> cannot be.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>source of</secondary></indexterm> Almost all Lojban gismu are constructed from pieces of words drawn from other languages, specifically Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic, the six most widely spoken natural languages. For a given concept, words in the six languages that represent that concept were written in Lojban phonetics. Then a gismu was selected to maximize the recognizability of the Lojban word for speakers of the six languages by weighting the inclusion of the sounds drawn from each language by the number of speakers of that language. See
<xref linkend="section-gismu-making"/> for a full explanation of the algorithm.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>examples of</secondary></indexterm> Here are a few examples of gismu, with rough English equivalents (not definitions):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJ0x" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>creka</jbo>
@@ -529,21 +529,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>skami pilno</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the tanru which expresses the concept of
<quote>computer user</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>combination of</secondary></indexterm> The simplest Lojban tanru are pairings of two concepts or ideas. Such tanru take two simpler ideas that can be represented by gismu and combine them into a single more complex idea. Two-part tanru may then be recombined in pairs with other tanru, or with individual gismu, to form more complex or more specific ideas, and so on.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>ambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> The meaning of a tanru is usually at least partly ambiguous:
- <jbophrase>skami pilno</jbophrase> could refer to a computer that is a user, or to a user of computers. There are a variety of ways that the modifier component can be related to the modified component. It is also possible to use cmavo within tanru to provide variations (or to prevent ambiguities) of meaning.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>skami pilno</oldjbophrase> could refer to a computer that is a user, or to a user of computers. There are a variety of ways that the modifier component can be related to the modified component. It is also possible to use cmavo within tanru to provide variations (or to prevent ambiguities) of meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and creativity</secondary></indexterm> Making tanru is essentially a poetic or creative act, not a science. While the syntax expressing the grouping relationships within tanru is unambiguous, tanru are still semantically ambiguous, since the rules defining the relationships between the gismu are flexible. The process of devising a new tanru is dealt with in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>expression of</secondary></indexterm> To express a simple tanru, simply say the component gismu together. Thus the binary metaphor
<quote>big boat</quote> becomes the tanru</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oLE3">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d2"/>
</title>
@@ -576,77 +576,77 @@
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mother father</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mamta patfu</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>ambiguity in</secondary></indexterm> The possibility of semantic ambiguity can easily be seen in the last case. To interpret
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KQ4s"/>, the listener must determine what type of motherliness pertains to the father being referred to. In an appropriate context,
- <jbophrase>mamta patfu</jbophrase> could mean not
+ <oldjbophrase>mamta patfu</oldjbophrase> could mean not
<quote>grandfather</quote> but simply
<quote>father with some motherly attributes</quote>, depending on the culture. If absolute clarity is required, there are ways to expand upon and explain the exact interrelationship between the components; but such detail is usually not needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>to lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>from tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>from tanru</secondary></indexterm> When a concept expressed in a tanru proves useful, or is frequently expressed, it is desirable to choose one of the possible meanings of the tanru and assign it to a new brivla. For
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xhQP"/>, we would probably choose
<quote>user of computers</quote>, and form the new word</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v5YD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d5"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>sampli</jbo>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para>Such a brivla, built from the rafsi which represent its component words, is called a
- <jbophrase>lujvo</jbophrase>. Another example, corresponding to the tanru of
+ <valsi>lujvo</valsi>. Another example, corresponding to the tanru of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oLE3"/>, would be:</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aiAR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d6"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>bralo'i</jbo>
<gloss>big-boat</gloss>
<en>ship</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>construction of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>unambiguous decomposition of</secondary></indexterm> The lujvo representing a given tanru is built from units representing the component gismu. These units are called
- <jbophrase>rafsi</jbophrase> in Lojban. Each rafsi represents only one gismu. The rafsi are attached together in the order of the words in the tanru, occasionally inserting so-called
+ <valsi>rafsi</valsi> in Lojban. Each rafsi represents only one gismu. The rafsi are attached together in the order of the words in the tanru, occasionally inserting so-called
<quote>hyphen</quote> letters to ensure that the pieces stick together as a single word and cannot accidentally be broken apart into cmavo, gismu, or other word forms. As a result, each lujvo can be readily and accurately recognized, allowing a listener to pick out the word from a string of spoken Lojban, and if necessary, unambiguously decompose the word to a unique source tanru, thus providing a strong clue to its meaning.</para>
<para>The lujvo that can be built from the tanru
- <jbophrase>mamta patfu</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>mamta patfu</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KQ4s"/> is</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TCUH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d7"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>mampa'u</jbo>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para>which refers specifically to the concept
<quote>maternal grandfather</quote>. The two gismu that constitute the tanru are represented in
- <jbophrase>mampa'u</jbophrase> by the rafsi
+ <oldjbophrase>mampa'u</oldjbophrase> by the rafsi
<rafsi>mam-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-pa'u</rafsi>, respectively; these two rafsi are then concatenated together to form
- <jbophrase>mampa'u</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>mampa'u</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>long rafsi form</primary><secondary>compared with short form in effect on lujvo meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>short rafsi form</primary><secondary>compared with long form in effect on lujvo meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi form</primary><secondary>effect of choice on meaning of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>multiple forms of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Like gismu, lujvo have only one meaning. When a lujvo is formally entered into a dictionary of the language, a specific definition will be assigned based on one particular interrelationship between the terms. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word
- <jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>, built from the tanru
- <jbophrase>bridi valsi</jbophrase>, is the same lujvo as
- <jbophrase>brivalsi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bridyvla</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>bridyvalsi</jbophrase>, each of which uses a different combination of rafsi.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>brivla</oldjbophrase>, built from the tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>bridi valsi</oldjbophrase>, is the same lujvo as
+ <oldjbophrase>brivalsi</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>bridyvla</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>bridyvalsi</oldjbophrase>, each of which uses a different combination of rafsi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>and consonant cluster determination in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>' symbol</primary><secondary>and consonant cluster determination in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>and consonant cluster determination</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>rules for combining to form lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>rules for formation of</secondary></indexterm> When assembling rafsi together into lujvo, the rules for valid brivla must be followed: a consonant cluster must occur in the first five letters (excluding
<letteral>y</letteral> and
<letteral>'</letteral>), and the lujvo must end in a vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>y-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>and stress determination</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> A
<letteral>y</letteral> (which is ignored in determining stress or consonant clusters) is inserted in the middle of the consonant cluster to glue the word together when the resulting cluster is either not permissible or the word is likely to break up. There are specific rules describing these conditions, detailed in
<xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>n-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>r-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> An
<letteral>r</letteral> (in some cases, an
@@ -663,21 +663,21 @@
<en>field rations</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>contrasted with same-form rafsi in meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>contrasted with same-form cmavo in meaning</secondary></indexterm> the rafsi
<rafsi>soi-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-sai</rafsi> are joined, with the additional
<letteral>r</letteral> making up the
<morphology>rs</morphology> consonant pair needed to make the word a brivla. Without the
<letteral>r</letteral>, the word would break up into
- <jbophrase>soi sai</jbophrase>, two cmavo. The pair of cmavo have no relation to their rafsi lookalikes; they will either be ungrammatical (as in this case), or will express a different meaning from what was intended.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>soi sai</oldjbophrase>, two cmavo. The pair of cmavo have no relation to their rafsi lookalikes; they will either be ungrammatical (as in this case), or will express a different meaning from what was intended.</para>
<para>Learning rafsi and the rules for assembling them into lujvo is clearly seen to be necessary for fully using the potential Lojban vocabulary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>invention of</secondary></indexterm> Most important, it is possible to invent new lujvo while you speak or write in order to represent a new or unfamiliar concept, one for which you do not know any existing Lojban word. As long as you follow the rules for building these compounds, there is a good chance that you will be understood without explanation.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-rafsi">
<title>rafsi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>selection considerations in making lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>level of uniqueness of rafsi relating to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>level of uniqueness of relation to gismu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>multiplicity of for single gismu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>uniqueness in gismu referent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> Every gismu has from two to five rafsi, each of a different form, but each such rafsi represents only one gismu. It is valid to use any of the rafsi forms in building lujvo – whichever the reader or listener will most easily understand, or whichever is most pleasing – subject to the rules of lujvo making. There is a scoring algorithm which is intended to determine which of the possible and legal lujvo forms will be the standard dictionary form (see
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-scoring"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced lujvo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>long rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>4-letter rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>5-letter rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>basic rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>unreduced</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>long</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>forms of</secondary></indexterm> Each gismu always has at least two rafsi forms; one is the gismu itself (used only at the end of a lujvo), and one is the gismu without its final vowel (used only at the beginning or middle of a lujvo). These forms are represented as CVC/CV or CCVCV (called
<quote>the 5-letter rafsi</quote>), and CVC/C or CCVC (called
@@ -741,42 +741,42 @@
<lujvo>
<jbo>vancysanmi</jbo>
<veljvo>vanci sanmi</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>evening meal</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>supper</quote></en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>short rafsi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>short</secondary></indexterm> In addition to these two forms, each gismu may have up to three additional short rafsi, three letters long. All short rafsi have one of the forms CVC, CCV, or CVV. The total number of rafsi forms that are assigned to a gismu depends on how useful the gismu is, or is presumed to be, in making lujvo, when compared to other gismu that could be assigned the rafsi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-er</primary><secondary>use of zmadu in forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparatives</primary><secondary>use of zmadu in forming</secondary></indexterm> For example,
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> (
<quote>more than</quote>) has the two short rafsi
<rafsi>zma</rafsi> and
<rafsi>mau</rafsi> (in addition to its unreduced rafsi
<rafsi>zmad</rafsi> and
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>), because a vast number of lujvo have been created based on
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>, corresponding in general to English comparative adjectives ending in
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi>), because a vast number of lujvo have been created based on
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi>, corresponding in general to English comparative adjectives ending in
<quote>-er</quote> such as
<quote>whiter</quote> (Lojban
- <jbophrase>labmau</jbophrase>). On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>bakri</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>labmau</oldjbophrase>). On the other hand,
+ <valsi>bakri</valsi> (
<quote>chalk</quote>) has no short rafsi and few lujvo.</para>
<para>There are at most one CVC-form, one CCV-form, and one CVV-form rafsi per gismu. In fact, only a tiny handful of gismu have both a CCV-form and a CVV-form rafsi assigned, and still fewer have all three forms of short rafsi. However, gismu with both a CVC-form and another short rafsi are fairly common, partly because more possible CVC-form rafsi exist. Yet CVC-form rafsi, even though they are fairly easy to remember, cannot be used at the end of a lujvo (because lujvo must end in vowels), so justifying the assignment of an additional short rafsi to many gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>rationale for assignments of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi space</primary></indexterm> The intention was to use the available
<quote>rafsi space</quote>- the set of all possible short rafsi forms – in the most efficient way possible; the goal is to make the most-used lujvo as short as possible (thus maximizing the use of short rafsi), while keeping the rafsi very recognizable to anyone who knows the source gismu. For this reason, the letters in a rafsi have always been chosen from among the five letters of the corresponding gismu. As a result, there are a limited set of short rafsi available for assignment to each gismu. At most seven possible short rafsi are available for consideration (of which at most three can be used, as explained above).</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>possible forms for construction of</secondary></indexterm> Here are the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist for gismu of the form CVC/CV, like <jbophrase>sakli</jbophrase>. The digits in the second column represent the gismu letters used to form the rafsi.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>possible forms for construction of</secondary></indexterm> Here are the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist for gismu of the form CVC/CV, like <valsi>sakli</valsi>. The digits in the second column represent the gismu letters used to form the rafsi.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
<entry>123</entry>
<entry>-<rafsi>sak-</rafsi></entry>
@@ -805,24 +805,24 @@
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCV</entry>
<entry>132</entry>
<entry>-<rafsi>ska-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>(The only actual short rafsi for
- <jbophrase>sakli</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>sakli</valsi> is
<rafsi>-sal-</rafsi>.)</para>
<para>For gismu of the form CCVCV, like
- <jbophrase>blaci</jbophrase>, the only short rafsi forms that can exist are:</para>
+ <valsi>blaci</valsi>, the only short rafsi forms that can exist are:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
<entry>134</entry>
<entry>-<rafsi>bac-</rafsi></entry>
@@ -854,29 +854,29 @@
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCV</entry>
<entry>123</entry>
<entry>-<rafsi>bla-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi assignments</primary><secondary>non-reassignability of</secondary></indexterm> (In fact,
- <jbophrase>blaci</jbophrase> has none of these short rafsi; they are all assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)</para>
+ <valsi>blaci</valsi> has none of these short rafsi; they are all assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>considerations restricting construction of</secondary></indexterm> There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs
<diphthong>ai</diphthong>,
<diphthong>ei</diphthong>,
<diphthong>oi</diphthong>, or
<diphthong>au</diphthong>; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see
<xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>). Thus
- <jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>, which has the same form as
- <jbophrase>salci</jbophrase>, can only have
+ <valsi>mamta</valsi>, which has the same form as
+ <valsi>salci</valsi>, can only have
<rafsi>mam</rafsi>,
<rafsi>mat</rafsi>, and
<rafsi>ma'a</rafsi> as possible rafsi: in fact, only
<rafsi>mam</rafsi> is assigned to it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi for numbers</primary></indexterm> Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fully reduced lujvo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>fully reduced</secondary></indexterm> The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is
<quote>fully reduced lujvo</quote>. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJc2" role="lujvo-example">
@@ -945,73 +945,73 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphen letter</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphens</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> When attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen letter. In Lojban, the term
<quote>hyphen</quote> always refers to a letter, either the vowel
<letteral>y</letteral> or one of the consonants
<letteral>r</letteral> and
<letteral>n</letteral>. (The letter
<letteral>l</letteral> can also be a hyphen, but is not used as one in lujvo.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for y-hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> The
<letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen is used after a CVC-form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impermissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into two or more words (either cmavo or gismu).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>and consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> Thus, the tanru
- <jbophrase>pante tavla</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>pante tavla</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>protest talk</quote>) cannot produce the lujvo
- <jbophrase valid="false">patta'a</jbophrase>, because
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">patta'a</oldjbophrase>, because
<morphology>tt</morphology> is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be
- <jbophrase>patyta'a</jbophrase>. Similarly, the tanru
- <jbophrase>mudri siclu</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>patyta'a</oldjbophrase>. Similarly, the tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>mudri siclu</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>wooden whistle</quote>) cannot form the lujvo
- <jbophrase valid="false">mudsiclu</jbophrase>; instead,
- <jbophrase>mudysiclu</jbophrase> must be used. (Remember that
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">mudsiclu</oldjbophrase>; instead,
+ <oldjbophrase>mudysiclu</oldjbophrase> must be used. (Remember that
<letteral>y</letteral> is not counted in determining whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>four-letter</secondary><tertiary>requirement for y-hyphen</tertiary></indexterm> The
<letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qj84"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjbP"/>.)</para>
<para>The lujvo forms
- <jbophrase>zunlyjamfu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zunlyjma</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zuljamfu</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>zuljma</jbophrase> are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from the tanru
- <jbophrase>zunle jamfu</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>zunlyjamfu</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>zunlyjma</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>zuljamfu</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>zuljma</oldjbophrase> are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from the tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>zunle jamfu</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>left foot</quote>). Of these,
- <jbophrase>zuljma</jbophrase> is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>zuljma</oldjbophrase> is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for n-hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for r-hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen and its close relative, the
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen, are used in lujvo only after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo of the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster.</para>
<para>An
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen or
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen is also required after the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV since it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any lujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position must always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the supposed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of the word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>contrasted with <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen in requirements for use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>contrasted with <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen in requirements for use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> An
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen is only used in place of an
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen when the following rafsi begins with
<letteral>r</letteral>. For example, the tanru
- <jbophrase>rokci renro</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>rokci renro</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>rock throw</quote>) cannot be expressed as
- <jbophrase valid="false">ro'ire'o</jbophrase> (which breaks up into two cmavo), nor can it be
- <jbophrase valid="false">ro'irre'o</jbophrase> (which has an impermissible double consonant); the
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">ro'ire'o</oldjbophrase> (which breaks up into two cmavo), nor can it be
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">ro'irre'o</oldjbophrase> (which has an impermissible double consonant); the
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen is required, and the correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is
- <jbophrase>ro'inre'o</jbophrase>. The same lujvo could also be expressed without hyphenation as
- <jbophrase>rokre'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ro'inre'o</oldjbophrase>. The same lujvo could also be expressed without hyphenation as
+ <oldjbophrase>rokre'o</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para><!-- FIXME: what to do with this indexterm? --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZEI selma'o</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>with zei</secondary></indexterm> There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to lujvo. You can make a phrase containing any desired words, joining each pair of them with the special cmavo
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>. Thus,</para>
+ <valsi>zei</valsi>. Thus,</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VeGL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d12"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>bridi zei valsi</jbo>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo without rafsi</primary><secondary>method of including in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>method of including in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>method of including in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>lack of</secondary><tertiary>effect on forming lujvo</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>from cmavo with no rafsi</secondary></indexterm> is the exact equivalent of
- <jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase> (but not necessarily the same as the underlying tanru
- <jbophrase>bridi valsi</jbophrase>, which could have other meanings.) Using
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> is the only way to get a cmavo lacking a rafsi, a cmene, or a fu'ivla into a lujvo:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>brivla</oldjbophrase> (but not necessarily the same as the underlying tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>bridi valsi</oldjbophrase>, which could have other meanings.) Using
+ <valsi>zei</valsi> is the only way to get a cmavo lacking a rafsi, a cmene, or a fu'ivla into a lujvo:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJe1" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>X-ray</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d13"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>xy. zei kantu</jbo>
<en>X ray</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
@@ -1044,59 +1044,59 @@
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tank</primary><secondary>Sherman</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d16"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>.cerman. zei jamkarce</jbo>
<gloss>Sherman war-car</gloss>
<en>Sherman tank</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para><xref linkend="example-random-id-qJef"/> is particularly noteworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two components, but by adding a
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> between
- <jbophrase>by.</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>livgyterbilma</jbophrase> to produce</para>
+ <valsi>zei</valsi>s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two components, but by adding a
+ <valsi>zei</valsi> between
+ <oldjbophrase>by.</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>livgyterbilma</oldjbophrase> to produce</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wnaz">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d17"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma</jbo>
<en>non-A-non-B-hepatitis</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para>the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wnaz"/> may be preferable, because its place structure can be built from that of
- <jbophrase>bilma</jbophrase>, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be constructed ad hoc.</para>
+ <valsi>bilma</valsi>, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be constructed ad hoc.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>contrasted with rafsi in usage</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmavo in usage</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>contrasted with words</secondary></indexterm> Note that rafsi may not be used in
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.</para>
+ <valsi>zei</valsi> phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-fuhivla">
<title>fu'ivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>unsuitability of for concrete/specific terms and jargon</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>food</primary><secondary>use of fu'ivla for specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animals</primary><secondary>use of fu'ivla for specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plants</primary><secondary>use of fu'ivla for specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jargon</primary><secondary>use of fu'ivla for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>specific terms</primary><secondary>use of fu'ivla for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concrete terms</primary><secondary>use of fu'ivla for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The use of tanru or lujvo is not always appropriate for very concrete or specific terms (e.g.
<quote>brie</quote> or
<quote>cobra</quote>), or for jargon words specialized to a narrow field (e.g.
<quote>quark</quote>,
<quote>integral</quote>, or
<quote>iambic pentameter</quote>). These words are in effect names for concepts, and the names were invented by speakers of another language. The vast majority of words referring to plants, animals, foods, and scientific terminology cannot be easily expressed as tanru. They thus must be borrowed (actually
<quote>copied</quote>) into Lojban from the original language.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 1</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>using foreign-language name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowing</primary><secondary>four stages of</secondary></indexterm> There are four stages of borrowing in Lojban, as words become more and more modified (but shorter and easier to use). Stage 1 is the use of a foreign name quoted with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> (explained in full in
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi> (explained in full in
<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QpNm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me la'o ly. spaghetti .ly.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1117,27 +1117,27 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>as Stage 3 borrowings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 3</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>fu'ivla form with categorizing rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Where a little more universality is desired, the word to be borrowed must be Lojbanized into one of several permitted forms. A rafsi is then usually attached to the beginning of the Lojbanized form, using a hyphen to ensure that the resulting word doesn't fall apart.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>most common form for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>uniqueness of meaning in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>as fu'ivla categorizer</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary></indexterm> The rafsi categorizes or limits the meaning of the fu'ivla; otherwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other languages would require the word-inventor to choose which meaning should be assigned to the fu'ivla, since fu'ivla (like other brivla) are not permitted to have more than one definition. Such a Stage 3 borrowing is the most common kind of fu'ivla.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>as Stage 4 borrowings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 4</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>fu'ivla form without categorizing rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Finally, Stage 4 fu'ivla do not have any rafsi classifier, and are used where a fu'ivla has become so common or so important that it must be made as short as possible. (See
<xref linkend="section-rafsi-fuhivla"/> for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>construction of</secondary></indexterm> The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gismu and the cmavo. Like cultural gismu, fu'ivla are generally based on a word from a single non-Lojban language. The word is
<quote>borrowed</quote> (actually
<quote>copied</quote>, hence the Lojban tanru
- <jbophrase>fukpi valsi</jbophrase>) from the other language and Lojbanized – the phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modifications are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form word. All fu'ivla:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fukpi valsi</oldjbophrase>) from the other language and Lojbanized – the phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modifications are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form word. All fu'ivla:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>initial consonant cluster in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>rules for formation of</secondary></indexterm> must contain a consonant cluster in the first five letters of the word; if this consonant cluster is at the beginning, it must either be a permissible initial consonant pair, or a longer cluster such that each pair of adjacent consonants in the cluster is a permissible initial consonant pair:
- <jbophrase>spraile</jbophrase> is acceptable, but not
- <jbophrase valid="false">ktraile</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase valid="false">trkaile</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>spraile</oldjbophrase> is acceptable, but not
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">ktraile</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">trkaile</oldjbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>must end in one or more vowels;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>slinku'i test</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> must not be gismu or lujvo, or any combination of cmavo, gismu, and lujvo; furthermore, a fu'ivla with a CV cmavo joined to the front of it must not have the form of a lujvo (the so-called
<quote>slinku'i test</quote>, not discussed further in this book);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -1145,21 +1145,21 @@
<letteral>y</letteral>, although they may contain syllabic pronunciations of Lojban consonants;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> like other brivla, are stressed on the penultimate syllable.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>consonant clusters in</secondary></indexterm> Note that consonant triples or larger clusters that are not at the beginning of a fu'ivla can be quite flexible, as long as all consonant pairs are permissible. There is no need to restrict fu'ivla clusters to permissible initial pairs except at the beginning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 3 contrasted with Stage 4 in ease of construction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>categorized contrasted with uncategorized in ease of construction</secondary></indexterm> This is a fairly liberal definition and allows quite a lot of possibilities within
- <jbophrase>fu'ivla space</jbophrase>. Stage 3 fu'ivla can be made easily on the fly, as lujvo can, because the procedure for forming them always guarantees a word that cannot violate any of the rules. Stage 4 fu'ivla require running tests that are not simple to characterize or perform, and should be made only after deliberation and by someone knowledgeable about all the considerations that apply.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fu'ivla space</oldjbophrase>. Stage 3 fu'ivla can be made easily on the fly, as lujvo can, because the procedure for forming them always guarantees a word that cannot violate any of the rules. Stage 4 fu'ivla require running tests that are not simple to characterize or perform, and should be made only after deliberation and by someone knowledgeable about all the considerations that apply.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>algorithm for constructing</secondary></indexterm> Here is a simple and reliable procedure for making a non-Lojban word into a valid Stage 3 fu'ivla:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Eliminate all double consonants and silent letters.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Convert all sounds to their closest Lojban equivalents. Lojban
<letteral>y</letteral>, however, may not be used in any fu'ivla.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -1197,147 +1197,147 @@
<jbo>spaghetti <comment>from English or Italian</comment></jbo>
<jbo>spageti <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>cidj,r,spageti <comment>prefix long rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>dja,r,spageti <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<rafsi>cidj-</rafsi> is the 4-letter rafsi for
- <jbophrase>cidja</jbophrase>, the Lojban gismu for
+ <valsi>cidja</valsi>, the Lojban gismu for
<quote>food</quote>, thus categorizing
- <jbophrase>cidjrspageti</jbophrase> as a kind of food. The form with the short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: in any event, it means the same thing.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cidjrspageti</oldjbophrase> as a kind of food. The form with the short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: in any event, it means the same thing.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzXe">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d4"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>Acer <comment>the scientific name of maple trees</comment></jbo>
<jbo>acer <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>xaceru <comment>add initial consonant and final vowel</comment></jbo>
<jbo>tric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>ric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>where
<rafsi>tric-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>ric-</rafsi> are rafsi for
- <jbophrase>tricu</jbophrase>, the gismu for
+ <valsi>tricu</valsi>, the gismu for
<quote>tree</quote>. Note that by the same principles,
<quote>maple sugar</quote> could get the fu'ivla
- <jbophrase>saktrxaceru</jbophrase>, or could be represented by the tanru
- <jbophrase>tricrxaceru sakta</jbophrase>. Technically,
- <jbophrase>ricrxaceru</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tricrxaceru</jbophrase> are distinct fu'ivla, but they would surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>saktrxaceru</oldjbophrase>, or could be represented by the tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>tricrxaceru sakta</oldjbophrase>. Technically,
+ <oldjbophrase>ricrxaceru</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>tricrxaceru</oldjbophrase> are distinct fu'ivla, but they would surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-C0YS">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d5"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>brie <comment>from French</comment></jbo>
<jbo>bri <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>cirl,r,bri <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<rafsi>cirl-</rafsi> represents
- <jbophrase>cirla</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>cirla</valsi> (
<quote>cheese</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DQju">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d6"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>cobra</jbo>
<jbo>kobra <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>sinc,r,kobra <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<rafsi>sinc-</rafsi> represents
- <jbophrase>since</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>since</valsi> (
<quote>snake</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TFzH">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>quark</jbo>
<jbo>kuark <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>kuarka <comment>add final vowel</comment></jbo>
<jbo>sask,r,kuarka <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>allowable diphthongs</primary><secondary>in gismu and lujvo contrasted with in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>allowable diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla contrasted with in gismu and lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>diphthongs in</secondary></indexterm> where
<rafsi>sask-</rafsi> represents
- <jbophrase>saske</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>saske</valsi> (
<quote>science</quote>). Note the extra vowel
<letteral>a</letteral> added to the end of the word, and the diphthong
<diphthong>ua</diphthong>, which never appears in gismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FTfQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d8"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<foreign xml:lang="ko">자모 <comment>from Korean</comment></foreign>
<jbo>djamo <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>lerf,r,djamo <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>ler,l,djamo <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>where
<rafsi>ler-</rafsi> represents
- <jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>lerfu</valsi> (
<quote>letter</quote>). Note the l-hyphen in "lerldjamo", since "lerndjamo" contains the forbidden cluster "ndj".</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing fu'ivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>disambiguation of</secondary></indexterm> The use of the prefix helps distinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending on the field. As it happens,
- <jbophrase>spageti</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>kuarka</jbophrase> are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but
- <jbophrase valid="false">xaceru</jbophrase> looks like a compound cmavo, and
- <jbophrase valid="false">kobra</jbophrase> like a gismu.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>spageti</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>kuarka</oldjbophrase> are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">xaceru</oldjbophrase> looks like a compound cmavo, and
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">kobra</oldjbophrase> like a gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing specialized meanings</secondary></indexterm> For another example,
<quote>integral</quote> has a specific meaning to a mathematician. But the Lojban fu'ivla
- <jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase>, which is a valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, does not convey that mathematical sense to a non-mathematical listener, even one with an English-speaking background; its source – the English word
+ <oldjbophrase>integrale</oldjbophrase>, which is a valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, does not convey that mathematical sense to a non-mathematical listener, even one with an English-speaking background; its source – the English word
<quote>integral</quote> – has various other specialized meanings in other fields.</para>
<para>Left uncontrolled,
- <jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase> almost certainly would eventually come to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English associates with
+ <oldjbophrase>integrale</oldjbophrase> almost certainly would eventually come to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English associates with
<quote>integral</quote>, with only the context to indicate (possibly) that the mathematical term is meant.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>integral</primary><secondary>architectural concept</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>integral</primary><secondary>mathematical concept</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as
- <jbophrase>cmacrntegrale</jbophrase>, if the
+ <oldjbophrase>cmacrntegrale</oldjbophrase>, if the
<letteral>i</letteral> of
- <jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase> is removed, or something like
- <jbophrase>cmacrnintegrale</jbophrase>, if a new consonant is added to the beginning;
+ <oldjbophrase>integrale</oldjbophrase> is removed, or something like
+ <oldjbophrase>cmacrnintegrale</oldjbophrase>, if a new consonant is added to the beginning;
<rafsi>cmac-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
- <jbophrase>cmaci</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>cmaci</valsi> (
<quote>mathematics</quote>). The architectural sense of
<quote>integral</quote> might be conveyed with
- <jbophrase>djinrnintegrale</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>tarmrnintegrale</jbophrase>, where
- <jbophrase>dinju</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> mean
+ <oldjbophrase>djinrnintegrale</oldjbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>tarmrnintegrale</oldjbophrase>, where
+ <valsi>dinju</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tarmi</valsi> mean
<quote>building</quote> and
<quote>form</quote> respectively.</para>
<para>Here are some fu'ivla representing cultures and related things, shown with more than one rafsi prefix:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJG8" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d9"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">bang,r,blgaria</jbo>
<en>Bulgarian <comment>in language</comment></en>
@@ -1392,21 +1392,21 @@
<quote>Chosen</quote> should have been used instead of the internationally known
<quote>Korea</quote>; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. In general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severely impede understanding:
<quote>Navajo</quote> is far more widely known than
<quote>Dine'e</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cmene">
<title>cmene</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names in Lojban (see also cmene)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names, called
- <jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase>, are very much like their counterparts in other languages. They are labels applied to things (or people) to stand for them in descriptions or in direct address. They may convey meaning in themselves, but do not necessarily do so.</para>
+ <valsi>cmene</valsi>, are very much like their counterparts in other languages. They are labels applied to things (or people) to stand for them in descriptions or in direct address. They may convey meaning in themselves, but do not necessarily do so.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>rationale for lojbanizing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rationale for lojbanizing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>and analyzability of speech stream</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>examples of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>examples of</secondary></indexterm> Because names are often highly personal and individual, Lojban attempts to allow native language names to be used with a minimum of modification. The requirement that the Lojban speech stream be unambiguously analyzable, however, means that most names must be modified somewhat when they are Lojbanized. Here are a few examples of English names and possible Lojban equivalents:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjhN" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d1"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>djim.</jbo>
<en>Jim</en>
@@ -1464,21 +1464,21 @@
<jbo>kat,r,in.</jbo>
<en>Catherine</en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonant</primary><secondary>effect on stress determination</secondary></indexterm> (Note that syllabic
<letteral>r</letteral> is skipped in determining the stressed syllable, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjIq"/> is stressed on the
- <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <valsi>ka</valsi>.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJiv" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Cathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>katis.</jbo>
<en>Cathy</en>
</lojbanization>
@@ -1514,45 +1514,45 @@
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>djansmif.</jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>are both valid Lojbanizations of
<quote>John Smith</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>authority for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>authority for</secondary></indexterm> The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name
<quote>Mary</quote> can thus be Lojbanized as
- <jbophrase glossay="false">meris.</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase glossay="false">maris.</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase glossay="false">meiris.</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase glossay="false">merix.</jbophrase>, or even
- <jbophrase glossay="false">marys.</jbophrase>. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">meris.</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">maris.</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">meiris.</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">merix.</oldjbophrase>, or even
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">marys.</oldjbophrase>. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an
<letteral>s</letteral>; there must, however, be some Lojban consonant at the end.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> Names are not permitted to have the sequences
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> embedded in them, unless the sequence is immediately preceded by a consonant. These minor restrictions are due to the fact that all Lojban cmene embedded in a speech stream will be preceded by one of these words or by a pause. With one of these words embedded, the cmene might break up into valid Lojban words followed by a shorter cmene. However, break-up cannot happen after a consonant, because that would imply that the word before the
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, or whatever, ended in a consonant without pause, which is impossible.</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> embedded in them, unless the sequence is immediately preceded by a consonant. These minor restrictions are due to the fact that all Lojban cmene embedded in a speech stream will be preceded by one of these words or by a pause. With one of these words embedded, the cmene might break up into valid Lojban words followed by a shorter cmene. However, break-up cannot happen after a consonant, because that would imply that the word before the
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, or whatever, ended in a consonant without pause, which is impossible.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nederlands</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Laplace</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> For example, the invalid name
- <jbophrase glossay="false">laplas.</jbophrase> would look like the Lojban words
- <jbophrase>la plas.</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase glossay="false">ilanas.</jbophrase> would be misunderstood as
- <jbophrase>.i la nas.</jbophrase>. However,
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">laplas.</oldjbophrase> would look like the Lojban words
+ <oldjbophrase>la plas.</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">ilanas.</oldjbophrase> would be misunderstood as
+ <oldjbophrase>.i la nas.</oldjbophrase>. However,
<pronunciation><jbo>NEderlants.</jbo></pronunciation> cannot be misheard as
<pronunciation><jbo>NEder lants.</jbo></pronunciation>, because
<pronunciation><jbo>NEder</jbo></pronunciation> with no following pause is not a possible Lojban word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>alternatives for restricted sequences in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>alternatives for restricted sequences in</secondary></indexterm> There are close alternatives to these forbidden sequences that can be used in Lojbanizing names, such as
- <jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase>,
+ <valsi>lei</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>dai</valsi> or
- <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, that do not cause these problems.</para>
+ <valsi>do'i</valsi>, that do not cause these problems.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Lojban cmene are identifiable as word forms by the following characteristics:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>consonant clusters permitted in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>final letter in</secondary></indexterm> They must end in one or more consonants. There are no rules about how many consonants may appear in a cluster in cmene, provided that each consonant pair (whether standing by itself, or as part of a larger cluster) is a permissible pair.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>specific to cmene</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>specific to names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>uy diphthong</primary><secondary>in cmene</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>iy diphthong</primary><secondary>in cmene</secondary></indexterm> They may contain the letter y as a normal, non-hyphenating vowel. They are the only kind of Lojban word that may contain the two diphthongs
<diphthong>iy</diphthong> and
<diphthong>uy</diphthong>.</para>
@@ -1570,55 +1570,55 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjj1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>One</primary><secondary>the</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pav.</jbo>
<en>the One</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>from the cmavo <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase>, with rafsi <rafsi>pav</rafsi>, meaning <quote>one</quote></para>
+ <para>from the cmavo <valsi>pa</valsi>, with rafsi <rafsi>pav</rafsi>, meaning <quote>one</quote></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjjN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Sun</primary><secondary>the</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sol.</jbo>
<en>the Sun</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>from the gismu <jbophrase>solri</jbophrase>, meaning <quote>solar</quote>, or actually <quote>pertaining to the Sun</quote></para>
+ <para>from the gismu <valsi>solri</valsi>, meaning <quote>solar</quote>, or actually <quote>pertaining to the Sun</quote></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjJz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chief</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ralj.</jbo>
<en>Chief <comment>as a title</comment></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>from the gismu <jbophrase>ralju</jbophrase>, meaning <quote>principal</quote>.</para>
+ <para>from the gismu <valsi>ralju</valsi>, meaning <quote>principal</quote>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJKt" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nol.</jbo>
<en>Lord/Lady</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>from the gismu <jbophrase>nobli</jbophrase>, with rafsi <rafsi>nol</rafsi>, meaning <quote>noble</quote>.</para>
+ <para>from the gismu <valsi>nobli</valsi>, with rafsi <rafsi>nol</rafsi>, meaning <quote>noble</quote>.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> To Lojbanize a name from the various natural languages, apply the following rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Eliminate double consonants and silent letters.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add a final
<letteral>s</letteral> or
<letteral>n</letteral> (or some other consonant that sounds good) if the name ends in a vowel.</para>
</listitem>
@@ -1629,52 +1629,52 @@
<para>If possible and acceptable, shift the stress to the penultimate (next-to-the-last) syllable. Use commas and capitalization in written Lojban when it is necessary to preserve non-standard syllabication or stress. Do not capitalize names otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>avoiding impermissible consonant clusters in</secondary></indexterm> If the name contains an impermissible consonant pair, insert a vowel between the consonants:
<letteral>y</letteral> is recommended.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>proscribed syllables in</secondary></indexterm> No cmene may have the syllables
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> in them, unless immediately preceded by a consonant. If these combinations are present, they must be converted to something else. Possible substitutions include
- <jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase> or
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> in them, unless immediately preceded by a consonant. If these combinations are present, they must be converted to something else. Possible substitutions include
+ <oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>ly'i</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>dai</valsi> or
- <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, respectively.</para>
+ <valsi>do'i</valsi>, respectively.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific names</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Linnaean names</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> There are some additional rules for Lojbanizing the scientific names (technically known as
<quote>Linnaean binomials</quote> after their inventor) which are internationally applied to each species of animal or plant. Where precision is essential, these names need not be Lojbanized, but can be directly inserted into Lojban text using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase>, explained in
+ <valsi>la'o</valsi>, explained in
<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>. Using this cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term
<quote>back vowel</quote> in the following list refers to any of the letters
<letteral>a</letteral>,
<letteral>o</letteral>, or
<letteral>u</letteral>; the term
<quote>front vowel</quote> correspondingly refers to any of the letters
<letteral>e</letteral>,
<letteral>i</letteral>, or
<letteral>y</letteral>.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Change double consonants other than
- <jbophrase>cc</jbophrase> to single consonants.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cc</oldjbophrase> to single consonants.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
<morphology>cc</morphology> before a front vowel to
<morphology>kc</morphology>, but otherwise to
<letteral>k</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
<letteral>c</letteral> before a back vowel and final
@@ -1776,121 +1776,121 @@
<para>Some further examples of Lojbanized names are:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Mary</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">meris.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase glossay="false">meiris.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">meris.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase glossary="false">meiris.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Smith</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">smit.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">smit.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Jones</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">djonz.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">djonz.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>John</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">djan.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase glossay="false">jan.</jbophrase> (American) or <jbophrase glossay="false">djon.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase glossay="false">jon.</jbophrase> (British)</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">djan.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase glossary="false">jan.</oldjbophrase> (American) or <oldjbophrase glossary="false">djon.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase glossary="false">jon.</oldjbophrase> (British)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Alice</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.alis.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.alis.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Elise</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.eLIS.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.eLIS.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Johnson</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">djansn.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">djansn.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>William</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.uiliam.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase glossary="false">.uil,iam.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>.uiliam.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase glossary="false">.uil,iam.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Brown</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">braun.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">braun.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Charles</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">tcarlz.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">tcarlz.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>French</entry>
<entry><quote>Charles</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">carl.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">carl.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>French</entry>
<entry><quote>De Gaulle</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">dyGOL.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">dyGOL.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>German</entry>
<entry><quote>Heinrich</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">xainrix.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">xainrix.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Spanish</entry>
<entry><quote>Joaquin</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">xuaKIN.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">xuaKIN.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Russian</entry>
<entry><quote>Svetlana</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">sfietlanys.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">sfietlanys.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Russian</entry>
<entry><quote>Khrushchev</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">xrucTCOF.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">xrucTCOF.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Hindi</entry>
<entry><quote>Krishna</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">kricnas.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">kricnas.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Polish</entry>
<entry><quote>Lech Walesa</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>lex. va,uensas.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lex. va,uensas.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Spanish</entry>
<entry><quote>Don Quixote</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>don. kicotes.</jbophrase> or modern Spanish: <jbophrase>don. kixotes.</jbophrase> or Mexican dialect: <jbophrase>don. ki'otes.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>don. kicotes.</oldjbophrase> or modern Spanish: <oldjbophrase>don. kixotes.</oldjbophrase> or Mexican dialect: <oldjbophrase>don. ki'otes.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Chinese</entry>
<entry><quote>Mao Zedong</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">maudzydyn.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">maudzydyn.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Japanese</entry>
<entry><quote>Fujiko</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase glossay="false">fudjikos.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase glossay="false">fujikos.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase glossary="false">fudjikos.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase glossary="false">fujikos.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pauses">
<title>Rules for inserting pauses</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pauses</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Summarized in one place, here are the rules for inserting pauses between Lojban words:</para>
<orderedlist>
@@ -1898,24 +1898,24 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>between words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>proscribed within words</secondary></indexterm> Any two words may have a pause between them; it is always illegal to pause in the middle of a word, because that breaks up the word into two words.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and consonant-final words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant-final words</primary><secondary>necessity for pause after</secondary></indexterm> Every word ending in a consonant must be followed by a pause. Necessarily, all such words are cmene.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and vowel-initial words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel-initial words</primary><secondary>necessity for pause before</secondary></indexterm> Every word beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. Such words are either cmavo, fu'ivla, or cmene; all gismu and lujvo begin with consonants.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and cmene</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rules for pause before</secondary></indexterm> Every cmene must be preceded by a pause, unless the immediately preceding word is one of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> (which is why those strings are forbidden in cmene). However, the situation triggering this rule rarely occurs.</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>,
+ <valsi>la'i</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> (which is why those strings are forbidden in cmene). However, the situation triggering this rule rarely occurs.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and final-syllable stress</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>final syllable stress</primary><secondary>rules for pause after</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>final syllable</secondary><tertiary>rules for pause after</tertiary></indexterm> If the last syllable of a word bears the stress, and a brivla follows, the two must be separated by a pause, to prevent confusion with the primary stress of the brivla. In this case, the first word must be either a cmavo or a cmene with unusual stress (which already ends with a pause, of course).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and Cy-form cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>rules for pause after Cy-form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cy-form cmavo</primary><secondary>rules for pause after</secondary></indexterm> A cmavo of the form
<quote>Cy</quote> must be followed by a pause unless another
<quote>Cy</quote>-form cmavo follows.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -1931,21 +1931,21 @@
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-making"/>.</para>
<para>In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu with a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attached together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognized as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way.</para>
<para>There are three other complications; only one is serious.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>multiple for each gismu</secondary></indexterm> The first is that there is usually more than one rafsi that can be used for each gismu. The one to be used is simply whichever one sounds or looks best to the speaker or writer. There are usually many valid combinations of possible rafsi. They all are equally valid, and all of them mean exactly the same thing. (The scoring algorithm given in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-scoring"/> is used to choose the standard form of the lujvo – the version which would be entered into a dictionary.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linguistic drift in Lojban</primary><secondary>possible source of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>consideration in choosing meaning for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>unambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> The second complication is the serious one. Remember that a tanru is ambiguous – it has several possible meanings. A lujvo, or at least one that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single meaning. Like a gismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area of the semantic universe, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chosen is the most useful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of linguistic drift in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concept that seems the most useful one may change.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>za'e</primary><secondary>use to avoid lujvo misunderstandings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>meaning drift of</secondary></indexterm> You must also be aware of the possibility of some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for posterity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that is in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a different place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily bad. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a meaning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the dictionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo
- <jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> (explained in
+ <valsi>za'e</valsi> (explained in
<xref linkend="section-bahe"/>) before a newly coined lujvo to indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>ultimate guideline for choice of meaning/place-structure</secondary></indexterm> The essential nature of human communication is that if the listener understands, then all is well. Let this be the ultimate guideline for choosing meanings and place structures for invented lujvo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>dropping elements of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Zipf's Law</primary></indexterm> The third complication is also simple, but tends to scare new Lojbanists with its implications. It is based on Zipf's Law, which says that the length of words is inversely proportional to their usage. The shortest words are those which are used more; the longest ones are used less. Conversely, commonly used concepts will be tend to be abbreviated. In English, we have abbreviations and acronyms and jargon, all of which represent complex ideas that are used often by small groups of people, so they shortened them to convey more information more rapidly.</para>
<para>Therefore, given a complicated tanru with grouping markers, abstraction markers, and other cmavo in it to make it syntactically unambiguous, the psychological basis of Zipf's Law may compel the lujvo-maker to drop some of the cmavo to make a shorter (technically incorrect) tanru, and then use that tanru to make the lujvo.</para>
@@ -1976,40 +1976,40 @@
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphens in lujvo</primary><secondary>proscribed where not required</secondary></indexterm> Add hyphen letters where necessary. It is illegal to add a hyphen at a place that is not required by this algorithm. Right-to-left tests are recommended, for reasons discussed below.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If there are more than two words in the tanru, put an
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen (or an
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen) after the first rafsi if it is CVV-form. If there are exactly two words, then put an
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen (or an
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen) between the two rafsi if the first rafsi is CVV-form, unless the second rafsi is CCV-form (for example,
- <jbophrase>saicli</jbophrase> requires no hyphen). Use an
+ <oldjbophrase>saicli</oldjbophrase> requires no hyphen). Use an
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen unless the letter after the hyphen is
<letteral>r</letteral>, in which case use an
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen. Never use an
<letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen unless it is required.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Put a
<letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen between the consonants of any impermissible consonant pair. This will always appear between rafsi.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tosmabru test</primary></indexterm> Put a
<letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen after any 4-letter rafsi form.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Test all forms with one or more initial CVC-form rafsi – with the pattern
<quote>CVC ... CVC + X</quote> – for
- <jbophrase>tosmabru failure</jbophrase>. X must either be a CVCCV long rafsi that happens to have a permissible initial pair as the consonant cluster, or is something which has caused a
+ <oldjbophrase>tosmabru failure</oldjbophrase>. X must either be a CVCCV long rafsi that happens to have a permissible initial pair as the consonant cluster, or is something which has caused a
<letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen to be installed between the previous CVC and itself by one of the above rules.</para>
<para>The test is as follows:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphens.</para>
<para>These consonant pairs are called "joints”.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If all of those joints are permissible initials, then the trial word will break up into a cmavo and a shorter brivla. If not, the word will not break up, and no further hyphens are needed.</para>
</listitem>
@@ -2146,141 +2146,141 @@
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>zbazbasysarji</jbo>
<rafsi>zba + zbas + y + sarji</rafsi>
<score><inlineequation><mathphrase>(1000 * 13) - (500 * 0) + (100 * 1) - (10 * 12) - 4 = 12976</mathphrase></inlineequation></score>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lujvo-making-examples">
<title>lujvo-making examples</title>
<para>This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. First, we will start with the tanru
- <jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>dog house</quote>) and construct a lujvo meaning
<quote>doghouse</quote>, that is, a house where a dog lives. We will use a brute-force application of the algorithm in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-scoring"/>, using every possible rafsi.</para>
<para>The rafsi for
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> are:</para>
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="4">
<member><rafsi>-ger-</rafsi>, </member>
<member><rafsi>-ge'u-</rafsi>, </member>
<member><rafsi>-gerk-</rafsi>, </member>
<member><rafsi>-gerku</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>The rafsi for
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> are:</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
<member><rafsi>-zda-</rafsi>, </member>
<member><rafsi>-zdan-</rafsi>, </member>
<member><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi>.</member>
</simplelist>
<para>Step 1 of the algorithm directs us to use
<rafsi>-ger-</rafsi>,
<rafsi>-ge'u-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-gerk-</rafsi> as possible rafsi for
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>; Step 2 directs us to use
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>; Step 2 directs us to use
<rafsi>-zda-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-zdani</rafsi> as possible rafsi for
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. The six possible forms of the lujvo are then:</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>. The six possible forms of the lujvo are then:</para>
<simplelist type="vert" columns="1">
<member><rafsi>ger</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>ger</rafsi><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>ge'u</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>ge'u</rafsi><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>gerk</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>gerk</rafsi><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>We must then insert appropriate hyphens in each case. The first two forms need no hyphenation:
- <jbophrase>ge</jbophrase> cannot fall off the front, because the following word would begin with
+ <valsi>ge</valsi> cannot fall off the front, because the following word would begin with
<morphology>rz</morphology>, which is not a permissible initial consonant pair. So the lujvo forms are
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gerzdani</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzdani</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>The third form,
<rafsi>ge'u</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi>, needs no hyphen, because even though the first rafsi is CVV, the second one is CCV, so there is a consonant cluster in the first five letters. So
- <jbophrase>ge'uzda</jbophrase> is this form of the lujvo.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ge'uzda</oldjbophrase> is this form of the lujvo.</para>
<para>The fourth form,
- <jbophrase valid="false">ge'u-zdani</jbophrase>, however, requires an
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">ge'u-zdani</oldjbophrase>, however, requires an
<letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen; otherwise, the
<rafsi>ge'u-</rafsi> part would fall off as a cmavo. So this form of the lujvo is
- <jbophrase>ge'urzdani</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ge'urzdani</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>The last two forms require
<letteral>y-</letteral>hyphens, as all 4-letter rafsi do, and so are
- <jbophrase>gerkyzda</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>gerkyzdani</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerkyzda</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>gerkyzdani</oldjbophrase> respectively.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>boat class</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The scoring algorithm is heavily weighted in favor of short lujvo, so we might expect that
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> would win. Its <varname>L</varname> score is 6, its <varname>A</varname> score is 0, its <varname>H</varname> score is 0, its <varname>R</varname> score is 12, and its <varname>V</varname> score is 3, for a final score of 5878. The other forms have scores of 7917, 6367, 9506, 8008, and 10047 respectively. Consequently, this lujvo would probably appear in the dictionary in the form
- <jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> would win. Its <varname>L</varname> score is 6, its <varname>A</varname> score is 0, its <varname>H</varname> score is 0, its <varname>R</varname> score is 12, and its <varname>V</varname> score is 3, for a final score of 5878. The other forms have scores of 7917, 6367, 9506, 8008, and 10047 respectively. Consequently, this lujvo would probably appear in the dictionary in the form
+ <oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>For the next example, we will use the tanru
- <jbophrase>bloti klesi</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>bloti klesi</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>boat class</quote>) presumably referring to the category (rowboat, motorboat, cruise liner) into which a boat falls. We will omit the long rafsi from the process, since lujvo containing long rafsi are almost never preferred by the scoring algorithm when there are short rafsi available.</para>
<para>The rafsi for
- <jbophrase>bloti</jbophrase> are
+ <valsi>bloti</valsi> are
<rafsi>-lot-</rafsi>,
<rafsi>-blo-</rafsi>, and
<rafsi>-lo'i-</rafsi>; for
- <jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase> they are
+ <valsi>klesi</valsi> they are
<rafsi>-kle-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-lei-</rafsi>. Both these gismu are among the handful which have both CVV-form and CCV-form rafsi, so there is an unusual number of possibilities available for a two-part tanru:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
- <member><jbophrase>lotkle</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>blokle</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lo'ikle</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lotkle</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>blokle</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lo'ikle</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lotlei</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>blolei</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lo'irlei</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lotlei</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>blolei</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lo'irlei</oldjbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para>Only
- <jbophrase>lo'irlei</jbophrase> requires hyphenation (to avoid confusion with the cmavo sequence
- <jbophrase>lo'i lei</jbophrase>). All six forms are valid versions of the lujvo, as are the six further forms using long rafsi; however, the scoring algorithm produces the following results:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'irlei</oldjbophrase> requires hyphenation (to avoid confusion with the cmavo sequence
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'i lei</oldjbophrase>). All six forms are valid versions of the lujvo, as are the six further forms using long rafsi; however, the scoring algorithm produces the following results:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lotkle</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lotkle</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>5878</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blokle</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blokle</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>5858</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo'ikle</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lo'ikle</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>6367</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lotlei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lotlei</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>5867</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blolei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blolei</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>5847</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo'irlei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lo'irlei</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>7456</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Logical Language Group</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> So the form
