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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 3 19:21:08 EST 2011
commit 14598794dbb865fb429ab5cb3ef00603bdc95967
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 16:09:55 2011 -0800
Fixed duplicate section names.
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 3fce6bc..791f389 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-tenses">
<title>Imaginary Journeys: The Lojban Space/Time Tense System</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-tenses-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>explanation of presentation method</secondary></indexterm> This chapter attempts to document and explain the space/time tense system of Lojban. It does not attempt to answer all questions of the form
<quote>How do I say such-and-such (an English tense) in Lojban?</quote> Instead, it explores the Lojban tense system from the inside, attempting to educate the reader into a Lojbanic viewpoint. Once the overall system is understood and the resources that it makes available are familiar, the reader should have some hope of using appropriate tense constructs and being correctly understood.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with native languages</secondary></indexterm> The system of Lojban tenses presented here may seem really complex because of all the pieces and all the options; indeed, this chapter is the longest one in this book. But tense is in fact complex in every language. In your native language, the subtleties of tense are intuitive. In foreign languages, you are seldom taught the entire system until you have reached an advanced level. Lojban tenses are extremely systematic and productive, allowing you to express subtleties based on what they mean rather than on how they act similarly to English tenses. This chapter concentrates on presenting an intuitive approach to the meaning of Lojban tense words and how they may be creatively and productively combined.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in necessity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>as mandatory in English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>real relationship to time in English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>historical definition</secondary></indexterm> What is
<quote>tense</quote>? Historically,
<quote>tense</quote> is the attribute of verbs in English and related languages that expresses the time of the action. In English, three tenses are traditionally recognized, conventionally called the past, the present, and the future. There are also a variety of compound tenses used in English. However, there is no simple relationship between the form of an English tense and the time actually expressed:</para>
<!-- FIXME: should these be in an <example>? if so, will any random id work? -->
@@ -145,24 +145,24 @@
<description>within</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
<description>north of</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>(The complete list of FAhA cmavo can be found in
- <xref linkend="section-summary"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/>.)</para>
<para>Why is this section about spatial tenses rather than the more familiar time tenses of
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, asks the reader? Because the model to be used in explaining both will be easier to grasp for space than for time. The explanation of time tenses will resume in
+ <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, asks the reader? Because the model to be used in explaining both will be easier to grasp for space than for time. The explanation of time tenses will resume in
<xref linkend="section-temporal-tenses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense elision</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tense elision in meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tense in elidability</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>compared with temporal tense in elidability</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>as optional in English</secondary></indexterm> English doesn't have mandatory spatial tenses. Although there are plenty of ways in English of showing where an event happens, there is absolutely no need to do so. Considering this fact may give the reader a feel for what the optional Lojban time tenses are like. From the Lojban point of view, space and time are interchangeable, although they are not treated identically.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distance</primary><secondary>specification with VA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>as an imaginary journey</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>and spatial tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Lojban specifies the spatial tense of a bridi (the place at which it occurs) by using words from selma'o FAhA and VA to describe an imaginary journey from the speaker to the place referred to. FAhA cmavo specify the direction taken in the journey, whereas VA cmavo specify the distance gone. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hNAJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d1"/>
</title>
@@ -212,21 +212,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zu'avi batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [left] [short distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As explained in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, it would be perfectly correct to use
+ <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, it would be perfectly correct to use
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> to move this tense to the beginning or the end of the sentence to emphasize it:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uCGa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zu'aviku le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>[Left] [short distance] the man bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -370,21 +370,21 @@
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu
<jbophrase>purci</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>cabna</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>balvi</jbophrase>. See
<xref linkend="section-tenses-vs-modals"/> for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as
<quote>direction-like relationships</quote> like
<quote>surrounding</quote>,
<quote>within</quote>,
<quote>touching</quote>, etc. (See
- <xref linkend="section-summary"/> for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/> for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as subjective perception</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary><secondary>compared with ca</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>compared with bu'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>rational for</secondary></indexterm> The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive space and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measurements. We have a sense of