- <jbophrase>blolei</jbophrase> is preferred, but only by a tiny margin over
- <jbophrase>blokle</jbophrase>; "lotlei" and "lotkle" are only slightly worse;
- <jbophrase>lo'ikle</jbophrase> suffers because of its apostrophe, and
- <jbophrase>lo'irlei</jbophrase> because of having both apostrophe and hyphen.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blolei</oldjbophrase> is preferred, but only by a tiny margin over
+ <oldjbophrase>blokle</oldjbophrase>; "lotlei" and "lotkle" are only slightly worse;
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'ikle</oldjbophrase> suffers because of its apostrophe, and
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'irlei</oldjbophrase> because of having both apostrophe and hyphen.</para>
<para>Our third example will result in forming both a lujvo and a name from the tanru
- <jbophrase>logji bangu girzu</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>logji bangu girzu</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>logical-language group</quote> in English. (
<quote>The Logical Language Group</quote> is the name of the publisher of this book and the organization for the promotion of Lojban.)</para>
<para>The available rafsi are
<rafsi>-loj-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-logj-</rafsi>;
<rafsi>-ban-</rafsi>,
<rafsi>-bau-</rafsi>, and
<rafsi>-bang-</rafsi>; and
<rafsi>-gri-</rafsi> and
<rafsi>-girzu</rafsi>, and (for name purposes only)
@@ -2316,98 +2316,98 @@
<member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
<member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>After hyphenation, we have:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbaugri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangygri</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangri</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbaugri</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangygri</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybaugri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangygri</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangri</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybaugri</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangygri</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangirzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbaugirzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangygirzu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangirzu</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbaugirzu</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangygirzu</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangirzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybaugirzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangygirzu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangirzu</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybaugirzu</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangygirzu</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbaugir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangygir</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangir</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbaugir</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangygir</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybaugir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangygir</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangir</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybaugir</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangygir</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangirz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbaugirz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>lojbangygirz</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangirz</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbaugirz</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>lojbangygirz</oldjbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangirz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybaugirz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase>logjybangygirz</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangirz</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybaugirz</oldjbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>logjybangygirz</oldjbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual teacher</primary><secondary>male</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>male sexual teacher</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The only fully reduced lujvo forms are
- <jbophrase>lojbangri</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lojbaugri</jbophrase>, of which the latter has a slightly lower score: 8827 versus 8796, respectively. However, for the name of the organization, we chose to make sure the name of the language was embedded in it, and to use the clearer long-form rafsi for
- <jbophrase>girzu</jbophrase>, producing
- <jbophrase glossay="false">lojbangirz.</jbophrase></para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lojbangri</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>lojbaugri</oldjbophrase>, of which the latter has a slightly lower score: 8827 versus 8796, respectively. However, for the name of the organization, we chose to make sure the name of the language was embedded in it, and to use the clearer long-form rafsi for
+ <valsi>girzu</valsi>, producing
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">lojbangirz.</oldjbophrase></para>
<para>Finally, here is a four-part lujvo with a cmavo in it, based on the tanru
- <jbophrase>nakni ke cinse ctuca</jbophrase> or
+ <oldjbophrase>nakni ke cinse ctuca</oldjbophrase> or
<quote>male (sexual teacher)</quote>. The
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> cmavo ensures the interpretation
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> cmavo ensures the interpretation
<quote>teacher of sexuality who is male</quote>, rather than
<quote>teacher of male sexuality</quote>. Here are the possible forms of the lujvo, both before and after hyphenation:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="2">
<member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>nakykemcinctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>nakykemcinctu</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>nakykemcinctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>nakykemcinctuca</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>nakykemcinsyctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>nakykemcinsyctu</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>nakykemcinsyctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>nakykemcinsyctuca</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>naknykemcinctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>naknykemcinctu</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>naknykemcinctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>naknykemcinctuca</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>naknykemcinsyctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>naknykemcinsyctu</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase>naknykemcinsyctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><oldjbophrase>naknykemcinsyctuca</oldjbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> Of these forms,
- <jbophrase>nakykemcinctu</jbophrase> is the shortest and is preferred by the scoring algorithm. On the whole, however, it might be better to just make a lujvo for
- <jbophrase>cinse ctuca</jbophrase> (which would be
- <jbophrase>cinctu</jbophrase>) since the sex of the teacher is rarely important. If there was a reason to specify
+ <oldjbophrase>nakykemcinctu</oldjbophrase> is the shortest and is preferred by the scoring algorithm. On the whole, however, it might be better to just make a lujvo for
+ <oldjbophrase>cinse ctuca</oldjbophrase> (which would be
+ <oldjbophrase>cinctu</oldjbophrase>) since the sex of the teacher is rarely important. If there was a reason to specify
<quote>male</quote>, then the simpler tanru
- <jbophrase>nakni cinctu</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>nakni cinctu</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>male sexual-teacher</quote>) would be appropriate. This tanru is actually shorter than the four-part lujvo, since the
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> required for grouping need not be expressed.</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> required for grouping need not be expressed.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-gismu-making">
<title>The gismu creation algorithm</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>source languages</primary><secondary>use in creating gismu</secondary></indexterm> The gismu were created through the following process:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>creation</secondary><tertiary>scoring rules</tertiary></indexterm> At least one word was found in each of the six source languages (Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Arabic) corresponding to the proposed gismu. This word was rendered into Lojban phonetics rather liberally: consonant clusters consisting of a stop and the corresponding fricative were simplified to just the fricative (
<morphology>tc</morphology> became
<letteral>c</letteral>,
<morphology>dj</morphology> became
@@ -2512,22 +2512,22 @@
<entry><letteral>z</letteral></entry>
<entry><letteral>j</letteral>, <letteral>s</letteral></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>source-language weights for</secondary></indexterm> See <xref linkend="section-gismu"/> for an example.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The gismu form with the highest score usually became the actual gismu. Sometimes a lower-scoring form was used to provide a better rafsi. A few gismu were changed in error as a result of transcription blunders (for example, the gismu
- <jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase> should have been
- <jbophrase>gicmu</jbophrase>, but it's too late to fix it now).</para>
+ <valsi>gismu</valsi> should have been
+ <valsi>gicmu</valsi>, but it's too late to fix it now).</para>
<para>The language weights used to make most of the gismu were as follows:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>Chinese</entry><entry>0.36</entry>
</row>
<row>
@@ -2573,529 +2573,529 @@
<entry>Arabic</entry><entry>0.085</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>coined</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>exceptions to gismu creation by algorithm</secondary></indexterm> (English and Hindi switched places due to demographic changes.)</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>Lojban-specific</secondary></indexterm> Note that the stressed vowel of the gismu was considered sufficiently distinctive that two or more gismu may differ only in this vowel; as an extreme example,
- <jbophrase>bradi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bredi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase> (but fortunately not
- <jbophrase>brudi</jbophrase>) are all existing gismu.</para>
+ <valsi>bradi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bredi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bridi</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>brodi</valsi> (but fortunately not
+ <valsi>brudi</valsi>) are all existing gismu.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cultural-gismu">
<title>Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu</title>
<para>The following gismu were not made by the gismu creation algorithm. They are, in effect, coined words similar to fu'ivla. They are exceptions to the otherwise mandatory gismu creation algorithm where there was sufficient justification for such exceptions. Except for the small metric prefixes and the assignable predicates beginning with
<rafsi>brod-</rafsi>, they all end in the letter
<letteral>o</letteral>, which is otherwise a rare letter in Lojban gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>scientific-mathematical</secondary></indexterm> The following gismu represent concepts that are sufficiently unique to Lojban that they were either coined from combining forms of other gismu, or else made up out of whole cloth. These gismu are thus conceptually similar to lujvo even though they are only five letters long; however, unlike lujvo, they have rafsi assigned to them for use in building more complex lujvo. Assigning gismu to these concepts helps to keep the resulting lujvo reasonably short.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>broda</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>broda</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>1st assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>brode</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>brode</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>2nd assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>brodi</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>3rd assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>brodo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>4th assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>brodu</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>5th assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>structure word (from <jbophrase>cmalu valsi</jbophrase>)</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>cmavo</valsi></term>
+ <listitem><para>structure word (from <oldjbophrase>cmalu valsi</oldjbophrase>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>lojbo</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>Lojbanic (from <jbophrase>logji bangu</jbophrase>)</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>lojbo</valsi></term>
+ <listitem><para>Lojbanic (from <oldjbophrase>logji bangu</oldjbophrase>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>lujvo</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>compound word (from <jbophrase>pluja valsi</jbophrase>)</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>lujvo</valsi></term>
+ <listitem><para>compound word (from <oldjbophrase>pluja valsi</oldjbophrase>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mekso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>mekso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Mathematical EXpression</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>It is important to understand that even though
- <jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lojbo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lujvo</jbophrase> were made up from parts of other gismu, they are now full-fledged gismu used in exactly the same way as all other gismu, both in grammar and in word formation.</para>
+ <valsi>cmavo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lojbo</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>lujvo</valsi> were made up from parts of other gismu, they are now full-fledged gismu used in exactly the same way as all other gismu, both in grammar and in word formation.</para>
<para>The following three groups of gismu represent concepts drawn from the international language of science and mathematics. They are used for concepts that are represented in most languages by a root which is recognized internationally.</para>
<para>Small metric prefixes (values less than 1):</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>decti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>decti</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>.1/deci</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>centi</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>centi</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>.01/centi</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>milti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>milti</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>.001/milli</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mikri</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>mikri</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-6</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/micro</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nanvi</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>nanvi</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-9</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/nano</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>picti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>picti</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-12</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/pico</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>femti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>femti</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-15</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/femto</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xatsi</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xatsi</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-18</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/atto</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>zepti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>zepti</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-21</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/zepto</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>gocti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>gocti</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>-24</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/yocto</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Large metric prefixes (values greater than 1):</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dekto</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>dekto</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>10/deka</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xecto</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xecto</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>100/hecto</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>kilto</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>kilto</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>1000/kilo</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>megdo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>megdo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>6</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/mega</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>gigdo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>gigdo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>9</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/giga</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>terto</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>terto</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>12</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/tera</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>petso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>petso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>15</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/peta</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xexso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xexso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>18</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/exa</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>zetro</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>zetro</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>21</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/zetta</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>gotro</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>gotro</valsi></term>
<listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>10<superscript>24</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation>/yotta</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>cultural</secondary></indexterm> Other scientific or mathematical terms:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>delno</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>delno</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>candela</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>kelvo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>kelvo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>kelvin</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>molro</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>molro</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>mole</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>radno</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>radno</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>radian</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>sinso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>sinso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>sine</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>stero</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>stero</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>steradian</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>tanjo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>tangent</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xampo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xampo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>ampere</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>for Lojban source languages</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>for languages</secondary></indexterm> The gismu
- <jbophrase>sinso</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase> were only made non-algorithmically because they were identical (having been borrowed from a common source) in all the dictionaries that had translations. The other terms in this group are units in the international metric system; some metric units, however, were made by the ordinary process (usually because they are different in Chinese).</para>
+ <valsi>sinso</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tanjo</valsi> were only made non-algorithmically because they were identical (having been borrowed from a common source) in all the dictionaries that had translations. The other terms in this group are units in the international metric system; some metric units, however, were made by the ordinary process (usually because they are different in Chinese).</para>
<para>Finally, there are the cultural gismu, which are also borrowed, but by modifying a word from one particular language, instead of using the multi-lingual gismu creation algorithm. Cultural gismu are used for words that have local importance to a particular culture; other cultures or languages may have no word for the concept at all, or may borrow the word from its home culture, just as Lojban does. In such a case, the gismu algorithm, which uses weighted averages, doesn't accurately represent the frequency of usage of the individual concept. Cultural gismu are not even required to be based on the six major languages.</para>
<para>The six Lojban source languages:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>jungo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>jungo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Chinese (from <quote xml:lang="zh">Zhong <superscript>1</superscript> guo <superscript>2</superscript></quote>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>glico</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>glico</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>English</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xindo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xindo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Hindi</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>spano</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>spano</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Spanish</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>rusko</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>rusko</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Russian</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xrabo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xrabo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Arabic</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>for countries</secondary></indexterm> Seven other widely spoken languages that were on the list of candidates for gismu-making, but weren't used:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>bengo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>bengo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Bengali</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>porto</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>porto</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Portuguese</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>baxso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>baxso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Bahasa Melayu/Bahasa Indonesia</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ponjo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>ponjo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Japanese (from <quote xml:lang="ja">Nippon</quote>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dotco</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>dotco</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>German (from <quote xml:lang="de">Deutsch</quote>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>fraso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>fraso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>French (from <quote xml:lang="fr">Français</quote>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xurdo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xurdo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Urdu</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>continents</primary><secondary>gismu for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>geographical</secondary></indexterm> (Urdu and Hindi began as the same language with different writing systems, but have now become somewhat different, principally in borrowed vocabulary. Urdu-speakers were counted along with Hindi-speakers when weights were assigned for gismu-making purposes.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>ethnic</secondary></indexterm> Countries with a large number of speakers of any of the above languages (where the meaning of <quote>large</quote> is dependent on the specific language):</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">English:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>merko</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>merko</valsi></entry>
<entry>American</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>brito</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>brito</valsi></entry>
<entry>British</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>skoto</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>skoto</valsi></entry>
<entry>Scottish</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sralo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>sralo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Australian</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kadno</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>kadno</valsi></entry>
<entry>Canadian</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">Spanish:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>gento</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>gento</valsi></entry>
<entry>Argentinian</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mexno</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>mexno</valsi></entry>
<entry>Mexican</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">Russian:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>softo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>softo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Soviet/USSR</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vukro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>vukro</valsi></entry>
<entry>Ukrainian</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">Arabic:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>filso</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>filso</valsi></entry>
<entry>Palestinian</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jerxo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>jerxo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Algerian</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jordo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>jordo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Jordanian</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>libjo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>libjo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Libyan</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lubno</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>lubno</valsi></entry>
<entry>Lebanese</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>misro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>misro</valsi></entry>
<entry>Egyptian (from <quote xml:lang="he">Mizraim</quote>)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>morko</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>morko</valsi></entry>
<entry>Moroccan</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rakso</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>rakso</valsi></entry>
<entry>Iraqi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sadjo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>sadjo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Saudi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sirxo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>sirxo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Syrian</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">Bahasa Melayu/Bahasa Indonesia:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bindo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>bindo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Indonesian</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>meljo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>meljo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Malaysian</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">Portuguese:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>brazo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>brazo</valsi></entry>
<entry>Brazilian</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry nameend="col2">Urdu:</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kisto</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>kisto</valsi></entry>
<entry>Pakistani</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>religious</secondary></indexterm> The continents (and oceanic regions) of the Earth:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>bemro</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>North American (from <jbophrase>berti merko</jbophrase>)</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>bemro</valsi></term>
+ <listitem><para>North American (from <oldjbophrase>berti merko</oldjbophrase>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dzipo</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>Antarctican (from <jbophrase>cadzu cipni</jbophrase>)</para></listitem>
+ <term><valsi>dzipo</valsi></term>
+ <listitem><para>Antarctican (from <oldjbophrase>cadzu cipni</oldjbophrase>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ketco</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>ketco</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>South American (from <quote xml:lang="qu">Quechua</quote>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>friko</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>friko</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>African</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>polno</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>polno</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Polynesian/Oceanic</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ropno</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>ropno</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>European</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xazdo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xazdo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Asiatic</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>A few smaller but historically important cultures:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>latmo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>latmo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Latin/Roman</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>srito</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>srito</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Sanskrit</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xebro</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xebro</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Hebrew/Israeli/Jewish</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xelso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xelso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Greek (from <quote xml:lang="el">Hellas</quote>)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cultural words</primary><secondary>rafsi fu'ivla proposal for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi fu'ivla</primary></indexterm> Major world religions:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>budjo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>budjo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Buddhist</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dadjo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>dadjo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Taoist</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>muslo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>muslo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Islamic/Moslem</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xriso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xriso</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Christian</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>form for rafsi fu'ivla proposal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>CCVVCV fu'ivla</primary><secondary>and rafsi fu'ivla proposal</secondary></indexterm> A few terms that cover multiple groups of the above:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>jegvo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>jegvo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Jehovist (Judeo-Christian-Moslem)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>semto</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>semto</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Semitic</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>slovo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>slovo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Slavic</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xispo</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>xispo</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>Hispanic (New World Spanish)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-rafsi-fuhivla">
<title>rafsi fu'ivla: a proposal</title>
<para>The list of cultures represented by gismu, given in
<xref linkend="section-cultural-gismu"/>, is unavoidably controversial. Much time has been spent debating whether this or that culture
<quote>deserves a gismu</quote> or
<quote>must languish in fu'ivla space</quote>. To help defuse this argument, a last-minute proposal was made when this book was already substantially complete. I have added it here with experimental status: it is not yet a standard part of Lojban, since all its implications have not been tested in open debate, and it affects a part of the language (lujvo-making) that has long been stable, but is known to be fragile in the face of small changes. (Many attempts were made to add general mechanisms for making lujvo that contained fu'ivla, but all failed on obvious or obscure counterexamples; finally the general
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> mechanism was devised instead.)</para>
+ <valsi>zei</valsi> mechanism was devised instead.)</para>
<para>The first part of the proposal is uncontroversial and involves no change to the language mechanisms. All valid Type 4 fu'ivla of the form CCVVCV would be reserved for cultural brivla analogous to those described in
<xref linkend="section-cultural-gismu"/>. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PMb2">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chilean desert</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="false">tci'ile</jbo>
<en>Chilean</en>
@@ -3118,14 +3118,14 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0rzn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="false">tci'ilykemcantutra</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is an illegal word in standard Lojban, but a valid lujvo under this proposal. There would be no short rafsi or 5-letter rafsi assigned to any fu'ivla, so no fu'ivla could appear as the last element of a lujvo.</para>
<para>The cultural fu'ivla introduced under this proposal are called
- <jbophrase>rafsi fu'ivla</jbophrase>, since they are distinguished from other Type 4 fu'ivla by the property of having rafsi. If this proposal is workable and introduces no problems into Lojban morphology, it might become standard for all Type 4 fu'ivla, including those made for plants, animals, foodstuffs, and other things.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>rafsi fu'ivla</oldjbophrase>, since they are distinguished from other Type 4 fu'ivla by the property of having rafsi. If this proposal is workable and introduces no problems into Lojban morphology, it might become standard for all Type 4 fu'ivla, including those made for plants, animals, foodstuffs, and other things.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 6275b38..3698b23 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -114,47 +114,47 @@
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quick runner</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi sutra bajra</jbo>
<gloss>I quick run</gloss>
<en>I quickly run./I run quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
- <jbophrase>pelnimre</jbophrase> is a lujvo for
+ <oldjbophrase>pelnimre</oldjbophrase> is a lujvo for
<quote>lemon</quote>; it is derived from the gismu
- <jbophrase>pelxu</jbophrase>, yellow, and
- <jbophrase>nimre</jbophrase>, citrus. Note also that
- <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase> can mean
+ <valsi>pelxu</valsi>, yellow, and
+ <valsi>nimre</valsi>, citrus. Note also that
+ <valsi>sutra</valsi> can mean
<quote>fast/quick</quote> or
<quote>quickly</quote> depending on its use:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cjhN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi sutra</jbo>
<gloss>I am-fast/quick</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> shows
- <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase> used to translate an adjective, whereas in
+ <valsi>sutra</valsi> used to translate an adjective, whereas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eD63"/> it is translating an adverb. (Another correct translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eD63"/>, however, would be
<quote>I am a quick runner</quote>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tertau</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltau</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> There are special Lojban terms for the two components of a tanru, derived from the place structure of the word
- <jbophrase>tanru</jbophrase>. The first component is called the
- <jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase>, and the second component is called the
- <jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>tanru</valsi>. The first component is called the
+ <oldjbophrase>seltau</oldjbophrase>, and the second component is called the
+ <oldjbophrase>tertau</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tertau</primary><secondary>effect on meaning of tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>primary meaning of</secondary></indexterm> The most important rule for use in interpreting tanru is that the tertau carries the primary meaning. A
- <jbophrase>pelnimre tricu</jbophrase> is primarily a tree, and only secondarily is it connected with lemons in some way. For this reason, an alternative translation of
+ <oldjbophrase>pelnimre tricu</oldjbophrase> is primarily a tree, and only secondarily is it connected with lemons in some way. For this reason, an alternative translation of
<xref linkend="example-lemon-tree"/> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hP9j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d5"/>
</title>
<para>That is a lemon type of tree.</para>
</example>
<para>This
<quote>type of</quote> relationship between the components of a tanru is fundamental to the tanru concept.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modifier</primary><secondary>seltau as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltau</primary><secondary>effect on meaning of tanru</secondary></indexterm> We may also say that the seltau modifies the meaning of the tertau:</para>
@@ -217,31 +217,31 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ldb1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cmalu prenu</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-small person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are parallel tanru, in the sense that the relationship between
- <jbophrase>barda</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase> is the same as that between
- <jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>barda</valsi> and
+ <valsi>prenu</valsi> is the same as that between
+ <valsi>cmalu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>prenu</valsi>.
<xref linkend="section-asymmetric-tanru"/> and
<xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru"/> contain a partial listing of some types of tanru, with examples.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-three-part-tanru">
<title>Three-part tanru grouping with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bo</cmavo>
<selmaho>BO</selmaho>
<description>closest scope grouping</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>three-part</secondary></indexterm> Consider the English sentence:</para>
@@ -275,21 +275,21 @@
<quote>a school where girls are the teachers</quote> or
<quote>a school which is a girl</quote> (!). Likewise, we understand that
<quote>little girl</quote> means
<quote>girl who is small</quote>. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is
<quote>girls' school</quote> to be taken as a unit, with
<quote>little</quote> specifying the type of girls' school? Or is
<quote>little girl</quote> to be taken as a unit, specifying the type of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or
exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>
<para> Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban translation of
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> (which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5UBW"/> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nwuU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-small girl [] school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -297,34 +297,34 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jquh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-small [] girl school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is represented in the literal translation by a hyphen because in written English a hyphen is sometimes used for the same purpose:
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is represented in the literal translation by a hyphen because in written English a hyphen is sometimes used for the same purpose:
<quote>a big dog-catcher</quote> would be quite different from a
<quote>big-dog catcher</quote> (presumably someone who catches only big dogs).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru nested within tanru</primary></indexterm> Analysis of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh"/> reveals a tanru nested within a tanru. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, the main tanru has a seltau of
- <jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> and a tertau of
- <jbophrase>nixli bo ckule</jbophrase>; the tertau is itself a tanru with
- <jbophrase>nixli</jbophrase> as the seltau and
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> as the tertau. In
+ <valsi>cmalu</valsi> and a tertau of
+ <oldjbophrase>nixli bo ckule</oldjbophrase>; the tertau is itself a tanru with
+ <valsi>nixli</valsi> as the seltau and
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi> as the tertau. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh"/>, on the other hand, the seltau is
- <jbophrase>cmalu bo nixli</jbophrase> (itself a tanru), whereas the tertau is
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>.
+ <oldjbophrase>cmalu bo nixli</oldjbophrase> (itself a tanru), whereas the tertau is
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi>.
This structure of tanru nested within tanru forms the basis for all the more complex types of selbri that will be explained below.</para>
<para>What about
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9FPm"/>? What does it mean?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9FPm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-small girl school.</gloss>
@@ -352,64 +352,64 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli [] ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(small type-of girl) type-of school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Because
<quote>type-of</quote> is implicit in the Lojban tanru form, it has no Lojban equivalent.</para>
<para>Note: It is perfectly legal, though pointless, to insert
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> into a simple tanru:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> into a simple tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q6br">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta klama bo jubme</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-goer [] table.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a legal Lojban bridi that means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aIfM"/>, and is ambiguous in exactly the same ways. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> serves only to resolve grouping ambiguity: it says nothing about the more basic ambiguity present in all tanru.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> serves only to resolve grouping ambiguity: it says nothing about the more basic ambiguity present in all tanru.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-complex-grouping">
<title>Complex tanru grouping</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm> If one element of a tanru can be another tanru, why not both elements?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-m5SD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mutce bo barda gerku bo kavbu</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-(very type-of large) (dog type-of capturer).</gloss>
<en>You are a very large dog-catcher.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-m5SD"/>, the selbri is a tanru with seltau
- <jbophrase>mutce bo barda</jbophrase> and tertau
- <jbophrase>gerku bo kavbu</jbophrase>. It is worth emphasizing once again that this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: the sense in which the
+ <oldjbophrase>mutce bo barda</oldjbophrase> and tertau
+ <oldjbophrase>gerku bo kavbu</oldjbophrase>. It is worth emphasizing once again that this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: the sense in which the
<quote>dog type-of capturer</quote> is said to be
<quote>very type-of large</quote> is not precisely specified. Presumably it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his other properties.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pretty</primary><secondary>English ambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> We will now justify the title of this chapter by exploring the ramifications of the phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, an expansion of the tanru used in
<xref linkend="section-three-part-tanru"/> to four brivla. (Although this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning – it first appeared in Quine's book
<citetitle pubwork="book">Word and Object</citetitle> (1960) – it is actually a mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English
<quote>pretty</quote>; it can mean
<quote>beautiful</quote>, the sense intended here, or it can mean
<quote>very</quote>. Lojban
- <jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase> is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only
+ <valsi>melbi</valsi> is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only
<quote>beautiful</quote>.)</para>
<para>Here are four ways to group this phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjmr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-((pretty type-of little) type-of girl) type-of school.</gloss>
<en>That is a school for girls who are beautifully small.</en>
@@ -440,71 +440,71 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of (little type-of (girl type-of school)).</gloss>
<en>That is a small school for girls which is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>for right-grouping in tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>right-grouping in tanru</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>right-grouping rule</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop"/> uses a construction which has not been seen before:
- <jbophrase>cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbophrase>, with two consecutive uses of
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> between brivla. The rule for multiple
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> constructions is the opposite of the rule when no
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is present at all: the last two are grouped together. Not surprisingly, this is called the
+ <oldjbophrase>cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</oldjbophrase>, with two consecutive uses of
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> between brivla. The rule for multiple
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> constructions is the opposite of the rule when no
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is present at all: the last two are grouped together. Not surprisingly, this is called the
<quote>right-grouping rule</quote>, and it is associated with every use of
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> in the language. Therefore,</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> in the language. Therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-snKn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-little type-of (girl type-of school).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, not
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh"/>. This rule may seem peculiar at first, but one of its consequences is that
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is never necessary between the first two elements of any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is never necessary between the first two elements of any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjmr"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop"/> could have
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> inserted between
- <jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> with no change in meaning.</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> inserted between
+ <valsi>melbi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>cmalu</valsi> with no change in meaning.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-ke-grouping">
<title>Complex tanru with
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke</cmavo>
<selmaho>KE</selmaho>
<description>start grouping</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>KEhE</selmaho>
<description>end grouping</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grouping parentheses</primary></indexterm> There is, in fact, a fifth grouping of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> that cannot be expressed with the resources explained so far. To handle it, we must introduce the grouping parentheses cmavo,
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> (belonging to selma'o KE and KEhE respectively). Any portion of a selbri sandwiched between these two cmavo is taken to be a single tanru component, independently of what is adjacent to it. Thus,
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> (belonging to selma'o KE and KEhE respectively). Any portion of a selbri sandwiched between these two cmavo is taken to be a single tanru component, independently of what is adjacent to it. Thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjmr"/> can be rewritten in any of the following ways:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjqu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -520,72 +520,72 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjSA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ke ke ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ke'e ckule ke'e</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-( ( ( pretty little ) girl ) school ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Even more versions could be created simply by placing any number of
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> cmavo at the beginning of the selbri, and a like number of
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> cmavo at its end. Obviously, all of these are a waste of breath once the left-grouping rule has been grasped. However, the following is equivalent to
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> cmavo at the beginning of the selbri, and a like number of
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> cmavo at its end. Obviously, all of these are a waste of breath once the left-grouping rule has been grasped. However, the following is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjog"/> and may be easier to understand:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zV26">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ke'e ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-( pretty type-of ( little type-of girl ) ) type-of school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Likewise, a
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> version of
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjNi"/> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AUdM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(pretty type-of little) ( girl type-of school ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The final
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is given in square brackets here to indicate that it can be elided. It is always possible to elide
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> is given in square brackets here to indicate that it can be elided. It is always possible to elide
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> at the end of the selbri, making
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> at the end of the selbri, making
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AUdM"/> as terse as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjNi"/>.</para>
<para>Now how about that fifth grouping? It is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tz0L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of school ).</gloss>
<en>That is a beautiful school for small girls.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tz0L"/> is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
- <jbophrase>cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
+ <oldjbophrase>cmalu nixli ckule</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke and bo</secondary></indexterm>
It is perfectly all right to mix
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> in a single selbri. For instance,
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> in a single selbri. For instance,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop"/>, which in pure
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> form is</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> form is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uBS4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of ( little type-of ( girl type-of school ) ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>can equivalently be expressed as:</para>
@@ -652,21 +652,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="iffy">barda xunre bo gerku</jbo>
<gloss>big type-of (red type-of dog)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adjective ordering</primary></indexterm> much better. After all, the straightforward understanding of the English phrase is that the dog is big as compared with other dogs, not merely as compared with other red dogs. In fact, the bigness and redness are independent properties of the dog, and only obscure rules of English adjective ordering prevent us from saying
<quote>red big dog</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban approach to this problem is to introduce the cmavo
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, which is one of the many equivalents of English
+ <valsi>je</valsi>, which is one of the many equivalents of English
<quote>and</quote>. A big red dog is one that is both big and red, and we can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0UrF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda je xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(big and red) type-of dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -675,24 +675,24 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DzeP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xunre je barda gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(red and big) type-of dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>effect on tanru grouping</secondary></indexterm> is equally satisfactory and means the same thing. As these examples indicate, joining two brivla with
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> makes them a unit for tanru purposes. However, explicit grouping with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> associates brivla more closely than
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> does:</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi> makes them a unit for tanru purposes. However, explicit grouping with
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> associates brivla more closely than
+ <valsi>je</valsi> does:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LES9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda je pelxu bo xunre gerku</jbo>
<jbo>barda je ke pelxu xunre ke'e gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(big and (yellow type-of red)) dog</gloss>
<en>big yellowish-red dog</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -705,39 +705,39 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="iffy">barda je pelxu xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>((big and yellow) type-of red) type-of dog</gloss>
<gloss>biggish- and yellowish-red dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which again raises the question of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-riAq"/>: what does
<quote>biggish-red</quote> mean?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>usefulness of</secondary></indexterm> Unlike
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is useful as well as merely legal within simple tanru. It may be used to partly resolve the ambiguity of simple tanru:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase>,
+ <valsi>je</valsi> is useful as well as merely legal within simple tanru. It may be used to partly resolve the ambiguity of simple tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-W56H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu je zdani</jbo>
<gloss>that is-blue and is-a-house</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>definitely refers to something which is both blue and is a house, and not to any of the other possible interpretations of simple
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase>. Furthermore,
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> refers to something which is blue in the way that houses are blue;
- <jbophrase>blanu je zdani</jbophrase> has no such implication – the blueness of a
- <jbophrase>blanu je zdani</jbophrase> is independent of its houseness.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase>. Furthermore,
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase> refers to something which is blue in the way that houses are blue;
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu je zdani</oldjbophrase> has no such implication – the blueness of a
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu je zdani</oldjbophrase> is independent of its houseness.</para>
<para>With the addition of
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, many more versions of
+ <valsi>je</valsi>, many more versions of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> are made possible: see
<xref linkend="section-pretty-school-groupings"/> for a complete list.</para>
<para>A subtle point in the semantics of tanru like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0UrF"/> needs special elucidation. There are at least two possible interpretations of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -776,21 +776,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-2cjH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d12"/>
</title>
<para>That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.</para>
</example>
<para>so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>effect on formal logical manipulations</secondary></indexterm> In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
<xref linkend="section-tanru"/> for further details.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The logical connective
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bajra cu jinga ja te jinga</jbo>
<en>the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJsg" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -818,55 +818,55 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vajni ju pluka nuntavla</jbo>
<gloss>(important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking</gloss>
<en>speech which is important, whether or not it is pleasing</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJse"/>,
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> is grammatically equivalent to
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> but means
+ <valsi>ja</valsi> is grammatically equivalent to
+ <valsi>je</valsi> but means
<quote>or</quote> (more precisely,
<quote>and/or</quote>). Likewise,
- <jbophrase>naja</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>naja</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>only if</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJsg"/>,
- <jbophrase>jo</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>jo</valsi> means
<quote>if and only if</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjsy"/>, and
- <jbophrase>ju</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>ju</valsi> means
<quote>whether or not</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjtD"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple logical connectives</primary><secondary>within tanru</secondary></indexterm> Now consider the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NuWM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je blanu jabo crino</jbo>
<gloss>rich and (blue or green)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jabo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping with JA+BO</primary><secondary>effect on tanru grouping</secondary></indexterm> which illustrates a new grammatical feature: the use of both
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> between tanru components. The two cmavo combine to form a compound whose meaning is that of
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> but which groups more closely;
- <jbophrase glossary="false">jabo</jbophrase> is to
+ <valsi>ja</valsi> and
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> between tanru components. The two cmavo combine to form a compound whose meaning is that of
+ <valsi>ja</valsi> but which groups more closely;
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">jabo</oldjbophrase> is to
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> as plain
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is to no cmavo at all. However, both
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase glossary="false">jabo</jbophrase> group less closely than
+ <valsi>ja</valsi> as plain
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is to no cmavo at all. However, both
+ <valsi>ja</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">jabo</oldjbophrase> group less closely than
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> does:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> does:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KxqX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je blanu jabo crino bo blanu</jbo>
<gloss>rich and (blue or green - blue)</gloss>
<gloss>rich and (blue or greenish-blue)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -875,21 +875,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2WtT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d19"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je ke blanu ja crino [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>rich and (blue or green)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>within tanru</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the logical connectives, there are also a variety of non-logical connectives, grammatically equivalent to the logical ones. The only one with a well-understood meaning in tanru contexts is
- <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase>, which is the kind of
+ <valsi>joi</valsi>, which is the kind of
<quote>and</quote> that denotes a mixture:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Hr1L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d20"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu joi xunre bolci</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-(blue and red) ball.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -899,80 +899,80 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NAhT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d21"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu xunre bolci</jbo>
<en>This is a bluish-red ball</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which would be a ball whose color is some sort of purple tending toward red, since
- <jbophrase>xunre</jbophrase> is the more important of the two components. On the other hand,</para>
+ <valsi>xunre</valsi> is the more important of the two components. On the other hand,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-78C3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d22"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu je xunre bolci</jbo>
<gloss>This is a (blue and red) ball</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is probably self-contradictory, seeming to claim that the ball is independently both blue and red at the same time, although some sensible interpretation may exist.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought logical connectives</primary><secondary>within tanru</secondary></indexterm> Finally, just as English
<quote>and</quote> has the variant form
<quote>both ... and</quote>, so
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> between tanru components has the variant form
- <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase>, where
- <jbophrase>gu'e</jbophrase> is placed before the components and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> between them:</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi> between tanru components has the variant form
+ <oldjbophrase>gu'e ... gi</oldjbophrase>, where
+ <valsi>gu'e</valsi> is placed before the components and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> between them:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gLbh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d23"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gu'e barda gi xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(both big and red) type-of dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0UrF"/>. For each logical connective related to
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, there is a corresponding connective related to
- <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> in a systematic way.</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi>, there is a corresponding connective related to
+ <oldjbophrase>gu'e ... gi</oldjbophrase> in a systematic way.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>effect on tanru grouping</secondary></indexterm> The portion of a
- <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> construction before the
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is a full selbri, and may use any of the selbri resources including
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> logical connections. After the
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, logical connections are taken to be wider in scope than the
- <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase>, which has in effect the same scope as
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>gu'e ... gi</oldjbophrase> construction before the
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> is a full selbri, and may use any of the selbri resources including
+ <valsi>je</valsi> logical connections. After the
+ <valsi>gi</valsi>, logical connections are taken to be wider in scope than the
+ <oldjbophrase>gu'e ... gi</oldjbophrase>, which has in effect the same scope as
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETVe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d24"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gu'e barda je xunre gi gerku ja mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>(both (big and red) and dog) or cat</gloss>
<en>something which is either big, red, and a dog, or else a cat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>leaves
- <jbophrase>mlatu</jbophrase> outside the
- <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> construction. The scope of the
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> arm extends only to a single brivla or to two or more brivla connected with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>mlatu</valsi> outside the
+ <oldjbophrase>gu'e ... gi</oldjbophrase> construction. The scope of the
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> arm extends only to a single brivla or to two or more brivla connected with
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-be-sumti">
- <title>Linked sumti: <jbophrase glossary="false">be-bei-be'o</jbophrase></title>
+ <title>Linked sumti: <oldjbophrase glossary="false">be-bei-be'o</oldjbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be</cmavo>
<selmaho>BE</selmaho>
<description>linked sumti marker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bei</cmavo>
@@ -983,81 +983,81 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>BEhO</selmaho>
<description>linked sumti terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The question of the place structures of selbri has been glossed over so far. This chapter does not attempt to treat place structure issues in detail; they are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>. One grammatical structure related to places belongs here, however. In simple sentences such as
<xref linkend="example-do-mamta-mi"/>, the place structure of the selbri is simply the defined place structure of the gismu
- <jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>. What about more complex selbri?</para>
+ <valsi>mamta</valsi>. What about more complex selbri?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structures of</secondary></indexterm> For tanru, the place structure rule is simple: the place structure of a tanru is always the place structure of its tertau. Thus, the place structure of
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> is that of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase> is that of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
<para>What about the places of
- <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
- <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
- <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> with
- <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase>, we get:</para>
+ <valsi>blanu</valsi>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
+ <valsi>blanu</valsi> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
+ <valsi>blanu</valsi> with
+ <valsi>xamgu</valsi>, we get:</para>
<para> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tffW">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>good house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good house.</gloss>
<en>This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
- <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase> has three places (x1, the good thing; x2, the person for whom it is good; and x3, the standard of goodness),
+ <valsi>xamgu</valsi> has three places (x1, the good thing; x2, the person for whom it is good; and x3, the standard of goodness),
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tffW"/> necessarily omits information about the last two: there is no room for them. Room can be made, however!</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uuio">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be do bei mi [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good (for you by-standard me) house.</gloss>
<en>This is a house that is good for you by my standards.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BEhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltau</primary><secondary>filling sumti places in</secondary></indexterm> Here, the gismu
- <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase> has been followed by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or more sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place structure, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting with x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is terminated by the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o BEhO).</para>
+ <valsi>xamgu</valsi> has been followed by the cmavo
+ <valsi>be</valsi> (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or more sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place structure, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting with x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo
+ <valsi>bei</valsi> (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is terminated by the elidable terminator
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> (of selma'o BEhO).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, a brivla with sumti linked to it in this fashion plays the same role in tanru as a simple brivla. To illustrate, here is a fully fleshed-out version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, with all places filled in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7vxB">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Brooklyn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d3"/>
</title>
<!-- the Lojban should be broken up with newlines at appropriate spots to make it easier to read, or at least less intimidating -->
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti cmalu be le ka canlu bei lo'e ckule be'o nixli be li mu bei lo merko be'o bo ckule la bryklyn. loi pemci le mela nu,IORK. prenu le jecta</jbo>
<gloss>This is a small (in-dimension the property-of volume by-standard the-typical school) (girl (of-years the-number five by-standard some American-thing) school) in-Brooklyn with-subject poems for-audience New-York persons with-operator the state.</gloss>
<en>This is a school, small in volume compared to the typical school, pertaining to five-year-old girls (by American standards), in Brooklyn, teaching poetry to the New York community and operated by the state.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the three places of
- <jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase>, the three of
- <jbophrase>nixli</jbophrase>, and the four of
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> are fully specified. Since the places of
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> are the places of the bridi as a whole, it was not necessary to link the sumti which follow
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>. It would have been legal to do so, however:</para>
+ <valsi>cmalu</valsi>, the three of
+ <valsi>nixli</valsi>, and the four of
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi> are fully specified. Since the places of
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi> are the places of the bridi as a whole, it was not necessary to link the sumti which follow
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi>. It would have been legal to do so, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YIty">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani [be'o]</jbo>
<gloss>I go (to-the market from-the house).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as</para>
@@ -1075,48 +1075,48 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>a (pretty and little) (girl school)</gloss>
<en>a school for girls which is both beautiful and small</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is simply that of
- <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>. (The sole exception to this rule is discussed in
+ <valsi>ckule</valsi>. (The sole exception to this rule is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-co-inversion"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA tags and linked sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti and FA tags</primary></indexterm> It is possible to precede linked sumti by the place structure ordering tags
- <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
+ <valsi>fe</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fo</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>fu</valsi> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
<xref linkend="section-FA"/>), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> is the x2 place and the other places follow in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be accomplished as follows:</para>
+ <valsi>be</valsi> is the x2 place and the other places follow in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be accomplished as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mhS7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be fi mi bei fe do [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good ( by-standard me for you ) house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uuio"/>. Note that the order of
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> does not change; only the inserted
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> tells us that
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is the x3 place (and correspondingly, the inserted
- <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase> tells us that
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> is the x2 place). Changing the order of sumti is often done to match the order of another language, or for emphasis or rhythm.</para>
+ <valsi>be</valsi>,
+ <valsi>bei</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> does not change; only the inserted
+ <valsi>fi</valsi> tells us that
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> is the x3 place (and correspondingly, the inserted
+ <valsi>fe</valsi> tells us that
+ <valsi>do</valsi> is the x2 place). Changing the order of sumti is often done to match the order of another language, or for emphasis or rhythm.</para>
<para>Of course, using FA cmavo makes it easy to specify one place while omitting a previous place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9b37">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be fi mi [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good (by-standard me) house.</gloss>
<en>This is a good house by my standards.</en>
@@ -1143,23 +1143,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani ga'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue house to-observer me.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house, as I see it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See discussions in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> of modals and in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/> of tenses for more explanations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>be'o</primary><secondary>effect of relative clauses on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of be'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>be'o</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elidability of be'o</primary></indexterm> The terminator
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach to the last linked sumti unless
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach to the last linked sumti unless
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> is used, in which case it will attach to the outer description:</para>
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> is used, in which case it will attach to the outer description:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJTI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be do noi barda cu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>The good-thing for you (who are-large) is-a-house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjTj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1167,56 +1167,56 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be do be'o noi barda cu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>The (good-thing for you) (which is-large) is-a-house</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Relative clauses are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>be'o</primary><secondary>effect of ku on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of be'o</secondary></indexterm> In other cases, however,
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> cannot be elided if
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> has also been elided:</para>
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> cannot be elided if
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> has also been elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zb4A">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be le ctuca [ku] be'o zdani</jbo>
<gloss>the good (for the teacher) house</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires either
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase>, and since there is only one occurrence of
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>, the
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> must match it, whereas it may be confusing which occurrence of
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> the
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> terminates (in fact the second one is correct).</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> or
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi>, and since there is only one occurrence of
+ <valsi>be</valsi>, the
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> must match it, whereas it may be confusing which occurrence of
+ <valsi>le</valsi> the
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> terminates (in fact the second one is correct).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-co-inversion">
<title>Inversion of tanru:
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>co</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co</cmavo>
<selmaho>CO</selmaho>
<description>tanru inversion marker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm> The standard order of Lojban tanru, whereby the modifier precedes what it modifies, is very natural to English-speakers: we talk of
<quote>blue houses</quote>, not of
<quote>houses blue</quote>. In other languages, however, such matters are differently arranged, and Lojban supports this reverse order (tertau before seltau) by inserting the particle
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase>.