<quote>now</quote> which includes part of the objective past and part of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into three parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a separate time-direction cmavo for the
<quote>zero direction</quote>, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for the zero space direction:
<jbophrase>bu'u</jbophrase>, which means something like
<quote>coinciding</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as observer-based</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relativity theory</primary><secondary>relation to Lojban tense system</secondary></indexterm> (Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: The Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed to be a
@@ -3309,21 +3309,21 @@
<jbophrase>naje</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>the latter</quote>, or
<jbophrase>jenai</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>the former</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-explicit-magnitudes">
<title>Explicit magnitudes</title>
<para>It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitudes that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large. In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban construction called a
<quote>termset</quote> is employed. (Termsets are explained further in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/> and
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-grouping"/>.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Lys">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset].</gloss>
<en>Frank is standing five meters to the left of George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3357,21 +3357,21 @@
<title>Finally (an exercise for the much-tried reader)</title>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NxGB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e26d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe fi le lojbo temci selsku ciste</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-summary">
+ <section xml:id="section-tense-selmaho-summary">
<title>Summary of tense selma'o</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense selma'o</primary><secondary>summary of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>PU</term>
<listitem>
<para>temporal direction</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu</cmavo>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 4d0b104..9dfc5ae 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -1285,22 +1285,22 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This must mean that something which John does, or which happens to John, occurs frequently: but without more context there is no way to figure out what. Note that without the
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9S5B"/> would mean that John considered as an event frequently occurs - in other words, that John has some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as events in English, but the x1 place of
<jbophrase>cafne</jbophrase> is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that
<jbophrase>djan.</jbophrase> is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>making concrete</secondary></indexterm> Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> (of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-jai"/> and
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-jai"/>; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-jai"/>; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jAdY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a mi rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>something-to-do-with me causes the event-of you are-dead</gloss>
<en>My action causes your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1330,21 +1330,21 @@
<gloss>that-which-is associated-with causing (the event-of your death)</gloss>
<en>the one who caused your death</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> modifies the selbri and can be incorporated into the description - not so for
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The weakness of
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> used in descriptions in this way is that it does not specify which argument of the implicit abstraction is being raised into the x1 place of the description selbri. One can be more specific by using the modal form of
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-jai"/>:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LPbo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jai gau rinka be le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>that-which-is agent-in causing (the event-of your death)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 2729222..23dd4c4 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -1057,37 +1057,37 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<en>I cause your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-jai"/>, to be rendered with lujvo:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-sumti-raising"/>, to be rendered with lujvo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wrpr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jaxri'a le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-part-of-the-cause-of the event-of your dying.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In making a lujvo that contains
<jbophrase role="rafsi">jax-</jbophrase> for a selbri that contains
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase>, the rule is to leave the
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> place as a
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> place of the lujvo; it does not participate in the regular lujvo place structure. (The use of
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-jai"/> and <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-jai"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/> and <xref linkend="section-jai"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-implicit-abstraction">
<title>Implicit-abstraction lujvo</title>
<para>Eliding NU rafsi involves the same restrictions as eliding SE rafsi, plus additional ones. In general, NU rafsi should not be elided from the tertau, since that changes the kind of thing the lujvo is talking about from an abstraction to a concrete sumti. However, they may be elided from the seltau if no reasonable ambiguity would result.</para>
<para>A major difference, however, between SE elision and NU elision is that the former is a rather sparse process, providing a few convenient shortenings. Eliding
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, however, is extremely important in producing a class of lujvo called
<quote>implicit-abstraction lujvo</quote>.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index 8541211..45beecf 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-attitudinals">
<title>Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-attitudinals-introduction">
<title>What are attitudinal indicators?</title>