+ <valsi>co</valsi>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjtV"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty"/> mean exactly the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjtV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue type-of-house.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house.</en>
@@ -1228,31 +1228,31 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta zdani co blanu</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-house of-type blue.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltau</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tertau</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> This change is called
<quote>tanru inversion</quote>. In tanru inversion, the element before
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> (
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>co</valsi> (
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty"/>) is the tertau, and the element following
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> (
- <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase>) in
+ <valsi>co</valsi> (
+ <valsi>blanu</valsi>) in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty"/>) is the seltau.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure and tanru inversion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion and place structure</primary></indexterm> The meaning, and more specifically, the place structure, of a tanru is not affected by inversion: the place structure of
- <jbophrase>zdani co blanu</jbophrase> is still that of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In
+ <oldjbophrase>zdani co blanu</oldjbophrase> is still that of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In
<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>, we saw how to fill interior places with
- <jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase>, and in fact
+ <oldjbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</oldjbophrase>, and in fact
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjuc"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx"/> have the same meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjuc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier.</gloss>
<en>I try to go to the market from the house.</en>
@@ -1268,74 +1268,74 @@
<jbo>mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).</gloss>
<en>I try to go to the market from the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx"/> is a less deeply nested construction, requiring fewer cmavo. As a result it is probably easier to understand.</para>
<para> Note that in Lojban
<quote>trying to go</quote> is expressed using
- <jbophrase>troci</jbophrase> as the tertau. The reason is that
+ <valsi>troci</valsi> as the tertau. The reason is that
<quote>trying to go</quote> is a
<quote>going type of trying</quote>, not a
<quote>trying type of going</quote>. The trying is more fundamental than the going – if the trying fails, we may not have a going at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inverted tanru</primary><secondary>effect on sumti after the selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inverted tanru</primary><secondary>effect on sumti before the selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unfilled places of inverted tanru</primary></indexterm> Any sumti which precede a selbri with an inverted tanru fill the places of the selbri (i.e., the places of the tertau) in the ordinary way. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx"/>,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> fills the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>troci co klama</jbophrase>, which is the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>troci</jbophrase>. The other places of the selbri remain unfilled. The trailing sumti
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le zdani</jbophrase> do not occupy selbri places, despite appearances.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> fills the x1 place of
+ <oldjbophrase>troci co klama</oldjbophrase>, which is the x1 place of
+ <valsi>troci</valsi>. The other places of the selbri remain unfilled. The trailing sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>le zdani</oldjbophrase> do not occupy selbri places, despite appearances.</para>
<para>As a result, the regular mechanisms (involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>) for referring to individual sumti of a bridi cannot refer to any of the trailing places of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx"/>, because they are not really
<quote>sumti of the bridi</quote> at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>where allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>in complex tanru</secondary></indexterm> When inverting a more complex tanru, it is possible to invert it only at the most general modifier-modified pair. The only possible inversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, for instance, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7uS2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-girl type-of school) of-type little.</gloss>
<en>That's a girls' school which is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>effect of tanru inversion on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>effect on tanru grouping</secondary></indexterm>
Note that the
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/> is optional in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7uS2"/>, because
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tanru, including none at all. Not even
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses can encompass a
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>co</valsi> groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tanru, including none at all. Not even
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> parentheses can encompass a
+ <valsi>co</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y501">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] co melbi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(little type-of (girl type-of school)) of-type pretty.</gloss>
<en>That's a small school for girls which is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>rule for removing</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-y501"/>, the
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is automatically inserted before the
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> rather than at its usual place at the end of the selbri. As a result, there is a simple and mechanical rule for removing
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> from any selbri: change
- <jbophrase>A co B</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>ke B ke'e A</jbophrase>. (At the same time, any sumti following the selbri must be transformed into
- <jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase> form and attached following B.) Therefore,</para>
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> is automatically inserted before the
+ <valsi>co</valsi> rather than at its usual place at the end of the selbri. As a result, there is a simple and mechanical rule for removing
+ <valsi>co</valsi> from any selbri: change
+ <oldjbophrase>A co B</oldjbophrase> to
+ <oldjbophrase>ke B ke'e A</oldjbophrase>. (At the same time, any sumti following the selbri must be transformed into
+ <oldjbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</oldjbophrase> form and attached following B.) Therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4c0A">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ckule co melbi nixli</jbo>
<gloss>school of-type pretty girl</gloss>
<en>school for beautiful girls</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1343,24 +1343,24 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-w5cI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ke melbi nixli ke'e ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(pretty girl) school</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple tanru inversion</primary><secondary>effect on grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> Multiple
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> cmavo can appear within a selbri, indicating multiple inversions: a right-grouping rule is employed, as for
+ <valsi>co</valsi> cmavo can appear within a selbri, indicating multiple inversions: a right-grouping rule is employed, as for
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>. The above rule can be applied to interpret such selbri, but all
- <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> cmavo must be removed simultaneously:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi>. The above rule can be applied to interpret such selbri, but all
+ <valsi>co</valsi> cmavo must be removed simultaneously:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yLn5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ckule co nixli co cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>school of-type (girl of-type little)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>becomes formally</para>
@@ -1389,22 +1389,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama co sutra</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-goer of-type quick</gloss>
<en>I go quickly</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>cannot be filled by placing sumti after the selbri, because any sumti in that position fill the places of
- <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase>, the seltau. However, the tertau places (which means in effect the selbri places) can be filled with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>sutra</valsi>, the seltau. However, the tertau places (which means in effect the selbri places) can be filled with
+ <valsi>be</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PDAh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci be'o co sutra</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-goer (to the store) of-type quick.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1451,21 +1451,21 @@
<cmavo>kei</cmavo>
<selmaho>KEI</selmaho>
<description>terminator for NU</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>equivalents to brivla</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla equivalents</primary></indexterm> So far we have only discussed brivla and tanru built up from brivla as possible selbri. In fact, there are a few other constructions in Lojban which are grammatically equivalent to brivla: they can be used either directly as selbri, or as components in tanru. Some of these types of simple selbri are discussed at length in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>; but for completeness these types are mentioned here with a brief explanation and an example of their use in selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>with GOhA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>with GOhA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary><secondary>as component in tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary><secondary>as selbri</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of selma'o GOhA (with one exception) serve as pro-bridi, providing a reference to the content of other bridi; none of them has a fixed meaning. The most commonly used member of GOhA is probably
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, which amounts to a repetition of the previous bridi, or part of it. If I say:</para>
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi>, which amounts to a repetition of the previous bridi, or part of it. If I say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2UvG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John goes-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> you may retort:</para>
@@ -1485,32 +1485,32 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the whole bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2UvG"/> has been packaged up into the single word
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and inserted into
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> and inserted into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EvoD"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>as an exception within GOhA selma'o</secondary></indexterm> The exceptional member of GOhA is
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...</place-structure>
<para>for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOhA is available in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>containing mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions in tanru</primary></indexterm> Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as
- <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>su'i</valsi>, meaning
<quote>plus</quote>, can be transformed into selbri by prefixing them with
- <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>nu'a</valsi> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.</place-structure>
<para>for as many arguments as are required. (The result goes in the x1 place because the number of following places may be indefinite.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pp6j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo nu'a su'i li re li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 4 is-the-sum-of the-number 2 and-the-number 2.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1550,21 +1550,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la an,iis. joi la .asun. bruna remei</jbo>
<gloss>Anyi massed-with Asun are-a-brother type-of-twosome.</gloss>
<en>Anyi and Asun are two brothers.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Preem Palver</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Finally, an important type of simple selbri which is not a brivla is the abstraction. Grammatically, abstractions are simple: a cmavo of selma'o NU, followed by a bridi, followed by the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> of selma'o KEI. Semantically, abstractions are an extremely subtle and powerful feature of Lojban whose full ramifications are documented in
+ <valsi>kei</valsi> of selma'o KEI. Semantically, abstractions are an extremely subtle and powerful feature of Lojban whose full ramifications are documented in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>. A few examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5szz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti nu zdile kei kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>This is-an-event-of amusement room.</gloss>
<en>This is an amusement room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1578,37 +1578,37 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti zdile kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>This is-an-amuser room.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which suggests the meaning
<quote>a room that amuses someone</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-me-selbri">
- <title>selbri based on sumti: <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></title>
+ <title>selbri based on sumti: <valsi>me</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>me</cmavo>
<selmaho>ME</selmaho>
<description>changes sumti to simple selbri</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
- <description>terminator for <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></description>
+ <description>terminator for <valsi>me</valsi></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri from sumti</primary></indexterm> A sumti can be made into a simple selbri by preceding it with
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
<place-structure>x1 is one of the referents of <quote>[the sumti]</quote></place-structure>
<para>which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6QW">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>the three noblest-governors</gloss>
@@ -1642,22 +1642,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4827">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la melxi,or. cu me le ci nolraitru</jbo>
<en>Melchior is one of the three kings.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>compared with me in effect</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>compared with du in effect</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me/du equivalence</primary></indexterm> If the sumti refers to a single object, then the effect of
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> is much like that of
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi> is much like that of
+ <valsi>du</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HMHc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do du la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>You are-identical-with the-one-called <quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
<en>You are John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1667,48 +1667,48 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do me la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>You are-the-referent-of
<quote>the-one-called <quote>John</quote></quote>.</gloss>
<en>You are John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>used with names</secondary></indexterm> It is common to use
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri, especially those based on name sumti using
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, as seltau. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi> selbri, especially those based on name sumti using
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, as seltau. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-raQG">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chrysler</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me lai kraislr. [me'u] karce</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-referent of
<quote>the-mass-called <quote>Chrysler</quote></quote>) car.</gloss>
<en>That is a Chrysler car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>relative precedence with me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'u</primary><secondary>relative precedence with logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elidability of me'u</primary></indexterm> The elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
+ <valsi>me</valsi> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-descriptions"/>), and if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>) or a sumti logical connective (explained in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-connection"/>). Without a
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase>, the relative clause or logical connective would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> expression. Here is a contrasting pair of sentences:</para>
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi>, the relative clause or logical connective would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the
+ <valsi>me</valsi> expression. Here is a contrasting pair of sentences:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJyi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the group
<quote>the three kings and John</quote> are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1716,56 +1716,56 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru me'u .e la djan. cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the three kings, and John, are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJyi"/> the
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri covers the three kings plus John, and the indefinite description picks out two of them that are said to be white: we cannot say which two. In
+ <valsi>me</valsi> selbri covers the three kings plus John, and the indefinite description picks out two of them that are said to be white: we cannot say which two. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJyK"/>, though, the
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri covers only the three kings: two of them are said to be white, and so is John.</para>
+ <valsi>me</valsi> selbri covers only the three kings: two of them are said to be white, and so is John.</para>
<para>Finally, here is another example requiring
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ygzq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me la'e le se cusku be do me'u cukta</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(what-you-said) type of book.</gloss>
<en>That is the kind of book you were talking about.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>There are other sentences where either
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> or some other elidable terminator must be expressed:</para>
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> or some other elidable terminator must be expressed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8yDj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le me le ci nolraitru [ku] me'u nunsalci</jbo>
<gloss>the (the three kings) type-of-event-of-celebrating</gloss>
<en>the Three Kings celebration</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires either
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> to be explicit, and (as with
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> or
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> to be explicit, and (as with
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> in
<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>) the
- <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> leaves no doubt which cmavo it is paired with.</para>
+ <valsi>me'u</valsi> leaves no doubt which cmavo it is paired with.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-place-conversion">
<title>Conversion of simple selbri</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>re-ordering by conversion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru and conversion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion and tanru</primary></indexterm> Conversion is the process of changing a selbri so that its places appear in a different order. This is not the same as labeling the sumti with the cmavo of FA, as mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>, and then rearranging the order in which the sumti are spoken or written. Conversion transforms the selbri into a distinct, though closely related, selbri with renumbered places.</para>
<para>In Lojban, conversion is accomplished by placing a cmavo of selma'o SE before the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-29Gu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d1"/>
@@ -1795,160 +1795,160 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice walkingly goes to the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice walks to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>To convert this sentence so that
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> is in the x1 place, one correct way is:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> is in the x1 place, one correct way is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4mbn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu se ke cadzu klama [ke'e] la .alis.</jbo>
<gloss>The market is-a-[swap x1/x2] (walker type-of goer) Alice.</gloss>
<gloss>The market is-walkingly gone-to by-Alice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke</primary><secondary>for conversion of tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion with `ke'</primary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> brackets cause the entire tanru to be converted by the
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, which would otherwise convert only
- <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>, leading to:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> brackets cause the entire tanru to be converted by the
+ <valsi>se</valsi>, which would otherwise convert only
+ <valsi>cadzu</valsi>, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UNt0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu se cadzu klama la .alis.</jbo>
<gloss>The market (is-a-[swap x1/x2] walker) type-of goer to Alice.</gloss>
<gloss>The market is-a-walking-surface type-of goer to Alice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>whatever that might mean. An alternative approach, since the place structure of
- <jbophrase>cadzu klama</jbophrase> is that of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> alone, is to convert only the latter:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cadzu klama</oldjbophrase> is that of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> alone, is to convert only the latter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-U0fo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu cadzu se klama la .alis.</jbo>
<gloss>The market walkingly is-gone-to by-Alice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But the tanru in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-U0fo"/> may or may not have the same meaning as that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mPX8"/>; in particular, because
- <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase> is not converted, there is a suggestion that although Alice is the goer, the market is the walker. With a different sumti as x1, this seemingly odd interpretation might make considerable sense:</para>
+ <valsi>cadzu</valsi> is not converted, there is a suggestion that although Alice is the goer, the market is the walker. With a different sumti as x1, this seemingly odd interpretation might make considerable sense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XEnd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu cadzu se klama la .alis</jbo>
<gloss>John walkingly is-gone-to by Alice</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>suggests that Alice is going to John, who is a moving target.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai</primary><secondary>for modal conversion</secondary></indexterm> There is an alternative type of conversion, using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-selbri-scalar-negation">
<title>Scalar negation of selbri</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation</primary><secondary>effect on selbri</secondary></indexterm> Negation is too large and complex a topic to explain fully in this chapter; see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. In brief, there are two main types of negation in Lojban. This section is concerned with so-called
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, which is used to state that a true relation between the sumti is something other than what the selbri specifies. Scalar negation is expressed by cmavo of selma'o NAhE:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4oxH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e ke cadzu klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice non- (walkingly goes) to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice other-than (walkingly goes) to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke</primary><secondary>for expanding scope of scalar negation</secondary></indexterm> meaning that Alice's relationship to the market is something other than that of walking there. But if the
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> were omitted, the result would be:</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> were omitted, the result would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NL2Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice non- walkingly goes to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>meaning that Alice does go there in some way (
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is not negated), but by a means other than that of walking.
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> is not negated), but by a means other than that of walking.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4oxH"/> negates both
- <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, suggesting that Alice's relation to the market is something different from walkingly-going; it might be walking without going, or going without walking, or neither.</para>
+ <valsi>cadzu</valsi> and
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>, suggesting that Alice's relation to the market is something different from walkingly-going; it might be walking without going, or going without walking, or neither.</para>
<para>Of course, any of the simple selbri types explained in
<xref linkend="section-cmavo-selbri"/> may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YB00">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. cu na'e pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones is non-1st speaker</gloss>
<en>Jones is not the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since only
- <jbophrase>pamoi</jbophrase> is negated, an appropriate inference is that he is some other kind of speaker.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>pamoi</oldjbophrase> is negated, an appropriate inference is that he is some other kind of speaker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>complex examples</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex negation</primary><secondary>examples</secondary></indexterm> Here is an assortment of more complex examples showing the interaction of scalar negation with
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping,
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> grouping, logical connection, and sumti linked with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> grouping,
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> grouping, logical connection, and sumti linked with
+ <valsi>be</valsi> and
+ <valsi>bei</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with na'e ke</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I1Rd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (non-quickly) ( walking using the arms) ) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, walking using my arms other than quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I1Rd"/>,
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> negates only
- <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase>. Contrast
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> negates only
+ <valsi>sutra</valsi>. Contrast
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KcK8"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KcK8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non- ( quickly (walking using the arms) ) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, other than by walking quickly on my arms.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyW"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyy"/>, which are equivalent in meaning, but use
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> grouping and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping respectively:</para>
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> grouping and
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> grouping respectively:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjyW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I (quickly – (walking using the arms) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both quickly walking using my arms and slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1956,21 +1956,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (quickly (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both quickly walking using my arms and slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>However, if we place a
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> at the beginning of the selbri in both
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> at the beginning of the selbri in both
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyW"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyy"/>, we get different results:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjyz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (non- quickly) - (walking using the arms) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both walking using my arms other than quickly, and also slowly.</en>
@@ -1980,88 +1980,88 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I (non-(quickly (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both other than quickly walking using my arms, and also slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference arises because the
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJzr"/> negates the whole construction from
- <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, whereas in
+ <valsi>ke</valsi> to
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi>, whereas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyz"/> it negates
- <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase> alone.</para>
+ <valsi>sutra</valsi> alone.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>perils of omitting terminators</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>omitting terminators</primary><secondary>perils of</secondary></indexterm> Beware of omitting terminators in these complex examples! If the explicit
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is left out in
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> is left out in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJzr"/>, it is transformed into:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Y53U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non-(quickly ( (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to) the market.</gloss>
<gloss>I do something other than quickly both going to the market walking</gloss>
<en>using my arms and slowly going to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>And if both
- <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> are omitted, the results are even sillier:</para>
+ <valsi>ke'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>be'o</valsi> are omitted, the results are even sillier:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0WLq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka je masno klama [be'o] [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non-(quickly walk on my (arm-type and slow) goers) on the market.</gloss>
<en>I do something other than quickly walking using the goers, both arm-type and slow, relative-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0WLq"/>, everything after
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> is a linked sumti, so the place structure is that of
+ <valsi>be</valsi> is a linked sumti, so the place structure is that of
- <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>, whose x2 place is the surface walked upon. It is less than clear what an
+ <valsi>cadzu</valsi>, whose x2 place is the surface walked upon. It is less than clear what an
<quote>arm-type goer</quote> might be. Furthermore, since the x3 place has been occupied by the linked sumti, the
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> following the selbri falls into the nonexistent x4 place of
- <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>. As a result, the whole example, though grammatical, is complete nonsense. (The bracketed Lojban words appear where a fluent Lojbanist would understand them to be implied.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> following the selbri falls into the nonexistent x4 place of
+ <valsi>cadzu</valsi>. As a result, the whole example, though grammatical, is complete nonsense. (The bracketed Lojban words appear where a fluent Lojbanist would understand them to be implied.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'e</primary><secondary>before gu'e</secondary></indexterm> Finally, it is also possible to place
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> before a
- <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> logically connected tanru construction. The meaning of this usage has not yet been firmly established.</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> before a
+ <oldjbophrase>gu'e ... gi</oldjbophrase> logically connected tanru construction. The meaning of this usage has not yet been firmly established.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-bridi-negation-tenses">
<title>Tenses and bridi negation</title>
<para>A bridi can have cmavo associated with it which specify the time, place, or mode of action. For example, in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uz13">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the cmavo
- <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
+ <valsi>pu</valsi> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>. Tense is semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uz13"/>. There are alternative ways of expressing tense information as well. Modals, which are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>, behave in the same way as tenses.</para>
<para>Similarly, a bridi may have the particle
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
+ <valsi>na</valsi> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
<xref linkend="section-selbri-scalar-negation"/>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PYSP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. na pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker</gloss>
<gloss>It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.</gloss>
<en>Jones isn't the first speaker.</en>
@@ -2077,34 +2077,34 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>mi pu na klama le zarci</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that I went to the market.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to have more than one
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, in which case pairs of
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> cmavo cancel out:</para>
+ <valsi>na</valsi>, in which case pairs of
+ <valsi>na</valsi> cmavo cancel out:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TuP7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>It is false that it is false that I go to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense and na</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na and tense</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> It is even possible, though somewhat pointless, to have multiple
- <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> cmavo and tense cmavo mixed together, subject to the limitation that two adjacent tense cmavo will be understood as a compound tense, and must fit the grammar of tenses as explained in
+ <valsi>na</valsi> cmavo and tense cmavo mixed together, subject to the limitation that two adjacent tense cmavo will be understood as a compound tense, and must fit the grammar of tenses as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hw6g">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na pu na ca klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -2202,1540 +2202,1540 @@
<listitem><para>Turkish</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Udm</term>
<listitem><para>Udmurt</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of that group.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The tanru discussed in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,
- <jbophrase>junla dadysli</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>junla dadysli</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>clock pendulum</quote>, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock, whereas
- <jbophrase>dadysli junla</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>dadysli junla</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>pendulum clock</quote>, is the kind of clock that employs a pendulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-of-action + action</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the object of that action:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pinsi nunkilbra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pinsi nunkilbra</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>pencil sharpener</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zgike nunctu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zgike nunctu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>music instruction</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mirli nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mirli nunkalte</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>deer hunting</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>finpe nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>finpe nunkalte</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>fish hunting</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba</entry>
<entry>fishing</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>smacu terkavbu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>smacu terkavbu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>mousetrap</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zdani turni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zdani turni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>house ruler</entry>
<entry>Kar</entry>
<entry>host</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zerle'a nunte'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zerle'a nunte'a</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>thief fear</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
<entry>fear of thieves</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cevni zekri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cevni zekri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>god crime</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
<entry>offense against the gods</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunkilbra</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunkilbra</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>sharpness-apparatus</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunctu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunctu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-teaching</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunkalte</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunkalte</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-hunting</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>terkavbu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>terkavbu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>trap</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>zerle'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>zerle'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>crime-taker</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunte'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunte'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-fearing</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>elements-in-set + set</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained in that set:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zdani lijgri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zdani lijgri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>house row</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>selci lamgri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>selci lamgri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>cell block</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>karda mulgri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>karda mulgri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>card pack</entry>
<entry>Swe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rokci derxi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rokci derxi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>stone heap</entry>
<entry>Swe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tadni girzu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tadni girzu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>student group</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>remna girzu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>remna girzu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>human-being group</entry>
<entry>Qab = group of people</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cpumi'i lijgri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cpumi'i lijgri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tractor column</entry>
<entry>Qab</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cevni jenmi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cevni jenmi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>god army</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cevni prenu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cevni prenu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>god folk</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>lijgri</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>lijgri</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>line-group</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>lamgri</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>lamgri</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>adjacent-group</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mulgri</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>mulgri</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>complete-group</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cpumi'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>cpumi'i</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>pull-machine</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>set + element-of-set</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the tertau is an element, and the seltau represents a set in which that element is contained. Implicitly, the meaning of the tertau is restricted from its usual general meaning to the specific meaning appropriate for elements in the given set. Note the opposition between
- <jbophrase>zdani linji</jbophrase> in the previous group, and
- <jbophrase>linji zdani</jbophrase> in this one, which shows why this kind of tanru is called
+ <oldjbophrase>zdani linji</oldjbophrase> in the previous group, and
+ <oldjbophrase>linji zdani</oldjbophrase> in this one, which shows why this kind of tanru is called
<quote>asymmetrical</quote>.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>carvi dirgo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>carvi dirgo</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>raindrop</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>linji zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>linji zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>row house</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object + component/detail</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies an object and the tertau a component or detail of that object; the tanru as a whole refers to the detail, specifying that it is a detail of that whole and not some other.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>junla dadysli</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>junla dadysli</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>clock pendulum</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>purdi vorme</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>purdi vorme</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>garden door</entry>
<entry>Qab</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>purdi bitmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>purdi bitmu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>garden wall</entry>
<entry>Que</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>moklu skapi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>moklu skapi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>mouth skin</entry>
<entry>Imb = lips</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nazbi kevna</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nazbi kevna</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>nose hole</entry>
<entry>Imb = nostril</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>karce xislu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>karce xislu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>automobile wheel</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jipci pimlu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jipci pimlu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>chicken feather</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vinji rebla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>vinji rebla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>airplane tail</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dadysli</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>dadysli</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>hang-oscillator</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>characteristic/detail + object</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the seltau specifies a characteristic or important detail of the object described by the tertau; objects described by the tanru as a whole are differentiated from other similar objects by this detail.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pixra cukta</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pixra cukta</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>picture book</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kerfa silka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kerfa silka</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>hair silk</entry>
<entry>Kar = velvet</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>plise tapla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>plise tapla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>apple cake</entry>
<entry>Tur</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>dadysli junla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>dadysli junla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>pendulum clock</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dadysli</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>dadysli</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>hang-oscillator</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>general-class + sub-class</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a general class of object (a genus), and the seltau specifies a sub-class of that class (a species):</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckunu tricu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ckunu tricu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>pine tree</entry>
<entry>Hun,Tur,Hop</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>possessor + object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object of possession, and the seltau may specify the possessor (the possession may be intrinsic or otherwise). In English, these compounds have an explicit possessive element in them:
<quote>lion's mane</quote>,
<quote>child's foot</quote>,
<quote>noble's cow</quote>.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cinfo kerfa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cinfo kerfa</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>lion mane</entry>
<entry>Kor,Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>verba jamfu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>verba jamfu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>child foot</entry>
<entry>Swe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nixli tuple</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nixli tuple</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>girl leg</entry>
<entry>Swe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cinfo jamfu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cinfo jamfu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>lion foot</entry>
<entry>Que</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>danlu skapi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>danlu skapi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>animal skin</entry>
<entry>Ewe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ralju zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ralju zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>chief house</entry>
<entry>Ewe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jmive munje</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jmive munje</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>living world</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nobli bakni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nobli bakni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>noble cow</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nolraitru ralju</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nolraitru ralju</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>king chief</entry>
<entry>Skt = emperor</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nolraitru</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nolraitru</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>nobly-superlative-ruler</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>inhabitant + habitat</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a habitat, and the seltau specifies the inhabitant:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lanzu tumla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lanzu tumla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>family land</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>effect + causative agent</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a causative agent, and the seltau specifies the effect of that cause:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kalselvi'i gapci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kalselvi'i gapci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tear gas</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>terbi'a jurme</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>terbi'a jurme</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>disease germ</entry>
<entry>Tur</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fenki litki</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>fenki litki</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>crazy liquid</entry>
<entry>Hop = whisky</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pinca litki</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pinca litki</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>urine liquid</entry>
<entry>Hop = beer</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>kalselvi'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>kalselvi'i</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>eye-excreted-thing</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>terbi'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>terbi'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>disease</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>cause + effect</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the tertau specifies an effect, and the seltau specifies its cause.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>djacu barna</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>djacu barna</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>water mark</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>purpose-of-instrument + instrument</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an instrument, and the seltau specifies the purpose of that instrument:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>taxfu dadgreku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>taxfu dadgreku</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>garment rack</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tergu'i ti'otci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tergu'i ti'otci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>lamp shade</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>xirma zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>xirma zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>horse house</entry>
<entry>Chi = stall</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nuzba tanbo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nuzba tanbo</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>news board</entry>
<entry>Chi = bulletin board</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>dadgreku</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>dadgreku</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>hang-frame</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>tergu'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>tergu'i</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>source of illumination</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ti'otci</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>ti'otci</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>shadow-tool</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-of-purpose-of-instrument + instrument</secondary></indexterm> More vaguely: the tertau specifies an instrument, and the seltau specifies the object of the purpose for which that instrument is used:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cpina rokci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cpina rokci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>pepper stone</entry>
<entry>Que = stone for grinding pepper</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jamfu djacu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jamfu djacu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>foot water</entry>
<entry>Skt = water for washing the feet</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>grana mudri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>grana mudri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>post wood</entry>
<entry>Skt = wood for making a post</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>moklu djacu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>moklu djacu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>mouth water</entry>
<entry>Hun = water for washing the mouth</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lanme gerku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lanme gerku</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>sheep dog</entry>
<entry>dog for working sheep</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>source + product</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a product from some source, and the seltau specifies the source of the product:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>moklu djacu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>moklu djacu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>mouth water</entry>
<entry>Aba,Qab = saliva</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ractu mapku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ractu mapku</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>rabbit hat</entry>
<entry>Rus</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jipci sovda</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jipci sovda</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>chicken egg</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sikcurnu silka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sikcurnu silka</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>silkworm silk</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mlatu kalci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mlatu kalci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>cat feces</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bifce lakse</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bifce lakse</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bee wax</entry>
<entry>Chi = beeswax</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cribe rectu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cribe rectu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bear meat</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solxrula grasu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solxrula grasu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>sunflower oil</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bifce jisra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bifce jisra</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bee juice</entry>
<entry>Hop = honey</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tatru litki</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tatru litki</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>breast liquid</entry>
<entry>Hop = milk</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kanla djacu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kanla djacu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>eye water</entry>
<entry>Kor = tear</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>sikcurnu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>sikcurnu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>silk-worm</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>solxrula</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>solxrula</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>solar-flower</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>product + source</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the tertau specifies the source of a product, and the seltau specifies the product:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>silna jinto</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>silna jinto</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>salt well</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kolme terkakpa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kolme terkakpa</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>coal mine</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ctile jinto</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ctile jinto</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>oil well</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>terkakpa</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>terkakpa</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>source of digging</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>source-material + object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object, and the seltau specifies the material from which the object is made. This case is especially interesting, because the referent of the tertau may normally be made from just one kind of material, which is then overridden in the tanru.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rokci cinfo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rokci cinfo</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>stone lion</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>snime nanmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>snime nanmu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>snow man</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kliti cipni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kliti cipni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>clay bird</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blaci kanla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blaci kanla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>glass eye</entry>
<entry>Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blaci kanla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blaci kanla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>glass eye</entry>
<entry>Que = spectacles</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji sicni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji sicni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold coin</entry>
<entry>Tur</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji junla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji junla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold watch</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji djine</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji djine</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold ring</entry>
<entry>Udm,Aba,Que</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rokci zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rokci zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>stone house</entry>
<entry>Imb</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mudri zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mudri zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>wood house</entry>
<entry>Ewe = wooden house</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rokci bitmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rokci bitmu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>stone wall</entry>
<entry>Ewe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji carce</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji carce</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold chariot</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mudri xarci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mudri xarci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>wood weapon</entry>
<entry>Skt = wooden weapon</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cmaro'i dargu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cmaro'i dargu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>pebble road</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sudysrasu cutci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sudysrasu cutci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>straw shoe</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cmaro'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>cmaro'i</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>small-rock</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>sudysrasu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>sudysrasu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>dry-grass</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Note: the two senses of
- <jbophrase>blaci kanla</jbophrase> can be discriminated as:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>blaci kanla</oldjbophrase> can be discriminated as:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blaci kanla bo tarmi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blaci kanla bo tarmi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>glass (eye shape)</entry>
<entry>glass eye</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>blaci kanla bo sidju</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>blaci kanla bo sidju</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>glass (eye helper)</entry>
<entry>spectacles</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-measured + standard-object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a typical object used to measure a quantity and the seltau specifies something measured. The tanru as a whole refers to a given quantity of the thing being measured. English does not have compounds of this form, as a rule.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tumla spisa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tumla spisa</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>land piece</entry>
<entry>Tur = piece of land</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tcati kabri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tcati kabri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tea cup</entry>
<entry>Kor,Aba = cup of tea</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nanba spisa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nanba spisa</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bread piece</entry>
<entry>Kor = piece of bread</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bukpu spisa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bukpu spisa</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>cloth piece</entry>
<entry>Udm,Aba = piece of cloth</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>djacu calkyguzme</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>djacu calkyguzme</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>water calabash</entry>
<entry>Ewe = calabash of water</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>calkyguzme</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>calkyguzme</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>shell-fruit, calabash</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>overriding-property + object-with-implicit-properties</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object with certain implicit properties, and the seltau overrides one of those implicit properties:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kensa bloti</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kensa bloti</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>spaceship</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bakni verba</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bakni verba</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>cattle child</entry>
<entry>Ewe = calf</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>whole + part</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies a whole, and the tertau specifies a part which normally is associated with a different whole. The tanru then refers to a part of the seltau which stands in the same relationship to the whole seltau as the tertau stands to its typical whole.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kosta degji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kosta degji</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>coat finger</entry>
<entry>Hun = coat sleeve</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>denci genja</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>denci genja</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tooth root</entry>
<entry>Imb</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tricu stedu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tricu stedu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tree head</entry>
<entry>Imb = treetop</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>product + producer</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies the producer of a certain product, and the seltau specifies the product. In this way, the tanru as a whole distinguishes its referents from other referents of the tertau which do not produce the product.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>silka curnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>silka curnu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>silkworm</entry>
<entry>Tur,Hun,Aba</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-giving-characteristic + other-object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object, and the seltau specifies another object which has a characteristic property. The tanru as a whole refers to those referents of the tertau which possess the property.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sonci manti</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sonci manti</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>soldier ant</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ninmu bakni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ninmu bakni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>woman cattle</entry>
<entry>Imb = cow</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mamta degji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mamta degji</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>mother finger</entry>
<entry>Imb = thumb</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cifnu degji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cifnu degji</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>baby finger</entry>
<entry>Imb = pinky</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pacraistu zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pacraistu zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>hell house</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fagri dapma</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>fagri dapma</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>fire curse</entry>
<entry>Skt = curse destructive as fire</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>pacraistu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>pacraistu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>evil-superlative-site</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>similar-appearance-object + object</secondary></indexterm> As a particular case (when the property is that of resemblance): the seltau specifies an object which the referent of the tanru resembles.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>grutrceraso jbama</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>grutrceraso jbama</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>cherry bomb</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji kerfa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji kerfa</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold hair</entry>
<entry>Hun = golden hair</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kanla djacu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kanla djacu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>eye water</entry>
<entry>Kar = spring</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bakni rokci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bakni rokci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bull stone</entry>
<entry>Mon = boulder</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>grutrceraso</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>grutrceraso</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>fu'ivla for <quote>cherry</quote> based on Linnean name</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>typical-place + object</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies a place, and the tertau an object characteristically located in or at that place.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ckana boxfo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ckana boxfo</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bed sheet</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mrostu mojysu'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mrostu mojysu'a</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tomb monument</entry>
<entry>Chi = tombstone</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jubme tergusni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jubme tergusni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>table lamp</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>foldi smacu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>foldi smacu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>field mouse</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>briju ci'ajbu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>briju ci'ajbu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>office desk</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rirxe xirma</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rirxe xirma</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>river horse</entry>
<entry>Chi = hippopotamus</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>xamsi gerku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>xamsi gerku</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>sea dog</entry>
<entry>Chi = seal</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cagyce'u zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cagyce'u zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>village house</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mrostu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>mrostu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>dead-site</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mojysu'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>mojysu'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>remember-structure</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ci'ajbu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>ci'ajbu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>write-table</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cagyce'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>cagyce'u</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>farm-community</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object + place-sold</secondary></indexterm> Specifically: the tertau is a place where the seltau is sold or made available to the public.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cidja barja</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cidja barja</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>food bar</entry>
<entry>Chi = restaurant</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cukta barja</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cukta barja</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>book bar</entry>
<entry>Chi = library</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>locus-of-application + object</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies the locus of application of the tertau.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kanla velmikce</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kanla velmikce</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>eye medicine</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jgalu grasu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jgalu grasu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>nail oil</entry>
<entry>Chi = nail polish</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>denci pesxu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>denci pesxu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tooth paste</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>velmikce</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>velmikce</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>treatment used by doctor</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>activity + implement-used</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an implement used in the activity denoted by the seltau.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>me la pinpan. bolci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>me la pinpan. bolci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>Ping-Pong ball</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>undesired-object + protection-object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a protective device against the undesirable features of the referent of the seltau.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>carvi mapku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>carvi mapku</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>rain cap</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>carvi taxfu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>carvi taxfu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>rain garment</entry>
<entry>Chi = raincoat</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vindu firgai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>vindu firgai</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>poison mask</entry>
<entry>Chi = gas mask</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>firgai</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>firgai</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>face-cover</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object + usual-container</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a container characteristically used to hold the referent of the seltau.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cukta vasru</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cukta vasru</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>book vessel</entry>
<entry>Chi = satchel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vanju kabri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>vanju kabri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>wine cup</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>spatrkoka lanka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>spatrkoka lanka</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>coca basket</entry>
<entry>Que</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rismi dakli</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rismi dakli</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>rice bag</entry>
<entry>Ewe,Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tcati kabri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tcati kabri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>tea cup</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ladru botpi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ladru botpi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>milk bottle</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rismi patxu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rismi patxu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>rice pot</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>festi lante</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>festi lante</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>trash can</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bifce zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bifce zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>bee house</entry>
<entry>Kor = beehive</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cladakyxa'i zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cladakyxa'i zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>sword house</entry>
<entry>Kor = sheath</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>manti zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>manti zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>ant nest</entry>
<entry>Gua = anthill</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>spatrkoka</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>spatrkoka</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>fu'ivla for <quote>coca</quote></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cladakyxa'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>cladakyxa'i</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>(long-knife)-weapon</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>characteristic-time + event</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies the characteristic time of the event specified by the tertau.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vensa djedi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>vensa djedi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>spring day</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>crisa citsi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>crisa citsi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>summer season</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cerni bumru</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cerni bumru</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>morning fog</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>critu lunra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>critu lunra</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>autumn moon</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>dunra nicte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>dunra nicte</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>winter night</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nicte ckule</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nicte ckule</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>night school</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>energy-source + powered</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies a source of energy for the referent of the tertau.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>dikca tergusni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>dikca tergusni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>electric lamp</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ratni nejni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ratni nejni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>atom energy</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>brife molki</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>brife molki</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>windmill</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>tergusni</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>tergusni</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>illumination-source</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>miscellaneous</secondary></indexterm> Finally, some tanru which don't fall into any of the above categories.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ladru denci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ladru denci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>milk tooth</entry>
<entry>Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kanla denci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kanla denci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>eye tooth</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>It is clear that
<quote>tooth</quote> is being specified, and that
<quote>milk</quote> and
<quote>eye</quote> act as modifiers. However, the relationship between
- <jbophrase>ladru</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>denci</jbophrase> is something like
+ <valsi>ladru</valsi> and
+ <valsi>denci</valsi> is something like
<quote>tooth which one has when one is drinking milk from one's mother</quote>, a relationship certainly present nowhere except in this particular concept. As for
- <jbophrase>kanla denci</jbophrase>, the relationship is not only not present on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>kanla denci</oldjbophrase>, the relationship is not only not present on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-symmetric-tanru">
<title>Some types of symmetrical tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru</primary></indexterm> This section deals with symmetrical tanru, where order is not important. Many of these tanru can be expressed with a logical or non-logical connective between the components.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>both separately true</secondary></indexterm> The tanru may refer to things which are correctly specified by both tanru components. Some of these instances may also be seen as asymmetrical tanru where the seltau specifies a material. The connective
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is appropriate:</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi> is appropriate:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cipnrstrigi pacru'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>cipnrstrigi pacru'i</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>owl demon</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nolraitru prije</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nolraitru prije</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>royal sage</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>remna nakni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>remna nakni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>human-being male</entry>
<entry>Qab = man</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>remna fetsi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>remna fetsi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>human-being female</entry>
<entry>Qab = woman</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sonci tolvri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sonci tolvri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>soldier coward</entry>
<entry>Que</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>panzi nanmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>panzi nanmu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>offspring man</entry>
<entry>Ewe = son</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>panzi ninmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>panzi ninmu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>offspring woman</entry>
<entry>Ewe = daughter</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji sicni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji sicni</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold coin</entry>
<entry>Tur</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji junla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji junla</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold watch</entry>
<entry>Tur,Kor,Hun</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji djine</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji djine</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold ring</entry>
<entry>Udm,Aba,Que</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rokci zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rokci zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>stone house</entry>
<entry>Imb</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mudri zdani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mudri zdani</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>wooden house</entry>
<entry>Ewe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>rokci bitmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>rokci bitmu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>stone wall</entry>
<entry>Ewe</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>solji carce</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>solji carce</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>gold chariot</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mudri xarci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>mudri xarci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>wooden weapon</entry>
<entry>Skt</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zdani tcadu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>zdani tcadu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>home town</entry>
<entry>Chi</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>cipnrstrigi</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>cipnrstrigi</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>fu'ivla for <quote>owl</quote> based on Linnean name</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>pacru'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>pacru'i</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>evil-spirit</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>tolvri</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>tolvri</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>opposite-of-brave</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>one or other true</secondary></indexterm> The tanru may refer to all things which are specified by either of the tanru components. The connective
- <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> is appropriate:</para>
+ <valsi>ja</valsi> is appropriate:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nunji'a nunterji'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nunji'a nunterji'a</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>victory defeat</entry>
<entry>Skt = victory or defeat</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>donri nicte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>donri nicte</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>day night</entry>
<entry>Skt = day and night</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lunra tarci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>lunra tarci</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>moon stars</entry>
<entry>Skt = moon and stars</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>patfu mamta</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>patfu mamta</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>father mother</entry>
<entry>Imb,Kaz,Chi = parents</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tuple birka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tuple birka</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>leg arm</entry>
<entry>Kaz = extremity</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>nuncti nunpinxe</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>nuncti nunpinxe</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>eating drinking</entry>
<entry>Udm = cuisine</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>bersa tixnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>bersa tixnu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>son daughter</entry>
<entry>Chi = children</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunji'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunji'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-winning</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunterji'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunterji'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-losing</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nuncti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nuncti</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-eating</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunpinxe</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>nunpinxe</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>event-of-drinking</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>using more inclusive class</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, the tanru may refer to things which are specified by either of the tanru components or by some more inclusive class of things which the components typify:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>curnu jalra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>curnu jalra</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>worm beetle</entry>
<entry>Mon = insect</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jalra curnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jalra curnu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>beetle worm</entry>
<entry>Mon = insect</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>kabri palta</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>kabri palta</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>cup plate</entry>
<entry>Kaz = crockery</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>jipci gunse</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>jipci gunse</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>hen goose</entry>
<entry>Qab = housefowl</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>xrula tricu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>xrula tricu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>flower tree</entry>
<entry>Chi = vegetation</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>using crucial/typical parts</secondary></indexterm> The tanru components specify crucial or typical parts of the referent of the tanru as a whole:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>tumla vacri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>tumla vacri</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>land air</entry>
<entry>Fin = world</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>moklu stedu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>moklu stedu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>mouth head</entry>
<entry>Aba = face</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>sudysrasu cunmi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>sudysrasu cunmi</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>hay millet</entry>
<entry>Qab = agriculture</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>gugde ciste</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>gugde ciste</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>state system</entry>
<entry>Mon = politics</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>prenu so'imei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>prenu so'imei</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>people multitude</entry>
<entry>Mon = masses</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>djacu dertu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>djacu dertu</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>water earth</entry>
<entry>Chi = climate</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>sudysrasu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>sudysrasu</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>dry-grass</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>so'imei</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>so'imei</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>manysome</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pretty-school-groupings">
<title>
<quote>Pretty little girls' school</quote>: forty ways to say it</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pretty little girls' school</primary><secondary>forty ways</secondary></indexterm> The following examples show every possible grouping arrangement of
- <jbophrase>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase> using
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> for grouping and
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase glossary="false">jebo</jbophrase> for logical connection. Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English phrase
+ <oldjbophrase>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</oldjbophrase> using
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> for grouping and
+ <valsi>je</valsi> or
+ <oldjbophrase glossary="false">jebo</oldjbophrase> for logical connection. Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, especially those which describe something which is both a girl and a school.</para>
<para>Examples <xref linkend="example-random-id-qjmr"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qjNi"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qjog"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop"/>, and <xref linkend="example-random-id-tz0L"/> are repeated here as Examples <xref linkend="example-random-id-qjzw"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKaM"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKfX"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKmg"/>, and <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKPQ"/> respectively.
<!-- was: Examples 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, and 5.6 are repeated here as Examples 16.1, 16.9, 16.17, 16.25, and 16.33 respectively. -->
The seven examples following each of these share the same grouping pattern, but differ in the presence or absence of
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> at each possible site. Some of the examples have more than one Lojban version. In that case, they differ only in grouping mechanism, and are always equivalent in meaning.</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi> at each possible site. Some of the examples have more than one Lojban version. In that case, they differ only in grouping mechanism, and are always equivalent in meaning.</para>
<para>The logical connective
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is associative: that is,
+ <valsi>je</valsi> is associative: that is,
<quote>A and (B and C)</quote> is the same as
<quote>(A and B) and C</quote>. Therefore, some of the examples have the same meaning as others. In particular, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKAG"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKFA"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKLN"/>, <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKpo"/>, and <xref linkend="example-random-id-qKU6"/> all have the same meaning because all four brivla are logically connected and the grouping is simply irrelevant.
<!-- was: In particular, 16.8, 16.16, 16.24, 16.32, and 16.40 all have the same meaning -->
Other equivalent forms are noted in the examples themselves. However, if
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> were replaced by
- <jbophrase>naja</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>jo</jbophrase> or most of the other logical connectives, the meanings would become distinct.</para>
+ <valsi>je</valsi> were replaced by
+ <oldjbophrase>naja</oldjbophrase> or
+ <valsi>jo</valsi> or most of the other logical connectives, the meanings would become distinct.</para>
<para>It must be emphasized that, because of the ambiguity of all tanru, the English translations are by no means definitive – they represent only one possible interpretation of the corresponding Lojban sentence.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjzw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>((pretty type-of little) type-of girl) type-of school</gloss>
<en>school for girls who are beautifully small</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index d26b414..e8b5566 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -8,98 +8,98 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with description</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VKU6"/>,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> are the sumti. It is easy to see that these two sumti are not of the same kind:
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is a pro-sumti (the Lojban analogue of a pronoun) referring to the speaker, whereas
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> is a description which refers to something described as being a market.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> are the sumti. It is easy to see that these two sumti are not of the same kind:
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> is a pro-sumti (the Lojban analogue of a pronoun) referring to the speaker, whereas
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> is a description which refers to something described as being a market.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>kinds of</secondary></indexterm> There are five kinds of simple sumti provided by Lojban:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gadri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>descriptions as</secondary></indexterm> descriptions like
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>, which usually begin with a descriptor (called a
- <jbophrase>gadri</jbophrase> in Lojban) such as
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase>, which usually begin with a descriptor (called a
+ <valsi>gadri</valsi> in Lojban) such as
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>pro-sumti as</secondary></indexterm> pro-sumti, such as
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>names as</secondary></indexterm> names, such as
- <jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, which usually begin with
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la lojban.</oldjbophrase>, which usually begin with
+ <valsi>la</valsi>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>quotations as</secondary></indexterm> quotations, which begin with
- <jbophrase>lu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <valsi>lu</valsi>,
+ <valsi>le'u</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zo</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>zoi</valsi>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>numbers as</secondary></indexterm> pure numbers, which usually begin with
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>li</valsi>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Here are a few examples of each kind of sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Dx1s">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>e'osai ko sarji la lojban.</jbo>
<en>Please support Lojban!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Dx1s"/> exhibits
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
- <jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, a name.</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi>, a pro-sumti; and
+ <oldjbophrase>la lojban.</oldjbophrase>, a name.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu</jbo>
<en>I express
<quote>Please!</quote> to-the reader.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: these three indexterms aren't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: these three indexterms aren't <oldjbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v1mS"/> exhibits
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti;
- <jbophrase>lu e'osai li'u</jbophrase>, a quotation; and
- <jbophrase>le tcidu</jbophrase>, a description.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>, a pro-sumti;
+ <oldjbophrase>lu e'osai li'u</oldjbophrase>, a quotation; and
+ <oldjbophrase>le tcidu</oldjbophrase>, a description.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0YaH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti mitre li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This measures-in-meters the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This is three meters long.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <oldjbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0YaH"/> exhibits
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
- <jbophrase>li ci</jbophrase>, a number.</para>
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>, a pro-sumti; and
+ <oldjbophrase>li ci</oldjbophrase>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
<xref linkend="section-pro-sumti"/> through
<xref linkend="section-number-summary"/> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-descriptors">
<title>The three basic description types</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
@@ -132,30 +132,30 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-specific-things-each-of-which-I-describe-as being-a-market</gloss>
<en>the market</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with English the</secondary></indexterm> The long gloss for
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is of course far too long to use most of the time, and in fact
+ <valsi>le</valsi> is of course far too long to use most of the time, and in fact
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is quite close in meaning to English
+ <valsi>le</valsi> is quite close in meaning to English
<quote>the</quote>. It has particular implications, however, which
<quote>the</quote> does not have.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>importance of selbri first place in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptors</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The general purpose of all descriptors is to create a sumti which might occur in the x1 place of the selbri belonging to the description. Thus
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> conveys something which might be found in the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>zarci</jbophrase>, namely a market.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase> conveys something which might be found in the x1 place of
+ <valsi>zarci</valsi>, namely a market.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>and truth of selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>and specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The specific purpose of
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is twofold. First, it indicates that the speaker has one or more specific markets in mind (whether or not the listener knows which ones they are). Second, it also indicates that the speaker is merely describing the things he or she has in mind as markets, without being committed to the truth of that description.</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> is twofold. First, it indicates that the speaker has one or more specific markets in mind (whether or not the listener knows which ones they are). Second, it also indicates that the speaker is merely describing the things he or she has in mind as markets, without being committed to the truth of that description.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ULGC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>markets</quote> is/are-big.</gloss>
<en>The market is big.</en>
<en>The markets are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -174,86 +174,86 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>men</quote> are women.</gloss>
<en>The man is a woman.</en>
<en>The men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>in false-to-fact descriptions</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is not self-contradictory in Lojban, because
- <jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely means something or other which, for my present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really is a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.
+ <oldjbophrase>le nanmu</oldjbophrase> merely means something or other which, for my present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really is a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is what I would say to point out my observation to you.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> In all descriptions with
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, the listener is presumed to either know what I have in mind or else not to be concerned at present (perhaps I will give more identifying details later). In particular, I might be pointing at the supposed man or men:
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, the listener is presumed to either know what I have in mind or else not to be concerned at present (perhaps I will give more identifying details later). In particular, I might be pointing at the supposed man or men:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> would then be perfectly intelligible, since
- <jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely clarifies that I am pointing at the supposed man, not at a landscape, or a nose, which happens to lie in the same direction.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le nanmu</oldjbophrase> merely clarifies that I am pointing at the supposed man, not at a landscape, or a nose, which happens to lie in the same direction.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>non-specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> The second descriptor dealt with in this section is
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>. Unlike
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> is nonspecific:</para>
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>. Unlike
+ <valsi>le</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> is nonspecific:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-of-all-the-things-which-really are-markets</gloss>
<en>a market</en>
<en>some markets</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>and truth of selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in truth requirement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in truth requirement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> Again, there are two colloquial English translations. The effect of using
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t11z"/> is to refer generally to one or more markets, without being specific about which. Unlike
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo zarci</jbophrase> must refer to something which actually is a market (that is, which can appear in the x1 place of a truthful bridi whose selbri is
- <jbophrase>zarci</jbophrase>). Thus</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>lo zarci</oldjbophrase> must refer to something which actually is a market (that is, which can appear in the x1 place of a truthful bridi whose selbri is
+ <valsi>zarci</valsi>). Thus</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fSxN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<en>Some man is a woman.</en>
<en>Some men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or women would not make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> descriptions,
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
+ <valsi>le</valsi> descriptions,
+ <valsi>la</valsi> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
+ <valsi>la</valsi> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-names"/>.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PrGp">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bear wrote story</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la cribe pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named
<quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the story.</gloss>
<en>Bear wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naming predicate</primary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PrGp"/>,
- <jbophrase>la cribe</jbophrase> refers to someone whose naming predicate is
+ <oldjbophrase>la cribe</oldjbophrase> refers to someone whose naming predicate is
- <jbophrase>cribe</jbophrase>, i.e.
+ <valsi>cribe</valsi>, i.e.
<quote>Bear</quote>. In English, most names don't mean anything, or at least not anything obvious. The name
<quote>Frank</quote> coincides with the English word
<quote>frank</quote>, meaning
<quote>honest</quote>, and so one way of translating
<quote>Frank ate some cheese</quote> into Lojban would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yyBX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -290,22 +290,22 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nXyo"/> is about a specific bear or bearlike thing(s), or thing(s) which the speaker (perhaps whimsically or metaphorically) describes as a bear (or more than one);
<xref linkend="example-random-id-93Yv"/> is about one or more of the really existing, objectively defined bears. In either case, though, each of them must have contributed to the writing of the story, if more than one bear (or
<quote>bear</quote>) is meant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions with lo</primary><secondary>teddy bear contrasted with real bear</secondary></indexterm> (The notion of a
<quote>really existing, objectively defined bear</quote> raises certain difficulties. Is a panda bear a
<quote>real bear</quote>? How about a teddy bear? In general, the answer is
<quote>yes</quote>. Lojban gismu are defined as broadly as possible, allowing tanru and lujvo to narrow down the definition. There probably are no necessary and sufficient conditions for defining what is and what is not a bear that can be pinned down with complete precision: the real world is fuzzy. In borderline cases,
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> may communicate better than
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> may communicate better than
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>.)</para>
<para>So while
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PrGp"/> could easily be true (there is a real writer named
<quote>Greg Bear</quote>), and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nXyo"/> could be true if the speaker is sufficiently peculiar in what he or she describes as a bear,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-93Yv"/> is certainly false.</para>
<para>Similarly, compare the following two examples, which are analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nXyo"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-93Yv"/> respectively:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKw7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -322,29 +322,29 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<en>A human being wrote the story.</en>
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
- <jbophrase>le remna</jbophrase> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
+ <oldjbophrase>le remna</oldjbophrase> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKYf"/> merely says that the author is human.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-descriptors"/>, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> before the selbri makes the
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>: in the compound negator
- <jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> (discussed in
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> before the selbri makes the
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>: in the compound negator
+ <oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-masses">
<title>Individuals and masses</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lei</cmavo>
@@ -375,68 +375,68 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
<en>The person(s) carry the piano.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Of course the second
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> should really get the same translation as the first, but I am putting the focus of this discussion on the first
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, the one preceding
- <jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>. I will assume that there is only one piano under discussion.)</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> should really get the same translation as the first, but I am putting the focus of this discussion on the first
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, the one preceding
+ <valsi>prenu</valsi>. I will assume that there is only one piano under discussion.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individual objects</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>meaning of in the plural</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plurals with le</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Suppose the context of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mwhq"/> is such that you can determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I am claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in a variety of other ways. But in order for
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mwhq"/> to be true, I must be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 carried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano.</para>
<para>But suppose I am not willing to claim that. For in fact pianos are heavy, and very few persons can carry a piano all by themselves. The most likely factual situation is that person 1 carried one end of the piano, and person 2 the other end, while person 3 either held up the middle or else supervised the whole operation without actually lifting anything. The correct way of expressing such a situation in Lojban is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eCsh">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
<quote>mass entity</quote>, or just
<quote>mass</quote>. A mass has the properties of each individual which composes it, and may have other properties of its own as well. This can lead to apparent contradictions. Thus suppose in the piano-moving example above that person 1 has fair skin, whereas person 2 has dark skin. Then it is correct to say that the person-mass has both fair skin and dark skin. Using the mass descriptor
- <jbophrase>lei</jbophrase> signals that ordinary logical reasoning is not applicable: contradictions can be maintained, and all sorts of other peculiarities may exist. However, we can safely say that a mass inherits only the component properties that are relevant to it; it would be ludicrous to say that a mass of two persons is of molecular dimensions, simply because some of the parts (namely, the molecules) of the persons are that small.</para>
+ <valsi>lei</valsi> signals that ordinary logical reasoning is not applicable: contradictions can be maintained, and all sorts of other peculiarities may exist. However, we can safely say that a mass inherits only the component properties that are relevant to it; it would be ludicrous to say that a mass of two persons is of molecular dimensions, simply because some of the parts (namely, the molecules) of the persons are that small.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> are analogous to
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> respectively, but refer to masses either by property (
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>) or by name (
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>). A classic example of
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> use is:</para>
+ <valsi>loi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>lai</valsi> are analogous to
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> and
+ <valsi>la</valsi> respectively, but refer to masses either by property (
+ <valsi>loi</valsi>) or by name (
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>). A classic example of
+ <valsi>loi</valsi> use is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-T1pF">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lions in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi cinfo cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-lions dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
<en>The lion dwells in Africa.</en>
<en>Lions dwell in Africa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>contrasted with lei in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lei</primary><secondary>contrasted with loi in specificity</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
- <jbophrase>lei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> is that
- <jbophrase>lei cinfo</jbophrase> refers to a mass of specific individuals which the speaker calls lions, whereas
- <jbophrase>loi cinfo</jbophrase> refers to some part of the mass of all those individuals which actually are lions. The restriction to
+ <valsi>lei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>loi</valsi> is that
+ <oldjbophrase>lei cinfo</oldjbophrase> refers to a mass of specific individuals which the speaker calls lions, whereas
+ <oldjbophrase>loi cinfo</oldjbophrase> refers to some part of the mass of all those individuals which actually are lions. The restriction to
<quote>some part of the mass</quote> allows statements like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-T1pF"/> to be true even though some lions do not dwell in Africa – they live in various zoos around the world. On the other hand,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-T1pF"/> doesn't actually say that most lions live in Africa: equally true is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JzXc">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Englishman in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
@@ -457,49 +457,49 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi matne cu ranti</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-that-which-really is-a-quantity-of-butter is-soft.</gloss>
<en>Butter is soft.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>as dependent on intention</secondary></indexterm> Of course, some butter is hard (for example, if it is frozen butter), so the
<quote>part-of</quote> implication of
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> becomes once again useful. The reason this mechanism works is that the English words like
+ <valsi>loi</valsi> becomes once again useful. The reason this mechanism works is that the English words like
<quote>butter</quote>, which are seen as already describing masses, are translated in Lojban by non-mass forms. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>matne</jbophrase> is
+ <valsi>matne</valsi> is
<quote>x1 is a quantity of butter from source x2</quote>, so the single English word
<quote>butter</quote> is translated as something like
<quote>a part of the mass formed from all the quantities of butter that exist</quote>. (Note that the operation of forming a mass entity does not imply, in Lojban, that the components of the mass are necessarily close to one another or even related in any way other than conceptually. Masses are formed by the speaker's intention to form a mass, and can in principle contain anything.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass name</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The mass name descriptor
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> is used in circumstances where we wish to talk about a mass of things identified by a name which is common to all of them. It is not used to identify a mass by a single name peculiar to it. Thus the mass version of
+ <valsi>lai</valsi> is used in circumstances where we wish to talk about a mass of things identified by a name which is common to all of them. It is not used to identify a mass by a single name peculiar to it. Thus the mass version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/>,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H8z5">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bears wrote book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lai cribe pu finti le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of-those-named
<quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>The Bears wrote this book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>contrasted with la in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>contrasted with lai in implications</secondary></indexterm> in a context where
- <jbophrase>la cribe</jbophrase> would be understood as plural, would mean that either Tom Bear or Fred Bear (to make up some names) might have written the book, or that Tom and Fred might have written it as collaborators. Using
+ <oldjbophrase>la cribe</oldjbophrase> would be understood as plural, would mean that either Tom Bear or Fred Bear (to make up some names) might have written the book, or that Tom and Fred might have written it as collaborators. Using
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> instead of
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>la</valsi> instead of
+ <valsi>lai</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-H8z5"/> would give the implication that each of Tom and Fred, considered individually, had written it.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sets">
<title>Masses and sets</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the set described as</description>
@@ -513,29 +513,29 @@
<cmavo>la'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>LA</selmaho>
<description>the set of those named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>compared with set as abstract of multiple individuals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>compared with mass as abstract of multiple individuals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with set in attribution of component properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass in attribution of component properties</secondary></indexterm> Having said so much about masses, let us turn to sets. Sets are easier to understand than masses, but are more rarely used. Like a mass, a set is an abstract object formed from a number of individuals; however, the properties of a set are not derived from any of the properties of the individuals that compose it.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>membership</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inclusion</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> Sets have properties like cardinality (how many elements in the set), membership (the relationship between a set and its elements), and set inclusion (the relationship between two sets, one of which – the superset – contains all the elements of the other – the subset). The set descriptors
- <jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase> correspond exactly to the mass descriptors
- <jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> except that normally we talk of the whole of a set, not just part of it. Here are some examples contrasting
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>le'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo'i</valsi> and
+ <valsi>la'i</valsi> correspond exactly to the mass descriptors
+ <valsi>lei</valsi>,
+ <valsi>loi</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>lai</valsi> except that normally we talk of the whole of a set, not just part of it. Here are some examples contrasting
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>loi</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>lo'i</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL1E" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats are brown</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ratcu cu bunre</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-those-which-really-are rats are-brown.</gloss>
<en>Some rats are brown.</en>
@@ -558,40 +558,40 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats is-large.</gloss>
<en>There are a lot of rats.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The mass of rats is small because at least one rat is small; the mass of rats is also large; the set of rats, though, is unquestionably large – it has billions of members. The mass of rats is also brown, since some of its components are; but it would be incorrect to call the set of rats brown – brown-ness is not the sort of property that sets possess.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>use in Lojban place structure</secondary></indexterm> Lojban speakers should generally think twice before employing the set descriptors. However, certain predicates have places that require set sumti to fill them. For example, the place structure of
- <jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>fadni</valsi> is:</para>
<place-structure>x1 is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 among the members of set x3</place-structure>
<para>Why is it necessary for the x3 place of
- <jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> to be a set? Because it makes no sense for an individual to be typical of another individual: an individual is typical of a group. In order to make sure that the bridi containing
- <jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> is about an entire group, its x3 place must be filled with a set:</para>
+ <valsi>fadni</valsi> to be a set? Because it makes no sense for an individual to be typical of another individual: an individual is typical of a group. In order to make sure that the bridi containing
+ <valsi>fadni</valsi> is about an entire group, its x3 place must be filled with a set:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIXo">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Lojban user</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fadni zo'e lo'i lobypli</jbo>
<gloss>I am-ordinary among the-set-of Lojban-users.</gloss>
<en>I am a typical Lojban user.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the x2 place has been omitted; I am not specifying in exactly which way I am typical – whether in language knowledge, or age, or interests, or something else. If
- <jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase> were changed to
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>lo'i</valsi> were changed to
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIXo"/>, the meaning would be something like
<quote>I am typical of some Lojban user</quote>, which is nonsense.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-typicals">
<title>Descriptors for typical objects</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lo'e</cmavo>
@@ -602,21 +602,21 @@
<cmavo>le'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the stereotypical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>As promised in
<xref linkend="section-masses"/>, Lojban has a method for discriminating between
<quote>the lion</quote> who lives in Africa and
<quote>the Englishman</quote> who, generally speaking, doesn't live in Africa even though some Englishmen do. The descriptor
- <jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>lo'e</valsi> means
<quote>the typical</quote>, as in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AJKt">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lion in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'e cinfo cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>The-typical lion dwells-in the African-land.</gloss>
<en>The lion dwells in Africa.</en>
@@ -630,60 +630,60 @@
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Englishman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'e glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a na.e le gligugde</jbo>
<gloss>The-typical English-person dwells-in the African-land (Not!) and the English-country.</gloss>
<en>The typical English person dwells not in Africa but in England.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>relationship to le'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'e</primary><secondary>relationship to le'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>relationship to lo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'e</primary><secondary>relationship to lo'i</secondary></indexterm> The relationship between
- <jbophrase>lo'e cinfo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lo'i cinfo</jbophrase> may be explained thus: the typical lion is an imaginary lion-abstraction which best exemplifies the set of lions. There is a similar relationship between
- <jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'e cinfo</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'i cinfo</oldjbophrase> may be explained thus: the typical lion is an imaginary lion-abstraction which best exemplifies the set of lions. There is a similar relationship between
+ <valsi>le'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>le'i</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-D88V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e xelso merko cu gusta ponse</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical Greek-type-of American is-a-restaurant-type-of owner.</gloss>
<en>Lots of Greek-Americans own restaurants.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
<quote>stereotypical</quote> is often derogatory in English, but
- <jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> need not be derogatory in Lojban: it simply suggests that the example is typical in the speaker's imagination rather than in some objectively agreed-upon way. Of course, different speakers may disagree about what the features of
+ <valsi>le'e</valsi> need not be derogatory in Lojban: it simply suggests that the example is typical in the speaker's imagination rather than in some objectively agreed-upon way. Of course, different speakers may disagree about what the features of
<quote>the typical lion</quote> are (some would include having a short intestine, whereas others would know nothing of lions' intestines), so the distinction between
- <jbophrase>lo'e cinfo</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le'e cinfo</jbophrase> may be very fine.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lo'e cinfo</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>le'e cinfo</oldjbophrase> may be very fine.</para>
<para>Furthermore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NVFy">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Hollywood</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e skina cu se finti ne'i la xali,uyd.</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical movie is-invented in Hollywood.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is probably true to an American, but might be false (not the stereotype) to someone living in India or Russia.</para>
<para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name equivalent for <quote>typical</quote></primary><secondary>rationale for lack of</secondary></indexterm> Note that there is no naming equivalent of
- <jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>, because there is no need, as a rule, for a
+ <valsi>lo'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>le'e</valsi>, because there is no need, as a rule, for a
<quote>typical George</quote> or a
<quote>typical Smith</quote>. People or things who share a common name do not, in general, have any other common attributes worth mentioning.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quantified-sumti">
<title>Quantified sumti</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro</cmavo>
@@ -692,32 +692,32 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>su'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>at least (one of)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Quantifiers tell us how many: in the case of quantifiers with sumti, how many things we are talking about. In Lojban, quantifiers are expressed by numbers and mathematical expressions: a large topic discussed in some detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. For the purposes of this chapter, a simplified treatment will suffice. Our examples will employ either the simple Lojban numbers
- <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>vo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>mu</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <valsi>pa</valsi>,
+ <valsi>re</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ci</valsi>,
+ <valsi>vo</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>mu</valsi>, meaning
<quote>one</quote>,
<quote>two</quote>,
<quote>three</quote>,
<quote>four</quote>,
<quote>five</quote> respectively, or else one of four special quantifiers, two of which are discussed in this section and listed above. These four quantifiers are important because every Lojban sumti has either one or two of them implicitly present in it – which one or two depends on the particular kind of sumti. There is more explanation of implicit quantifiers later in this section. (The other two quantifiers,
- <jbophrase>piro</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase>, are explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>piro</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>pisu'o</oldjbophrase>, are explained in
<xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>.)</para>
<para>Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit quantifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the things referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple examples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL61" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>You walk-on the ice.</gloss>
@@ -729,22 +729,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qL61"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAH"/> is the presence of the explicit quantifier
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> in the latter example. Although
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> by itself means
+ <valsi>re</valsi> in the latter example. Although
+ <valsi>re</valsi> by itself means
<quote>two</quote>, when used as a quantifier it means
<quote>two-of</quote>. Out of the group of listeners (the number of which isn't stated), two (we are not told which ones) are asserted to be
<quote>walkers on the ice</quote>. Implicitly, the others (if any) are not walkers on the ice. In Lojban, you cannot say
<quote>I own three shoes</quote> if in fact you own four shoes. Numbers need never be specified, but if they are specified they must be correct.</para>
<para>(This rule does not mean that there is no way to specify a number which is vague. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gLpy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -764,80 +764,80 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>All-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>as having implicit quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifiers</primary><secondary>with sumti</secondary></indexterm> turn out to mean exactly the same thing. This is a safe strategy, because if one of my listeners doesn't turn out to be walking on the ice, I can safely claim that I didn't intend that person to be a listener! And in fact, all of the personal pro-sumti such as
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> obey the same rule. We say that personal pro-sumti have a so-called
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> obey the same rule. We say that personal pro-sumti have a so-called
<quote>implicit quantifier</quote> of
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all). This just means that if no quantifier is given explicitly, the meaning is the same as if the implicit quantifier had been used.</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (all). This just means that if no quantifier is given explicitly, the meaning is the same as if the implicit quantifier had been used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implicit quantifier</primary><secondary>on quotations</secondary><tertiary>discussion of</tertiary></indexterm> Not all sumti have
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> as the implicit quantifier, however. Consider the quotation in:</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> as the implicit quantifier, however. Consider the quotation in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3eMo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I express [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say,
<quote>You walk on the ice.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What is the implicit quantifier of the quotation
- <jbophrase>lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbophrase>? Surely not
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>. If
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> were supplied explicitly, thus:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</oldjbophrase>? Surely not
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>. If
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> were supplied explicitly, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-h4SJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku ro lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<en>I express all-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the meaning would be something like
<quote>I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'</quote>. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences. One might suppose that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> means that I express exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least once.</para>
<para>The Lojban cmavo meaning
<quote>at least</quote> is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, and if no ordinary number follows,
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>, and if no ordinary number follows,
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> means
<quote>at least once</quote>. (See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gLpy"/> for the use of
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitly quantified version of
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitly quantified version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> is</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implicit quantifier</primary><secondary>for quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotations</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>as implicit quantifier for quotations</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-P558">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku su'o lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I express at-least-one-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
<gloss>I say one or more instances of
<quote>You walk on the ice</quote>.</gloss>
<en>I say
<quote>You walk on the ice</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If an explicit ordinary number such as
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> were to appear, it would have to convey an exact expression, so</para>
+ <valsi>re</valsi> were to appear, it would have to convey an exact expression, so</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-59dF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku re lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I express two-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I say the sentence exactly twice, neither more nor less.</para>
@@ -846,38 +846,38 @@
<title>Quantified descriptions</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>piro</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>the whole of</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantification</primary><secondary>before description sumti compared with before non-description sumti</secondary></indexterm> Like other sumti, descriptions can be quantified. When a quantifier appears before a description, it has the same meaning as one appearing before a non-description sumti: it specifies how many things, of all those referred to by the description, are being talked about in this particular bridi. Suppose that context tells us that
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase> refers to three dogs. Then we can say that exactly two of them are white as follows:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase> refers to three dogs. Then we can say that exactly two of them are white as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WtUh">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>two dogs are white</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>Two of the dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>contrasted with outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>contrasted with inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> When discussing descriptions, this ordinary quantifier is called an
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>, since it appears outside the description. But there is another possible location for a quantifier: between the descriptor and the selbri. This quantifier is called an
<quote>inner quantifier</quote>, and its meaning is quite different: it tells the listener how many objects the description selbri characterizes.</para>
<para>For example, the context of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-WtUh"/> supposedly told us that
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase> referred to some three specific dogs. This assumption can be made certain with the use of an explicit inner quantifier:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase> referred to some three specific dogs. This assumption can be made certain with the use of an explicit inner quantifier:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-X3iY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the three dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>Two of the three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -912,218 +912,218 @@
<!--<lx "le'e"> XE "le'e" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "lo'e"> XE "lo'e" <dl compact><p>-->
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ro le su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>le</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ro le su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>all of the at-least-one described as</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>su'o lo ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>lo</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>su'o lo ro</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>at least one of all of those which really are</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ro la su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>la</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ro la su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>all of the at least one named</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o lei su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>lei</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pisu'o lei su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>some part of the mass of the at-least-one described as</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o loi ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>loi</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pisu'o loi ro</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>some part of the mass of all those that really are</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o lai su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>lai</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>pisu'o lai su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>some part of the mass of the at-least-one named</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>piro le'i su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>le'i</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>piro le'i su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>the whole of the set of the at-least-one described as</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>piro lo'i ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>lo'i</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>piro lo'i ro</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>the whole of the set of all those that really are</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>piro la'i su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>la'i</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>piro la'i su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>the whole of the set of the at-least-one named</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ro le'e su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>le'e</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ro le'e su'o</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>all the stereotypes of the at-least-one described as</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>su'o lo'e ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>lo'e</valsi>:</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>su'o lo'e ro</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>at least one of the types of all those that really are</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>as encompassing le-series and la-series descriptors for quantification discussion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la-series descriptors</primary><secondary>compared with le-series in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series descriptors</primary><secondary>compared with la-series in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> When examined for the first time, this table looks dreadfully arbitrary. In fact, there are quite a few regularities in it. First of all, the la-series (that is, the descriptors
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>) and the le-series (that is, the descriptors
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>) always have corresponding implicit quantifiers, so we may subsume the la-series under the le-series for the rest of this discussion:
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>la'i</valsi>) and the le-series (that is, the descriptors
+ <valsi>le</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lei</valsi>,
+ <valsi>le'i</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>le'e</valsi>) always have corresponding implicit quantifiers, so we may subsume the la-series under the le-series for the rest of this discussion:
<quote>le-series cmavo</quote> will refer to both the le-series proper and to the la-series.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> The rule for the inner quantifier is very simple: the lo-series cmavo (namely,
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>) all have an implicit inner quantifier of
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>, whereas the le-series cmavo all have an implicit inner quantifier of
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>loi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo'i</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>lo'e</valsi>) all have an implicit inner quantifier of
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>, whereas the le-series cmavo all have an implicit inner quantifier of
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Why? Because lo-series descriptors always refer to all of the things which really fit into the x1 place of the selbri. They are not restricted by the speaker's intention. Descriptors of the le-series, however, are so restricted, and therefore talk about some number, definite or indefinite, of objects the speaker has in mind – but never less than one.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>masses</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Understanding the implicit outer quantifier requires rules of greater subtlety. In the case of mass and set descriptors, a single rule suffices for each: reference to a mass is implicitly a reference to some part of the mass; reference to a set is implicitly a reference to the whole set. Masses and sets are inherently singular objects: it makes no sense to talk about two distinct masses with the same components, or two distinct sets with the same members. Therefore, the largest possible outer quantifier for either a set description or a mass description is
- <jbophrase>piro</jbophrase>, the whole of it.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>piro</oldjbophrase>, the whole of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plural masses</primary><secondary>possible use for</secondary></indexterm> (Pedantically, it is possible that the mass of water molecules composing an ice cube might be thought of as different from the same mass of water molecules in liquid form, in which case we might talk about
- <jbophrase>re lei djacu</jbophrase>, two masses of the water-bits I have in mind.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>re lei djacu</oldjbophrase>, two masses of the water-bits I have in mind.)</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pisu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>piro</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> Why
- <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase>? It is the Lojban cmavo for the decimal point. Just as
+ <valsi>pi</valsi>? It is the Lojban cmavo for the decimal point. Just as
- <jbophrase>pimu</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>pimu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>.5</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote>, and when used as a quantifier specifies a portion consisting of five tenths of a thing,
- <jbophrase>piro</jbophrase> means a portion consisting of the all-ness – the entirety – of a thing. Similarly,
- <jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> specifies a portion consisting of at least one part of a thing, i.e. some of it.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>piro</oldjbophrase> means a portion consisting of the all-ness – the entirety – of a thing. Similarly,
+ <oldjbophrase>pisu'o</oldjbophrase> specifies a portion consisting of at least one part of a thing, i.e. some of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion</primary><secondary>on set contrasted with on individual</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifiers</primary><secondary>for expressing subsets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subsets</primary><secondary>expressing with outer quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> Smaller quantifiers are possible for sets, and refer to subsets. Thus
- <jbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</jbophrase> is a subset of the set of men I have in mind; we don't know precisely which elements make up this subset, but it must have half the size of the full set. This is the best way to say
+ <oldjbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</oldjbophrase> is a subset of the set of men I have in mind; we don't know precisely which elements make up this subset, but it must have half the size of the full set. This is the best way to say
<quote>half of the men</quote>; saying
- <jbophrase>pimu le nanmu</jbophrase> would give us a half-portion of one of them instead! Of course, the result of
- <jbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</jbophrase> is still a set; if you need to refer to the individuals of the subset, you must say so (see
- <jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>pimu le nanmu</oldjbophrase> would give us a half-portion of one of them instead! Of course, the result of
+ <oldjbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</oldjbophrase> is still a set; if you need to refer to the individuals of the subset, you must say so (see
+ <valsi>lu'a</valsi> in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implicit outer quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>implicit outer quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individual descriptors</primary><secondary>different implicit outer quantifiers among</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifiers</primary><secondary>rationale for differences in implicit quantifier on descriptors</secondary></indexterm> The case of outer quantifiers for individual descriptors (including
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, and the typical descriptors
- <jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>) is special. When we refer to specific individuals with
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, we mean to refer to all of those we have in mind, so
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> is appropriate as the implicit quantifier, just as it is appropriate for
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>. Reference to non-specific individuals with
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, however, is typically to only some of the objects which can be correctly described, and so
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> is the appropriate implicit quantifier, just as for quotations.</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>,
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, and the typical descriptors
+ <valsi>le'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>lo'e</valsi>) is special. When we refer to specific individuals with
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, we mean to refer to all of those we have in mind, so
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> is appropriate as the implicit quantifier, just as it is appropriate for
+ <valsi>do</valsi>. Reference to non-specific individuals with
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>, however, is typically to only some of the objects which can be correctly described, and so
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> is the appropriate implicit quantifier, just as for quotations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> From the English-speaking point of view, the difference in structure between the following example using
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-f643">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ro] le ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>[All-of] those-described-as three dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>The three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and the corresponding form with
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gr7Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci lo [ro] gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Three-of those-which-are [all] dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>Three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>looks very peculiar. Why is the number
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> found as an inner quantifier in
+ <valsi>ci</valsi> found as an inner quantifier in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-f643"/> and as an outer quantifier in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gr7Y"/>? The number of dogs is the same in either case. The answer is that the
- <jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ci</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-f643"/> is part of the specification: it tells us the actual number of dogs in the group that the speaker has in mind. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gr7Y"/>, however, the dogs referred to by
- <jbophrase>... lo gerku</jbophrase> are all the dogs that exist: the outer quantifier then restricts the number to three; which three, we cannot tell. The implicit quantifiers are chosen to avoid claiming too much or too little: in the case of
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, the implicit outer quantifier
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> says that each of the dogs in the restricted group is white; in the case of
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, the implicit inner quantifier simply says that three dogs, chosen from the group of all the dogs there are, are white.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>... lo gerku</oldjbophrase> are all the dogs that exist: the outer quantifier then restricts the number to three; which three, we cannot tell. The implicit quantifiers are chosen to avoid claiming too much or too little: in the case of
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, the implicit outer quantifier
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> says that each of the dogs in the restricted group is white; in the case of
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>, the implicit inner quantifier simply says that three dogs, chosen from the group of all the dogs there are, are white.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series description</primary><secondary>caution on exact numbers as inner quantifiers on</secondary></indexterm> Using exact numbers as inner quantifiers in lo-series descriptions is dangerous, because you are stating that exactly that many things exist which really fit the description. So examples like</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uYH4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[so'o] lo ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>[some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are semantically anomalous;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uYH4"/> claims that some dog (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the universe!</para>
<para>Nevertheless, inner quantifiers are permitted on
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptors for consistency's sake, and may occasionally be useful.</para>
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> descriptors for consistency's sake, and may occasionally be useful.</para>
<para>Note that the inner quantifier of
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, even when exact, need not be truthful:
- <jbophrase>le ci nanmu</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, even when exact, need not be truthful:
+ <oldjbophrase>le ci nanmu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>what I describe as three men</quote>, not
<quote>three of what I describe as men</quote>. This follows from the rule that what is described by a
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> description represents the speaker's viewpoint rather than the objective way things are.</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi> description represents the speaker's viewpoint rather than the objective way things are.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-indefinite-descriptions">
<title>Indefinite descriptions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptors</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary></indexterm> By a quirk of Lojban syntax, it is possible to omit the descriptor
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, but never any other descriptor, from a description like that of
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>, but never any other descriptor, from a description like that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gr7Y"/>; namely, one which has an explicit outer quantifier but no explicit inner quantifier. The following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EsVd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku [ku] cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>omission of descriptor</primary><secondary>effect on ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect on of omitting descriptor</secondary></indexterm> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gr7Y"/>. Even though the descriptor is not present, the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> may still be used. The name
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> may still be used. The name
<quote>indefinite description</quote> for this syntactic form is historically based: of course, it is no more and no less indefinite than its counterpart with an explicit
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>. Indefinite descriptions were introduced into the language in order to imitate the syntax of English and other natural languages.</para>
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>. Indefinite descriptions were introduced into the language in order to imitate the syntax of English and other natural languages.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>in indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>in indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>as needing explicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite descriptions must fit this mold exactly: there is no way to make one which does not have an explicit outer quantifier (thus
- <jbophrase valid="false">*gerku cu blabi</jbophrase> is ungrammatical), or which has an explicit inner quantifier (thus
- <jbophrase valid="false">*reboi ci gerku cu blabi</jbophrase> is also ungrammatical –
- <jbophrase>re ci gerku cu blabi</jbophrase> is fine, but means
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">*gerku cu blabi</oldjbophrase> is ungrammatical), or which has an explicit inner quantifier (thus
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">*reboi ci gerku cu blabi</oldjbophrase> is also ungrammatical –
+ <oldjbophrase>re ci gerku cu blabi</oldjbophrase> is fine, but means
<quote>23 dogs are white</quote>).</para>
<para>Note:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gLpy"/> also contains an indefinite description, namely
- <jbophrase>su'o ci cutci</jbophrase>; another version of that example using an explicit
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> would be:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>su'o ci cutci</oldjbophrase>; another version of that example using an explicit
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SMvA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse su'o ci lo cutci</jbo>
<gloss>I possess at-least three things-which-really-are shoes</gloss>
<en>I own three (or more) shoes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1153,25 +1153,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le re do cu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>The two-of you are men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLaQ"/> simply specifies that of the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAr"/>, which has the sumti-based description
- <jbophrase>le re do</jbophrase>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>le re do</oldjbophrase>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
+ <valsi>re</valsi> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to.</para>
+ <valsi>do</valsi> refers to.</para>
<para>Here is another group of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
@@ -1191,21 +1191,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa le re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
<gloss>One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based descriptions with le</primary><secondary>as increasing restricting to in-mind</secondary></indexterm> In each case,
- <jbophrase>le ci cribe</jbophrase> restricts the bears (or alleged bears) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.
+ <oldjbophrase>le ci cribe</oldjbophrase> restricts the bears (or alleged bears) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLbf"/> says that two of them (which two is not stated) are brown.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLbh"/> says that a specific pair of them are brown.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLBq"/> says that of a specific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-qualifiers">
<title>sumti qualifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -1266,23 +1266,23 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>LUhU</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Well, that's quite a list of cmavo. What are they all about?</para>
<para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>external syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>internal syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> The above cmavo and compound cmavo are called the
<quote>sumti qualifiers</quote>. All of them are either single cmavo of selma'o LAhE, or else compound cmavo involving a scalar negation cmavo of selma'o NAhE immediately followed by
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to add the elidable terminator
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to add the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
+ <valsi>lu'u</valsi> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>as short forms for common special cases</secondary></indexterm> Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain common special cases. Suppose you want to say
<quote>I see 'The Red Pony'</quote>, where
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is the title of a book. How about:</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unqualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>qualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with unqualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6W3v">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Red Pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
@@ -1292,59 +1292,59 @@
<jbo>mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/> doesn't work: it says that you see a piece of text
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. That might be all right if you were looking at the cover of the book, where the words
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> are presumably written. (More precisely, where the words
- <jbophrase>le xunre cmaxirma</jbophrase> are written – but we may suppose the book has been translated into Lojban.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le xunre cmaxirma</oldjbophrase> are written – but we may suppose the book has been translated into Lojban.)</para>
<para>What you really want to say is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MSVK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le selsinxa be lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The x2 place of
- <jbophrase>selsinxa</jbophrase> (the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>sinxa</jbophrase>) is a sign or symbol, and the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>selsinxa</jbophrase> (the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>sinxa</jbophrase>) is the thing represented by the sign.