<para>This chapter explains the various words that Lojban provides for expressing attitude and related notions. In natural languages, attitudes are usually expressed by the tone of voice when speaking, and (very imperfectly) by punctuation when writing. For example, the bare words</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-EWHQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>John is coming.</para>
</example>
@@ -1439,21 +1439,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi .e nai .ui do</jbo>
<gloss>I and [Not!] [Yay!] you</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
<quote>I but (fortunately) not you</quote>. Attitudinal
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> expresses a
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, a concept explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-scalar-negation"/>; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of
+ <xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/>; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on each should be obvious.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of internal compounding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>internal grammar</secondary><tertiary>complete</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, the complete internal grammar of UI is as follows, with each listed part optionally present or absent without affecting grammaticality, though it obviously would affect meaning.</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="9">
<member>attitudinal</member>
<member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
<member>intensity-word</member>
<member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
<member>modifier</member>
<member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
<member>intensity-word</member>
@@ -2468,21 +2468,21 @@
<jbophrase>li'o</jbophrase> was not part of the original quotation. In practice, this and other forms which are already associated with metalinguistic expressions, such as
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEI) or
<jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o TO) need not be marked except where confusion might result.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary><secondary>editorial insertion of text already containing sa'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial insertion</primary><secondary>of text already containing sa'a</secondary></indexterm> In the rare case that the quoted material already contains one or more instances of
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase>, they can be changed to
<jbophrase>sa'asa'a</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>with "xu"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> marks truth questions, which are discussed in detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-questions"/>. In general,
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>. In general,
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> may be translated
<quote>Is it true that ... ?</quote> and questions whether the attached bridi is true. When
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> is attached to a specific word or construct, it directs the focus of the question to that word or construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>marking in advance</secondary></indexterm> Lojban question words, unlike those of English, frequently do not stand at the beginning of the question. Placing the cmavo
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> at the beginning of a bridi helps the listener realize that the bridi is a question, like the symbol at the beginning of written Spanish questions that looks like an upside-down question mark. The listener is then warned to watch for the actual question word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>paunai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>rhetorical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rhetorical question</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pau</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Although
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> is grammatical in any location (like all indicators), it is not really useful except at or near the beginning of a bridi. Its scalar opposite,
<jbophrase>paunai</jbophrase>, signals that a bridi is not really a question despite its form. This is what we call in English a rhetorical question: an example appears in the English text near the beginning of
@@ -2581,35 +2581,35 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the statement-that somebody [indirect ?] goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>I know who goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-vocatives">
+ <section xml:id="section-vocative-scales">
<title>Vocative scales</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direct address</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"la"</primary><secondary>contrasted with vocatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>contrasted with "la"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Vocatives</quote> are words used to address someone directly; they precede and mark a name used in direct address, just as
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> (and the other members of selma'o LA) mark a name used to refer to someone. The vocatives actually are indicators - in fact, discursives - but the need to tie them to names and other descriptions of listeners requires them to be separated from selma'o UI. But like the cmavo of UI, the members of selma'o COI can be
<quote>negated</quote> with
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to get the opposite part of the scale.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>rationale for redundancy</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>redundancy</primary><secondary>effect on vocative design</secondary></indexterm> Because of the need for redundancy in noisy environments, the Lojban design does not compress the vocatives into a minimum number of scales. Doing so would make a non-redundant
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> too often vital to interpretation of a protocol signal, as explained later in this section.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>grammar overview</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of vocatives is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-vocatives"/>; but in brief, a vocative may be followed by a name (without
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-syntax"/>; but in brief, a vocative may be followed by a name (without
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>), a description (without
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> or its relatives), a complete sumti, or nothing at all (if the addressee is obvious from the context). There is an elidable terminator,
<jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU) which is almost never required unless no name (or other indication of the addressee) follows the vocative.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>and definition of "you"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you</primary><secondary>defining</secondary></indexterm> Using any vocative except