+ <oldjbophrase>selsinxa</oldjbophrase> (the x1 place of
+ <valsi>sinxa</valsi>) is a sign or symbol, and the x1 place of
+ <oldjbophrase>selsinxa</oldjbophrase> (the x2 place of
+ <valsi>sinxa</valsi>) is the thing represented by the sign.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MSVK"/> allows us to use a symbol (namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol of (namely the book itself).</para>
<para>This operation turns out to be needed often enough that it's useful to be able to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ajty">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jargon,
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <oldjbophrase>le selsinxa be</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jargon,
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
<para>By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/>), which too closely resembles its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ajty"/>), without having to change it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the uses of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
- <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le sinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <valsi>lu'e</valsi> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <oldjbophrase>le sinxa be</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7ytm">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>I said the title of this book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1355,44 +1355,44 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7ytm"/>, but longer.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
+ <valsi>tu'a</valsi> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="section-events-and-contours"/>. The triplet
- <jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>lu'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>lu'i</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>lu'i</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>lu'o</jbophrase> convert between individuals, sets, and masses;
+ <valsi>lu'o</valsi> convert between individuals, sets, and masses;
- <jbophrase>vu'i</jbophrase> belongs to this group as well, but creates a sequence, which is similar to a set but has a definite order. (The set of John and Charles is the same as the set of Charles and John, but the sequences are different.) Here are some examples:</para>
+ <valsi>vu'i</valsi> belongs to this group as well, but creates a sequence, which is similar to a set but has a definite order. (The set of John and Charles is the same as the set of Charles and John, but the sequences are different.) Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ioCu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-abstraction-about the door.</gloss>
<en>I try (to open) the door.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>as being deliberately vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ioCu"/> might mean that I try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para>
<para>Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means
<quote>the thing last mentioned</quote>; it is equivalent to repeating the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda .iku'i lu'a ri cmalu</jbo>
@@ -1418,57 +1418,57 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
<en>The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a mass. The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>for negation</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the four sumti qualifiers formed from a cmavo of NAhE and
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <oldjbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4Mte">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska na'ebo le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I see something-other-than the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This compound,
- <jbophrase>na'ebo</jbophrase>, is the most common of the four negation sumti qualifiers. The others usually only make sense in the context of repeating, with modifications, something already referred to:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>na'ebo</oldjbophrase>, is the most common of the four negation sumti qualifiers. The others usually only make sense in the context of repeating, with modifications, something already referred to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JwCb">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lukewarm food</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci loi glare cidja .ije do nelci to'ebo ri .ije la djein. nelci no'ebo ra</jbo>
<gloss>I like part-of-the-mass-of hot-type-of food. And you like the-opposite-of the-last-mentioned. And Jane likes the-neutral-value-of something-mentioned.</gloss>
<en>I like hot food, and you like cold food, and Jane likes lukewarm food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JwCb"/>, the sumti
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. We cannot use
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> here, because it would signify
- <jbophrase>la djein.</jbophrase>, that being the most recent sumti available to
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. See more detailed explanations in
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>. We cannot use
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> here, because it would signify
+ <oldjbophrase>la djein.</oldjbophrase>, that being the most recent sumti available to
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>. See more detailed explanations in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vocative-syntax">
<title>The syntax of vocative phrases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrases</primary><secondary>as a <quote>free modifier</quote></secondary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> of Lojban, along with subscripts, parentheses, and various other constructs explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or to indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explained in more detail in
@@ -1490,69 +1490,69 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>je'e</jbo>
<gloss>[acknowledgement]</gloss>
<en>Uh-huh.</en>
<en>Roger!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative word</primary><secondary>phrase following</secondary></indexterm> In these cases, the person being addressed is obvious from the context. However, a vocative word (more precisely, one or more cmavo of COI, possibly followed by
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, or else just
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by itself) can be followed by one of several kinds of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. The most common case is a name:</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <valsi>doi</valsi>, or else just
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> by itself) can be followed by one of several kinds of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. The most common case is a name:</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <oldjbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bega">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A pause is required (for morphological reasons) between a member of COI and a name. You can use
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> instead of a pause:</para>
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> instead of a pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QmzB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi doi djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by itself is like just saying someone's name to attract his or her attention:</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <oldjbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> by itself is like just saying someone's name to attract his or her attention:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ULHn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan.</jbo>
<en>John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>implicit descriptor on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>with sumti without descriptor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>forms of</secondary></indexterm> In place of a name, a description may appear, lacking its descriptor, which is understood to be
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>le</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-V530">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi xunre pastu nixli</jbo>
<gloss>Hello, (red-type-of dress)-type-of girl.</gloss>
<en>Hello, girl with the red dress!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>explicit quantifiers prohibited on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>implicit quantifiers on</secondary></indexterm> The listener need not really be a
- <jbophrase>xunre pastu nixli</jbophrase>, as long as she understands herself correctly from the description. (Actually, only a bare selbri can appear; explicit quantifiers are forbidden in this form of vocative, so the implicit quantifiers
- <jbophrase>su'o le ro</jbophrase> are in effect.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>xunre pastu nixli</oldjbophrase>, as long as she understands herself correctly from the description. (Actually, only a bare selbri can appear; explicit quantifiers are forbidden in this form of vocative, so the implicit quantifiers
+ <oldjbophrase>su'o le ro</oldjbophrase> are in effect.)</para>
<para>Finally, a complete sumti may be used, the most general case.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tBTa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>co'o la bab. .e la noras.</jbo>
<en>Goodbye, Bob and Nora.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1572,21 +1572,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bx2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named John!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
- <jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi. It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called
+ <valsi>do'u</valsi> (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi. It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordinals – see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/> – metalinguistic comments – see
<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/> – or reciprocals – see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>) which must be properly separated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>effect of position on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by its position in the sentence: thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bx2C"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLFi"/> mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLFi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1607,40 +1607,40 @@
<en>Come to me, John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As usual for this chapter, the full syntax of vocative phrases has not been explained: relative clauses, discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>, make for more possibilities.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-names">
<title>Lojban names</title>
<para>Names have been used freely as sumti throughout this chapter without too much explanation. The time for the explanation has now come.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name words</primary><secondary>recognition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>two kinds of</secondary></indexterm> First of all, there are two different kinds of things usually called
- <jbophrase>names</jbophrase> when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates of
+ <oldjbophrase>names</oldjbophrase> when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates of
<xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/> are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>djan. meris. djein. .alis.</jbo>
<en>John. Mary. Jane. Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that
- <jbophrase>.alis.</jbophrase> begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See
+ <oldjbophrase>.alis.</oldjbophrase> begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/> for more information.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>with LA descriptor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>in vocative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see
<xref linkend="section-vocative-syntax"/>) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, they form sumti which refer to the persons or things known by the name.</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>la'i</valsi>, they form sumti which refer to the persons or things known by the name.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLgw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Jones goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The Joneses go to-the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1649,41 +1649,41 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lai djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of Joneses go to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The Joneses go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLgw"/>, the significance is that all the persons (perhaps only one) I mean to refer to by the name
- <jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> are going to the store. In
+ <oldjbophrase>djonz.</oldjbophrase> are going to the store. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLHn"/>, the Joneses are massified, and only some part of them needs to be going. Of course, by
- <jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name
- <jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> at all.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>djonz.</oldjbophrase> I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name
+ <oldjbophrase>djonz.</oldjbophrase> at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with LE in use of name-words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with LA in use of name-words</secondary></indexterm> The sumti in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLgw"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLHn"/> operate exactly like the similar uses of
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>la</valsi> and
+ <valsi>lai</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PrGp"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-H8z5"/> respectively. The only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words. And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para>
<para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>pause requirements before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>limitations on</secondary></indexterm> There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences)
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> unless a consonant immediately precedes within the name. Reciprocally, every name not preceded by
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> must be preceded by a pause instead:</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> unless a consonant immediately precedes within the name. Reciprocally, every name not preceded by
+ <valsi>la</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi>,
+ <valsi>la'i</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> must be preceded by a pause instead:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLiB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi .djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIJ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1692,370 +1692,370 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .djan. cmene mi</jbo>
<gloss>The-word <quote>John</quote> is-the-name-of me.</gloss>
<en>My name is John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLiB"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIJ"/>,
- <jbophrase>.djan.</jbophrase> appears with a pause before it as well as after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stream.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>.djan.</oldjbophrase> appears with a pause before it as well as after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stream.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> Unless some other rule prevents it (such as the rule that
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> is always followed by a single word, which is quoted), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each with its terminating pause:</para>
+ <valsi>zo</valsi> is always followed by a single word, which is quoted), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each with its terminating pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cw3p">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Newport News</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Paul Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan. pol. djonz. le bloti cu klama fi la niuport. niuz.</jbo>
<en>John Paul Jones, the boat comes (to somewhere) from Newport News.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>permissible consonant combinations</secondary></indexterm> A name may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban words generally: the
<quote>impermissible consonant clusters</quote> of Lojban morphology (explained in
<xref linkend="section-clusters"/>). Thus
- <jbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</jbophrase> is not a valid version of
+ <oldjbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</oldjbophrase> is not a valid version of
<quote>James</quote> (because
<morphology>mz</morphology> is invalid):
- <jbophrase>djeimyz</jbophrase> will suffice. Similarly,
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> may be replaced by
- <jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> by
- <jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by
- <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>. Here are a few examples:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>djeimyz</oldjbophrase> will suffice. Similarly,
+ <valsi>la</valsi> may be replaced by
+ <oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase>,
+ <valsi>lai</valsi> by
+ <oldjbophrase>ly'i</oldjbophrase>,
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> by
+ <valsi>do'i</valsi> or
+ <valsi>dai</valsi>. Here are a few examples:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>Doyle</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase valid="false">*doi,l</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>do'il</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>dai,l</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase valid="false">*doi,l</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>do'il</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase>dai,l</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>Lyra</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase valid="false">*lairas</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ly'iras</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>Lyra</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase valid="false">*lairas</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>ly'iras</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>Lottie</jbophrase> (American pronunciation)</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase valid="false">*latis</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>LYtis.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>lotis.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>Lottie</oldjbophrase> (American pronunciation)</entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase valid="false">*latis</oldjbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>LYtis.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase>lotis.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
<rafsi>loj-</rafsi> for
- <jbophrase>logji</jbophrase> (logical) and
+ <valsi>logji</valsi> (logical) and
<rafsi>ban-</rafsi> for
- <jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase> (language) unite to form the name of this language:</para>
+ <valsi>bangu</valsi> (language) unite to form the name of this language:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uXAY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lojban.</jbo>
<en>Lojban</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names from vowel-final base</primary><secondary>commonly used consonant endings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>borrowing from other languages</secondary></indexterm> When borrowing names from another language which end in a vowel, or when turning a Lojban brivla (all of which end in vowels) into a name, the vowel may be removed or an arbitrary consonant added. It is common (but not required) to use the consonants
<rafsi>s</rafsi> or
<rafsi>n</rafsi> when borrowing vowel-final names from English; speakers of other languages may wish to use other consonant endings.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names with la</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for name sumti of the form
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a name is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, just as for
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a selbri.</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi> followed by a name is
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>, just as for
+ <valsi>la</valsi> followed by a selbri.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pro-sumti">
<title>Pro-sumti summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>classes of</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban pro-sumti are the cmavo of selma'o KOhA. They fall into several classes: personal, definable, quantificational, reflexive, back-counting, indefinite, demonstrative, metalinguistic, relative, question. More details are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all). In the case of pro-sumti which refer to other sumti, the
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> signifies
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (all). In the case of pro-sumti which refer to other sumti, the
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> signifies
<quote>all of those referred to by the other sumti</quote>: thus it is possible to restrict, but not to extend, the quantification of the other sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>do</valsi>,
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>mi'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>ma'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>do'o</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>do'o</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>) refer to the speaker or the listener or both, with or without third parties:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi>) refer to the speaker or the listener or both, with or without third parties:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PHPi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do</jbo>
<en>I love you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The personal pro-sumti may be interpreted in context as either representing individuals or masses, so the implicit quantifier may be
- <jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> rather than
+ <oldjbophrase>pisu'o</oldjbophrase> rather than
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>: in particular,
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>ro</valsi>: in particular,
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>mi'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>ma'a</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>do'o</jbophrase> specifically represent mass combinations of the individuals (you and I, I and others, you and I and others, you and others) that make them up.</para>
+ <valsi>do'o</valsi> specifically represent mass combinations of the individuals (you and I, I and others, you and I and others, you and others) that make them up.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definable pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Definable pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ko'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ko'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ko'u</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fo'a</jbophrase>,
-
- <jbophrase>fo'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fo'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fo'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fo'u</jbophrase>) refer to whatever the speaker has explicitly made them refer to. This reference is accomplished with
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOI), which means
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ko'e</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ko'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ko'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ko'u</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fo'a</valsi>,
+
+ <valsi>fo'e</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fo'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fo'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fo'u</valsi>) refer to whatever the speaker has explicitly made them refer to. This reference is accomplished with
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> (of selma'o GOI), which means
<quote>defined-as</quote>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8whK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cribe goi ko'a cu xekri .i ko'a citka le smacu</jbo>
<en>The bear defined-as it-1 is-black. It-1 eats the mouse.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantificational pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Quantificational pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>di</jbophrase>) are used as variables in bridi involving predicate logic:</para>
+ <valsi>da</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de</valsi>,
+ <valsi>di</valsi>) are used as variables in bridi involving predicate logic:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FVj8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi prenu cu prami pa de poi finpe</jbo>
<gloss>All somethings-1 which-are persons love one something-2 which-is a-fish.</gloss>
<en>All persons love a fish (each his/her own).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantificational pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantification rules</secondary></indexterm> (This is not the same as
<quote>All persons love a certain fish</quote>; the difference between the two is one of quantifier order.) The implicit quantification rules for quantificational pro-sumti are particular to them, and are discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>. Roughly speaking, the quantifier is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one) when the pro-sumti is first used, and
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all) thereafter.</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (at least one) when the pro-sumti is first used, and
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (all) thereafter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Reflexive pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>vo'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>vo'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>vo'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>vo'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>vo'u</jbophrase>) refer to the same referents as sumti filling other places in the same bridi, with the effect that the same thing is referred to twice:</para>
+ <valsi>vo'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>vo'e</valsi>,
+ <valsi>vo'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>vo'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>vo'u</valsi>) refer to the same referents as sumti filling other places in the same bridi, with the effect that the same thing is referred to twice:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nMse">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cribe cu batci vo'a</jbo>
<gloss>The bear bites what-is-in-the-x1-place.</gloss>
<en>The bear bites itself.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>back-counting pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Back-counting pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>) refer to the referents of previous sumti counted backwards from the pro-sumti:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ra</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ru</valsi>) refer to the referents of previous sumti counted backwards from the pro-sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cjTj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la frankfurt. ri</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Frankfurt from-the-referent-of-the-last-sumti</gloss>
<en>I go from Frankfurt to Frankfurt (by some unstated route).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Indefinite pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi>,
+ <valsi>zu'i</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase>) refer to something which is unspecified:</para>
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi>) refer to something which is unspecified:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d5Ee">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la frankfurt. zo'e zo'e zo'e</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Frankfurt from-unspecified via-unspecified by-means-unspecified.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for indefinite pro-sumti is, well, indefinite. It might be
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all) or
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one) or conceivably even
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase> (none), though
- <jbophrase>no</jbophrase> would require a very odd context indeed.</para>
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (all) or
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (at least one) or conceivably even
+ <valsi>no</valsi> (none), though
+ <valsi>no</valsi> would require a very odd context indeed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Demonstrative pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>) refer to things pointed at by the speaker, or when pointing is not possible, to things near or far from the speaker:</para>
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ta</valsi>,
+ <valsi>tu</valsi>) refer to things pointed at by the speaker, or when pointing is not possible, to things near or far from the speaker:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aqfJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko muvgau ti ta tu</jbo>
<gloss>You [imperative] move this-thing from-that-nearby-place to-that-further-away-place.</gloss>
<en>Move this from there to over there!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Metalinguistic pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>de'u</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi>,
+ <valsi>de'u</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>da'u</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>da'u</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>di'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>de'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>de'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>da'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>da'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>dei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>) refer to spoken or written utterances, either preceding, following, or the same as the current utterance.</para>
+ <valsi>dei</valsi>,
+ <valsi>do'i</valsi>) refer to spoken or written utterances, either preceding, following, or the same as the current utterance.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8VYF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li vo .i la'e di'u jetnu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four. The-referent-of the-previous-utterance is-true.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for metalinguistic pro-sumti is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because they are considered analogous to
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which really are previous, current, or following utterances.</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (at least one), because they are considered analogous to
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> descriptions: they refer to things which really are previous, current, or following utterances.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> The relative pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase>) is used within relative clauses (see
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi>) is used within relative clauses (see
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/> for a discussion of relative clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sf2T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a loi slasi</jbo>
<gloss>I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/them (the cats) from-a-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see the cat(s) made of plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> The question pro-sumti (
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>) is used to ask questions which request the listener to supply a sumti which will make the question into a truth:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi>) is used to ask questions which request the listener to supply a sumti which will make the question into a truth:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9tSb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go to-what-sumti?</gloss>
<en>Where are you going?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for the question pro-sumti is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because the listener is only being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers.</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (at least one), because the listener is only being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>sequences of lerfu words as</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sequences of lerfu words (of selma'o BY and related selma'o) can also be used as definable pro-sumti.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quotation">
<title>Quotation summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>four kinds</secondary></indexterm> There are four kinds of quotation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, non-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
- <jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and followed by
- <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
+ <valsi>lu</valsi> and followed by
+ <valsi>li'u</valsi>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say <quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word quotation</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word quotation</primary><secondary>as morphologically valid</secondary></indexterm> Words quotations are quotations of one or more Lojban words. The words need not mean anything, but they must be morphologically valid so that the end of the quotation can be discerned.</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: these indexterms aren't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: these indexterms aren't <oldjbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UMDQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u</jbo>
- <gloss>I say the-words [quote] <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
- <en>I say <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase>.</en>
+ <gloss>I say the-words [quote] <oldjbophrase>li mi</oldjbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
+ <en>I say <oldjbophrase>li mi</oldjbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UMDQ"/> does not translate the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they are ungrammatical).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single-word quotation</primary></indexterm> Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban word. Compound cmavo are not allowed.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XqKv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .ai</jbo>
<en>I say the-word
- <jbophrase>.ai</jbophrase>.</en>
+ <valsi>ai</valsi>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-Lojban quotation</primary></indexterm> Non-Lojban quotation can quote anything, Lojban or not, even non-speech such as drum talk, whistle words, music, or belching. A Lojban word which does not appear within the quotation is used before and after it to set it off from the surrounding Lojban text.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Uey">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi kuot. I'm John .kuot</jbo>
<en>I say
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for all types of quotation is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-number-summary">
<title>Number summary</title>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
+ <valsi>li</valsi> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number four</gloss>
<math>4</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2074,23 +2074,23 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .abu bopi'i xy. bote'a re su'i by. bopi'i xy. su'i cy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number a times x to-power 2 plus b times x plus c</gloss>
<math>ax<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with me'o contrasted with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with me'o</secondary></indexterm> An alternative to
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase>, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions beginning with
- <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> refer to the actual expression, rather than its value. Thus
+ <valsi>li</valsi> is
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi>, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions beginning with
+ <valsi>me'o</valsi> refer to the actual expression, rather than its value. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLis"/> above have the same meaning, the number four, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sW7u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression four</gloss>
<en><quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>4</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote></en>
@@ -2103,16 +2103,16 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o re su'i re</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression two plus two</gloss>
<en><quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>2+2</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>refer to different pieces of text.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for numbers and mathematical expressions is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, because these sumti are analogous to
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are numbers or pieces of text. In the case of numbers (with
- <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>), this is a distinction without a difference, as there is only one number which is 4; but there are many texts
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi>, because these sumti are analogous to
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are numbers or pieces of text. In the case of numbers (with
+ <valsi>li</valsi>), this is a distinction without a difference, as there is only one number which is 4; but there are many texts
<quote>4</quote>, as many as there are documents in which that numeral appears.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 85a3d14..8047d26 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -26,23 +26,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d3"/>
</title>
<para>John picked up a stick and shook a stick.</para>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GoqJ"/> does not imply that the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VISf"/> requires that they are.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared to pro-bridi as means of abbreviation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared to pro-sumti as means of abbreviation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared to pronouns in usage as abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns</primary><secondary>compared to pro-sumti in usage as abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, we have sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the hybrid term
<quote>pro-sumti</quote>. A purely Lojban term would be
- <jbophrase>sumti cmavo</jbophrase>: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo belonging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmavo (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These may be called
+ <oldjbophrase>sumti cmavo</oldjbophrase>: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo belonging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmavo (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These may be called
<quote>pro-bridi</quote> or
- <jbophrase>bridi cmavo</jbophrase>. This chapter explains the uses of all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups, known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-series, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi, it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-bridi analogues, however.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bridi cmavo</oldjbophrase>. This chapter explains the uses of all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups, known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-series, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi, it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-bridi analogues, however.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent of pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent of pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent of pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent of pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A few technical terms: The term
<quote>referent</quote> means the thing to which a pro-sumti (by extension, a pro-bridi) refers. If the speaker of a sentence is James, then the referent of the word
<quote>I</quote> is James. On the other hand, the term
<quote>antecedent</quote> refers to a piece of language which a pro-sumti (or pro-bridi) implicitly repeats. In</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-AnBS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d4"/>
</title>
<para>John loves himself</para>
@@ -92,98 +92,98 @@
<series>mi-series</series>
<description>you and others</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ko</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<series>mi-series</series>
<description>you-imperative</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to the listener or listeners. Neither
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> nor
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
+ <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <oldjbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <oldjbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.
+ <valsi>do</valsi> refers to the listener or listeners. Neither
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> nor
+ <valsi>do</valsi> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "do"<!-- FIXME: what should these "s become? --></secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "mi"</secondary></indexterm> The referents of
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>do</valsi> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>. The vocative
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> assigns
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, whereas all of the other vocatives assign
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>mi'e</valsi> assigns
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>, whereas all of the other vocatives assign
+ <valsi>do</valsi>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4dna">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi'e djan. doi frank. mi cusku lu mi bajra li'u do</jbo>
<gloss>I-am John, O Frank, I express [quote] I run [unquote] to-you</gloss>
<en>I am John, Frank; I tell you
<quote>I run</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listeners and/or speakers and/or others</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi>,
+ <valsi>mi'a</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>ma'a</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>do'o</jbophrase> express various combinations of the speaker and/or the listener and/or other people:</para>
+ <valsi>do'o</valsi> express various combinations of the speaker and/or the listener and/or other people:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> includes only the speaker and the listener but no one else;</para>
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi> includes only the speaker and the listener but no one else;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase> includes the speaker and others but excludes the listener;</para>
+ <valsi>mi'a</valsi> includes the speaker and others but excludes the listener;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>do'o</jbophrase> includes the listener and others but excludes the speaker;</para>
+ <valsi>do'o</valsi> includes the listener and others but excludes the speaker;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase> includes all three: speaker, listener, others.</para>
+ <valsi>ma'a</valsi> includes all three: speaker, listener, others.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti for speaker/listener/others</primary><secondary>as masses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti for speaker/listener/others</primary><secondary>relation to joi</secondary></indexterm> All of these pro-sumti represent masses. For example,
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> is the same as
- <jbophrase>mi joi do</jbophrase>, the mass of me and you considered jointly.</para>
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi> is the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>mi joi do</oldjbophrase>, the mass of me and you considered jointly.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: what should these "s become? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti for "we"</primary><secondary>contrasted with English "we"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>English "we"</primary><secondary>contrasted with Lojban pro-sumti for "we"</secondary></indexterm> In English,
<quote>we</quote> can mean
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase> or even
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> or
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi> or
+ <valsi>mi'a</valsi> or even
- <jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>, and English-speakers often suffer because they cannot easily distinguish
+ <valsi>ma'a</valsi>, and English-speakers often suffer because they cannot easily distinguish
- <jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> from
- <jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>mi'o</valsi> from
+ <valsi>mi'a</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-22dg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d2"/>
</title>
<para>We're going to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for commands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for imperatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commands</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> is logically equivalent to
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>; its referent is the listener. However, its use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener to make the assertion true:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> is logically equivalent to
+ <valsi>do</valsi>; its referent is the listener. However, its use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener to make the assertion true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-n1Rv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>You go to-the store.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>becomes:</para>
@@ -192,38 +192,38 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>You [imperative] go to-the store.</gloss>
<gloss>Make <quote>you go to the store</quote> true!</gloss>
<en>Go to the store!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>in later selbri place in imperative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>English contrasted with Lojban in presence of subject of command</secondary></indexterm> In English, the subject of a command is omitted, but in Lojban, the word
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> must be used. However,
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> does not have to appear in the x1 place:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> must be used. However,
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> does not have to appear in the x1 place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Jbi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska ko</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [imperative]</gloss>
<gloss>Make
<quote>I see you</quote> true!</gloss>
<en>Be seen by me!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>in sub-clause of main bridi</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5Jbi"/>, it is necessary to make the verb passive in English in order to convey the effect of
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> in the x2 place. Indeed,
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> does not even have to be a sumti of the main bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> in the x2 place. Indeed,
+ <valsi>ko</valsi> does not even have to be a sumti of the main bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VTRG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le prenu poi prami ko</jbo>
<gloss>I see the person that loves you [imperative]</gloss>
<gloss>Make
<quote>I see the person that loves you</quote> true!</gloss>
<gloss>Be such that the person who loves you is seen by me!</gloss>
@@ -254,46 +254,46 @@
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<series>ti-series</series>
<description>that yonder, a far-distant object</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>ti-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>as pointing referents only</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this/that in English</primary><secondary>compared with ti-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with English this/that</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pointing</primary><secondary>reference by</secondary></indexterm> It is often useful to refer to things by pointing to them or by some related non-linguistic mechanism. In English, the words
<quote>this</quote> and
<quote>that</quote> serve this function among others:
<quote>this</quote> refers to something pointed at that is near the speaker, and
<quote>that</quote> refers to something further away. The Lojban pro-sumti of the ti-series serve the same functions, but more narrowly. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> provide only the pointing function of
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ta</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>tu</valsi> provide only the pointing function of
<quote>this</quote> and
<quote>that</quote>; they are not used to refer to things that cannot be pointed at.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>3 degrees of distance with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu</primary><secondary>archaic English yon as equivalent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yon</primary><secondary>as archaic English equivalent of tu</secondary></indexterm> There are three pro-sumti of the ti-series rather than just two because it is often useful to distinguish between objects that are at more than two different distances. Japanese, among other languages, regularly does this. Until the 16th century, English did too; the pronoun
<quote>that</quote> referred to something at a medium distance from the speaker, and the now-archaic pronoun
<quote>yon</quote> to something far away.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>problems in written text</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>conversational convention for</secondary></indexterm> In conversation, there is a special rule about
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> that is often helpful in interpreting them. When used contrastingly,
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> refers to something that is near the listener, whereas
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> refers to something far from both speaker and listener. This makes for a parallelism between
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, that is convenient when pointing is not possible; for example, when talking by telephone. In written text, on the other hand, the meaning of the ti-series is inherently vague; is the writer to be taken as pointing to something, and if so, to what? In all cases, what counts as
+ <valsi>ta</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tu</valsi> that is often helpful in interpreting them. When used contrastingly,
+ <valsi>ta</valsi> refers to something that is near the listener, whereas
+ <valsi>tu</valsi> refers to something far from both speaker and listener. This makes for a parallelism between
+ <valsi>ti</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ta</valsi> and
+ <valsi>do</valsi>, that is convenient when pointing is not possible; for example, when talking by telephone. In written text, on the other hand, the meaning of the ti-series is inherently vague; is the writer to be taken as pointing to something, and if so, to what? In all cases, what counts as
<quote>near</quote> and
<quote>far away</quote> is relative to the current situation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>pronoun expression with ti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti</primary><secondary>as pronoun expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective usage contrasted with pronoun usage</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>pronoun usage contrasted with adjective usage</secondary></indexterm> It is important to distinguish between the English pronoun
<quote>this</quote> and the English adjective
<quote>this</quote> as in
<quote>this boat</quote>. The latter is not represented in Lojban by
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IWi7">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ti bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the this boat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -309,21 +309,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the here boat</gloss>
<en>the nearby boat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>using a spatial tense before the selbri
- <jbophrase>bloti</jbophrase> to express that the boat is near the speaker. (Tenses are explained in full in
+ <valsi>bloti</valsi> to express that the boat is near the speaker. (Tenses are explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.) Another correct translation would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pRLq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti noi bloti</jbo>
<gloss>this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -406,61 +406,61 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nTou">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do na nelci loi mlatu .i di'u jitfa jufra</jbo>
<gloss>You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-false-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ta</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u</secondary></indexterm> Using
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> instead of
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
+ <valsi>ta</valsi> instead of
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary></indexterm> As with
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ta</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>tu</valsi>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
<letteral>i</letteral>/
<letteral>a</letteral>/
<letteral>u</letteral> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
<xref linkend="section-ti-series"/> without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
<letteral>i</letteral>/
<letteral>e</letteral>/
<letteral>a</letteral> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been said), so
- <jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>di'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>de'e</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>de'e</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>da'e</jbophrase> are not very useful when speaking. In writing, they are frequently handy:</para>
+ <valsi>da'e</valsi> are not very useful when speaking. In writing, they are frequently handy:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erEL">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la saimn. cusku di'e</jbo>
<gloss>Simon expresses the-following-utterance.</gloss>
<en>Simon says:</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/> would typically be followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/>, and so
- <jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase> is appropriate.</para>
+ <valsi>di'e</valsi> is appropriate.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>dei</primary></indexterm> The remaining two cmavo,
- <jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, refer respectively to the very utterance that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance uttered by someone at some time:</para>
+ <valsi>dei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>do'i</valsi>, refer respectively to the very utterance that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance uttered by someone at some time:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLmA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>dei jetnu jufra</jbo>
<gloss>This-utterance is-a-true-sentence.</gloss>
<en>What I am saying (at this moment) is true.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -469,46 +469,46 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do'i jetnu jufra</jbo>
<gloss>Some-utterance is-a-true-sentence.</gloss>
<en>That's true (where
<quote>that</quote> is not necessarily what was just said).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo of the di'u-series have a meaning that is relative to the context. The referent of
- <jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> in the current utterance is the same as the referent of
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> in the next utterance. The term
+ <valsi>dei</valsi> in the current utterance is the same as the referent of
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi> in the next utterance. The term
<quote>utterance</quote> is used rather than
<quote>sentence</quote> because the amount of speech or written text referred to by any of these words is vague. Often, a single bridi is intended, but longer utterances may be thus referred to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> Note one very common construction with
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and the cmavo
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE; see
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi> and the cmavo
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> (of selma'o LAhE; see
<xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) which precedes a sumti and means
<quote>the thing referred to by (the sumti)</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MsUd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u</jbo>
<gloss>I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I love Jane, and I like that.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with la'edi'u</secondary></indexterm> The effect of
- <jbophrase>la'e di'u</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>la'e di'u</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MsUd"/> is that the speaker likes, not the previous sentence, but rather the state of affairs referred to by the previous sentence, namely his loving Jane. This cmavo compound is often written as a single word:
- <jbophrase>la'edi'u</jbophrase>. It is important not to mix up
+ <oldjbophrase>la'edi'u</oldjbophrase>. It is important not to mix up
- <jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la'edi'u</jbophrase>, or the wrong meaning will generally result:</para>
+ <valsi>di'u</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>la'edi'u</oldjbophrase>, or the wrong meaning will generally result:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-68ru">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci di'u</jbo>
<en>I love Jane. And I like the-last-utterance.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -644,119 +644,119 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English gloss
<quote>it-1</quote>, plus knowledge about the real world, would tend to make English-speakers believe that
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> refers to the store; in other words, that its antecedent is
- <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>. To a Lojbanist, however,
- <jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase> is just as likely an antecedent, in which case
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> refers to the store; in other words, that its antecedent is
+ <oldjbophrase>le zarci</oldjbophrase>. To a Lojbanist, however,
+ <oldjbophrase>la .alis.</oldjbophrase> is just as likely an antecedent, in which case
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdCR"/> means that Alice, not the store, is blue.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> To avoid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>goi</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-duGR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>assignment with goi as symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> Syntactically,
- <jbophrase>goi la .alis.</jbophrase> is a relative phrase (relative phrases are explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>goi la .alis.</oldjbophrase> is a relative phrase (relative phrases are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>). Semantically, it says that
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase> refer to the same thing, and furthermore that this is true because
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> is being defined as meaning
- <jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase>. It is equally correct to say:</para>
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> and
+ <oldjbophrase>la .alis.</oldjbophrase> refer to the same thing, and furthermore that this is true because
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> is being defined as meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>la .alis.</oldjbophrase>. It is equally correct to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oKaM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> in other words,
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
- <jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
+ <valsi>ge'u</valsi> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
<xref linkend="section-relative-phrases"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi assignment of ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in speech contrasted with writing</secondary></indexterm> The afterthought form of
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> shown in
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-duGR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oKaM"/> is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hereafter known as</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>legal jargon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Again,
- <jbophrase>ko'a goi la .alis.</jbophrase> would have been entirely acceptable in
+ <oldjbophrase>ko'a goi la .alis.</oldjbophrase> would have been entirely acceptable in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1FJV"/>. This last form is reminiscent of legal jargon: <quote>The party of the first part, hereafter known as Buyer, ...</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>as abbreviation for bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series for pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared with ko'a-series for pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series for pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with broda-series for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>broda-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> Just as the ko'a-series of pro-sumti allows a substitute for a sumti which is long or complex, or which for some other reason we do not want to repeat, so the broda-series of pro-bridi allows a substitute for a selbri or even a whole bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yXYT">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thingy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda .i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu</jbo>
<en>These are plastic cat-food can covers or thingies. The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>broda</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>word-form rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei</primary><secondary>for broda-series pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>assigning with cei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi for ko'a-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with cei for broda-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei for broda-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with goi for ko'a-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> has as its antecedent the selbri
- <jbophrase>slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri</jbophrase>. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>cei</jbophrase> performs the role of
-
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> in assigning
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> to this long phrase, and
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> can then be used just like any other brivla. (In fact,
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> and its relatives actually
+ <valsi>broda</valsi> has as its antecedent the selbri
+ <oldjbophrase>slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri</oldjbophrase>. The cmavo
+ <valsi>cei</valsi> performs the role of
+
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> in assigning
+ <valsi>broda</valsi> to this long phrase, and
+ <valsi>broda</valsi> can then be used just like any other brivla. (In fact,
+ <valsi>broda</valsi> and its relatives actually
<emphasis>are</emphasis> brivla: they are gismu in morphology, although they behave exactly like the members of selma'o GOhA. The reasons for using gismu rather than cmavo are buried in the Loglan Project's history.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi as full bridi</secondary></indexterm> Note that pro-bridi are so called because, even though they have the grammar of selbri, their antecedents are whole bridi. In the following rather contrived example, the antecedent of
- <jbophrase>brode</jbophrase> is the whole bridi
- <jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>brode</valsi> is the whole bridi
+ <oldjbophrase>mi klama le zarci</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UFJf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama cei brode le zarci .i do brode</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to (which-is claim-1) the store. You claim-1.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store. You, too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>overriding sumti of antecedent bridi for</secondary></indexterm> In the second bridi,
- <jbophrase>do brode</jbophrase> means
- <jbophrase>do klama le zarci</jbophrase>, because
- <jbophrase>brode</jbophrase> carries the x2 sumti of
- <jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase> along with it. It also potentially carries the x1 sumti as well, but the explicit x1 sumti
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> overrides the
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> of the antecedent bridi. Similarly, any tense or negation that is present in the antecedent is also carried, and can be overridden by explicit tense or negation cmavo on the pro-bridi. These rules hold for all pro-bridi that have antecedents.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>do brode</oldjbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>do klama le zarci</oldjbophrase>, because
+ <valsi>brode</valsi> carries the x2 sumti of
+ <oldjbophrase>mi klama le zarci</oldjbophrase> along with it. It also potentially carries the x1 sumti as well, but the explicit x1 sumti
+ <valsi>do</valsi> overrides the
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> of the antecedent bridi. Similarly, any tense or negation that is present in the antecedent is also carried, and can be overridden by explicit tense or negation cmavo on the pro-bridi. These rules hold for all pro-bridi that have antecedents.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>with no assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>use as abstract pattern</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>use as sample gismu</secondary></indexterm> Another use of
- <jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> and its relatives, without assignment, is as
+ <valsi>broda</valsi> and its relatives, without assignment, is as
<quote>sample gismu</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AYYA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>broda ke brode brodi</jbo>
<gloss>a thing-1 type of (thing-2 type-of thing-3)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -772,29 +772,29 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le gerku .i gy. cusku zo arf.</jbo>
<gloss>I see the dog. D expresses the-word
<quote>Arf!</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning lerfu as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit assignment of antecedent</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban word
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> begins with
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi> begins with
<letteral>g</letteral>, so the antecedent of
- <jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the cmavo for the letter
+ <oldjbophrase>gy.</oldjbophrase>, the cmavo for the letter
<letteral>g</letteral>, must be
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>. In the English translation, we use the same principle to refer to the dog as
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase>. In the English translation, we use the same principle to refer to the dog as
<quote>D</quote>. Of course, in case of ambiguity,
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can be used to make an explicit assignment.</para>
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> can be used to make an explicit assignment.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning name</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore,
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can even be used to assign a name:</para>
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> can even be used to assign a name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rbPr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ninmu goi la sam. cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The woman also-known-as Sam goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -878,185 +878,185 @@
<cmavo>ra'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>RAhO</selmaho>
<description>pro-cmavo update</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The term
<quote>anaphora</quote> literally means
<quote>repetition</quote>, but is used in linguistics to refer to pronouns whose significance is the repetition of earlier words, namely their antecedents. Lojban provides three pro-sumti anaphora,
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>; and three corresponding pro-bridi anaphora,
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ra</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ru</valsi>; and three corresponding pro-bridi anaphora,
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>go'a</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>go'a</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>go'u</jbophrase>. These cmavo reveal the same vowel pattern as the ti-series, but the
+ <valsi>go'u</valsi>. These cmavo reveal the same vowel pattern as the ti-series, but the
<quote>distances</quote> referred to are not physical distances, but distances from the anaphoric cmavo to its antecedent.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> is the simplest of these; it has the same referent as the last complete sumti appearing before the
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> is the simplest of these; it has the same referent as the last complete sumti appearing before the
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3som">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. sipna le ri kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>Alice sleeps-in the of-[repeat last sumti] room.</gloss>
<en>Alice sleeps in her room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3som"/> is equivalent to repeating the last sumti, which is
- <jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase>, so
+ <oldjbophrase>la .alis.</oldjbophrase>, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3som"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bs5R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. sipna le la .alis. kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>Alice sleeps-in the of-Alice room.</gloss>
<en>Alice sleeps in Alice's room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> does not repeat
- <jbophrase>le ri kumfa</jbophrase>, because that sumti is not yet complete when
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> appears. This prevents
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> from getting entangled in paradoxes of self-reference. (There are plenty of other ways to do that!) Note also that sumti within other sumti, as in quotations, abstractions, and the like, are counted in the order of their beginnings; thus a lower level sumti like
- <jbophrase>la alis.</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> does not repeat
+ <oldjbophrase>le ri kumfa</oldjbophrase>, because that sumti is not yet complete when
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> appears. This prevents
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> from getting entangled in paradoxes of self-reference. (There are plenty of other ways to do that!) Note also that sumti within other sumti, as in quotations, abstractions, and the like, are counted in the order of their beginnings; thus a lower level sumti like
+ <oldjbophrase>la alis.</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bs5R"/> is considered to be more recent than a higher level sumti that contains it.</para>
<para>Certain sumti are ignored by
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>; specifically, most of the other cmavo of KOhA, and the almost-grammatically-equivalent lerfu words of selma'o BY. It is simpler just to repeat these directly:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>; specifically, most of the other cmavo of KOhA, and the almost-grammatically-equivalent lerfu words of selma'o BY. It is simpler just to repeat these directly:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CVmN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>I love me.</gloss>
<en>I love myself.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>However, the cmavo of the ti-series can be picked up by
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, because you might have changed what you are pointing at, so repeating
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase> may not be effective. Likewise,
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> itself (or rather its antecedent) can be repeated by a later
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>; in fact, a string of
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cmavo with no other intervening sumti always all repeat the same sumti:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>, because you might have changed what you are pointing at, so repeating
+ <valsi>ti</valsi> may not be effective. Likewise,
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> itself (or rather its antecedent) can be repeated by a later
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>; in fact, a string of
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> cmavo with no other intervening sumti always all repeat the same sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eXsN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. viska le tricu .i ri se jadni le ri jimca</jbo>
<gloss>John sees the tree. [repeat last] is-adorned-by the of-[repeat last] branch.</gloss>
<en>John sees the tree. It is adorned by its branches.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has as antecedent the first
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, which has as antecedent
- <jbophrase>le tricu</jbophrase>. All three refer to the same thing: a tree.</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> has as antecedent the first
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>, which has as antecedent
+ <oldjbophrase>le tricu</oldjbophrase>. All three refer to the same thing: a tree.</para>
<para>To refer to the next-to-last sumti, the third-from-last sumti, and so on,
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> may be subscripted (subscripts are explained in
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> may be subscripted (subscripts are explained in
<xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Lc2y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire .i la .alis. pilno riximu</jbo>
<gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last]. Alice uses [repeat fifth-from-last].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
- <jbophrase>rixire</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>rixire</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>ri-sub-2</quote>, skips
- <jbophrase>la rik.</jbophrase> to reach
- <jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase>. In the same way,
- <jbophrase>riximu</jbophrase>, or
+ <oldjbophrase>la rik.</oldjbophrase> to reach
+ <oldjbophrase>lo forca</oldjbophrase>. In the same way,
+ <oldjbophrase>riximu</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>ri-sub-5</quote>, skips
- <jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>rixire</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>la rik.</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase> to reach
- <jbophrase>lo smuci</jbophrase>. As can clearly be seen, this procedure is barely practicable in writing, and would break down totally in speech.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la .alis.</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>rixire</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>la rik.</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>lo forca</oldjbophrase> to reach
+ <oldjbophrase>lo smuci</oldjbophrase>. As can clearly be seen, this procedure is barely practicable in writing, and would break down totally in speech.</para>
<para>Therefore, the vaguer
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> are also provided. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> repeats a recently used sumti, and
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> one that was further back in the speech or text. The use of
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> forces the listener to guess at the referent, but makes life easier for the speaker. Can
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> refer to the last sumti, like
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>? The answer is no if
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has also been used. If
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has not been used, then
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> might be the last sumti. Likewise, if
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> has been used, then any use of
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> would repeat a sumti earlier than the one
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> is repeating. A more reasonable version of Example <xref linkend="example-random-id-Lc2y"/>, but one that depends more on context, is:</para>
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ru</valsi> are also provided. The cmavo
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> repeats a recently used sumti, and
+ <valsi>ru</valsi> one that was further back in the speech or text. The use of
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ru</valsi> forces the listener to guess at the referent, but makes life easier for the speaker. Can
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> refer to the last sumti, like
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>? The answer is no if
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> has also been used. If
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> has not been used, then
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> might be the last sumti. Likewise, if
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> has been used, then any use of
+ <valsi>ru</valsi> would repeat a sumti earlier than the one
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> is repeating. A more reasonable version of Example <xref linkend="example-random-id-Lc2y"/>, but one that depends more on context, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N89g">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra .i la .alis. pilno ru</jbo>
<gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing]. Alice uses [some more remote thing].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N89g"/>, the use of
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> tells us that something other than
- <jbophrase>la rik.</jbophrase> is the antecedent;
- <jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase> is the nearest sumti, so it is probably the antecedent. Similarly, the antecedent of
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> must be something even further back in the utterance than
- <jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lo smuci</jbophrase> is the obvious candidate.</para>
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> tells us that something other than
+ <oldjbophrase>la rik.</oldjbophrase> is the antecedent;
+ <oldjbophrase>lo forca</oldjbophrase> is the nearest sumti, so it is probably the antecedent. Similarly, the antecedent of
+ <valsi>ru</valsi> must be something even further back in the utterance than
+ <oldjbophrase>lo forca</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>lo smuci</oldjbophrase> is the obvious candidate.</para>
<para>The meaning of
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> must be determined every time it is used. Since
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> are more vaguely defined, they may well retain the same meaning for a while, but the listener cannot count on this behavior. To make a permanent reference to something repeated by
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>, use
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> and a ko'a-series cmavo:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> must be determined every time it is used. Since
+ <valsi>ra</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ru</valsi> are more vaguely defined, they may well retain the same meaning for a while, but the listener cannot count on this behavior. To make a permanent reference to something repeated by
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ra</valsi>, or
+ <valsi>ru</valsi>, use
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> and a ko'a-series cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIRG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ri goi ko'a blanu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>allows the store to be referred to henceforth as
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> without ambiguity.
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> without ambiguity.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIRG"/> is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdCR"/> and eliminates any possibility of
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> being interpreted by the listener as referring to Alice.</para>
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> being interpreted by the listener as referring to Alice.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>go'i for yes/no questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>answering with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>as affirmative answer to yes/no question</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>effect of sumti of referent bridi on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>as main-bridi anaphora only</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>effect of sub-clauses on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>referent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared with ri-series pro-sumti in rules of reference</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-bridi go'i-series as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-sumti ri-series as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns</primary><secondary>as anaphora</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>go'a</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi>,
+ <valsi>go'a</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>go'u</jbophrase> follow exactly the same rules as
+ <valsi>go'u</valsi> follow exactly the same rules as
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>, except that they are pro-bridi, and therefore repeat bridi, not sumti – specifically, main sentence bridi. Any bridi that are embedded within other bridi, such as relative clauses or abstractions, are not counted. Like the cmavo of the broda-series, the cmavo of the go'i-series copy all sumti with them. This makes
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> by itself convenient for answering a question affirmatively, or for repeating the last bridi, possibly with new sumti:</para>
+ <valsi>ri</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ra</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>ru</valsi>, except that they are pro-bridi, and therefore repeat bridi, not sumti – specifically, main sentence bridi. Any bridi that are embedded within other bridi, such as relative clauses or abstractions, are not counted. Like the cmavo of the broda-series, the cmavo of the go'i-series copy all sumti with them. This makes
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> by itself convenient for answering a question affirmatively, or for repeating the last bridi, possibly with new sumti:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLN4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu zo djan. cmene do .i go'i</jbo>
<gloss>[True-false?] The-word
<quote>John</quote> is-the-name of you? [repeat last bridi].</gloss>
<en>Is John your name? Yes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1067,112 +1067,112 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci .i do go'i</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the store. You [repeat last bridi].</gloss>
<en>I go to the store. You, too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>assigning for permanent reference</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLn5"/> means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UFJf"/>, but without the bother of assigning an actual broda-series word to the first bridi. For long-term reference, use
- <jbophrase>go'i cei broda</jbophrase> or the like, analogously to
+ <oldjbophrase>go'i cei broda</oldjbophrase> or the like, analogously to
- <jbophrase>ri goi ko'a</jbophrase> in
+ <oldjbophrase>ri goi ko'a</oldjbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIRG"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'ixire</primary></indexterm> The remaining four cmavo of the go'i-series are provided for convenience or for achieving special effects. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>go'e</jbophrase> means the same as
+ <valsi>go'e</valsi> means the same as
- <jbophrase>go'ixire</jbophrase>: it repeats the last bridi but one. This is useful in conversation:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>go'ixire</oldjbophrase>: it repeats the last bridi but one. This is useful in conversation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9hf5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>A: mi ba klama le zarci B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i A: do go'e</jbo>
<gloss>A: I [future] go-to the store. B: I like the concept-of I [repeat last bridi]. A: You [repeat last bridi but one].</gloss>
<en>A: I am going to the store. B: I like the idea of my going. A: You'll go, too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained in <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>):
- <jbophrase>le si'o mi go'i</jbophrase> means
- <jbophrase>le si'o mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>. Why must B use the word
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> explicitly to replace the x1 of
- <jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>, even though it looks like
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is replacing
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>? Because B's
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to B, whereas A's
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to A. If B said:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le si'o mi go'i</oldjbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>le si'o mi klama le zarci</oldjbophrase>. Why must B use the word
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> explicitly to replace the x1 of
+ <oldjbophrase>mi klama le zarci</oldjbophrase>, even though it looks like
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> is replacing
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>? Because B's
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> refers to B, whereas A's
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> refers to A. If B said:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2uS7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le si'o go'i</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>that would mean:</para>
<place-structure> I like the idea of your going to the store. </place-structure> <!-- not actually a place structure, but should be set out from the text -->
<para>The repetition signalled by
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> is not literally of words, but of concepts. Finally, A repeats her own sentence, but with the x1 changed to
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, meaning B. Note that in
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> is not literally of words, but of concepts. Finally, A repeats her own sentence, but with the x1 changed to
+ <valsi>do</valsi>, meaning B. Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9hf5"/>, the tense
- <jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> (future time) is carried along by both
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>go'e</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ba</valsi> (future time) is carried along by both
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> and
+ <valsi>go'e</valsi>.</para>
<para>Descriptions based on go'i-series cmavo can be very useful for repeating specific sumti of previous bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hwau">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci .i le go'i cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The black cat goes-to the store. That-described-as-the-x1-place-of [repeat last bridi] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The black cat goes to the store. It walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
- <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> repeats
- <jbophrase>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci</jbophrase>, and since
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> makes the x1 place into a description, and the x1 place of this bridi is
- <jbophrase>le xekri mlatu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>le go'i</jbophrase> means
- <jbophrase>le xekri mlatu</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>go'i</valsi> repeats
+ <oldjbophrase>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci</oldjbophrase>, and since
+ <valsi>le</valsi> makes the x1 place into a description, and the x1 place of this bridi is
+ <oldjbophrase>le xekri mlatu</oldjbophrase>,
+ <oldjbophrase>le go'i</oldjbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>le xekri mlatu</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>go'o</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>go'o</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>nei</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>nei</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase> have been little used so far. They repeat respectively some future bridi, the current bridi, and the bridi that encloses the current bridi (
+ <valsi>no'a</valsi> have been little used so far. They repeat respectively some future bridi, the current bridi, and the bridi that encloses the current bridi (
- <jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase>, unlike the other members of the go'i- series, can repeat non-sentence bridi). Here are a few examples:</para>
+ <valsi>no'a</valsi>, unlike the other members of the go'i- series, can repeat non-sentence bridi). Here are a few examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EUmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nupre le nu mi go'o .i ba dunda le djini le bersa .i ba dunda le zdani le tixnu</jbo>
<gloss>I promise the event-of I [repeat future bridi] [Future] give the money to-the son [Future] give the house to-the daughter</gloss>
<en>I promise to do the following: Give the money to my son. Give the house to my daughter.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the
- <jbophrase>my</jbophrase> in the colloquial English; it leaves the fact that it is the speaker's son and daughter that are referred to implicit. To make the fact explicit, use
- <jbophrase>le bersa</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>tixnu be mi</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase> in the colloquial English; it leaves the fact that it is the speaker's son and daughter that are referred to implicit. To make the fact explicit, use
+ <oldjbophrase>le bersa</oldjbophrase>/<oldjbophrase>tixnu be mi</oldjbophrase>.)</para>
<para>For good examples of
- <jbophrase>nei</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>nei</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase>, we need nested bridi contexts:</para>
+ <valsi>no'a</valsi>, we need nested bridi contexts:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLo1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se pluka le nu do pensi le nu nei kei pu le nu do zukte</jbo>
<gloss>I am-pleased-by the event-of (you think-about (the event-of [main bridi]) before the-event of (your acting).</gloss>
<en>I am pleased that you thought about whether I would be pleased (about ...) before you acted.</en>
@@ -1183,22 +1183,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba klama ca le nu do no'a</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] go [present] the event-of you [repeats outer bridi]</gloss>
<en>I will go when you do.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i ra'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> Finally,
- <jbophrase>ra'o</jbophrase> is a cmavo that can be appended to any go'i-series cmavo, or indeed any cmavo of selma'o GOhA, to signal that pro-sumti or pro-bridi cmavo in the antecedent are to be repeated literally and reinterpreted in their new context. Normally, any pro-sumti used within the antecedent of the pro-bridi keep their meanings intact. In the presence of
- <jbophrase>ra'o</jbophrase>, however, their meanings must be reinterpreted with reference to the new environment. If someone says to you:</para>
+ <valsi>ra'o</valsi> is a cmavo that can be appended to any go'i-series cmavo, or indeed any cmavo of selma'o GOhA, to signal that pro-sumti or pro-bridi cmavo in the antecedent are to be repeated literally and reinterpreted in their new context. Normally, any pro-sumti used within the antecedent of the pro-bridi keep their meanings intact. In the presence of
+ <valsi>ra'o</valsi>, however, their meanings must be reinterpreted with reference to the new environment. If someone says to you:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9Uq6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba lumci lemi karce</jbo>
<en>I will wash my car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you might reply either:</para>
@@ -1216,32 +1216,32 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi go'i ra'o</jbo>
<en>I will wash my car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>ra'o</jbophrase> forces the second
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> from the original bridi to mean the new speaker rather than the former speaker. This means that
- <jbophrase>go'e ra'o</jbophrase> would be an acceptable alternative to
+ <valsi>ra'o</valsi> forces the second
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> from the original bridi to mean the new speaker rather than the former speaker. This means that
+ <oldjbophrase>go'e ra'o</oldjbophrase> would be an acceptable alternative to
- <jbophrase>do go'e</jbophrase> in B's statement in
+ <oldjbophrase>do go'e</oldjbophrase> in B's statement in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9hf5"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in quotations</secondary></indexterm> The anaphoric pro-sumti of this section can be used in quotations, but never refer to any of the supporting text outside the quotation, since speakers presumably do not know that they may be quoted by someone else.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in quotation series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in quotation series</secondary></indexterm> However, a
- <jbophrase>ri-</jbophrase>series or
- <jbophrase>go'a-</jbophrase>series reference within a quotation can refer to something mentioned in an earlier quotation if the two quotations are closely related in time and context. This allows a quotation to be broken up by narrative material without interfering with the pro-sumti within it. Here's an example:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ri-</oldjbophrase>series or
+ <oldjbophrase>go'a-</oldjbophrase>series reference within a quotation can refer to something mentioned in an earlier quotation if the two quotations are closely related in time and context. This allows a quotation to be broken up by narrative material without interfering with the pro-sumti within it. Here's an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LWyE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d19"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u .i la .alis. cusku lu mi go'i li'u</jbo>
<gloss>John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. Alice says [quote] I [repeat] [unquote].</gloss>
<en>John says, <quote>I am going to the store.</quote> Alice says, <quote>Me too.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1282,90 +1282,90 @@
<cmavo>co'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<series>co'e-series</series>
<description>has the obvious relationship</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical value</primary><secondary>contrasted with elliptical value for sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical value</primary><secondary>contrasted with typical value for sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as place-holder for sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>co'e-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> The cmavo of the zo'e-series represent indefinite, unspecified sumti. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> represents an elliptical value for this sumti place; it is the optional spoken place holder when a sumti is skipped without being specified. Note that the elliptical value is not always the typical value. The properties of ellipsis lead to an elliptical sumti being defined as
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> represents an elliptical value for this sumti place; it is the optional spoken place holder when a sumti is skipped without being specified. Note that the elliptical value is not always the typical value. The properties of ellipsis lead to an elliptical sumti being defined as
<quote>whatever I want it to mean but haven't bothered to figure out, or figure out how to express</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>typical</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase>, on the other hand, represents the typical value for this place of this bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>zu'i</valsi>, on the other hand, represents the typical value for this place of this bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VScg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani zu'i zu'i</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-the outside of the house from-the inside of the house [by-typical-route] [by-typical-means]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VScg"/>, the first
- <jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> probably means something like
+ <valsi>zu'i</valsi> probably means something like
<quote>by the door</quote>, and the second
- <jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> probably means something like
+ <valsi>zu'i</valsi> probably means something like
<quote>on foot</quote>, those being the typical route and means for leaving a house. On the other hand, if you are at the top of a high rise during a fire, neither
- <jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> is appropriate. It's also common to use
+ <valsi>zu'i</valsi> is appropriate. It's also common to use
- <jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>zu'i</valsi> in
<quote>by standard</quote> places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irrelevant</primary><secondary>specifying of sumti place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>irrelevant to relationship</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> represents a value which does not even exist. When a bridi fills one of its places with
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase>, what is really meant is that the selbri has a place which is irrelevant to the true relationship the speaker wishes to express. For example, the place structure of
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi> represents a value which does not even exist. When a bridi fills one of its places with
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi>, what is really meant is that the selbri has a place which is irrelevant to the true relationship the speaker wishes to express. For example, the place structure of
- <jbophrase>zbasu</jbophrase> is</para>
+ <valsi>zbasu</valsi> is</para>
<place-structure> zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3 </place-structure> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>living things</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
<place-structure>Living things are made from cells.</place-structure> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para>This cannot be correctly expressed as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ipCV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass-of cells</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>, expressed or understood, in
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi>, expressed or understood, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ipCV"/> indicates that there is still a
<quote>maker</quote> in this relationship. We do not generally suppose, however, that someone
<quote>makes</quote> living things from cells. The best answer is probably to find a different selbri, one which does not imply a
<quote>maker</quote>: however, an alternative strategy is to use
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> to eliminate the maker place:</para>
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi> to eliminate the maker place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xxm1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu zi'o loi selci</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of living-things is-made [without-maker] from the-mass-of cells.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary><secondary>as creating new selbri</secondary></indexterm> Note: The use of
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> to block up, as it were, one place of a selbri actually creates a new selbri with a different place structure. Consider the following examples:</para>
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi> to block up, as it were, one place of a selbri actually creates a new selbri with a different place structure. Consider the following examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLoY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi zbasu le dinju loi mudri</jbo>
<gloss>I make the building from-some-of-the-mass-of wood.</gloss>
<en>I make the building out of wood.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1397,48 +1397,48 @@
<jbo>mi zbasu le dinju zi'o</jbo>
<gloss>I make the building [without-material].</gloss>
<en>I make the building.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLoY"/> is true, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLPI"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLqE"/> must be true also. However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xxm1"/> does not correspond to any sentence with three regular (non-
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase>) sumti.</para>
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi>) sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>co'e</primary><secondary>as selbri place-holder</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>omitting with co'e</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
- <jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase> (which by itself constitutes the co'e-series of selma'o GOhA) represents the elliptical selbri. Lojban grammar does not allow the speaker to merely omit a selbri from a bridi, although any or all sumti may be freely omitted. Being vague about a relationship requires the use of
+ <valsi>co'e</valsi> (which by itself constitutes the co'e-series of selma'o GOhA) represents the elliptical selbri. Lojban grammar does not allow the speaker to merely omit a selbri from a bridi, although any or all sumti may be freely omitted. Being vague about a relationship requires the use of
- <jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase> as a selbri place-holder:</para>
+ <valsi>co'e</valsi> as a selbri place-holder:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uy9R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci le nu mi co'e le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try the event-of my [doing-the-obvious-action] to-the door.</gloss>
<en>I try the door.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English version means, and the Lojban version probably means, that I try to open the door, but the relationship of opening is not actually specified; the Lojbanic listener must guess it from context. Lojban, unlike English, makes it clear that there is an implicit action that is not being expressed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>co'e</primary><secondary>rationale for word form</secondary></indexterm> The form of
- <jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase> was chosen to resemble
+ <valsi>co'e</valsi> was chosen to resemble
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; the cmavo
- <jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase> of selma'o BAI (see
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi>; the cmavo
+ <valsi>do'e</valsi> of selma'o BAI (see
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series</primary><secondary>compared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'i</primary><secondary>compared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Note that
- <jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of indefinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to referring only to an utterance.</para>
+ <valsi>do'i</valsi>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of indefinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to referring only to an utterance.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-voha-series">
<title>Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vo'a</cmavo>
@@ -1502,48 +1502,48 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLqV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci vo'e</jbo>
<en>I go to the store from itself [by some route unspecified].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'a</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of different bridi with go'i-series</secondary></indexterm> To refer to places of neighboring bridi, constructions like
- <jbophrase>le se go'i ku</jbophrase> do the job: this refers to the 2nd place of the previous main bridi, as explained in
+ <oldjbophrase>le se go'i ku</oldjbophrase> do the job: this refers to the 2nd place of the previous main bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>soi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>English</secondary><tertiary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vo'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with soi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with vo'a-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocity</primary><secondary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are also used with
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like
+ <valsi>soi</valsi> (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like
<quote>vice versa</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vpb3">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do soi vo'a vo'e</jbo>
<gloss>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi] [x2 of this bridi].</gloss>
<en>I love you and vice versa (swapping
<quote>I</quote> and
<quote>you</quote>).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi with one following sumti</primary><secondary>convention</secondary></indexterm> The significance of
- <jbophrase>soi vo'a vo'e</jbophrase> is that the bridi is still true even if the x1 (specified by
- <jbophrase>vo'a</jbophrase>) and the x2 (specified by
- <jbophrase>vo'e</jbophrase>) places are interchanged. If only a single sumti follows
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase>, then the sumti immediately preceding
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> is understood to be one of those involved:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>soi vo'a vo'e</oldjbophrase> is that the bridi is still true even if the x1 (specified by
+ <valsi>vo'a</valsi>) and the x2 (specified by
+ <valsi>vo'e</valsi>) places are interchanged. If only a single sumti follows
+ <valsi>soi</valsi>, then the sumti immediately preceding
+ <valsi>soi</valsi> is understood to be one of those involved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CMQ1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do soi vo'a</jbo>
<gloss>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>again involves the x1 and x2 places.</para>
@@ -1551,73 +1551,73 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rqNJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta</jbo>
<gloss>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that from this).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'u</primary><secondary>elidability considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for soi</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed only if there is just one sumti after the
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase>, and the
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> construction is not at the end of the bridi. Constructions using
- <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> are free modifiers, and as such can go almost anywhere. Here is an example where
+ <valsi>soi</valsi> is
+ <valsi>se'u</valsi> (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed only if there is just one sumti after the
+ <valsi>soi</valsi>, and the
+ <valsi>soi</valsi> construction is not at the end of the bridi. Constructions using
+ <valsi>soi</valsi> are free modifiers, and as such can go almost anywhere. Here is an example where
- <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> is required:</para>
+ <valsi>se'u</valsi> is required:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RFBV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta</jbo>
<gloss>I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] from-that</gloss>
<en>I run to this from that and vice versa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-and-bridi-questions">
<title>sumti and bridi questions:
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mo</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ma</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>sumti question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>bridi question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>as sumti question</secondary></indexterm> Lojban questions are more fully explained in
<xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/>, but
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> are listed in this chapter for completeness. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> asks for a sumti to make the bridi true:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> and
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> are listed in this chapter for completeness. The cmavo
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> asks for a sumti to make the bridi true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Csod">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go to-what-destination?</gloss>
<en>Where are you going?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>compared with mo in overriding of arguments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>compared with go'i in overriding of arguments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>as selbri question</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>, on the other hand, asks for a selbri which makes the question bridi true. If the answer is a full bridi, then the arguments of the answer override the arguments in the question, in the same manner as the go'i-series cmavo. A simple example is:</para>
+ <valsi>mo</valsi>, on the other hand, asks for a selbri which makes the question bridi true. If the answer is a full bridi, then the arguments of the answer override the arguments in the question, in the same manner as the go'i-series cmavo. A simple example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ih10">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mo</jbo>
<gloss>What predicate is true as applied to you?</gloss>
<en>How are you?</en>
<en>What are you doing?</en>
<en>What are you?</en>
@@ -1643,51 +1643,51 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y4Yi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi ma</jbo>
<gloss>O [what sumti?]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which uses the vocative
- <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> to address someone, and simultaneously asks who the someone is.)</para>
+ <valsi>doi</valsi> to address someone, and simultaneously asks who the someone is.)</para>
<para>A further example of
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>mo</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PP7r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo mo prenu cu darxi do .i barda</jbo>
<gloss>A [what selbri?] type-of person hit you? (Observative:) A big thing.</gloss>
<en>Which person hit you? The big one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple mo</primary><secondary>as multiple questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple ma</primary><secondary>as multiple questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple questions in one bridi</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> When
- <jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is repeated, multiple questions are being asked simultaneously:</para>
+ <valsi>ma</valsi> or
+ <valsi>mo</valsi> is repeated, multiple questions are being asked simultaneously:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2KPQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma djuno ma</jbo>
<gloss>[What sumti] knows [what sumti]?</gloss>
<en>Who knows what?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-keha">
<title>Relativized pro-sumti:
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>relativized sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use of ke'a for referral to relativized sumti in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in
@@ -1697,66 +1697,66 @@
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu ke'a lei slasi</jbo>
<gloss>I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see a cat made of plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>ambiguity when omitted</secondary></indexterm> If
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> were omitted from
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> were omitted from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/>, it might be confused with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0EWp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a] zbasu lei slasi</jbo>
<gloss>I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] makes a-mass-of plastic</gloss>
<en>I see a cat that makes plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke'a in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with ri in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> The anaphora cmavo
- <jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cannot be used in place of
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>ri</valsi> cannot be used in place of
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0EWp"/>, because the relativized sumti is not yet complete when the
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> appears.</para>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>on ke'a for nested relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>subscripting for nested relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>and abstract descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Note that
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is used only with relative clauses, and not with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative clauses within relative clauses,
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> may be subscripted to make the difference clear (see
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> is used only with relative clauses, and not with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative clauses within relative clauses,
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> may be subscripted to make the difference clear (see
<xref linkend="section-nesting"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cehu">
<title>Abstraction focus pro-sumti:
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>abstraction focus</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> is used within abstraction bridi, particularly property abstractions introduced by the cmavo
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi> is used within abstraction bridi, particularly property abstractions introduced by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>. Abstractions, including the uses of
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase>, are discussed in full in
+ <valsi>ka</valsi>. Abstractions, including the uses of
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi>, are discussed in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary><secondary>use in specifying sumti place of property in abstraction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstraction</primary><secondary>specifying sumti place of property with ce'u</secondary></indexterm> In brief: Every property abstraction specifies a property of one of the sumti in it; that sumti place is filled by using
- <jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase>. This convention enables us to distinguish clearly between:</para>
+ <valsi>ce'u</valsi>. This convention enables us to distinguish clearly between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ELxF">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happiness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka ce'u gleki</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (X being-happy)</gloss>
<gloss>the property of being happy</gloss>
<en>happiness</en>
@@ -1839,57 +1839,57 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>DAhO</selmaho>
<description>cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> How long does a pro-sumti or pro-bridi remain stable? In other words, once we know the referent of a pro-sumti or pro-bridi, how long can we be sure that future uses of the same cmavo have the same referent? The answer to this question depends on which series the cmavo belongs to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bound variable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>assignable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of by rebinding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>assignable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit cancellation of by change of speaker/listener</secondary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti are stable until there is a change of speaker or listener, possibly signaled by a vocative. Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi last indefinitely or until rebound with
- <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>cei</jbophrase>. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also generally last until re-bound; details are available in
+ <valsi>goi</valsi> or
+ <valsi>cei</valsi>. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also generally last until re-bound; details are available in
<xref linkend="section-notes-on-variables"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphoric pro-bridi</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphoric pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Utterance pro-sumti are stable only within the utterance in which they appear; similarly, reflexive pro-sumti are stable only within the bridi in which they appear; and
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is stable only within its relative clause. Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits depending on the rules for the particular cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> is stable only within its relative clause. Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits depending on the rules for the particular cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-bridi</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Demonstrative pro-sumti, indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi, and sumti and bridi questions potentially change referents every time they are used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'o</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'o</primary><secondary>for cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>with da'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of with da'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of with da'o</secondary></indexterm> However, there are ways to cancel all pro-sumti and pro-bridi, so that none of them have known referents. (Some, such as
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, will acquire the same referent as soon as they are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel everything is with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> of selma'o DAhO, which is used solely for this purpose; it may appear anywhere, and has no effect on the grammar of texts containing it. One use of
+ <valsi>mi</valsi>, will acquire the same referent as soon as they are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel everything is with the cmavo
+ <valsi>da'o</valsi> of selma'o DAhO, which is used solely for this purpose; it may appear anywhere, and has no effect on the grammar of texts containing it. One use of
- <jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> is when entering a conversation, to indicate that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments already made by other participants in the conversation.</para>
+ <valsi>da'o</valsi> is when entering a conversation, to indicate that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments already made by other participants in the conversation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>no'i effect on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>no'i effect on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>no'i</primary><secondary>effect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'o</primary><secondary>effect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments</secondary></indexterm> In addition, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. More explanations of NIhO can be found in
+ <valsi>ni'o</valsi> and
+ <valsi>no'i</valsi> of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. More explanations of NIhO can be found in
<xref linkend="section-niho"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-du">
<title>The identity predicate: du</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>identity</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>identity predicate</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> has the place structure:</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi> has the place structure:</para>
<place-structure> du: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>rationale for selection of selma'o for</secondary></indexterm> and appears in selma'o GOhA for reasons of convenience: it is not a pro-bridi.
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> serves as mathematical
+ <valsi>du</valsi> serves as mathematical
<quote>=</quote>, and outside mathematical contexts is used for defining or identifying. Mathematical examples may be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mintu</primary><secondary>contrasted with du</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>contrasted with mintu</secondary></indexterm> The main difference between</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GGoH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'a du le nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>It-1 is-identical-to the man</gloss>
@@ -1901,103 +1901,103 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'a mintu le nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>It-1 is-the-same-as the man</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> is this defining nature.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GGoH"/> presumes that the speaker is responding to a request for information about what
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> refers to, or that the speaker in some way feels the need to define
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> for later reference. A bridi with
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is an identity sentence, somewhat metalinguistically saying that all attached sumti are representations for the same referent. There may be any number of sumti associated with
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and all are said to be identical.</para>
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> refers to, or that the speaker in some way feels the need to define
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> for later reference. A bridi with
+ <valsi>du</valsi> is an identity sentence, somewhat metalinguistically saying that all attached sumti are representations for the same referent. There may be any number of sumti associated with
+ <valsi>du</valsi>, and all are said to be identical.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-prfu"/>, however, predicates; it is used to make a claim about the identity of
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>, which presumably has been defined previously.</para>
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi>, which presumably has been defined previously.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dunli</primary><secondary>contrasted with du</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>contrasted with dunli</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>derivation of</secondary></indexterm> Note:
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> historically is derived from
- <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, but
+ <valsi>du</valsi> historically is derived from
+ <valsi>dunli</valsi>, but
- <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place which
+ <valsi>dunli</valsi> has a third place which
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anaphoric-rafsi">
<title>lujvo based on pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>based on pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but they are rarely used. (See
<xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
- <jbophrase>donta'a</jbophrase>, meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>donta'a</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>you-talk</quote>, would be interpreted as
- <jbophrase>tavla be do</jbophrase>, and would have the place structure</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tavla be do</oldjbophrase>, and would have the place structure</para>
<place-structure>t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4</place-structure>
<para>since <varname>t2</varname> (the addressee) is already known to be
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>do</valsi>.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-cmavo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
- <jbophrase>donma'o</jbophrase>, literally
+ <oldjbophrase>donma'o</oldjbophrase>, literally
<quote>you-cmavo</quote>, which means
<quote>a second person personal pronoun</quote>, would be interpreted as
- <jbophrase>cmavo be zo do</jbophrase>, and have the place structure:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>cmavo be zo do</oldjbophrase>, and have the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>c1 is a second person pronoun in language c4</place-structure>
<para>since both the <varname>c2</varname> place (the grammatical class) and the <varname>c3</varname> place (the meaning) are obvious from the context
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>do</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>anticipated use of for abbreviating inconvenient forms</secondary></indexterm> An anticipated use of rafsi for cmavo in the
- <jbophrase>fo'a</jbophrase> series is to express lujvo which can't be expressed in a convenient rafsi form, because they are too long to express, or are formally inconvenient (fu'ivla, cmene, and so forth.) An example would be:</para>
+ <valsi>fo'a</valsi> series is to express lujvo which can't be expressed in a convenient rafsi form, because they are too long to express, or are formally inconvenient (fu'ivla, cmene, and so forth.) An example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tH6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga</jbo>
<gloss>x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beverage</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>zi'o rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, lujvo involving
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> are also possible, and are fully discussed in
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi> are also possible, and are fully discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>. In brief, the convention is to use the rafsi for <!-- FIXME: chapter 12 does not talk about zi'o, it's probably supposed to -->
- <jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> as a prefix immediately followed by the rafsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a beverage (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a
+ <valsi>zi'o</valsi> as a prefix immediately followed by the rafsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a beverage (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a
- <jbophrase>se pinxe be zi'o</jbophrase>, the lujvo corresponding to this is
- <jbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase> (deleting the second place of
- <jbophrase>se pinxe</jbophrase>). Deleting the x1 place in this fashion would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that
- <jbophrase>zilpavypinxe</jbophrase> has the same place structure as
- <jbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>lo zilpavypinxe</jbophrase>, like
- <jbophrase>lo zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, refers to a beverage, and not to a non-existent drinker.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se pinxe be zi'o</oldjbophrase>, the lujvo corresponding to this is
+ <oldjbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</oldjbophrase> (deleting the second place of
+ <oldjbophrase>se pinxe</oldjbophrase>). Deleting the x1 place in this fashion would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that
+ <oldjbophrase>zilpavypinxe</oldjbophrase> has the same place structure as
+ <oldjbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</oldjbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>lo zilpavypinxe</oldjbophrase>, like
+ <oldjbophrase>lo zilrelselpinxe</oldjbophrase>, refers to a beverage, and not to a non-existent drinker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'a</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi rafsi</primary><secondary>as producing context-dependent meanings</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
- <jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>co'e</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase> also have rafsi, which can be used just as if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for
- <jbophrase>du-</jbophrase>based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanings.</para>
+ <valsi>du</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>bu'a</valsi> also have rafsi, which can be used just as if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for
+ <oldjbophrase>du-</oldjbophrase>based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-koha-summary">
<title>KOhA cmavo by series</title>
<para>mi-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi</cmavo>
<description>I (rafsi: <rafsi>mib</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>do</cmavo>
- <description>you (rafsi: <rafsi>don</rafsi> and <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>you (rafsi: <rafsi>don</rafsi> and <valsi>doi</valsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'o</cmavo>
<description>you and I</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'a</cmavo>
<description>I and others, we but not you</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2083,29 +2083,29 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ko'o</cmavo>
<description>it-4; 4th assignable pro-sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ko'u</cmavo>
<description>it-5; 5th assignable pro-sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fo'a</cmavo>
- <description>it-6; 6th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <jbophrase>fo'a</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>it-6; 6th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <valsi>fo'a</valsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fo'e</cmavo>
- <description>it-7; 7th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <jbophrase>fo'e</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>it-7; 7th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <valsi>fo'e</valsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fo'i</cmavo>
- <description>it-8; 8th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <jbophrase>fo'i</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>it-8; 8th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <valsi>fo'i</valsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fo'o</cmavo>
<description>it-9; 9th assignable pro-sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fo'u</cmavo>
<description>it-10; 10th assignable pro-sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
@@ -2132,21 +2132,21 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo'e</cmavo>
<description>the obvious value</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zu'i</cmavo>
<description>the typical value</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zi'o</cmavo>
- <description>the nonexistent value (rafsi: <jbophrase>zil</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>the nonexistent value (rafsi: <oldjbophrase>zil</oldjbophrase>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>vo'a-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vo'a</cmavo>
<description>x1 of this bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2273,30 +2273,30 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu'i</cmavo>
<description>some-predicate-3</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>others:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co'e</cmavo>
- <description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <rafsi>com</rafsi>/<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <rafsi>com</rafsi>/<valsi>co'e</valsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo</cmavo>
<description>bridi question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
<description role="place-structure">identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ...</description>
- <!-- (rafsi: <rafsi>dub</rafsi>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>) -->
+ <!-- (rafsi: <rafsi>dub</rafsi>/<valsi>du'o</valsi>) -->
<rafsi>dub</rafsi>
<rafsi>du'o</rafsi>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-summary">
<title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>goi</cmavo>
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index 0ddc1d6..fe12615 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -16,49 +16,49 @@
<description>relative pro-sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ku'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>KUhO</selmaho>
<description>relative clause terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Let us think about the problem of communicating what it is that we are pointing at when we are pointing at something. In Lojban, we can refer to what we are pointing at by using the pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase> if it is nearby, or
- <jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> if it is somewhat further away, or
- <jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> if it is distant. (Pro-sumti are explained in full in
+ <valsi>ti</valsi> if it is nearby, or
+ <valsi>ta</valsi> if it is somewhat further away, or
+ <valsi>tu</valsi> if it is distant. (Pro-sumti are explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>ambiguity of ti/ta/tu</secondary></indexterm> However, even with the assistance of a pointing finger, or pointing lips, or whatever may be appropriate in the local culture, it is often hard for a listener to tell just what is being pointed at. Suppose one is pointing at a person (in particular, in the direction of his or her face), and says:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QzhK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>This-one is-big.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What is the referent of
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>? Is it the person? Or perhaps it is the person's nose? Or even (for
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase> can be plural as well as singular, and mean
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>? Is it the person? Or perhaps it is the person's nose? Or even (for
+ <valsi>ti</valsi> can be plural as well as singular, and mean
<quote>these ones</quote> as well as
<quote>this one</quote>) the pores on the person's nose?</para>
<para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KUhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>use of relative clause for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>use for reference</secondary></indexterm> To help solve this problem, Lojban uses a construction called a
<quote>relative clause</quote>. Relative clauses are usually attached to the end of sumti, but there are other places where they can go as well, as explained later in this chapter. A relative clause begins with a word of selma'o NOI, and ends with the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o KUhO). As you might suppose,
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> is a cmavo of selma'o NOI; however, first we will discuss the cmavo
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase>, which also belongs to selma'o NOI.</para>
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> (of selma'o KUhO). As you might suppose,
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> is a cmavo of selma'o NOI; however, first we will discuss the cmavo
+ <valsi>poi</valsi>, which also belongs to selma'o NOI.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>as referent for relativized sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>to relativized sumti with ke'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relativized sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>poi</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> In between the
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and the
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> appears a full bridi, with the same syntax as any other bridi. Anywhere within the bridi of a relative clause, the pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o KOhA) may be used, and it stands for the sumti to which the relative clause is attached (called the
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> and the
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> appears a full bridi, with the same syntax as any other bridi. Anywhere within the bridi of a relative clause, the pro-sumti
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> (of selma'o KOhA) may be used, and it stands for the sumti to which the relative clause is attached (called the
<quote>relativized sumti</quote>). Here are some examples before we go any further:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLt8" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi ke'a prenu ku'o cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing such-that-(IT is-a-person) is-large.</gloss>
<gloss>This thing which is a person is big.</gloss>
@@ -82,26 +82,26 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi ke'a nazbi kapkevna ku'o cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing such-that-(IT is-a-nose-type-of skin-hole) is-big.</gloss>
<gloss>These things which are nose-pores are big.</gloss>
<en>These nose-pores are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big nose-pores</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big person</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IT</primary><secondary>as notation convention in relative clause chapter</secondary></indexterm> In the literal translations throughout this chapter, the word
<quote>IT</quote>, capitalized, is used to represent the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase>. In each case, it serves to represent the sumti (in
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi>. In each case, it serves to represent the sumti (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLt8"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLuj"/>, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>) to which the relative clause is attached.</para>
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>) to which the relative clause is attached.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>non-initial place use in relative clause</secondary></indexterm> Of course, there is no reason why
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> needs to appear in the x1 place of a relative clause bridi; it can appear in any place, or indeed even in a sub-bridi within the relative clause bridi. Here are two more examples:</para>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> needs to appear in the x1 place of a relative clause bridi; it can appear in any place, or indeed even in a sub-bridi within the relative clause bridi. Here are two more examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLUV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu poi le mlatu pu lacpu ke'a ku'o cu ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That-distant-thing such-that (the cat [past] drags IT) is-a-rat.</gloss>
<gloss>That thing which the cat dragged is a rat.</gloss>
<en>What the cat dragged is a rat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -111,66 +111,66 @@
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta poi mi djica le nu mi ponse ke'a [kei] ku'o cu bloti</jbo>
<gloss>That-thing such-that( I desire the event-of( I own IT ) ) is-a-boat.</gloss>
<en>That thing that I want to own is a boat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLxF"/>,
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> appears in an abstraction clause (abstractions are explained in
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> appears in an abstraction clause (abstractions are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>) within a relative clause.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>effect of omission of <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>effect of omission of</secondary></indexterm> Like any sumti,
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> can be omitted. The usual presumption in that case is that it then falls into the x1 place:</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>effect of omission of <valsi>ke'a</valsi> on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>effect of omission of</secondary></indexterm> Like any sumti,
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> can be omitted. The usual presumption in that case is that it then falls into the x1 place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sMHH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi nazbi cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing which is-a-nose is-big.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>almost certainly means the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLtX"/>. However,
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> can be omitted if it is clear to the listener that it belongs in some place other than x1:</para>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> can be omitted if it is clear to the listener that it belongs in some place other than x1:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cUsJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu poi le mlatu pu lacpu cu ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That-distant-thing which the cat [past] drags is-a-rat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLuj"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku'o</primary><secondary>elidability for relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> As stated before,
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> is an elidable terminator, and in fact it is almost always elidable. Throughout the rest of this chapter,
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> will not be written in any of the examples unless it is absolutely required: thus,
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> is an elidable terminator, and in fact it is almost always elidable. Throughout the rest of this chapter,
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> will not be written in any of the examples unless it is absolutely required: thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLt8"/> can be written:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MtNs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi prenu cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>That which is-a-person is-big.</gloss>
<en>That person is big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>poi</primary><secondary>discussion of translation</secondary></indexterm> without any change in meaning. Note that
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> is translated
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> is translated
<quote>which</quote> rather than
<quote>such-that</quote> when
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> has been omitted from the x1 place of the relative clause bridi. The word
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> has been omitted from the x1 place of the relative clause bridi. The word
<quote>which</quote> is used in English to introduce English relative clauses: other words that can be used are
<quote>who</quote> and
<quote>that</quote>, as in:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-j5ym">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d10"/>
</title>
<para>I saw a man who was going to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>and</para>
@@ -195,23 +195,23 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>noi</cmavo>
<selmaho>NOI</selmaho>
<description>incidental relative clause introducer</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>restricted contrasted with incidental</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-restrictive relative clause</primary><secondary>definition (see also incidental relative clause)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>incidental relative clause</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>restrictive (see also restrictive relative clause)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>kinds of</secondary></indexterm> There are two basic kinds of relative clauses: restrictive relative clauses introduced by
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase>, and incidental (sometimes called simply
+ <valsi>poi</valsi>, and incidental (sometimes called simply
<quote>non-restrictive</quote>) relative clauses introduced by
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase>. The difference between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information that is essential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are attached, whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional information which is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the referent of the sumti. All of the examples in
+ <valsi>noi</valsi>. The difference between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information that is essential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are attached, whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional information which is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the referent of the sumti. All of the examples in
<xref linkend="section-poi"/> are restrictive relative clauses: the information in the relative clause is essential to identification. (The title of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.)</para>
<para>Consider the following examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLXK" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blanu cu barda</jbo>
@@ -224,90 +224,90 @@
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku noi blanu cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>The dog incidentally-which is-blue is-large.</gloss>
<en>The dog, which is blue, is large.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLXK"/>, the information conveyed by
- <jbophrase>poi blanu</jbophrase> is essential to identifying the dog in question: it restricts the possible referents from dogs in general to dogs that are blue. This is why
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> relative clauses are called restrictive. In
+ <oldjbophrase>poi blanu</oldjbophrase> is essential to identifying the dog in question: it restricts the possible referents from dogs in general to dogs that are blue. This is why
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> relative clauses are called restrictive. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLys"/>, on the other hand, the dog which is referred to has presumably already been identified clearly, and the relative clause
- <jbophrase>noi blanu</jbophrase> just provides additional information about it. (If in fact the dog hasn't been identified clearly, then the relative clause does not help identify it further.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>noi blanu</oldjbophrase> just provides additional information about it. (If in fact the dog hasn't been identified clearly, then the relative clause does not help identify it further.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>incidental relative clause</primary><secondary>as a parenthetical device</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>effect on relative clause in English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>effect of commas in English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>restricted contrasted with incidental in English expression</secondary></indexterm> In English, the distinction between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is expressed in writing by surrounding incidental, but not restrictive, clauses with commas. These commas are functioning as parentheses, because incidental relative clauses are essentially parenthetical. This distinction in punctuation is represented in speech by a difference in tone of voice. In addition, English restrictive relative clauses can be introduced by
<quote>that</quote> as well as
<quote>which</quote> and
<quote>who</quote>, whereas incidental relative clauses cannot begin with
<quote>that</quote>. Lojban, however, always uses the cmavo
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> rather than punctuation or intonation to make the distinction.</para>
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> rather than punctuation or intonation to make the distinction.</para>
<para>Here are more examples of incidental relative clauses:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WxJo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi noi jdice cu zvati</jbo>
<gloss>I who-incidentally am-a-judge am-at [some-place].</gloss>
<en>I, a judge, am present.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In this example,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is already sufficiently restricted, and the additional information that I am a judge is being provided solely for the listener's edification.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> is already sufficiently restricted, and the additional information that I am a judge is being provided solely for the listener's edification.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pR53">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do viska le mi karce noi blabi</jbo>
<gloss>[True?] You see my car incidentally-which is-white.</gloss>
<en>Do you see my car, which is white?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pR53"/>, the speaker is presumed to have only one car, and is providing incidental information that it is white. (Alternatively, he or she might have more than one car, since
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> can be plural, in which case the incidental information is that each of them is white.) Contrast
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase> can be plural, in which case the incidental information is that each of them is white.) Contrast
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0qU1"/> with a restrictive relative clause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0qU1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do viska le mi karce poi blabi</jbo>
<gloss>[True?] You see my car which is-white.</gloss>
<gloss>Do you see my car that is white?</gloss>
<en>Do you see my white car?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>compared with tanru</secondary></indexterm> Here the speaker probably has several cars, and is restricting the referent of the sumti
- <jbophrase>le mi karce</jbophrase> (and thereby the listener's attention) to the white one only.
+ <oldjbophrase>le mi karce</oldjbophrase> (and thereby the listener's attention) to the white one only.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0qU1"/> means much the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zsQ6"/>, which does not use a relative clause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zsQ6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do viska le mi blabi karce</jbo>
<gloss>[True?] You see my white car.</gloss>
<en>Do you see my car, the white one?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>contrasted with tanru</secondary></indexterm> So a restrictive relative clause attached to a description can often mean the same as a description involving a tanru. However,
- <jbophrase>blabi karce</jbophrase>, like all tanru, is somewhat vague: in principle, it might refer to a car which carries white things, or even express some more complicated concept involving whiteness and car-ness; the restrictive relative clause of
+ <oldjbophrase>blabi karce</oldjbophrase>, like all tanru, is somewhat vague: in principle, it might refer to a car which carries white things, or even express some more complicated concept involving whiteness and car-ness; the restrictive relative clause of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0qU1"/> can only refer to a car which is white, not to any more complex or extended concept.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-relative-phrases">
<title>Relative phrases</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
@@ -345,22 +345,22 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ge'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>GEhU</selmaho>
<description>relative phrase terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrase</primary><secondary>as an abbreviation of a common relative clause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrase</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrase</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> There are types of relative clauses (those which have a certain selbri) which are frequently wanted in Lojban, and can be expressed using a shortcut called a relative phrase. Relative phrases are introduced by cmavo of selma'o GOI, and consist of a GOI cmavo followed by a single sumti.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loose association</primary><secondary>expressing with pe</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>as loose association</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>compared with <jbophrase>poi ke'a srana</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> Here is an example of
- <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase>, plus an equivalent sentence using a relative clause:</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loose association</primary><secondary>expressing with pe</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>as loose association</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>compared with <oldjbophrase>poi ke'a srana</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> Here is an example of
+ <valsi>pe</valsi>, plus an equivalent sentence using a relative clause:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qM04" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu pe mi cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>The chair associated-with me is-blue.</gloss>
<en>My chair is blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -369,22 +369,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>The chair such-that( IT is-associated-with me) is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM04"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM1W"/>, the link between the chair and the speaker is of the loosest kind.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>specificity</primary><secondary>expressing with po</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>expressing with po</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>as restrictive possession</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>compared with <jbophrase>poi ke'a se steci srana</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> Here is an example of
- <jbophrase>po</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>specificity</primary><secondary>expressing with po</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>expressing with po</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>as restrictive possession</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>compared with <oldjbophrase>poi ke'a se steci srana</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> Here is an example of
+ <valsi>po</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qM3D" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu po mi cu xunre</jbo>
<gloss>The chair specific-to me is red.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qm3I" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -396,31 +396,31 @@
<gloss>The chair such-that (IT is-specifically associated-with me) is-red.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>contrasted with pe</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>contrasted with po</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM3D"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qm3I"/> contrast with
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM04"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM1W"/>: the chair is more permanently connected with the speaker. A plausible (though not the only possible) contrast between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM04"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM3D"/> is that
- <jbophrase>pe mi</jbophrase> would be appropriate for a chair the speaker is currently sitting on (whether or not the speaker owned that chair), and
- <jbophrase>po mi</jbophrase> for a chair owned by the speaker (whether or not he or she was currently occupying it).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>pe mi</oldjbophrase> would be appropriate for a chair the speaker is currently sitting on (whether or not the speaker owned that chair), and
+ <oldjbophrase>po mi</oldjbophrase> for a chair owned by the speaker (whether or not he or she was currently occupying it).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>contrasted with English <quote>possession</quote></secondary></indexterm> As a result, the relationship expressed between two sumti by
- <jbophrase>po</jbophrase> is usually called
+ <valsi>po</valsi> is usually called
<quote>possession</quote>, although it does not necessarily imply ownership, legal or otherwise. The central concept is that of specificity (
- <jbophrase>steci</jbophrase> in Lojban).</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inalienable possession</primary><secondary>expressing with po'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intrinsic possession</primary><secondary>expressing with po'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>intrinsic</secondary><tertiary>expressing with po'e</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'e</primary><secondary>as intrinsic possession</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'e</primary><secondary>compared with <jbophrase>poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci srana</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> Here is an example of
- <jbophrase>po'e</jbophrase>, as well as another example of
+ <valsi>steci</valsi> in Lojban).</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inalienable possession</primary><secondary>expressing with po'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intrinsic possession</primary><secondary>expressing with po'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>intrinsic</secondary><tertiary>expressing with po'e</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'e</primary><secondary>as intrinsic possession</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'e</primary><secondary>compared with <oldjbophrase>poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci srana</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> Here is an example of
+ <valsi>po'e</valsi>, as well as another example of
- <jbophrase>po</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>po</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qM3Q" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le birka po'e mi cu spofu</jbo>
<gloss>The arm intrinsically-possessed-by me is-broken</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -464,66 +464,66 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bF0U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le birka be mi cu spofu</jbo>
<gloss>The arm of-body me is broken</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intrinsic possession</primary><secondary>expressing by using place in some selbri</secondary></indexterm> reflecting the fact that the gismu
- <jbophrase>birka</jbophrase> has an x2 place representing the body to which the arm belongs. Many, but not all, cases of intrinsic possession can be thus covered without using
+ <valsi>birka</valsi> has an x2 place representing the body to which the arm belongs. Many, but not all, cases of intrinsic possession can be thus covered without using
- <jbophrase>po'e</jbophrase> by placing the possessor into the appropriate place of the description selbri.</para>
+ <valsi>po'e</valsi> by placing the possessor into the appropriate place of the description selbri.</para>
<para>Here is an example of
- <jbophrase>po'u</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>po'u</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qM8u" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku po'u le mi pendo cu cinba mi</jbo>
<gloss>The dog which-is my friend kisses me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qm90" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi du le mi pendo cu cinba mi</jbo>
<gloss>The dog which = my friend kisses me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>identity</primary><secondary>expressing with po'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>as identity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>compared with <jbophrase>poi ke'a du</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>po'u</jbophrase> does not represent possession at all, but rather identity. (Note that it means
- <jbophrase>poi du</jbophrase> and its form was chosen to suggest the relationship.)</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>identity</primary><secondary>expressing with po'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>as identity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>compared with <oldjbophrase>poi ke'a du</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <valsi>po'u</valsi> does not represent possession at all, but rather identity. (Note that it means
+ <oldjbophrase>poi du</oldjbophrase> and its form was chosen to suggest the relationship.)</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM8u"/>, the use of
- <jbophrase>po'u</jbophrase> tells us that
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le mi pendo</jbophrase> represent the same thing. Consider the contrast between
+ <valsi>po'u</valsi> tells us that
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>le mi pendo</oldjbophrase> represent the same thing. Consider the contrast between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM8u"/> and:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wARJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi pendo po'u le gerku cu cinba mi</jbo>
<gloss>My friend which-is the dog kisses me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>relative phrase of contrasted with relativized sumti of</secondary></indexterm> The facts of the case are the same, but the listener's knowledge about the situation may not be. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM8u"/>, the listener is presumed not to understand which dog is meant by
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>, so the speaker adds a relative phrase clarifying that it is the particular dog which is the speaker's friend.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase>, so the speaker adds a relative phrase clarifying that it is the particular dog which is the speaker's friend.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wARJ"/>, however, assumes that the listener does not know which of the speaker's friends is referred to, and specifies that it is the friend that is the dog (which dog is taken to be obvious). Here is another example of the same contrast:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMAd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le tcadu po'u la nu,iork</jbo>
<en>The city of New York [not another city]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -560,42 +560,42 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cup's friend</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>friend's cup</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMb2"/> is useful in a context which is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmbn"/> is useful in a context that is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about
<quote>my friend of the cup</quote>, as opposed to some other friend of mine. Here the cup appears to
<quote>possess</quote> the person! English can't even express this relationship with a possessive –
<quote>the cup's friend of mine</quote> looks like nonsense – but Lojban has no trouble doing so.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>incidental identification</primary><secondary>expressing with no'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>incidental association</primary><secondary>expressing with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>compared with no'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>compared with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>no'u</primary><secondary>compared with po'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ne</primary><secondary>compared with pe</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>no'u</jbophrase> stand to
+ <valsi>ne</valsi> and
+ <valsi>no'u</valsi> stand to
- <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>po'u</jbophrase>, respectively, as
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> does to
- <jbophrase>poi-</jbophrase> they provide incidental information:</para>
+ <valsi>pe</valsi> and
+ <valsi>po'u</valsi>, respectively, as
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> does to
+ <oldjbophrase>poi-</oldjbophrase> they provide incidental information:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Arj8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le blabi gerku ne mi cu batci do</jbo>
<gloss>The white dog, incidentally-associated-with me, bites you.</gloss>