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> (explained below) implicitly defines the meaning of the pro-sumti
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, as the whole point of vocatives is to specify the listener, or at any rate the desired listener - even if the desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms
<quote>speaker</quote> and
<quote>listener</quote> for clarity, although in written Lojban the appropriate terms would be
<quote>writer</quote> and
@@ -3139,21 +3139,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d23"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i la djordj. cliva</jbo>
<gloss>George leaves.</gloss>
<en>George left.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-conclusion">
+ <section xml:id="section-attitudinals-conclusion">
<title>Tentative conclusion</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>ramifications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aliens</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Kzinti</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> The exact ramifications of the indicator system in actual usage are unknown. There has never been anything like it in natural language before. The system provides great potential for emotional expression and transcription, from which significant Sapir-Whorf effects can be anticipated. When communicating across cultural boundaries, where different indicators are often used for the same emotion, accidental offense can be avoided. If we ever ran into an alien race, a culturally neutral language of emotion could be vital. (A classic example, taken from the science fiction of Larry Niven, is to imagine speaking Lojban to the carnivorous warriors called Kzinti, noting that a human smile bares the teeth, and could be seen as an intent to attack.) And for communicating emotions to computers, when we cannot identify all of the signals involved in subliminal human communication (things like body language are also cultural), a system like this is needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> We have tried to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this system that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more neutral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the current indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>evolutionary development of</secondary></indexterm> We envision an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more than a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with various combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they express and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expression for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. Why not, if it helps you express your feelings?</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 43ee029..dd5a6c3 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-connectives">
<title>If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-connectives-introduction">
<title>Logical connection and truth tables</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth functions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical language</primary><secondary>truth functions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban is a logical language: the name of the language itself means
<quote>logical language</quote>. The fundamentals of ordinary logic (there are variant logics, which aren't addressed in this book) include the notions of a
<quote>sentence</quote> (sometimes called a
<quote>statement</quote> or
<quote>proposition</quote>), which asserts a truth or falsehood, and a small set of
<quote>truth functions</quote>, which combine two sentences to create a new sentence. The truth functions have the special characteristic that the truth value (that is, the truth or falsehood) of the results depends only on the truth value of the component sentences. For example,</para>
@@ -297,21 +297,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>cmavo</secondary><tertiary>format for each selma'o</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, in selma'o A, the cmavo for the function
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase> is
<jbophrase>a</jbophrase>. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>, which is a truth function, or
<jbophrase>a</jbophrase>, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase> in selma'o GIhA is
<jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase>, and the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">U</phrase> in selma'o GA is
<jbophrase>gu</jbophrase>. This systematic regularity makes the cmavo easier to learn.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound logical connectives</primary><secondary>components</secondary></indexterm> Obviously, four cmavo are not enough to express the 14 truth functions explained in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>. Therefore, compound cmavo must be used. These compound cmavo follow a systematic pattern: each has one cmavo from the five logical connection selma'o at its heart, and may also contain one or more of the auxiliary cmavo
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>. Therefore, compound cmavo must be used. These compound cmavo follow a systematic pattern: each has one cmavo from the five logical connection selma'o at its heart, and may also contain one or more of the auxiliary cmavo
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>. Which auxiliaries are used with which logical connection cmavo, and with what grammar and meaning, will be explained in the following sections. The uses of each of these auxiliary cmavo relates to its other uses in other parts of Lojban grammar.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-ek</primary><secondary>in name for logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound logical connectives</primary><secondary>naming convention</secondary></indexterm> For convenience, each of the types of compound cmavo used for logical connection is designated by a Lojban name. The name is derived by changing the final
<quote>-A</quote> of the selma'o name to
<quote>-ek</quote>; the reasons for using
<quote>-ek</quote> are buried deep in the history of the Loglan Project. Thus, compound cmavo based on selma'o A are known as eks, and those based on selma'o JA are known as jeks. (When writing in English, it is conventional to use
<quote>eks</quote> as the plural of
<quote>ek</quote>.) When the term
@@ -422,21 +422,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>if</primary><secondary>English usage contrasted with Lojban logical connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>if</primary><secondary>meaning in logical connections</secondary></indexterm> How's that again? Are those two English sentences in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FXSC"/> really equivalent? In English, no. The Lojban TTFT truth function can be glossed
<quote>A if B</quote>, but the