<en>The white dog, which is mine, bites you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Arj8"/>, the white dog is already fully identified (after all, presumably the listener knows which dog bit him or her!). The fact that it is yours is merely incidental to the main bridi claim.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with no'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>no'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with po'u</secondary></indexterm> Distinguishing between
- <jbophrase>po'u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>no'u</jbophrase> can be a little tricky. Consider a room with several men in it, one of whom is named Jim. If you don't know their names, I might say:</para>
+ <valsi>po'u</valsi> and
+ <valsi>no'u</valsi> can be a little tricky. Consider a room with several men in it, one of whom is named Jim. If you don't know their names, I might say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DSf4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu no'u la djim. cu terpemci</jbo>
<gloss>The man, incidentally-who-is Jim, is-a-poet.</gloss>
<en>The man, Jim, is a poet.</en>
@@ -625,157 +625,157 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d20"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu punji le xance le daski</jbo>
<gloss>The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hands in pockets</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is very natural. Of course, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or another's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>rationale for non-inclusion in relative clause chapter</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary><secondary>effect of following logical connective on elidability</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ge'u from preceding relative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary><secondary>elidability of from relative phrases</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmavo is
- <jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never required. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified by a relative phrase, then an explicit
- <jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> is needed to allow the connective to affect the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in
+ <valsi>ge'u</valsi> of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never required. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified by a relative phrase, then an explicit
+ <valsi>ge'u</valsi> is needed to allow the connective to affect the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-koha-broda-series"/>, as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the same.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-zihe">
<title>Multiple relative clauses:
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi></title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zi'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZIhE</selmaho>
<description>relative clause joiner</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZIhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple relative clauses</primary><secondary>attaching with zi'e</secondary></indexterm> Sometimes it is necessary or useful to attach more than one relative clause to a sumti. This is made possible in Lojban by the cmavo
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZIhE), which is used to join one or more relative clauses together into a single unit, thus making them apply to the same sumti. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi> (of selma'o ZIhE), which is used to join one or more relative clauses together into a single unit, thus making them apply to the same sumti. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HBMR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blabi zi'e poi batci le nanmu cu klama</jbo>
<en>The dog which is white and which bites the man goes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'e</primary><secondary>compared with English <quote>and</quote></secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> The most usual translation of
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase> in English is
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi> in English is
<quote>and</quote>, but
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase> is not really a logical connective: unlike most of the true logical connectives (which are explained in
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi> is not really a logical connective: unlike most of the true logical connectives (which are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>), it cannot be converted into a logical connection between sentences.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrase</primary><secondary>connecting to relative clause with zi'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause</primary><secondary>connecting to relative phrase with zi'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple relative clauses</primary><secondary>connecting different kinds with zi'e</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly correct to use
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase> to connect relative clauses of different kinds:</para>
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi> to connect relative clauses of different kinds:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Vbm7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blabi zi'e noi le mi pendo cu ponse ke'a cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>The dog that-is (white) and incidentally-such-that (my friend owns IT) goes.</gloss>
<en>The dog that is white, which my friend owns, is going.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Vbm7"/>, the restrictive clause
- <jbophrase>poi blabi</jbophrase> specifies which dog is referred to, but the incidental clause
- <jbophrase>noi le mi pendo cu ponse</jbophrase> is mere incidental information: the listener is supposed to already have identified the dog from the
- <jbophrase>poi blabi</jbophrase>. Of course, the meaning (though not necessarily the emphasis) is the same if the incidental clause appears first.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>poi blabi</oldjbophrase> specifies which dog is referred to, but the incidental clause
+ <oldjbophrase>noi le mi pendo cu ponse</oldjbophrase> is mere incidental information: the listener is supposed to already have identified the dog from the
+ <oldjbophrase>poi blabi</oldjbophrase>. Of course, the meaning (though not necessarily the emphasis) is the same if the incidental clause appears first.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'e</primary><secondary>use in connecting relative phrase/clause to relative phrase/clause</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to connect relative phrases with
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase>, or a relative phrase with a relative clause:</para>
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi>, or a relative phrase with a relative clause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-36tm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le botpi po mi zi'e poi blanu cu spofu</jbo>
<gloss>The bottle specific-to me and which-is blue is-broken.</gloss>
<en>My blue bottle is broken.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that if the colloquial translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-36tm"/> were
<quote>My bottle, which is blue, is broken</quote>, then
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> rather than
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> would have been correct in the Lojban version, since that version of the English implies that you do not need to know the bottle is blue. As written,
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> rather than
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> would have been correct in the Lojban version, since that version of the English implies that you do not need to know the bottle is blue. As written,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-36tm"/> suggests that I probably have more than one bottle, and the one in question needs to be picked out as the blue one.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FapT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba zutse le stizu pe mi zi'e po do zi'e poi xunre</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] sit-in the chair associated-with me and specific-to you and which-is red.</gloss>
<en>I will sit in my chair (really yours), the red one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>my chair</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FapT"/> illustrates that more than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with
- <jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase>. It almost defies colloquial translation because of the very un-English contrast between
- <jbophrase>pe mi</jbophrase>, implying that the chair is temporarily connected with me, and
- <jbophrase>po do</jbophrase>, implying that the chair has a more permanent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which case the chair would naturally be your property.)</para>
+ <valsi>zi'e</valsi>. It almost defies colloquial translation because of the very un-English contrast between
+ <oldjbophrase>pe mi</oldjbophrase>, implying that the chair is temporarily connected with me, and
+ <oldjbophrase>po do</oldjbophrase>, implying that the chair has a more permanent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which case the chair would naturally be your property.)</para>
<para>Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relative clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erma">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba citka le dembi pe mi zi'e poi cpana le mi palta zi'e noi do dunda ke'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] eat the beans associated-with me and which are-upon my plate and which-incidentally you gave IT to-me.</gloss>
<en>I'll eat my beans that are on my plate, the ones you gave me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-voi">
<title>Non-veridical relative clauses:
- <jbophrase>voi</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>voi</valsi></title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>voi</cmavo>
<selmaho>NOI</selmaho>
<description>non-veridical relative clause introducer</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>There is another member of selma'o NOI which serves to introduce a third kind of relative clause:
- <jbophrase>voi</jbophrase>. Relative clauses introduced by
- <jbophrase>voi</jbophrase> are restrictive, like those introduced by
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase>. However, there is a fundamental difference between
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>voi</jbophrase> relative clauses. A
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> relative clause is said to be veridical, in the same sense that a description using
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> is: it is essential to the interpretation that the bridi actually be true. For example:</para>
+ <valsi>voi</valsi>. Relative clauses introduced by
+ <valsi>voi</valsi> are restrictive, like those introduced by
+ <valsi>poi</valsi>. However, there is a fundamental difference between
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>voi</valsi> relative clauses. A
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> relative clause is said to be veridical, in the same sense that a description using
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> or
+ <valsi>loi</valsi> is: it is essential to the interpretation that the bridi actually be true. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pcvP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blabi cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>The dog which is-white goes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>it must actually be true that the dog is white, or the sentence constitutes a miscommunication. If there is a white dog and a brown dog, and the speaker uses
- <jbophrase>le gerku poi blabi</jbophrase> to refer to the brown dog, then the listener will not understand correctly. However,</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku poi blabi</oldjbophrase> to refer to the brown dog, then the listener will not understand correctly. However,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BDgn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku voi blabi cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>The dog which-I-describe-as white goes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>puts the listener on notice that the dog in question may not actually meet objective standards (whatever they are) for being white: only the speaker can say exactly what is meant by the term. In this way,
- <jbophrase>voi</jbophrase> is like
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>; the speaker's intention determines the meaning.</para>
+ <valsi>voi</valsi> is like
+ <valsi>le</valsi>; the speaker's intention determines the meaning.</para>
<para>As a result, the following two sentences</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMCc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>That-which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>The
<quote>guy</quote> is actually a gal.</en>
@@ -785,52 +785,52 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti voi nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>mean essentially the same thing (except that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmcE"/> involves pointing thanks to the use of
- <jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, whereas
+ <valsi>ti</valsi>, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMCc"/> doesn't), and neither one is self-contradictory: it is perfectly all right to describe something as a man (although perhaps confusing to the listener) even if it actually is a woman.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-descriptors">
<title>Relative clauses and descriptors</title>
<para>So far, this chapter has described the various kinds of relative clauses (including relative phrases). The list is now complete, and the rest of the chapter will be concerned with the syntax of sumti that include relative clauses. So far, all relative clauses have appeared directly after the sumti to which they are attached. This is the most common position (and originally the only one), but a variety of other placements are also possible which produce a variety of semantic effects.</para>
<para>There are actually three places where a relative clause can be attached to a description sumti: after the descriptor (
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, or whatever), after the embedded selbri but before the elidable terminator (which is
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>), and after the
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. The relative clauses attached to descriptors that we have seen have occupied the second position. Thus
+ <valsi>le</valsi>,
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>, or whatever), after the embedded selbri but before the elidable terminator (which is
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>), and after the
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>. The relative clauses attached to descriptors that we have seen have occupied the second position. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pcvP"/>, if written out with all elidable terminators, would appear as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UmLX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blabi ku'o ku cu klama vau</jbo>
<gloss>The (dog which (is-white) ) goes.</gloss>
<en>The dog which is white is going.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> is the terminator paired with
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> with
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> is the terminator of the whole bridi.</para>
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> is the terminator paired with
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> with
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> is the terminator of the whole bridi.</para>
<para>When a simple descriptor using
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, like
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>, has a relative clause attached, it is purely a matter of style and emphasis where the relative clause should go. Therefore, the following examples are all equivalent in meaning to
+ <valsi>le</valsi>, like
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase>, has a relative clause attached, it is purely a matter of style and emphasis where the relative clause should go. Therefore, the following examples are all equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UmLX"/>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmCQ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le poi blabi ku'o gerku cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>The such-that (it-is-white) dog goes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -840,44 +840,44 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku ku poi blabi cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>The (dog) which is-white goes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UmLX"/> will seem most natural to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after the noun phrases they are attached to;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmCQ"/>, on the other hand, may seem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative clause first. Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmCQ"/>, the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause (
- <jbophrase>blabi</jbophrase>) will merge with the selbri of the description (
- <jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence. The purpose of the form appearing in
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause (
+ <valsi>blabi</valsi>) will merge with the selbri of the description (
+ <valsi>gerku</valsi>), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence. The purpose of the form appearing in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMct"/> will be apparent shortly.</para>
<para>As is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>, two different numbers (known as the
<quote>inner quantifier</quote> and the
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>) can be attached to a description. The inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it appears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifier appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things referred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the following example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3nJN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le mu prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the five persons go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two of the five people [that I have in mind] are going to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <jbophrase>mu</jbophrase> is the inner quantifier and
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> is the outer quantifier. Now what is meant by attaching a relative clause to the sumti
- <jbophrase>re le mu prenu</jbophrase>? Suppose the relative clause is
- <jbophrase>poi ninmu</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <valsi>mu</valsi> is the inner quantifier and
+ <valsi>re</valsi> is the outer quantifier. Now what is meant by attaching a relative clause to the sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>re le mu prenu</oldjbophrase>? Suppose the relative clause is
+ <oldjbophrase>poi ninmu</oldjbophrase> (meaning
<quote>who are women</quote>). Now the three possible attachment points discussed previously take on significance.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMdb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le poi ninmu ku'o mu prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Two of the such-that([they] are-women) five persons go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two women out of the five persons go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -899,38 +899,38 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le mu prenu ku poi ninmu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>(Two of the five persons) which are-women go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two women out of the five persons go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As the parentheses show,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmDo"/> means that all five of the persons are women, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMDQ"/> means that the two who are going to the market are women. How do we remember which is which? If the relative clause comes after the explicit
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, as in
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMDQ"/>, then the sumti as a whole is qualified by the relative clause. If there is no
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, or if the relative clause comes before an explicit
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, then the relative clause is understood to apply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to.</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, or if the relative clause comes before an explicit
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, then the relative clause is understood to apply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to.</para>
<para>What about
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMdb"/>? By convention, it means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMDQ"/>, and it requires no
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, but it does typically require a
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> instead. Note that the relative clause comes before the inner quantifier.</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, but it does typically require a
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> instead. Note that the relative clause comes before the inner quantifier.</para>
<para>When
- <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is the descriptor being used, and the sumti has no explicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood to be
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <valsi>le</valsi> is the descriptor being used, and the sumti has no explicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood to be
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (meaning
<quote>all</quote>), as is explained in
<xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Thus
- <jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase> is taken to mean
+ <oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase> is taken to mean
<quote>all of the things I refer to as dogs</quote>, possibly all one of them. In that case, there is no difference between a relative clause after the
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or before it. However, if the descriptor is
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, the difference is quite important:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> or before it. However, if the descriptor is
+ <valsi>lo</valsi>, the difference is quite important:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmDS" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>(Some persons) incidentally-which are-white go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Some people, who are white, go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -940,39 +940,39 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo prenu noi blabi [ku] cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Some (persons incidentally-which are-white) go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Some of the people, who by the way are white, go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Both
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmDS"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmdX"/> tell us that one or more persons are going to the market. However, they make very different incidental claims. Now, what does
- <jbophrase>lo prenu noi blabi</jbophrase> mean? Well, the default inner quantifier is
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>lo prenu noi blabi</oldjbophrase> mean? Well, the default inner quantifier is
+ <valsi>ro</valsi> (meaning
<quote>all</quote>), and the default outer quantifier is
- <jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <valsi>su'o</valsi> (meaning
<quote>at least one</quote>). Therefore, we must first take all persons, then choose at least one of them. That one or more people will be going.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmDS"/>, the relative clause described the sumti once the outer quantifier was applied: one or more people, who are white, are going. But in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmdX"/>, the relative clause actually describes the sumti before the outer quantification is applied, so that it ends up meaning
<quote>First take all persons – by the way, they're all white</quote>. But not all people are white, so the incidental claim being made here is false.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses on lo</primary><secondary>syntax suggestion</secondary></indexterm> The safe strategy, therefore, is to always use
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> when attaching a
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> relative clause to a
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptor. Otherwise we may end up claiming far too much.</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> when attaching a
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> relative clause to a
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> descriptor. Otherwise we may end up claiming far too much.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and names</primary><secondary>placement considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>as part of name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>impact of la on placement</secondary></indexterm> When the descriptor is
- <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, indicating that what follows is a selbri used for naming, then the positioning of relative clauses has a different significance. A relative clause inside the
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, whether before or after the selbri, is reckoned part of the name; a relative clause outside the
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> is not. Therefore,</para>
+ <valsi>la</valsi>, indicating that what follows is a selbri used for naming, then the positioning of relative clauses has a different significance. A relative clause inside the
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, whether before or after the selbri, is reckoned part of the name; a relative clause outside the
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> is not. Therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JYj4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la nanmu poi terpa le ke'a xirma [ku]</jbo>
<gloss>I see that-named (
<quote>man which fears the of-IT horse</quote>).</gloss>
<en>I see Man Afraid Of His Horse.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -988,48 +988,48 @@
<quote>Man</quote>) which fears the of-IT horse.</gloss>
<en>I see the person named
<quote>Man</quote> who is afraid of his horse.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>refers to one (or more) of those named
<quote>Man</quote>, namely the one(s) who are afraid of their horses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>placement considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>impact of indefinite sumti on placement</secondary></indexterm> Finally, so-called indefinite sumti like
- <jbophrase>re karce</jbophrase>, which means almost the same as
- <jbophrase>re lo karce</jbophrase> (which in turn means the same as
- <jbophrase>re lo ro karce</jbophrase>), can have relative clauses attached; these are taken to be of the outside-the-
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> variety. Here is an example:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>re karce</oldjbophrase>, which means almost the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>re lo karce</oldjbophrase> (which in turn means the same as
+ <oldjbophrase>re lo ro karce</oldjbophrase>), can have relative clauses attached; these are taken to be of the outside-the-
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> variety. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-J11I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse re karce [ku] poi xekri</jbo>
<gloss>I possess two cars which-are black.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses on indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>syntax considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>syntax with indefinite sumti</secondary></indexterm> The restrictive relative clause only affects the two cars being affected by the main bridi, not all cars that exist. It is ungrammatical to try to place a relative clause within an indefinite sumti (that is, before an explicitly expressed terminating
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>.) Use an explicit
- <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> instead.</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>.) Use an explicit
+ <valsi>lo</valsi> instead.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-possessive-sumti">
<title>Possessive sumti</title>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>compared with relative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrase</primary><secondary>compared with possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>between descriptor and description selbri</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pR53"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zsQ6"/>, the sumti
- <jbophrase>le mi karce</jbophrase> appears, glossed as
+ <oldjbophrase>le mi karce</oldjbophrase> appears, glossed as
<quote>my car</quote>. Although it might not seem so, this sumti actually contains a relative phrase. When a sumti appears between a descriptor and its description selbri, it is actually a
- <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase> relative phrase. So</para>
+ <valsi>pe</valsi> relative phrase. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pALv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi karce cu xunre</jbo>
<gloss>My car is-red.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>my</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and</para>
@@ -1049,53 +1049,53 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce pe mi cu xunre</jbo>
<gloss>The car associated-with me is-red.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessor sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> means the same thing as well. A sumti like the one in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pALv"/> is called a
<quote>possessive sumti</quote>. Of course, it does not really indicate possession in the sense of ownership, but like
- <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase> relative phrases, indicates only weak association; you can say
- <jbophrase>le mi karce</jbophrase> even if you've only borrowed it for the night. (In English,
+ <valsi>pe</valsi> relative phrases, indicates only weak association; you can say
+ <oldjbophrase>le mi karce</oldjbophrase> even if you've only borrowed it for the night. (In English,
<quote>my car</quote> usually means
- <jbophrase>le karce po mi</jbophrase>, but we do not have the same sense of possession in
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce po mi</oldjbophrase>, but we do not have the same sense of possession in
<quote>my seat on the bus</quote>; Lojban simply makes the weaker sense the standard one.) The inner sumti,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> in
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pALv"/>, is correspondingly called the
<quote>possessor sumti</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and possessive sumti</primary><secondary>development history</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti and relative clauses</primary><secondary>development history</secondary></indexterm> Historically, possessive sumti existed before any other kind of relative phrase or clause, and were retained when the machinery of relative phrases and clauses as detailed in this chapter so far was slowly built up. When preposed relative clauses of the
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1ng6"/> type were devised, possessive sumti were most easily viewed as a special case of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>as possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotations</primary><secondary>as possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>as possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>as possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>as possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases</primary><secondary>contrasted with possessive sumti in complexity allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with relative phrases in complexity allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>syntax allowed</secondary></indexterm> Although any sumti, however complex, can appear in a full-fledged relative phrase, only simple sumti can appear as possessor sumti, without a
- <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase>. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti are: pro-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In addition, the possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form would be interpreted as the unusual
+ <valsi>pe</valsi>. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti are: pro-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In addition, the possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form would be interpreted as the unusual
<quote>descriptor + quantifier + sumti</quote> type of description. All these sumti forms are explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a description used in a possessive sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rBmw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le le nanmu ku karce cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>The (associated-with-the man) car is blue.</gloss>
<en>The man's car is blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of possessive sumti on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> Note the explicit
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> at the end of the possessor sumti, which prevents the selbri of the possessor sumti from merging with the selbri of the main description sumti. Because of the need for this
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, the most common kind of possessor sumti are pro-sumti, especially personal pro-sumti, which require no elidable terminator. Descriptions are more likely to be attached with relative phrases.</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> at the end of the possessor sumti, which prevents the selbri of the possessor sumti from merging with the selbri of the main description sumti. Because of the need for this
+ <valsi>ku</valsi>, the most common kind of possessor sumti are pro-sumti, especially personal pro-sumti, which require no elidable terminator. Descriptions are more likely to be attached with relative phrases.</para>
<para>And here is a number used as a possessor sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pYfN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le li mu jdice se bende</jbo>
<gloss>The of-the-number-five judging team-member</gloss>
<en>Juror number 5</en>
@@ -1108,40 +1108,40 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cVjs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi noi sipna vau karce cu na klama</jbo>
<gloss>The of-me incidentally-which-(is-sleeping) car isn't going.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that my car isn't going; the incidental claim of
- <jbophrase>noi sipna</jbophrase> applies to me, not my car, however. If I wanted to say that the car is sleeping (whatever that might mean) I would need:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>noi sipna</oldjbophrase> applies to me, not my car, however. If I wanted to say that the car is sleeping (whatever that might mean) I would need:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iP4q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi karce poi sipna cu na klama</jbo>
<gloss>The of-me car which sleeps isn't going.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku'o</primary><secondary>effect of vau on elidability</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vau</primary><secondary>effect on elidability ku'o</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-cVjs"/> uses
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> rather than
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> at the end of the relative clause: this terminator ends every simple bridi and is almost always elidable; in this case, though, it is a syllable shorter than the equally valid alternative,
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> rather than
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi> at the end of the relative clause: this terminator ends every simple bridi and is almost always elidable; in this case, though, it is a syllable shorter than the equally valid alternative,
- <jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ku'o</valsi>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vuho">
<title>Relative clauses and complex sumti:
- <jbophrase>vu'o</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>vu'o</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vu'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhO</selmaho>
<description>relative clause attacher</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Normally, relative clauses attach only to simple sumti or parts of sumti: pro-sumti, names and descriptions, pure numbers, and quotations. An example of a relative clause attached to a pure number is:</para>
@@ -1181,90 +1181,90 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le vu kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote] is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
<en>An old
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is in the far room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>red pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> is a bit complex, and may need some picking apart. The quotation
- <jbophrase>lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbophrase> means the string of words
+ <oldjbophrase>lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</oldjbophrase> means the string of words
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. If the
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> at the beginning of the sentence were omitted,
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> at the beginning of the sentence were omitted,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> would claim that a certain string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obviously a string of words can't be in a room! The effect of the
- <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of
+ <valsi>la'e</valsi> is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is identified by the restrictive relative clause.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> means exactly the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yX24">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u poi to'ercitno cu zvati le vu kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>A-referent-of ([quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]) which is-old is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and the two sentences can be considered stylistic variants. Note the required
- <jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> terminator, which prevents the relative clause from attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an old quotation!</para>
+ <valsi>lu'u</valsi> terminator, which prevents the relative clause from attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an old quotation!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on connected sumti</secondary></indexterm> Sometimes, however, it is important to make a relative clause apply to the whole of a more complex sumti, one which involves logical or non-logical connection (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EYgE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. noi nanmu cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank and George incidentally-who is-a-man go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who is a man, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The incidental claim in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EYgE"/> is not that Frank and George are men, but only that George is a man, because the incidental relative clause attaches only to
- <jbophrase>la djordj</jbophrase>, the immediately preceding simple sumti.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la djordj</oldjbophrase>, the immediately preceding simple sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clause scope</primary><secondary>extending to preceding sumti with vu'o</secondary></indexterm> To make a relative clause attach to both parts of the logically connected sumti in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EYgE"/>, a new cmavo is needed,
- <jbophrase>vu'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o VUhO). It is placed between the sumti and the relative clause, and extends the sphere of influence of that relative clause to the entire preceding sumti, including however many logical or non-logical connectives there may be.</para>
+ <valsi>vu'o</valsi> (of selma'o VUhO). It is placed between the sumti and the relative clause, and extends the sphere of influence of that relative clause to the entire preceding sumti, including however many logical or non-logical connectives there may be.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9XPz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi nanmu cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank and George incidentally-who are-men go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who are men, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The presence of
- <jbophrase>vu'o</jbophrase> here means that the relative clause
- <jbophrase>noi nanmu</jbophrase> extends to the entire logically connected sumti
- <jbophrase>la frank. .e la djordj.</jbophrase>; in other words, both Frank and George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows.</para>
+ <valsi>vu'o</valsi> here means that the relative clause
+ <oldjbophrase>noi nanmu</oldjbophrase> extends to the entire logically connected sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>la frank. .e la djordj.</oldjbophrase>; in other words, both Frank and George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses on complex sumti</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> English is able to resolve the distinction correctly in the case of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EYgE"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9XPz"/> by making use of number:
<quote>who is</quote> rather than
<quote>who are</quote>. Lojban doesn't distinguish between singular and plural verbs:
- <jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase> can mean
+ <valsi>nanmu</valsi> can mean
<quote>is a man</quote> or
<quote>are men</quote>, so another means is required. Furthermore, Lojban's mechanism works correctly in general: if
- <jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase> (meaning
+ <valsi>nanmu</valsi> (meaning
<quote>is-a-man</quote>) were replaced with
- <jbophrase>pu bajra</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>pu bajra</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>ran</quote>), English would have to make the distinction some other way:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmeb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. noi pu bajra cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank and (George who [past] runs) go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who ran, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1312,22 +1312,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi'i la frank. .e la djordj.</jbo>
<en>Welcome, Frank and George!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMGj"/> says farewell to something which doesn't really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named
<quote>Horse</quote>. In a sense,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMGj"/> is ambiguous between
- <jbophrase>co'o le xirma</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>co'o la xirma</jbophrase>, a relatively safe semantic ambiguity, since names are ambiguous in general: saying
+ <oldjbophrase>co'o le xirma</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>co'o la xirma</oldjbophrase>, a relatively safe semantic ambiguity, since names are ambiguous in general: saying
<quote>George</quote> doesn't distinguish between the possible Georges.</para>
<para>Similarly,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMG8"/> can be thought of as an abbreviation of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oWPU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>Hello, the-one-named
@@ -1382,56 +1382,56 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TGiu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu poi zvati le kumfa poi blanu cu masno</jbo>
<gloss>The person who is-in the room which is-blue is-slow.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a with subscript</primary><secondary>use for outer sumti reference</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>use with ke'a for outer sumti reference</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner sumti</primary><secondary>referring to from within relative clause within relative clause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer sumti</primary><secondary>referring to from within relative clause within relative clause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relativized sumti</primary><secondary>in relative clauses within relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>meaning in relative clause inside relative clause</secondary></indexterm> However, an ambiguity can exist if
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is used in a relative clause within a relative clause: does it refer to the outermost sumti, or to the sumti within the outer relative clause to which the inner relative clause is attached? The latter. To refer to the former, use a subscript on
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> is used in a relative clause within a relative clause: does it refer to the outermost sumti, or to the sumti within the outer relative clause to which the inner relative clause is attached? The latter. To refer to the former, use a subscript on
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8RdM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu poi zvati le kumfa poi ke'axire zbasu ke'a cu masno</jbo>
<gloss>The person who is-in the room which IT-sub-2 built IT is-slow.</gloss>
<en>The person who is in the room which he built is slow.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>room which he built</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Here, the meaning of
<quote>IT-sub-2</quote> is that sumti attached to the second relative clause, counting from the innermost, is used. Therefore,
- <jbophrase>ke'axipa</jbophrase> (IT-sub-1) means the same as plain
+ <oldjbophrase>ke'axipa</oldjbophrase> (IT-sub-1) means the same as plain
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>use for outer sumti reference</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer sumti</primary><secondary>prenex for referring to from within relative clause within relative clause</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, you can use a prenex (explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>), which is syntactically a series of sumti followed by the special cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>, prefixed to the relative clause bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>zo'u</valsi>, prefixed to the relative clause bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5TuF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa poi ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno</jbo>
<gloss>The man who (IT = it1 : it1 is-in the room which (IT = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5TuF"/> is more verbose than
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8RdM"/>, but may be clearer, since it explicitly spells out the two
- <jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to the assignable cmavo
- <jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase> (explained in Chapter
+ <valsi>ke'a</valsi> cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to the assignable cmavo
+ <valsi>ko'a</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ko'e</valsi> (explained in Chapter
<xref linkend="section-koha-broda-series"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-relative-clause-cmavo-summary">
<title>Index of relative clause cmavo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>list of cmavo for</secondary></indexterm> Relative clause introducers (selma'o NOI):</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>noi</cmavo>
<description>incidental clauses</description>
</cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index df6eb58..4888fa6 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -1,86 +1,86 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti-tcita">
<title>To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-tcita-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>objects of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>as basis of sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentence</primary><secondary>basic Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The basic type of Lojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects are related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical forms called
- <jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
- <jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>sumti</valsi>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
+ <oldjbophrase>selbri</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>as objects in place structure slots</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>empty slots in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti are not randomly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known as the
<quote>place structure</quote> of the selbri. This chapter describes the various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed and by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a sequence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are placed. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure of selbri</primary><secondary>determining</secondary></indexterm> For our present purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structure. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dictionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from the principles of lujvo construction as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>in place structure notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 employing means of transport x5.
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 employing means of transport x5.
</place-structure>
<para>The
<quote>x1 ... x5</quote> indicates that
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is a five-place predicate, and show the natural order (as assigned by the language engineers) of those places: agent, destination, origin, route, means.</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> is a five-place predicate, and show the natural order (as assigned by the language engineers) of those places: agent, destination, origin, route, means.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>instability of</secondary></indexterm> The place structures of brivla are not absolutely stable aspects of the language. The work done so far has attempted to establish a basic place structure on which all users can, at first, agree. In the light of actual experience with the individual selbri of the language, there will inevitably be some degree of change to the brivla place structures.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cu">
<title>Standard bridi form:
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase></title>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu</cmavo>
<selmaho>CU</selmaho>
<description>prefixed selbri separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>building from selbri and sumti</secondary></indexterm> The most usual way of constructing a bridi from a selbri such as
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> and an appropriate number of sumti is to place the sumti intended for the x1 place before the selbri, and all the other sumti in order after the selbri, thus:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> and an appropriate number of sumti is to place the sumti intended for the x1 place before the selbri, and all the other sumti in order after the selbri, thus:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ji94">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the sumti are assigned to the places as follows:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>x1</entry>
<entry>agent</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>mi</valsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x2</entry>
<entry>destination</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>la bastn.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x3</entry>
<entry>origin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>la .atlantas.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>la .atlantas.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x4</entry>
<entry>route</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>le dargu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>le dargu</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x5</entry>
<entry>means</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>(Note: Many of the examples in the rest of this chapter will turn out to have the same meaning as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/>; this fact will not be reiterated.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>non-standard form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>standard bridi form</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>standard form of</secondary></indexterm> This ordering, with the x1 place before the selbri and all other places in natural order after the selbri, is called
<quote>standard bridi form</quote>, and is found in the bulk of Lojban bridi, whether used in main sentences or in subordinate clauses. However, many other forms are possible, such as:</para>
@@ -100,47 +100,47 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi la bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emphasis</primary><secondary>changing by using non-standard form of bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>effect of using non-standard form</secondary></indexterm> All of the variant forms in this section and following sections can be used to place emphasis on the part or parts which have been moved out of their standard places. Thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yLqT"/> places emphasis on the selbri (because it is at the end);
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vzNY"/> emphasizes
- <jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase>, because it has been moved before the selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reordering.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la bastn.</oldjbophrase>, because it has been moved before the selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reordering.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidable terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>usefulness of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>necessity of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>as selbri separator</secondary></indexterm> In all these examples, the cmavo
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>. However, providing it helps the reader or listener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use
+ <valsi>cu</valsi>. However, providing it helps the reader or listener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>selbri-first as exceptional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>effect on sumti places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>omitted first place in selbri-first bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>order in selbri-first bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>order in selbri</secondary></indexterm> The general rule, then, is that the selbri may occur anywhere in the bridi as long as the sumti maintain their order. The only exception (and it is an important one) is that if the selbri appears first, the x1 sumti is taken to have been omitted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aQtM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>A-goer to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
<gloss>Goes to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
<en>Look: a goer to Boston from Atlanta via the road using the car!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>command</primary><secondary>contrasted with observative form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observative form</primary><secondary>contrasted with command</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observative</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>exception to sumti place structure in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>omitting the first sumti place</secondary></indexterm> Here the x1 place is empty: the listener must guess from context who is going to Boston. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aQtM"/>,
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is glossed
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> is glossed
<quote>a goer</quote> rather than
<quote>go</quote> because
<quote>Go</quote> at the beginning of an English sentence would suggest a command:
<quote>Go to Boston!</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aQtM"/> is not a command, simply a normal statement with the x1 place unspecified, causing the emphasis to fall on the selbri
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>. Such a bridi, with empty x1, is called an
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>. Such a bridi, with empty x1, is called an
<quote>observative</quote>, because it usually calls on the listener to observe something in the environment which would belong in the x1 place. The third translation above shows this observative nature. Sometimes it is the relationship itself which the listener is asked to observe.</para>
<para>(There is a way to both provide a sumti for the x1 place and put the selbri first in the bridi: see
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oDES"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>leaving end sumti places unspecified in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>dropping trailing unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified trailing sumti</primary><secondary>dropping</secondary></indexterm> Suppose the speaker desires to omit a place other than the x1 place? (Presumably it is obvious or, for one reason or another, not worth saying.) Places at the end may simply be dropped:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Eqa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -154,38 +154,38 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jh7T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> occupies the x4 place, and therefore
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase> occupies the x4 place, and therefore
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jh7T"/> means:</para>
<place-structure>
I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route.
</place-structure>
<para>This is nonsense, since a car cannot be a route. What the speaker presumably meant is expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tqoQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. zo'e le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-something-unspecified using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structures</primary><secondary>omitting places with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as place-holder for unspecified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified sumti</primary><secondary>using zo'e as place-holder for</secondary></indexterm> Here the sumti cmavo
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> is used to explicitly fill the x4 place;
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> is used to explicitly fill the x4 place;
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> means
<quote>the unspecified thing</quote> and has the same meaning as leaving the place empty: the listener must infer the correct meaning from context.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-FA">
<title>Tagging places: FA</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fa</cmavo>
<selmaho>FA</selmaho>
<description>tags x1 place</description>
@@ -212,112 +212,112 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>FA</selmaho>
<description>place structure question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> In sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/>, it is easy to get lost and forget which sumti falls in which place, especially if the sumti are more complicated than simple names or descriptions. The place structure tags of selma'o FA may be used to help clarify place structures. The five cmavo
- <jbophrase>fa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> may be inserted just before the sumti in the x1 to x5 places respectively:</para>
+ <valsi>fa</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fe</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fi</valsi>,
+ <valsi>fo</valsi>, and
+ <valsi>fu</valsi> may be inserted just before the sumti in the x1 to x5 places respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yLop">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fa mi cu klama fe la bastn. fi la .atlantas. fo le dargu fu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>x1= I go x2= Boston x3= Atlanta x4= the road x5= the car.</gloss>
<en>I go to Boston from Atlanta via the road using the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>for accessing a selbri place explicitly by relative number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>explicitly mapping into place structure with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>explicitly mapping sumti to place with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>effect of FA on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yLop"/>, the tag
- <jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> before
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> clarifies that
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> occupies the x5 place of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>. The use of
- <jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> tells us nothing about the purpose or meaning of the x5 place; it simply says that
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> occupies it.</para>
+ <valsi>fu</valsi> before
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase> clarifies that
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase> occupies the x5 place of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>. The use of
+ <valsi>fu</valsi> tells us nothing about the purpose or meaning of the x5 place; it simply says that
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase> occupies it.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yLop"/>, the tags are overkill; they serve only to make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/> even longer than it is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3CPJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fa mi klama fe le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau fi la nu,IORK.</jbo>
<gloss>x1= I go x2= (the house of me) which is-rural x3= New York.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3CPJ"/>, the place structure of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is as follows:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> is as follows:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>x1</entry>
<entry>agent</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>mi</valsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x2</entry>
<entry>destination</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x3</entry>
<entry>origin</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>la nu,IORK.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><oldjbophrase>la nu,IORK.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x4</entry>
<entry>route</entry>
<entry>(empty)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>x5</entry>
<entry>means</entry>
<entry>(empty)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>as a reminder of place in place structure</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> tag serves to remind the hearer that what follows is in the x3 place of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>; after listening to the complex sumti occupying the x2 place, it's easy to get lost.</para>
+ <valsi>fi</valsi> tag serves to remind the hearer that what follows is in the x3 place of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>; after listening to the complex sumti occupying the x2 place, it's easy to get lost.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>re-ordering with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>specifying first sumti place in with fa</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure order</primary><secondary>effect of FA on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on place structure order</secondary></indexterm> Of course, once the sumti have been tagged, the order in which they are specified no longer carries the burden of distinguishing the places. Therefore, it is perfectly all right to scramble them into any order desired, and to move the selbri to anywhere in the bridi, even the beginning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YmN2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama fa mi fi la .atlantas. fu le karce fe la bastn. fo le dargu</jbo>
<gloss>go x1= I x3= Atlanta x5= the car x2= Boston x4= the road.</gloss>
<en>Go I from Atlanta using the car to Boston via the road.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>effect on use of cu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of selbri-first bridi on</secondary></indexterm> Note that no
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is permitted before the selbri in
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> is permitted before the selbri in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YmN2"/>, because
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YmN2"/> has no such sumti.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fG8R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fu le karce fo le dargu fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi</jbo>
<gloss>x5= the car x4= the road x3= Atlanta x2= Boston go x1=I</gloss>
<en>Using the car, via the road, from Atlanta to Boston go I.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -332,123 +332,123 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce le dargu la .atlantas. la bastn. cu klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>The car to-the road from-Atlanta via-Boston goes using-me.</gloss>
<en>The car goes to the road from Atlanta, with Boston as the route, using me as a means of transport.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the meaning would be wholly changed, and in fact nonsensical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>compared with FA for omitting places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>compared with zo'e for omitting places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structures</primary><secondary>omitting places with FA</secondary></indexterm> Tagging places with FA cmavo makes it easy not only to reorder the places but also to omit undesirable ones, without any need for
- <jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> or special rules about the x1 place:</para>
+ <valsi>zo'e</valsi> or special rules about the x1 place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brGX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. fu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>A-goer x3= Atlanta x2= Boston x5 = the car.</gloss>
<en>A goer from Atlanta to Boston using the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the x1 and x4 places are empty, and so no sumti are tagged with
- <jbophrase>fa</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>; in addition, the x2 and x3 places appear in reverse order.</para>
+ <valsi>fa</valsi> or
+ <valsi>fo</valsi>; in addition, the x2 and x3 places appear in reverse order.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on subsequent non-tagged places</secondary></indexterm> What if some sumti have FA tags and others do not? The rule is that after a FA-tagged sumti, any sumti following it occupy the places numerically succeeding it, subject to the proviso that an already-filled place is skipped:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oDES">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama fa mi la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>Go x1= I x2= Boston x3= Atlanta x4= the road x5= the car.</gloss>
<en>Go I to Boston from Atlanta via the road using the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oDES"/>, the
- <jbophrase>fa</jbophrase> causes
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> to occupy the x1 place, and then the following untagged sumti occupy in order the x2 through x5 places. This is the mechanism by which Lojban allows placing the selbri first while specifying a sumti for the x1 place.</para>
+ <valsi>fa</valsi> causes
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> to occupy the x1 place, and then the following untagged sumti occupy in order the x2 through x5 places. This is the mechanism by which Lojban allows placing the selbri first while specifying a sumti for the x1 place.</para>
<para>Here is a more complex (and more confusing) example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q8is">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama fi la .atlantas. le dargu fe la bastn. le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go x3= Atlanta, the road x2= Boston, the car.</gloss>
<en>I go from Atlanta via the road to Boston using the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-q8is"/>,
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> occupies the x1 place because it is the first sumti in the sentence (and is before the selbri). The second sumti,
- <jbophrase>la .atlantas.</jbophrase>, occupies the x3 place by virtue of the tag
-
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>le dargu</jbophrase> occupies the x4 place as a result of following
- <jbophrase>la .atlantas.</jbophrase>. Finally,
- <jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase> occupies the x2 place because of its tag
- <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> skips over the already-occupied x3 and x4 places to land in the x5 place.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> occupies the x1 place because it is the first sumti in the sentence (and is before the selbri). The second sumti,
+ <oldjbophrase>la .atlantas.</oldjbophrase>, occupies the x3 place by virtue of the tag
+
+ <valsi>fi</valsi>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>le dargu</oldjbophrase> occupies the x4 place as a result of following
+ <oldjbophrase>la .atlantas.</oldjbophrase>. Finally,
+ <oldjbophrase>la bastn.</oldjbophrase> occupies the x2 place because of its tag
+ <valsi>fe</valsi>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase> skips over the already-occupied x3 and x4 places to land in the x5 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>avoidance of complex usage of</secondary></indexterm> Such a convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; the rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation is possible.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>multiple in one place with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>for putting more than one sumti in a single place</secondary></indexterm> It is grammatically permitted to tag more than one sumti with the same FA cmavo. The effect is that of making more than one claim:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to [x2=] the movie x2= the house x2= the office</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to movie</primary><secondary>house</secondary><tertiary>office: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> may be taken to say that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, merging six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the listener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.</para>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give or receive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>place structure position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing
+ <valsi>fi'a</valsi> also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing
- <jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:</para>
+ <valsi>fi'a</valsi> is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GnTu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi'a do dunda [fe] le vi rozgu</jbo>
<gloss>[what place]? you give x2= the nearby rose</gloss>
<gloss>In what way are you involved in the giving of this rose?</gloss>
<en>Are you the giver or the receiver of this rose?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GnTu"/>, the speaker uses the selbri
- <jbophrase>dunda</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>dunda</valsi>, whose place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- <jbophrase>dunda</jbophrase>: x1 gives x2 to x3
+ <valsi>dunda</valsi>: x1 gives x2 to x3
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>to place structure questions</secondary></indexterm> The tagged sumti
- <jbophrase>fi'a do</jbophrase> indicates that the speaker wishes to know whether the sumti
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'a do</oldjbophrase> indicates that the speaker wishes to know whether the sumti
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> falls in the x1 or the x3 place (the x2 place is already occupied by
- <jbophrase>le rozgu</jbophrase>). The listener can reply with a sentence consisting solely of a FA cmavo:
- <jbophrase>fa</jbophrase> if the listener is the giver,
- <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> if he/she is the receiver.</para>
+ <valsi>do</valsi> falls in the x1 or the x3 place (the x2 place is already occupied by
+ <oldjbophrase>le rozgu</oldjbophrase>). The listener can reply with a sentence consisting solely of a FA cmavo:
+ <valsi>fa</valsi> if the listener is the giver,
+ <valsi>fi</valsi> if he/she is the receiver.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'a</primary><secondary>effect on subsequent untagged sumti</secondary></indexterm> I have inserted the tag
- <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase> in brackets into
+ <valsi>fe</valsi> in brackets into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GnTu"/>, but it is actually not necessary, because
- <jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> does not count as a numeric tag; therefore,
+ <valsi>fi'a</valsi> does not count as a numeric tag; therefore,
- <jbophrase>le vi rozgu</jbophrase> would necessarily be in the x2 place even if no tag were present, because it immediately follows the selbri.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le vi rozgu</oldjbophrase> would necessarily be in the x2 place even if no tag were present, because it immediately follows the selbri.</para>
<para>There is also another member of FA, namely
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase>, which is discussed in
+ <valsi>fai</valsi>, which is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-SE">
<title>Conversion: SE</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se</cmavo>
<selmaho>SE</selmaho>
<description>2nd place conversion</description>
@@ -464,41 +464,41 @@
<description>4th place conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xe</cmavo>
<selmaho>SE</selmaho>
<description>5th place conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>for converting place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on selbri place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>as different selbri from unconverted</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>forming with SE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen ways to move sumti around within a bridi, but the actual place structure of the selbri has always remained untouched. The conversion cmavo of selma'o SE are incorporated within the selbri itself, and produce a new selbri (called a converted selbri) with a different place structure. In particular, after the application of any SE cmavo, the number and purposes of the places remain the same, but two of them have been exchanged, the x1 place and another. Which place has been exchanged with x1 depends on the cmavo chosen. Thus, for example, when
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is used, the x1 place is swapped with the x2 place.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi> is used, the x1 place is swapped with the x2 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>word formation of cmavo in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>rationale for no 1st place conversion</secondary></indexterm> Note that the cmavo of SE begin with consecutive consonants in alphabetical order. There is no
<quote>1st place conversion</quote> cmavo, because exchanging the x1 place with itself is a pointless maneuver.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Here are the place structures of
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the destination of x2's going from x3 via x4 using x5
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary></indexterm> and
- <jbophrase>te klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>te klama</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the origin and x2 the destination of x3 going via x4 using x5
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary></indexterm> and
- <jbophrase>ve klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ve klama</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the route to x2 from x3 used by x4 going via x5
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary></indexterm> and
- <jbophrase>xe klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>xe klama</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the means in going to x2 from x3 via x4 employed by x5
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on place structure numbering</secondary></indexterm> Note that the place structure numbers in each case continue to be listed in the usual order, x1 to x5.</para>
<para>Consider the following pair of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmHh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -516,43 +516,43 @@
<jbo>fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi</jbo>
<gloss>x2 = Boston go x1=I.</gloss>
<en>To Boston go I.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>as resetting standard order</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA in selbri</primary><secondary>compared with converted selbri in meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>compared with selbri with FA in meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA in selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted converted selbri with in structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted with selbri with FA in structure</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmHh"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMHH"/> mean the same thing, in the sense that there is a relationship of going with the speaker as the agent and Boston as the destination (and with unspecified origin, route, and means). Structurally, however, they are quite different.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmHh"/> has
- <jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase> in the x1 place and
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> in the x2 place of the selbri
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>, and uses standard bridi order;
+ <oldjbophrase>la bastn.</oldjbophrase> in the x1 place and
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> in the x2 place of the selbri
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>, and uses standard bridi order;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMHH"/> has
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> in the x1 place and
- <jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase> in the x2 place of the selbri
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, and uses a non-standard order.</para>
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> in the x1 place and
+ <oldjbophrase>la bastn.</oldjbophrase> in the x2 place of the selbri
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>, and uses a non-standard order.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>in descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The most important use of conversion is in the construction of descriptions. A description is a sumti which begins with a cmavo of selma'o LA or LE, called the descriptor, and contains (in the simplest case) a selbri. We have already seen the descriptions
- <jbophrase>le dargu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase>. To this we could add:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le dargu</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>le karce</oldjbophrase>. To this we could add:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3YoA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le klama</jbo>
<gloss>the go-er, the one who goes</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the go-er</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>to access non-first place in description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>use of SE in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>as based on first place of following selbri</secondary></indexterm> In every case, the description is about something which fits into the x1 place of the selbri. In order to get a description of a destination (that is, something fitting the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>), we must convert the selbri to
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>, whose x1 place is a destination. The result is</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>), we must convert the selbri to
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>, whose x1 place is a destination. The result is</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the destination</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brDN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le se klama</jbo>
<en>the destination gone to by someone</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -582,271 +582,271 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xe klama</jbo>
<en>the means by which someone goes</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pluta</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mars road</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pluta</primary><secondary>contrasted with ve klama</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ve klama</primary><secondary>contrasted with pluta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>retention of basic meaning in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted with other similar selbri</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMjE"/> does not mean
<quote>the route</quote> plain and simple: that is
- <jbophrase>le pluta</jbophrase>, using a different selbri. It means a route that is used by someone for an act of
+ <oldjbophrase>le pluta</oldjbophrase>, using a different selbri. It means a route that is used by someone for an act of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>; that is, a journey with origin and destination. A
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>; that is, a journey with origin and destination. A
<quote>road</quote> on Mars, on which no one has traveled or is ever likely to, may be called
- <jbophrase>le pluta</jbophrase>, but it cannot be
+ <oldjbophrase>le pluta</oldjbophrase>, but it cannot be
- <jbophrase>le ve klama</jbophrase>, since there exists no one for whom it is
+ <oldjbophrase>le ve klama</oldjbophrase>, since there exists no one for whom it is
- <jbophrase>le ve klama be fo da</jbophrase> (the route taken in an actual journey by someone [da]).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le ve klama be fo da</oldjbophrase> (the route taken in an actual journey by someone [da]).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>extending scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>extending scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> When converting selbri that are more complex than a single brivla, it is important to realize that the scope of a SE cmavo is only the following brivla (or equivalent unit). In order to convert an entire tanru, it is necessary to enclose the tanru in
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> brackets:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> brackets:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wQbB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] ti</jbo>
<gloss>I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
- <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> (blue house) is the same as that of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, by the rule given in
+ <oldjbophrase>blanu zdani</oldjbophrase> (blue house) is the same as that of
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi>, by the rule given in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-tcita-introduction"/>. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>zdani</valsi> is:</para>
<place-structure>
zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2
</place-structure>
<para>The place structure of
- <jbophrase>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</jbophrase> is therefore:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</oldjbophrase> is therefore:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2
</place-structure>
<para>Consequently,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wQbB"/> means:</para>
<place-structure>
I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing.