<quote>if</quote> does not quite have its English sense.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FXSC"/> is true so long as John is a man, even if James is not a woman; likewise, it is true just because James is not a woman, regardless of John's gender. This kind of
<quote>if-then</quote> is technically known as a
<quote>material conditional</quote>.</para>
<para>Since James is not a woman (by our assertions in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>), the English sentence
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>), the English sentence
<quote>John is a man if James is a woman</quote> seems to be neither true nor false, since it assumes something which is not true. It turns out to be most convenient to treat this
<quote>if</quote> as TTFT, which on investigation means that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FXSC"/> is true.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EdY5"/>, however, is equally true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EdY5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. ninmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
@@ -462,21 +462,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .inaja la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man or James is-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>John is a man only if James is a woman.</en>
<en>If John is a man, then James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>in logical connective to exchange sentences</secondary></indexterm> The following example illustrates the use of
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is to (in effect) transpose places of a bridi, as explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-place-conversion"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-z43X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .iseju la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>Whether or not John is a man, James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with se</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with na</secondary></indexterm> If both
@@ -854,21 +854,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge mi nelci la djan. gi ga mi nelci la martas. gi mi nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>Both I like John and (Either I like Martha or I like Mary).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is not equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mLo1"/>, but is instead a valid translation into Lojban, using forethought, of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSuT"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-grouping">
+ <section xml:id="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping">
<title>Grouping of afterthought connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary><tertiary>precedence</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> There are several ways in Lojban to render
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSuT"/> using afterthought only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In particular, if
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatically distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Connections marked with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are interpreted before connections not so marked.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Dd2"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uu7D">
<title>
@@ -1433,21 +1433,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one
<jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> is used.</para>
<para>The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical connectives are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-modal-connectives"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-explicit-magnitudes"/>, and
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-grouping"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tanru">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary></indexterm> As noted at the beginning of
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>, there is no logical connective in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is possible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
<jbophrase>blanu bolci</jbophrase>, Lojbanists can say
<jbophrase>blanu je bolci</jbophrase>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
<xref linkend="section-termsets"/> also, but there they were always prefixed by
<jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
@@ -1629,21 +1629,21 @@
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu je ninmu</jbo>
<en>I see a man and woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ag8r"/> means that you see one thing which is both a man and a woman simultaneously! A
<jbophrase>nanmu je ninmu</jbophrase> is a manwoman, a presumably non-existent creature who is both a
<jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase> and a
<jbophrase>ninmu</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-questions">
+ <section xml:id="section-truth-and-connective-questions">
<title>Truth questions and connective questions</title>
<para>So far we have addressed only sentences which are statements. Lojban, like all human languages, needs also to deal with sentences which are questions. There are many ways of asking questions in Lojban, but some of these (like questions about quantity, tense, and emotion) are discussed in other chapters.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>simple</secondary></indexterm> The simplest kind of question is of the type
<quote>Is it true that ...</quote> where some statement follows. This type is called a
<quote>truth question</quote>, and can be represented in English by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bMjE"/>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-bMjE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d1"/>
@@ -1903,21 +1903,21 @@
<quote>and</quote>; the difference is that the sentence after a
<quote>but</quote> is felt to be in tension or opposition to the sentence before it. Lojban represents this distinction by adding the discursive cmavo
<jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI), which is explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-discursives"/>, to the logical
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-connectives">
<title>Non-logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>as non-logical connective</secondary></indexterm> Way back in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, the point was made that not every use of English
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>, the point was made that not every use of English
<quote>and</quote>,
<quote>if ... then</quote>, and so on represents a Lojban logical connective. In particular, consider the
<quote>and</quote> of:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-x6JW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d1"/>
</title>
<para>John and Alice carried the piano.</para>
</example>
@@ -2341,21 +2341,21 @@