</place-structure>
<para>Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects which are explained in
<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple conversion</primary><secondary>effect of ordering</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>effect of multiple on a selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple SE</primary><secondary>effect of ordering</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of multiple on a selbri</secondary></indexterm> It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; later (inner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For example, the place structure of
- <jbophrase>se te klama</jbophrase> is achieved by exchanging the x1 and x2 place of
+ <oldjbophrase>se te klama</oldjbophrase> is achieved by exchanging the x1 and x2 place of
- <jbophrase>te klama</jbophrase>, producing:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>te klama</oldjbophrase>, producing:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se te</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via x4 using x5
</place-structure>
<para>On the other hand,
- <jbophrase>te se klama</jbophrase> has a place structure derived from swapping the x1 and x3 places of
- <jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>te se klama</oldjbophrase> has a place structure derived from swapping the x1 and x3 places of
+ <oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the origin of x2's going to x3 via x4 using x5
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple conversion</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> which is quite different. However, multiple conversions like this are never necessary. Arbitrary scrambling of places can be achieved more easily and far more intelligibly with FA tags, and only a single conversion is ever needed in a description.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>swapping non-first places</secondary></indexterm> (Although no one has made any real use of it, it is perhaps worth noting that compound conversions of the form
- <jbophrase>setese</jbophrase>, where the first and third cmavo are the same, effectively swap the two given places while leaving the others, including x1, alone:
+ <oldjbophrase>setese</oldjbophrase>, where the first and third cmavo are the same, effectively swap the two given places while leaving the others, including x1, alone:
- <jbophrase>setese</jbophrase> (or equivalently
+ <oldjbophrase>setese</oldjbophrase> (or equivalently
- <jbophrase>tesete</jbophrase>) swap the x2 and x3 places, whereas
- <jbophrase>texete</jbophrase> (or
- <jbophrase>xetexe</jbophrase>) swap the x3 and x5 places.)</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tesete</oldjbophrase>) swap the x2 and x3 places, whereas
+ <oldjbophrase>texete</oldjbophrase> (or
+ <oldjbophrase>xetexe</oldjbophrase>) swap the x3 and x5 places.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-selbri-modals">
<title>Modal places: FIhO, FEhU</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>FIhO</selmaho>
<description>modal place prefix</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>FEhU</selmaho>
<description>modal terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Sometimes the place structures engineered into Lojban are inadequate to meet the needs of actual speech. Consider the gismu
- <jbophrase>viska</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
+ <valsi>viska</valsi>, whose place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
viska: x1 sees x2 under conditions x3
</place-structure>
<para>Seeing is a threefold relationship, involving an agent (le viska), an object of sight (le se viska), and an environment that makes seeing possible (le te viska). Seeing is done with one or more eyes, of course; in general, the eyes belong to the entity in the x1 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>see with left eye</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>use in adding places to place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>adding new places to with modal sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>as modal tag</secondary></indexterm> Suppose, however, that you are blind in one eye and are talking to someone who doesn't know that. You might want to say,
<quote>I see you with the left eye.</quote> There is no place in the place structure of
- <jbophrase>viska</jbophrase> such as
+ <valsi>viska</valsi> such as
<quote>with eye x4</quote> or the like. Lojban allows you to solve the problem by adding a new place, changing the relationship:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BSAc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing</gloss>
<en>I see you with the left eye.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o with selbri</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>fi'o with selbri as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>effect on following selbri</secondary></indexterm> The three-place relation
- <jbophrase>viska</jbophrase> has now acquired a fourth place specifying the eye used for seeing. The combination of the cmavo
- <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o FIhO) followed by a selbri, in this case the gismu
- <jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>, forms a tag which is prefixed to the sumti filling the new place, namely
- <jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase>. The semantics of
- <jbophrase>fi'o kanla le zunle</jbophrase> is that
- <jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase> fills the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>, whose place structure is</para>
+ <valsi>viska</valsi> has now acquired a fourth place specifying the eye used for seeing. The combination of the cmavo
+ <valsi>fi'o</valsi> (of selma'o FIhO) followed by a selbri, in this case the gismu
+ <valsi>kanla</valsi>, forms a tag which is prefixed to the sumti filling the new place, namely
+ <oldjbophrase>le zunle</oldjbophrase>. The semantics of
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o kanla le zunle</oldjbophrase> is that
+ <oldjbophrase>le zunle</oldjbophrase> fills the x1 place of
+ <valsi>kanla</valsi>, whose place structure is</para>
<place-structure>
kanla: x1 is an/the eye of body x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>as first place of modal tag selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place relation</primary><secondary>importance of first place in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o tag</primary><secondary>relation of modal sumti following to selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>relation of to selbri</secondary></indexterm> Thus
- <jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase> is an eye. The x2 place of
- <jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase> is unspecified and must be inferred from the context. It is important to remember that even though
- <jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase> is placed following
- <jbophrase>fi'o kanla</jbophrase>, semantically it belongs in the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>. The selbri may be terminated with
- <jbophrase>fe'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o FEhU), an elidable terminator which is rarely required unless a non-logical connective follows the tag (omitting
- <jbophrase>fe'u</jbophrase> in that case would make the connective affect the selbri).</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le zunle</oldjbophrase> is an eye. The x2 place of
+ <valsi>kanla</valsi> is unspecified and must be inferred from the context. It is important to remember that even though
+ <oldjbophrase>le zunle</oldjbophrase> is placed following
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o kanla</oldjbophrase>, semantically it belongs in the x1 place of
+ <valsi>kanla</valsi>. The selbri may be terminated with
+ <valsi>fe'u</valsi> (of selma'o FEhU), an elidable terminator which is rarely required unless a non-logical connective follows the tag (omitting
+ <valsi>fe'u</valsi> in that case would make the connective affect the selbri).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>and FA marking</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>position in bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary><secondary>definition (see also modal sumti)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>definition (see also modal tag)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>definition (see also seltcita sumti)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>definition (see also sumti tcita)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>rationale for term name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The term for such an added place is a
<quote>modal place</quote>, as distinguished from the regular numbered places. (This use of the word
<quote>modal</quote> is specific to the Loglan Project, and does not agree with the standard uses in either logic or linguistics, but is now too entrenched to change easily.) The
- <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase> construction marking a modal place is called a
+ <valsi>fi'o</valsi> construction marking a modal place is called a
<quote>modal tag</quote>, and the sumti which follows it a
<quote>modal sumti</quote>; the purely Lojban terms
- <jbophrase>sumti tcita</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>seltcita sumti</jbophrase>, respectively, are also commonly used. Modal sumti may be placed anywhere within the bridi, in any order; they have no effect whatever on the rules for assigning unmarked bridi to numbered places, and they may not be marked with FA cmavo.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>sumti tcita</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>seltcita sumti</oldjbophrase>, respectively, are also commonly used. Modal sumti may be placed anywhere within the bridi, in any order; they have no effect whatever on the rules for assigning unmarked bridi to numbered places, and they may not be marked with FA cmavo.</para>
<para>Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSAc"/> again. Another way to view the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a tool for seeing. The relevant selbri then becomes
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>, whose place structure is</para>
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi>, whose place structure is</para>
<place-structure>
pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
</place-structure>
<para>and we can rewrite
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSAc"/> as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Lu15">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do fi'o se pilno le zunle kanla</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [modal] [conversion] use: the left eye.</gloss>
<en>I see you using my left eye.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the selbri belonging to the modal is
- <jbophrase>se pilno</jbophrase>. The conversion of
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> is necessary in order to get the
+ <oldjbophrase>se pilno</oldjbophrase>. The conversion of
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi> is necessary in order to get the
<quote>tool</quote> place into x1, since only x1 can be the modal sumti. The
<quote>tool user</quote> place is the x2 of
- <jbophrase>se pilno</jbophrase> (because it is the x1 of
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>) and remains unspecified. The tag
- <jbophrase>fi'o pilno</jbophrase> would mean
+ <oldjbophrase>se pilno</oldjbophrase> (because it is the x1 of
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi>) and remains unspecified. The tag
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o pilno</oldjbophrase> would mean
<quote>with tool user</quote>, leaving the tool unspecified.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-BAI">
<title>Modal tags: BAI</title>
<para>There are certain selbri which seem particularly useful in constructing modal tags. In particular,
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> is one of them. The place structure of
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi> is one of them. The place structure of
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi> is:</para>
<place-structure>
pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
</place-structure>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI modal tags</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> and almost any selbri which represents an action may need to specify a tool. Having to say
- <jbophrase>fi'o se pilno</jbophrase> frequently would make many Lojban sentences unnecessarily verbose and clunky, so an abbreviation is provided in the language design: the compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>sepi'o</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o se pilno</oldjbophrase> frequently would make many Lojban sentences unnecessarily verbose and clunky, so an abbreviation is provided in the language design: the compound cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>sepi'o</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>of BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tags</primary><secondary>short forms as BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o constructs</primary><secondary>short forms as BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>as short forms for fi'o constructs</secondary></indexterm> Here
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is used before a cmavo, namely
- <jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase>, rather than before a brivla. The meaning of this cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of
+ <valsi>se</valsi> is used before a cmavo, namely
+ <valsi>pi'o</valsi>, rather than before a brivla. The meaning of this cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of
- <jbophrase>fi'o pilno fe'u</jbophrase>. Since what we want is a tag based on
- <jbophrase>se pilno</jbophrase> rather than
- <jbophrase>pilno-</jbophrase> the tool, not the tool user – the grammar allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o pilno fe'u</oldjbophrase>. Since what we want is a tag based on
+ <oldjbophrase>se pilno</oldjbophrase> rather than
+ <oldjbophrase>pilno-</oldjbophrase> the tool, not the tool user – the grammar allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Lu15"/> may therefore be rewritten as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do sepi'o le zunle kanla</jbo>
<gloss>I see you with-tool: the left eye</gloss>
<en>I see you using my left eye.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>sepi'o</jbophrase> is much shorter than
+ <oldjbophrase>sepi'o</oldjbophrase> is much shorter than
- <jbophrase>fi'o se pilno [fe'u]</jbophrase> and can be thought of as a single word meaning
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o se pilno [fe'u]</oldjbophrase> and can be thought of as a single word meaning
<quote>with-tool</quote>. The modal tag
- <jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase>, with no
+ <valsi>pi'o</valsi>, with no
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, similarly means
+ <valsi>se</valsi>, similarly means
<quote>with-tool-user</quote>, probably a less useful concept. Nevertheless, the parallelism with the place structure of
- <jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> makes the additional syllable worthwhile.</para>
+ <valsi>pilno</valsi> makes the additional syllable worthwhile.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>effect on BAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of conversion on</secondary></indexterm> Some BAI cmavo make sense with as well as without a SE cmavo; for example,
- <jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase>, the BAI corresponding to the gismu
+ <valsi>ka'a</valsi>, the BAI corresponding to the gismu
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, has five usable forms corresponding to the five places of
- <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> respectively:</para>
+ <valsi>klama</valsi>, has five usable forms corresponding to the five places of
+ <valsi>klama</valsi> respectively:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>ka'a</valsi></term>
<listitem><para>with-goer</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>seka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>seka'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>with-destination</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>teka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>teka'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>with-origin</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>veka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>veka'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>with-route</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>xeka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><oldjbophrase>xeka'a</oldjbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>with-means-of-transport</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Any of these tags may be used to provide modal places for bridi, as in the following examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-r0QA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .eivn. cu vecnu loi flira cinta ka'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>Avon sells a-mass-of face paint with-goer me.</gloss>
<en>I am a traveling cosmetics salesperson for Avon.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Avon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>traveling salesperson</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-r0QA"/> may seem a bit strained, but it illustrates the way in which an existing selbri,
- <jbophrase>vecnu</jbophrase> in this case, may have a place added to it which might otherwise seem utterly unrelated.)</para>
+ <valsi>vecnu</valsi> in this case, may have a place added to it which might otherwise seem utterly unrelated.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmJM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu seka'a la bratfyd.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk with-destination Bradford.</gloss>
<en>I am walking to Bradford.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -880,40 +880,40 @@
<en>I eat in the airplane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>English prepositions</primary><secondary>contrasted with modal tags in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tags</primary><secondary>contrasted with English prepositions in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> There are sixty-odd cmavo of selma'o BAI, based on selected gismu that seemed useful in a variety of settings. The list is somewhat biased toward English, because many of the cmavo were selected on the basis of corresponding English prepositions and preposition compounds such as <quote>with</quote>,
<quote>without</quote>, and
<quote>by means of</quote>. The BAI cmavo, however, are far more precise than English prepositions, because their meanings are fixed by the place structures of the corresponding gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>form of cmavo in</secondary></indexterm> All BAI cmavo have the form CV'V or CVV. Most of them are CV'V, where the C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu and the two Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The table in
<xref linkend="section-irregular-BAI"/> shows the exceptions.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague relationship</primary><secondary>modal tag for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>for vague relationship</secondary></indexterm> There is one additional BAI cmavo that is not derived from a gismu:
- <jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase>. This cmavo is used when an extra place is needed, but it seems useful to be vague about the semantic implications of the extra place:</para>
+ <valsi>do'e</valsi>. This cmavo is used when an extra place is needed, but it seems useful to be vague about the semantic implications of the extra place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2vMd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu be do'e le berti cu klama le tcadu</jbo>
<gloss>Some man [related to] the north came to-the city.</gloss>
<en>A man of the north came to the city.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>on description selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"of"</primary><secondary>in English</secondary><tertiary>compared with do'e</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'e</primary><secondary>compared with English "of"</secondary></indexterm> Here
- <jbophrase>le berti</jbophrase> is provided as a modal place of the selbri
- <jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase>, but its exact significance is vague, and is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English preposition
+ <oldjbophrase>le berti</oldjbophrase> is provided as a modal place of the selbri
+ <valsi>nanmu</valsi>, but its exact significance is vague, and is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English preposition
<quote>of</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2vMd"/> also illustrates a modal place bound into a selbri with
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>. This construction is useful when the selbri of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of
- <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> are more fully explained in
+ <valsi>be</valsi>. This construction is useful when the selbri of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of
+ <valsi>be</valsi> are more fully explained in
<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-causals">
<title>Modal sentence connection: the causals</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ri'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ri'a</cmavo>
@@ -936,57 +936,57 @@
<cmavo>ni'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAI</selmaho>
<description>nibli modal: logical entailment</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>This section has two purposes. On the one hand, it explains the grammatical construct called
<quote>modal sentence connection</quote>. On the other, it exemplifies some of the more useful BAI cmavo: the causals. (There are other BAI cmavo which have causal implications:
- <jbophrase>ja'e</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>ja'e</valsi> means
<quote>with result</quote>, and so
- <jbophrase>seja'e</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>seja'e</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>with cause of unspecified nature</quote>; likewise,
- <jbophrase>gau</jbophrase> means
+ <valsi>gau</valsi> means
<quote>with agent</quote> and
- <jbophrase>tezu'e</jbophrase> means
+ <oldjbophrase>tezu'e</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>with purpose</quote>. These other modal cmavo will not be further discussed here, as my purpose is to explain modal sentence connection rather than Lojbanic views of causation.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>causals</primary><secondary>gismu</secondary></indexterm> There are four causal gismu in Lojban, distinguishing different versions of the relationships lumped in English as
<quote>causal</quote>:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>rinka</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>>event x1 physically causes event x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>krinu</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>krinu</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>>event x1 is the justification for event x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>mukti</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>>event x1 is the (human) motive for event x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nibli</jbophrase></term>
+ <term><valsi>nibli</valsi></term>
<listitem><place-structure>>event x1 logically entails event x2</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal causals</primary><secondary>implication differences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>causals</primary><secondary>modal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>for causal gismu</secondary></indexterm> Each of these gismu has a related modal:
- <jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase>,
+ <valsi>ri'a</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ki'u</valsi>,
- <jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase>, and
+ <valsi>mu'i</valsi>, and
- <jbophrase>ni'i</jbophrase> respectively. Using these gismu and these modals, we can create various causal sentences with different implications:</para>
+ <valsi>ni'i</valsi> respectively. Using these gismu and these modals, we can create various causal sentences with different implications:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmMz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro ri'a le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows with-physical-cause the event-of you water give to the plant.</gloss>
<en>The plant grows because you water it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1041,22 +1041,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djacu dunda fi le spati seri'a le nu ri banro</jbo>
<gloss>You water-give to the plant with-physical-effect it grows.</gloss>
<en>You water the plant; therefore, it grows.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>with the
- <jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase> changed to
- <jbophrase>seri'a</jbophrase>. In addition, there are also symmetrical forms:</para>
+ <valsi>ri'a</valsi> changed to
+ <oldjbophrase>seri'a</oldjbophrase>. In addition, there are also symmetrical forms:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1YHv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati cu rinka le nu le spati cu banro</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (you water-give to the plant) causes the event-of (the plant grows).</gloss>
<en>Your watering the plant causes its growth. If you water the plant, then it grows.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1082,53 +1082,53 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djacu dunda fi le spati .iseri'abo le spati cu banro</jbo>
<gloss>You water-give to the plant. Therefore it grows.</gloss>
<en>You water the plant; therefore, it grows.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The compound cmavo
- <jbophrase>.iri'abo</jbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>.iri'abo</oldjbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>.iseri'abo</jbophrase> serve to connect two bridi, as the initial
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> indicates. The final
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is necessary to prevent the modal from
+ <oldjbophrase>.iseri'abo</oldjbophrase> serve to connect two bridi, as the initial
+ <valsi>i</valsi> indicates. The final
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> is necessary to prevent the modal from
<quote>taking over</quote> the following sumti. If the
- <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> were omitted from
+ <valsi>bo</valsi> were omitted from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX"/> we would have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wo6K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro .i ri'a do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows. Because of you, [something] water-gives to the plant.</gloss>
<en>The plant grows. Because of you, water is given to the plant.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Because
- <jbophrase>ri'a do</jbophrase> is a modal sumti in
+ <oldjbophrase>ri'a do</oldjbophrase> is a modal sumti in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wo6K"/>, there is no longer an explicit sumti in the x1 place of
- <jbophrase>djacu dunda</jbophrase>, and the translation must be changed.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>djacu dunda</oldjbophrase>, and the translation must be changed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>relation to modal of second sentence in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>relation to modal of first sentence in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>effect on modal</secondary></indexterm> The effect of sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMPn"/> is that the modal,
- <jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase> in this example, no longer modifies an explicit sumti. Instead, the sumti is implicit, the event given by a full bridi. Furthermore, there is a second implication: that the first bridi fills the x2 place of the gismu
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase>; it specifies an event which is the effect. I am therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you have watered it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two.</para>
+ <valsi>ri'a</valsi> in this example, no longer modifies an explicit sumti. Instead, the sumti is implicit, the event given by a full bridi. Furthermore, there is a second implication: that the first bridi fills the x2 place of the gismu
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi>; it specifies an event which is the effect. I am therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you have watered it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>with other than causals</secondary></indexterm> In principle, any modal tag can appear in a sentence connective of the type exemplified by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMPn"/>. However, it makes little sense to use any modals which do not expect events or other abstractions to fill the places of the corresponding gismu. The sentence connective
- <jbophrase>.ibaubo</jbophrase> is perfectly grammatical, but it is hard to imagine any two sentences which could be connected by an
+ <oldjbophrase>.ibaubo</oldjbophrase> is perfectly grammatical, but it is hard to imagine any two sentences which could be connected by an
<quote>in-language</quote> modal. This is because a sentence describes an event, and an event can be a cause or an effect, but not a language.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-modal-connectives">
<title>Other modal connections</title>
<para>Like many Lojban grammatical constructions, sentence modal connection has both forethought and afterthought forms. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> for a more detailed discussion of Lojban connectives.)
<xref linkend="section-causals"/> exemplifies only afterthought modal connection, illustrated here by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2D4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d1"/>
@@ -1140,52 +1140,52 @@
<en>I grasp the water because I grasp the cup.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>grasp water</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An afterthought connection is one that is signaled only by a cmavo (or a compound cmavo, in this case) between the two constructs being connected. Forethought connection uses a signal both before the first construct and between the two: the use of
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote> in the first half of this sentence represents a forethought connection (though not a modal one).</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary></indexterm> To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojban, place the modal plus
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> before the first bridi, and
- <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> between the two. No
- <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is used within the construct. The forethought equivalent of
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> before the first bridi, and
+ <valsi>gi</valsi> between the two. No
+ <valsi>i</valsi> is used within the construct. The forethought equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d2b9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ri'agi mi jgari le kabri gi mi jgari lei djacu</jbo>
<gloss>With-physical-cause I grasp the cup, I grasp the-mass-of water.</gloss>
<en>Because I grasp the cup, I grasp the water.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>relation to modal of second bridi in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>relation to modal of first bridi in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection for causals</primary><secondary>order of cause and effect</secondary></indexterm> Note that the cause, the x1 of
- <jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> is now placed first. To keep the two bridi in the original order of
+ <valsi>rinka</valsi> is now placed first. To keep the two bridi in the original order of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/>, we could say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rQ77">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seri'agi mi jgari lei djacu gi mi jgari le kabri</jbo>
<gloss>With-physical-effect I grasp the-mass-of water, I grasp the cup.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In English, the sentence
<quote>Therefore I grasp the water, I grasp the cup</quote> is ungrammatical, because
<quote>therefore</quote> is not grammatically equivalent to
<quote>because</quote>. In Lojban,
- <jbophrase>seri'agi</jbophrase> can be used just like
- <jbophrase>ri'agi</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>seri'agi</oldjbophrase> can be used just like
+ <oldjbophrase>ri'agi</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>condensing</secondary></indexterm> When the two bridi joined by a modal connection have one or more elements (selbri or sumti or both) in common, there are various condensed forms that can be used in place of full modal sentence connection with both bridi completely stated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti connection</primary></indexterm> When the bridi are the same except for a single sumti, as in Examples 8.1 through 8.3, then a sumti modal connection may be employed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-o7FG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu</jbo>
@@ -1238,36 +1238,36 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YXps">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I because saw, therefore took, the book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
- <jbophrase>le cukta</jbophrase> is set off by the non-elidable
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails – see
+ <oldjbophrase>le cukta</oldjbophrase> is set off by the non-elidable
+ <valsi>vau</valsi> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails – see
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/> for more explanations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shared bridi-tail sumti</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vau for shared bridi-tail sumti</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> Since this is a chapter on rearranging sumti, it is worth pointing out that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YXps"/> can be further rearranged to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pxca">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna</jbo>
<gloss>I, the book, because saw, therefore took.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which doesn't require the extra
- <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>; all sumti before a conjunction of bridi-tails are shared.</para>
+ <valsi>vau</valsi>; all sumti before a conjunction of bridi-tails are shared.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal operand connection</primary></indexterm> Finally, mathematical operands can be modally connected.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-J2T5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ny. du li vo .ini'ibo li ny. du li re su'i re</jbo>
<gloss>the number n = the-number 4. Entailed-by the-number n = the-number 2 + 2.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1275,29 +1275,29 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mfe4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ny. du li ni'igi vei re su'i re [ve'o] gi vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number = the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> represent mathematical parentheses, and are required so that
- <jbophrase>ni'igi</jbophrase> affects more than just the immediately following operand, namely the first
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase>. (The right parenthesis,
- <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English translation does
+ <valsi>vei</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi> represent mathematical parentheses, and are required so that
+ <oldjbophrase>ni'igi</oldjbophrase> affects more than just the immediately following operand, namely the first
+ <valsi>re</valsi>. (The right parenthesis,
+ <valsi>ve'o</valsi>, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English translation does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mfe4"/> justice.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal connectives</primary><secondary>fi'o prohibited in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>restriction on use</secondary></indexterm> Note: Due to restrictions on the Lojban parsing algorithm, it is not possible to form modal connectives using the
- <jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o-</oldjbophrase>plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in
<xref linkend="section-causals"/> and
<xref linkend="section-modal-connectives"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-modal-selbri">
<title>Modal selbri</title>
<para>Consider the example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bT4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d1"/>
</title>
@@ -1305,61 +1305,61 @@
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban with-compeller some-act-by Frank.</gloss>
<en>I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under compulsion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>leaving vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bT4c"/> has two modal sumti, using the modals
- <jbophrase>bau</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>bai</jbophrase>. Suppose we wanted to specify the language explicitly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify
+ <valsi>bau</valsi> and
+ <valsi>bai</valsi>. Suppose we wanted to specify the language explicitly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bT4c"/> to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dbSy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai [ku].</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dbSy"/>, the elidable terminator
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> has taken the place of the sumti which would normally follow
- <jbophrase>bai</jbophrase>. Alternatively, we could specify the one who compels but keep the language vague:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> has taken the place of the sumti which would normally follow
+ <valsi>bai</valsi>. Alternatively, we could specify the one who compels but keep the language vague:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Qc8w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau [ku] bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-some-language under-compulsion-by some-act-by Frank.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We are also free to move the modal-plus-
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> around the bridi:</para>
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> around the bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2utY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bau [ku] bai ku mi tavla</jbo>
<gloss>In-some-language under-compulsion I speak.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>effect on eliding cu</secondary></indexterm> An alternative to using
- <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> is to place the modal cmavo right before the selbri, following the
+ <valsi>ku</valsi> is to place the modal cmavo right before the selbri, following the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> which often appears there. When a modal is present, the
- <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is almost never necessary.</para>
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> which often appears there. When a modal is present, the
+ <valsi>cu</valsi> is almost never necessary.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-613h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai tavla bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>I compelledly speak in-language Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted with tanru modification in grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>compared with tanru modification in meaning</secondary></indexterm> In this use, the modal is like a tanru modifier semantically, although grammatically it is quite distinct.
@@ -1367,28 +1367,28 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pVUT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se bapli tavla bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> conversion is needed because
- <jbophrase>bapli tavla</jbophrase> would be a
+ <valsi>se</valsi> conversion is needed because
+ <oldjbophrase>bapli tavla</oldjbophrase> would be a
<quote>compeller type of speaker</quote> rather than a
<quote>compelled (by someone) type of speaker</quote>, which is what a
- <jbophrase>bai tavla</jbophrase> is.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>bai tavla</oldjbophrase> is.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>effect on eliding fe'u</secondary></indexterm> If the modal preceding a selbri is constructed using
- <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>, then
- <jbophrase>fe'u</jbophrase> is required to prevent the main selbri and the modal selbri from colliding:</para>
+ <valsi>fi'o</valsi>, then
+ <valsi>fe'u</valsi> is required to prevent the main selbri and the modal selbri from colliding:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SfwV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do</jbo>
<gloss>I with-eye see you.</gloss>
<en>I see you with my eye(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1399,42 +1399,42 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I under-compulsion (both go to-the market and walk on-the ice).</gloss>
<en>Under compulsion, I both go to the market and walk on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
- <jbophrase>bai</jbophrase> is spread over both
- <jbophrase>klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>cadzu le bisli</jbophrase>, and the
- <jbophrase>ge ... gi</jbophrase> represents the logical connection
+ <valsi>bai</valsi> is spread over both
+ <oldjbophrase>klama le zarci</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>cadzu le bisli</oldjbophrase>, and the
+ <oldjbophrase>ge ... gi</oldjbophrase> represents the logical connection
<quote>both-and</quote> between the two.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentences that have been combined with
- <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase>, which are explained in more detail in
+ <valsi>tu'e</valsi> and
+ <valsi>tu'u</valsi>, which are explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="section-i"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-boYr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice [end].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vCzL"/>.</para>
<para>Note: Either BAI modals or
- <jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri modals may correctly be used in any of the constructions discussed in this section.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o-</oldjbophrase>plus-selbri modals may correctly be used in any of the constructions discussed in this section.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-modal-relative-phrases">
<title>Modal relative phrases; Comparison</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>restrictive relative phrase</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1474,34 +1474,34 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Beethoven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Artur Rubenstein</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Appassionata</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/>,
- <jbophrase>la .apasionatas.</jbophrase> refers to a particular performance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the relative clause
- <jbophrase>poi se cusku</jbophrase> uses the cmavo
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of
- <jbophrase>la .apasionatas</jbophrase> to the performance in question.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>la .apasionatas.</oldjbophrase> refers to a particular performance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the relative clause
+ <oldjbophrase>poi se cusku</oldjbophrase> uses the cmavo
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of
+ <oldjbophrase>la .apasionatas</oldjbophrase> to the performance in question.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/>, however,
- <jbophrase>la .apasionatas.</jbophrase> refers to the sonata as a whole, and the information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incidental. The cmavo
+ <oldjbophrase>la .apasionatas.</oldjbophrase> refers to the sonata as a whole, and the information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incidental. The cmavo
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental nature of this relationship.</para>
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental nature of this relationship.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to
- <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than full bridi. We can abbreviate
+ <valsi>pe</valsi> and
+ <valsi>ne</valsi> (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to
+ <valsi>poi</valsi> and
+ <valsi>noi</valsi> respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than full bridi. We can abbreviate
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/> to:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMq1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas. pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
@@ -1517,25 +1517,25 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases</primary><secondary>contrasted with relative clauses in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> Here the precise selbri of the relative clauses is lost: all we can tell is that the Appassionata is connected in some way with Rubinstein (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMq1"/>) and Beethoven (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMQ1"/>), and that the relationships are respectively restrictive and incidental.</para>
<para>It happens that both
- <jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>finti</jbophrase> have BAI cmavo, namely
- <jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>cusku</valsi> and
+ <valsi>finti</valsi> have BAI cmavo, namely
+ <valsi>cu'u</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase>. We can recast
+ <valsi>fi'e</valsi>. We can recast
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMq1"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMQ1"/> as:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMqF" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas pe cu'u la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
@@ -1554,86 +1554,86 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>improving relative phrase preciseness with </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases</primary><secondary>improving preciseness with modals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases with modals</primary><secondary>compared to relative clauses in preciseness</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMqF"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmqy"/> have the full semantic content of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/> respectively.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"less"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>expressing with relative phrases</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"more"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>expressing with relative phrases</tertiary></indexterm> Modal relative phrases are often used with the BAI cmavo
- <jbophrase>mau</jbophrase> and
+ <valsi>mau</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase>, which are based on the comparative gismu
+ <valsi>me'a</valsi>, which are based on the comparative gismu
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> (more than) and
- <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase> (less than) respectively. The place structures are:</para>
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> (more than) and
+ <valsi>mleca</valsi> (less than) respectively. The place structures are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>:</term>
+ <term><valsi>zmadu</valsi>:</term>
<listitem><place-structure>>x1 is more than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>:</term>
+ <term><valsi>mleca</valsi>:</term>
<listitem><place-structure>>x1 is less than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4</place-structure></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jr4V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la betis. ne semau la meiris.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Betty, which-is more-than Mary.</gloss>
<en>Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>likes more than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Jr4V"/> requires that Frank likes Betty, but adds the information that his liking for Betty exceeds his liking for Mary. The modal appears in the form
- <jbophrase>semau</jbophrase> because the x2 place of
- <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> is the basis for comparison: in this case, Frank's liking for Mary.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>semau</oldjbophrase> because the x2 place of
+ <valsi>zmadu</valsi> is the basis for comparison: in this case, Frank's liking for Mary.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ecf1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la meiris. ne seme'a la betis.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Mary, which-is less-than Betty.</gloss>
<en>Frank likes Mary less than (he likes) Betty.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'a</primary><secondary>avoiding in favor of semau</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mau</primary><secondary>avoiding in favor of seme'a</secondary></indexterm> Here we are told that Frank likes Mary less than he likes Betty; the information about the comparison is the same. It would be possible to rephrase
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Jr4V"/> using
- <jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase> rather than
+ <valsi>me'a</valsi> rather than
- <jbophrase>semau</jbophrase>, and
+ <oldjbophrase>semau</oldjbophrase>, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ecf1"/> using
- <jbophrase>mau</jbophrase> rather than
+ <valsi>mau</valsi> rather than
- <jbophrase>seme'a</jbophrase>, but such usage would be unnecessarily confusing. Like many BAI cmavo,
- <jbophrase>mau</jbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>seme'a</oldjbophrase>, but such usage would be unnecessarily confusing. Like many BAI cmavo,
+ <valsi>mau</valsi> and
- <jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase> are more useful when converted with
+ <valsi>me'a</valsi> are more useful when converted with
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi>.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"less"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>importance of relative phrase to</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"more"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>importance of relative phrase to</tertiary></indexterm> If the
- <jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> were omitted in
+ <valsi>ne</valsi> were omitted in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Jr4V"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ecf1"/>, the modal sumti (
- <jbophrase>la meiris.</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>la betis.</jbophrase> respectively) would become attached to the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation.
+ <oldjbophrase>la meiris.</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>la betis.</oldjbophrase> respectively) would become attached to the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ecf1"/> would become:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5QHA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la meiris. seme'a la betis.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Mary is-less-than Betty.</gloss>
<en>Frank's liking Mary is less than Betty.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1644,36 +1644,36 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AAQp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ni la frank. nelci la betis. cu zmadu le ni la frank. nelci la meiris.</jbo>
<gloss>The quantity-of Frank's liking Betty is-more-than the quantity-of Frank's liking Mary.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals often attached with relative phrases</primary><secondary>list</secondary></indexterm> The mechanisms explained in this section are appropriate to many modals other than
- <jbophrase>semau</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>seme'a</jbophrase>. Some other modals that are often associated with relative phrases are:
- <jbophrase>seba'i</jbophrase> (
+ <oldjbophrase>semau</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>seme'a</oldjbophrase>. Some other modals that are often associated with relative phrases are:
+ <oldjbophrase>seba'i</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>instead of</quote>),
- <jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>ci'u</valsi> (
<quote>on scale</quote>),
- <jbophrase>de'i</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>de'i</valsi> (
<quote>dated</quote>),
- <jbophrase>du'i</jbophrase> (
+ <valsi>du'i</valsi> (
<quote>as much as</quote>). Some BAI tags can be used equally well in relative phrases or attached to bridi; others seem useful only attached to bridi. But it is also possible that the usefulness of particular BAI modals is an English-speaker bias, and that speakers of other languages may find other BAIs useful in divergent ways.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modals</primary><secondary>usage in relative phrases</secondary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
- <jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o-</oldjbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-mixed-connection">
<title>Mixed modal connection</title>
<para>It is possible to mix logical connection (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>) with modal connection, in a way that simultaneously asserts the logical connection and the modal relationship. Consider the sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4qz4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1697,28 +1697,28 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-W3Le">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
<gloss>I like you. And justified-by I like Jane.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mixed modal connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Here the two sentences
- <jbophrase>mi nelci do</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mi nelci la djein.</jbophrase> are simultaneously asserted, their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. The logical connective
- <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> comes before the modal
- <jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase> in all such mixed connections.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>mi nelci do</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>mi nelci la djein.</oldjbophrase> are simultaneously asserted, their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. The logical connective
+ <valsi>je</valsi> comes before the modal
+ <valsi>ki'u</valsi> in all such mixed connections.</para>
<para>Since
- <jbophrase>mi nelci do</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>mi nelci la djein.</jbophrase> differ only in the final sumti, we can transform
+ <oldjbophrase>mi nelci do</oldjbophrase> and
+ <oldjbophrase>mi nelci la djein.</oldjbophrase> differ only in the final sumti, we can transform
<xref linkend="example-random-id-W3Le"/> into a mixed sumti connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gE1z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .eki'ubo la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you and/because Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1762,33 +1762,33 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack, and as a result the cat or the dog equally.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry sack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMRB"/>, the
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> brackets are the equivalent of the
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> brackets in
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> brackets are the equivalent of the
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> brackets in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmRL"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMSb"/>, because
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
- <jbophrase>.ijeseri'abo</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase>.ije seri'a</jbophrase>, which would show that the
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
- <jbophrase>mi bevri le dakli</jbophrase> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
+ <oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
+ <oldjbophrase>.ijeseri'abo</oldjbophrase> to
+ <oldjbophrase>.ije seri'a</oldjbophrase>, which would show that the
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
+ <oldjbophrase>mi bevri le dakli</oldjbophrase> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>) to modify the whole of a
- <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> construct.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>mixed modal connection with</secondary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
- <jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o-</oldjbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-modal-jai">
<title>Modal conversion: JAI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>jai</cmavo>
<selmaho>JAI</selmaho>
<description>modal conversion</description>
@@ -1803,54 +1803,54 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KMMX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>I express [something] in-language Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>effect of modal conversion on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>modal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> has an explicit x1 place occupied by
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and an explicit
- <jbophrase>bau</jbophrase> place occupied by
- <jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase> To exchange these two, we use a modal conversion operator consisting of
+ <valsi>mi</valsi> and an explicit
+ <valsi>bau</valsi> place occupied by
+ <oldjbophrase>la lojban.</oldjbophrase> To exchange these two, we use a modal conversion operator consisting of
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, the modal conversion of
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, the modal conversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KMMX"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KjyW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. jai bau cusku fai mi</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fai</primary><secondary>as allowing access to original first place in modal conversion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>access to original first place with fai</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KjyW"/>, the modal place
- <jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase> has become the x1 place of the new selbri
- <jbophrase>jai bau cusku</jbophrase>. What has happened to the old x1 place? There is no numbered place for it to move to, so it moves to a special
+ <oldjbophrase>la lojban.</oldjbophrase> has become the x1 place of the new selbri
+ <oldjbophrase>jai bau cusku</oldjbophrase>. What has happened to the old x1 place? There is no numbered place for it to move to, so it moves to a special
<quote>unnumbered place</quote> marked by the tag
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> of selma'o FA.</para>
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> of selma'o FA.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fai</primary><secondary>effect on numbering of place structure places</secondary></indexterm> Note: For the purposes of place numbering,
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> behaves like
- <jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase>; it does not affect the numbering of the other places around it.</para>
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> behaves like
+ <valsi>fi'a</valsi>; it does not affect the numbering of the other places around it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversions</primary><secondary>in descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Like SE conversions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may refer to
<quote>the language of an expression</quote> as
- <jbophrase>le jai bau cusku</jbophrase>, for example.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>le jai bau cusku</oldjbophrase>, for example.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>with no modal specified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai without modal</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> In addition, it is grammatical to use
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
- <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
- <jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> position, and to raise one of the sumti from the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature is discussed in more detail in
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
+ <valsi>jai</valsi> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
+ <valsi>fai</valsi> position, and to raise one of the sumti from the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature is discussed in more detail in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-raising"/>. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of (I see the book).</gloss>
<en>My taking the book is justified by my seeing it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1862,74 +1862,74 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta kei [fai le nu mi lebna le cukta]</jbo>
<gloss>I am-justified by the event-of (I see the book) [namely, the event-of (I take the book)]</gloss>
<en>I am justified in taking the book by seeing the book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion without modal</primary><secondary>as vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMse"/>, with the bracketed part omitted, allows us to say that
<quote>I am justified</quote> whereas in fact it is my action that is justified. This construction is vague, but useful in representing natural-language methods of expression.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>and modal conversion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion with fi'o</primary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
- <jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>fi'o-</oldjbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-negation">
<title>Modal negation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary></indexterm> Negation is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. There are two forms of negation in Lojban: contradictory and scalar negation. Contradictory negation expresses what is false, whereas scalar negation says that some alternative to what has been stated is true. A simple example is the difference between
<quote>John didn't go to Paris</quote> (contradictory negation) and
<quote>John went to (somewhere) other than Paris</quote> (scalar negation).</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary><secondary>contradictory</secondary></indexterm> Contradictory negation involving BAI cmavo is performed by appending
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use of modals with
- <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> is to deny a causal relationship:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use of modals with
+ <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> is to deny a causal relationship:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ej84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do mu'inai le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<en>I like you, but not because you like me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>contradictory negation of modals</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ej84"/> denies that the relationship between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (which is not asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether you like me or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivation for my liking you.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary><secondary>scalar</secondary></indexterm> Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing
- <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>na'e</valsi> (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9WC5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of you water-give to the plant.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation of modals</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9WC5"/> says that the relationship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of motivation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something which can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship between watering and growth exists, but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9WC5"/> doesn't say what it is (presumably
- <jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase>).</para>
+ <valsi>ri'a</valsi>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modals</primary><secondary>negation of by negating selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of fi'o modals</primary><secondary>by negating selbri</secondary></indexterm> Note: Modals made with
- <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase> plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation, however.</para>
+ <valsi>fi'o</valsi> plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation, however.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sticky-modals">
<title>Sticky modals</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki</cmavo>
<selmaho>KI</selmaho>
<description>stickiness flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>making sticky</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>making long-scope</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Like tenses, modals can be made persistent from the bridi in which they appear to all following bridi. The effect of this
<quote>stickiness</quote> is to make the modal, along with its following sumti, act as if it appeared in every successive bridi. Stickiness is put into effect by following the modal (but not any following sumti) with the cmavo
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> of selma'o KI. For example,</para>
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> of selma'o KI. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1UGf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai ki tu'a la frank. .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Frank. Afterward, I speak in-language English.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
means the same as:
@@ -1937,38 +1937,38 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank. .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Frank. Afterward, I speak in-language English compelled-by some-property-of Frank.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1UGf"/>,
- <jbophrase>bai</jbophrase> is made sticky, and so Frank's compelling is made applicable to every following bridi.
- <jbophrase>bau</jbophrase> is not sticky, and so the language may vary from bridi to bridi, and if not specified in a particular bridi, no assumption can safely be made about its value.</para>
+ <valsi>bai</valsi> is made sticky, and so Frank's compelling is made applicable to every following bridi.
+ <valsi>bau</valsi> is not sticky, and so the language may vary from bridi to bridi, and if not specified in a particular bridi, no assumption can safely be made about its value.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>canceling</secondary></indexterm> To cancel stickiness, use the form
- <jbophrase>BAI ki ku</jbophrase>, which stops any modal value for the specified BAI from being passed to the next bridi. To cancel stickiness for all modals simultaneously, and also for any sticky tenses that exist (
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> is used for both modals and tenses), use
- <jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> by itself, either before the selbri or (in the form
- <jbophrase>ki ku</jbophrase>) anywhere in the bridi:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>BAI ki ku</oldjbophrase>, which stops any modal value for the specified BAI from being passed to the next bridi. To cancel stickiness for all modals simultaneously, and also for any sticky tenses that exist (
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> is used for both modals and tenses), use
+ <valsi>ki</valsi> by itself, either before the selbri or (in the form
+ <oldjbophrase>ki ku</oldjbophrase>) anywhere in the bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sYdo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ki tavla</jbo>
<en>I speak (no implication about language or compulsion).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>proscribed for sticky modals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>fi'o proscribed from</secondary></indexterm> Note: Modals made with
- <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.</para>
+ <valsi>fi'o</valsi>-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-connected-modals">
<title>Logical and non-logical connection of modals</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of modals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of modals</secondary></indexterm> Logical and non-logical connectives are explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. For the purposes of this chapter, it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection between two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bridi with a connective between the modals. As a result,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMsx"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMte"/> mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsx" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -1994,28 +1994,28 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b0LW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani ce'e teka'a le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin the-house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <jbophrase>ce'e</jbophrase> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
+ <valsi>ce'e</valsi> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-irregular-BAI">
<title>CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>regular form for derivation</secondary></indexterm> There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (
- <jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase>, discussed in
+ <valsi>do'e</valsi>, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-list-head>
<entry>cmavo</entry>
<entry>gismu</entry>
<entry>comments</entry>
</cmavo-list-head>
<title>Monosyllables of the form CVV:</title>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2179,25 +2179,25 @@
<cmavo>va'u</cmavo>
<gismu>xamgu</gismu>
<description>CV'V cmavo can't begin with <letteral>x</letteral></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-all-BAI">
<title>Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo table</primary><secondary>format of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>table with English equivalents</secondary></indexterm> The following table shows all the cmavo belonging to selma'o BAI, and has five columns. The first column is the cmavo itself; the second column is the gismu linked to it. The third column gives an English phrase which indicates the meaning of the cmavo; and the fourth column indicates its meaning when preceded by
- <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <valsi>se</valsi>.</para>
<para>For those cmavo with meaningful
- <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and even
- <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> conversions (depending on the number of places of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para>
+ <valsi>te</valsi>,
+ <valsi>ve</valsi>, and even
+ <valsi>xe</valsi> conversions (depending on the number of places of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>basis in gismu place structure</secondary></indexterm> It should be emphasized that the place structures of the gismu control the meanings of the BAI cmavo. The English phrases shown here are only suggestive, and are often too broad or too narrow to correctly specify what the acceptable range of uses for the modal tag are.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ba'i</cmavo>
<gismu>basti</gismu>
<modal-place>replaced by</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">instead of</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bai</cmavo>
@@ -2266,21 +2266,21 @@
<modal-place se="se">on the same date</modal-place>
<entry>as</entry>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>di'o</cmavo>
<gismu>diklo</gismu>
<modal-place>at the locus of</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">at specific locus</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></cmavo>
+ <cmavo><valsi>do'e</valsi></cmavo>
<gismu>-----</gismu>
<modal-place>vaguely related to</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du'i</cmavo>
<gismu>dunli</gismu>
<modal-place>as much as</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">equal to</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2291,22 +2291,22 @@
<modal-place se="te">knowing about</modal-place>
<modal-place se="ve">under epistemology</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fa'e</cmavo>
<gismu>fatne</gismu>
<modal-place>reverse of</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">in reversal of</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>fau</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>fasnu</valsi></entry>
<entry>in the event of</entry>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'e</cmavo>
<gismu>finti</gismu>
<modal-place>created by</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">creating work</modal-place>
<modal-place se="te">created for purpose</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2507,27 +2507,27 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu'e</cmavo>
<gismu>pruce</gismu>
<modal-place>by process</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">processing from</modal-place>
<modal-place se="te">processing into</modal-place>
<modal-place se="ve">passing through stages</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ra'a</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>srana</valsi></entry>
<entry>pertained to by concerning</entry>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>ra'i</valsi></entry>
+ <entry><valsi>krasi</valsi></entry>
<entry>from source as an origin of</entry>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>rai</cmavo>
<gismu>traji</gismu>
<modal-place>with superlative</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">superlative in</modal-place>
<modal-place se="te">at extreme</modal-place>
<modal-place se="ve">superlative among</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -2609,20 +2609,20 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zu'e</cmavo>
<gismu>zukte</gismu>
<modal-place>with actor</modal-place>
<modal-place se="se">with means to goal</modal-place>
<modal-place se="te">with goal</modal-place>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The lujvo
- <jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase> on which
- <jbophrase>tai</jbophrase> is based is derived from the tanru
- <jbophrase>tarmi simsa</jbophrase> and has the place structure:</para>
+ <oldjbophrase>tamsmi</oldjbophrase> on which
+ <valsi>tai</valsi> is based is derived from the tanru
+ <oldjbophrase>tarmi simsa</oldjbophrase> and has the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>
tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x4
</place-structure>
<para>This lujvo is employed because
- <jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> does not have a place structure useful for the modal's purpose.</para>
+ <valsi>tarmi</valsi> does not have a place structure useful for the modal's purpose.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/README-tags b/todocbook/README-tags
index d9b903a..3ddcddd 100644
--- a/todocbook/README-tags
+++ b/todocbook/README-tags
@@ -1,11 +1,34 @@
+ BASIC <jbophrase> theory.
+
+ We don't *actually* want to index every use of a Lojban word.
+
+ So, <jbophrase> does nothing at all.
+
+ All the *other* tags to index generation.
+
+ The primary one is <valsi>; it's still called that even if it
+ wraps a cmavo compound. Any cmavo compound weird enough to have a
+ seperate meaning should be wrapped in <valsi>. Any others can
+ just be handled by having adjacent <valsi> bits.
+
+ We need more of these. Lots of them, in fact. And we need to
+ allow them in lots of places.
+
+ All <jbophrase> have been converted to <oldjbophrase>, which marks
+ up badly (FIXME: todo)
+
+ Almost everything with glossary="false", valid="false", valid="iffy"
+ should simply be <jbophrase>; I can't see any use to keeping that
+ stuff around.
+
We have a variety of local-use-only tags and roles that get converted into
docbook XML as part of the processing.
<example> roles
<interlinear-gloss>
This is to only be used for
diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html.css b/todocbook/docbook2html.css
index e981486..f3eb376 100644
--- a/todocbook/docbook2html.css
+++ b/todocbook/docbook2html.css
@@ -73,11 +73,15 @@ em[lang=jbo] {
*/
div.informaltable table {
border-style: none;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
div.informaltable td {
padding: 15px;
border: 1px solid #000;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+I'm broken!!!!
+
+make something ugly for oldjbophrase
diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html_config.xsl b/todocbook/docbook2html_config.xsl
index 9805e86..a7ed2ba 100644
--- a/todocbook/docbook2html_config.xsl
+++ b/todocbook/docbook2html_config.xsl
@@ -5,20 +5,25 @@
version="1.0">
<xsl:param name="use.id.as.filename" select="'1'"/>
<xsl:param name="admon.graphics" select="'1'"/>
<xsl:param name="admon.graphics.path"></xsl:param>
<xsl:param name="chunk.section.depth" select="0"></xsl:param>
<xsl:param name="html.stylesheet" select="'docbook2html.css'"/>
<xsl:param name="index.on.type" select="1"/>
<xsl:param name="index.on.role" select="1"/>
<xsl:param name="index.links.to.section" select="0"/>
+ <!-- temporary -->
+ <xsl:template match="phrase[@role='oldjbophrase']" mode="class.value">
+ <xsl:value-of select="'oldjbophrase'"/>
+ </xsl:template>
+
<xsl:template match="itemizedlist[@role='word_spacing_list']" mode="class.value">
<xsl:value-of select="'word_spacing_list'"/>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="docbook:listitem[@role='word_list']">
<xsl:for-each select="str:tokenize(.)">
<listitem><para>
<xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
</para></listitem>
</xsl:for-each>
diff --git a/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl b/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl
index bccdab3..bcaef2f 100644
--- a/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl
+++ b/todocbook/docbook2html_preprocess.xsl
@@ -258,44 +258,99 @@
</xsl:if>
<indexterm>
<xsl:attribute name="type">lojban-words</xsl:attribute>
<primary><xsl:value-of select="text()"/></primary>
</indexterm>
<xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
</foreignphrase>
</glossterm>
</xsl:template>
- <!-- lojban phrases and/or unglossed words -->
+ <xsl:template match="jbophrase">
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo">
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </foreignphrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <xsl:template match="morphology">
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo" role="morphology">
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </foreignphrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <xsl:template match="letteral">
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo" role="letteral">
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </foreignphrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <xsl:template match="rafsi">
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo" role="rafsi">
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </foreignphrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <xsl:template match="diphthong">
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo" role="diphthong">
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </foreignphrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <xsl:template match="oldjbophrase">
+ <phrase role="oldjbophrase">
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </phrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <xsl:template match="valsi">
+ <xsl:variable name="slug">
+ <xsl:call-template name="make_slug">
+ <xsl:with-param name="input" select="text()"/>
+ </xsl:call-template>
+ </xsl:variable>
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo">
+ <indexterm type="lojban-words">
+ <primary><xsl:value-of select="text()"/></primary>
+ </indexterm>
+ <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
+ </foreignphrase>
+ </xsl:template>
+
+ <!--
+ Needs to be cannibalized to make <valsi>; <jbophrase. and
+ <oldjbophrase> do not much at all
+
+ <!- - lojban phrases and/or unglossed words - ->
<xsl:template match="jbophrase"
priority="1">
<xsl:variable name="wordsnum">
<xsl:value-of select="count(str:tokenize(text()))"/>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:variable name="slug">
<xsl:call-template name="make_slug">
<xsl:with-param name="input" select="text()"/>
</xsl:call-template>
</xsl:variable>
- <!-- FIXME: the role is currently only used by the chapter2
+ <!- - FIXME: the role is currently only used by the chapter2
markup stuff, which still needs to be implemented
- -->
+ - ->
<foreignphrase xml:lang="jbo">
<xsl:if test="boolean(@role)">
<xsl:attribute name="role">
<xsl:value-of select="@role"/>
</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:if>
<indexterm>
<xsl:if test="boolean($wordsnum > 1)">
<xsl:attribute name="type">lojban-phrases</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:if>
<xsl:if test="boolean($wordsnum = 1)">
<xsl:attribute name="type">lojban-words</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:if>
<primary><xsl:value-of select="text()"/></primary>
</indexterm>
<xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
</foreignphrase>
</xsl:template>
+ -->
</xsl:stylesheet>
diff --git a/todocbook/generate_glossary.xsl b/todocbook/generate_glossary.xsl
index e0c8253..412bdc5 100644
--- a/todocbook/generate_glossary.xsl
+++ b/todocbook/generate_glossary.xsl
@@ -30,22 +30,21 @@
' 	
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',
'----abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' )"/>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:value-of select="$slug"/>
</xsl:template>
<!-- lojban words -->
<!-- If you change the match here, also change it in
docbook2html_preprocess.xsl ; search for LOJBAN WORDS MATCH
-->
- <xsl:template match="//jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and ( not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false')
- and ( not(@role) or ( @role != 'morphology' and @role != 'rafsi' and @role != 'diphthong' and @role != 'letteral' ) ) ]">
+ <xsl:template match="//valsi">
<xsl:variable name="slug">
<xsl:call-template name="make_slug">
<xsl:with-param name="input" select="text()"/>
</xsl:call-template>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:value-of select="$slug"/>
<xsl:text>	</xsl:text>
<xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
<xsl:text>
</xsl:text>
</xsl:template>
--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "BPFK" group.
To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com.
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-list?hl=en.