<jbo>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e .i tu'e kanji lo ni cteki .ice'o lumci le karce .ice'o dzukansa le gerku tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] do the-referent-of-the-following: ( Compute the quantity of taxes. And-then wash the car. And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. )</gloss>
<en>List of things to do: Figure taxes. Wash car. Walk dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list of things to do</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to-do list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>use in lists</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>effect on di'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'e</primary><secondary>effect of tu'e/tu'u on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lists</primary><secondary>use of tu'e/tu'u in</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-27xU"/> represents a list of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of
<jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
- <xref linkend="section-grouping"/>, because there is no logical connective between the introductory phrase
+ <xref linkend="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping"/>, because there is no logical connective between the introductory phrase
<jbophrase>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e</jbophrase> and the rest. The brackets effectively show how large an utterance the word
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>, which means
<quote>the following utterance</quote>, refers to.</para>
<para>Similarly,
<jbophrase>.ijoi</jbophrase> is used to connect sentences that represent the components of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of
<quote>Fran hit her head and fell out of the boat, so that she drowned</quote> would join the events
<quote>Fran hit her head</quote> and
<quote>Fran fell out of the boat</quote> with
<jbophrase>.ijoi</jbophrase>.</para>
@@ -3281,20 +3281,20 @@
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-tables">
<title>Locations of other tables</title>
<para>
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>: a table explaining the meaning of each truth function in English.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>: a table explaining the meaning of each truth function in English.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="section-four-basics"/>: a table relating the truth functions to the four basic vowels.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="section-questions"/>: a table of the connective question cmavo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-and-connective-questions"/>: a table of the connective question cmavo.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/>: a table of the meanings of JOI cmavo when used to connect sumti.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index 5549a90..48d398d 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-negation">
<title>
<quote>No</quote> Problems: On Lojban Negation</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-negation-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>The grammatical expression of negation is a critical part of Lojban's claim to being logical. The problem of negation, simply put, is to come up with a complete definition of the word
<quote>not</quote>. For Lojban's unambiguous grammar, this means further that meanings of
<quote>not</quote> with different grammatical effect must be different words, and even different grammatical structures.</para>
<para>Logical assertions are implicitly required in a logical language; thus, an apparatus for expressing them is built into Lojban's logical connectives and other structures.</para>
<para>In natural languages, especially those of Indo-European grammar, we have sentences composed of two parts which are typically called
<quote>subject</quote> and
<quote>predicate</quote>. In the statement</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-vrXe">
@@ -1105,32 +1105,32 @@
<jbophrase>coinai</jbophrase>. However, this is not generally done.</para>
<para>Most of the COI cmavo are used in what are commonly called protocol situations. These protocols are used, for example, in radio conversations, which often take place in a noisy environment. The negatives of protocol words tend to convey diametrically opposite communications situations (as might be expected). Therefore, only one protocol vocative is dependent on
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>: negative acknowledgement, which is
<jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> (
<quote>I didn't get that</quote>).</para>
<para>Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, in a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
<para>The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses and modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstractions connected by logical connectives:
<jbophrase>su'ujeninai</jbophrase>, which corresponds to
<jbophrase>su'u jenai ni</jbophrase> just as
<jbophrase>punai je ca</jbophrase> corresponds to
<jbophrase>pu naje ca</jbophrase>. It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-abstractor-connection"/>.</para>
<para>A
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical connectives are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-non-logical-connectives"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-questions">
+ <section xml:id="section-truth-questions">
<title>Truth questions</title>
<para>One application of negation is in answer to truth questions (those which expect the answers
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>). The truth question cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> is in selma'o UI; placed at the beginning of a sentence, it asks whether the sentence as a whole is true or false.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5y84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1234,21 +1234,21 @@
</example>
<para>He might have telephoned the two cities instead of going there. The unnecessary
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> would have been essential if the selbri had been a tanru.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-affirmations">
<title>Affirmations</title>
<para>There is an explicit positive form for both selma'o NA (
<jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase>) and selma'o NAhE (
<jbophrase>je'a</jbophrase>), each of which would supplant the corresponding negator in the grammatical position used, allowing one to assert the positive in response to a negative question or statement without confusion. Assuming the same context as in
- <xref linkend="section-questions"/>:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KhoH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu na go'i</jbo>
<gloss>Is-it-true-that [false] [repeat previous]?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or equivalently</para>
@@ -1475,21 +1475,21 @@
<jbophrase>ji'una'iku</jbophrase> metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>.)</para>
<para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with selma'o BAI.
<jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase> has meaning
<quote>of category/class/type X</quote>,
<jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> has meaning
<quote>on scale X</quote>, and
<jbophrase>ci'e</jbophrase>, based on
<jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase>, can be used to talk about universes of discourse defined either as systems or sets of components, as shown in
- <xref linkend="section-questions"/>.
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>.
<jbophrase>kai</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase> also exist in BAI for discussing other quality and quantity errors.</para>
<para>We have to make particular note of potential problems in the areas of undue quantity and incorrect scale/category. Assertions about the relationships between gismu are among the basic substance of the language. It is thus invalid to logically require that if something is blue, that it is colored, or if it is not-blue, then it is some other color. In Lojban,
<jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> (
<quote>blue</quote>) is not explicitly defined as a
<jbophrase>skari</jbophrase> (
<quote>color</quote>). Similarly, it is not implicit that the opposite of
<quote>good</quote> is
<quote>bad</quote>.</para>
@@ -1504,21 +1504,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/> for explanations of these usages.</para>
<para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> at the beginning of a statement merely says that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>
<para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without correcting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguistic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, metalinguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseless expression.</para>
<para>Note that metalinguistic negation gives us another kind of legitimate negative answer to a
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question (see
- <xref linkend="section-questions"/>).
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>).
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> will be used when something about the questioned statement is inappropriate, such as in questions like
<quote>Have you stopped beating your wife?</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SfSU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e10d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do sisti lezu'o do rapydarxi ledo fetspe</jbo>
<gloss>Have you ceased the activity of repeat-hitting your female-spouse?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 1eeaa47..22bde67 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-quantifiers">
<title>
<quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-quantifiers-introduction">
<title>What's wrong with this picture?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nobody</primary><secondary>interpretation of</secondary></indexterm> The following brief dialogue is from <citetitle pubwork="chapter">Chapter 7</citetitle> of
<citetitle pubwork="book">Through The Looking Glass</citetitle> by Lewis Carroll.</para>
<!-- Perhaps these should be combined into one example. -->
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KB90">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>
<quote>Who did you pass on the road?</quote> the King went on, holding out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay.</para>
@@ -490,21 +490,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi prenu cu se batci de poi gerku</jbo>
<gloss>Every-X which is-a-person is-bitten-by some-Y which is-a-dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>using the conversion operator
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-place-conversion"/>) to change the selbri
+ <xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>) to change the selbri
<jbophrase>batci</jbophrase> (
<quote>bites</quote>) into
<jbophrase>se batci</jbophrase> (
<quote>is bitten by</quote>). The translation given in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KLAr"/> uses the corresponding strategy in English, since English does not have prenexes (except in strained
<quote>logician's English</quote>). This implies that a sentence with both a universal and an existential variable can't be freely converted with
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>; one must be careful to preserve the order of the variables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>poi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>poi</primary><secondary>dropping from multiple appearances on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ro</primary><secondary>dropping from multiple appearances on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with poi</secondary><tertiary>in multiple appearances</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with ro</secondary><tertiary>in multiple appearances</tertiary></indexterm> If a variable occurs more than once, then any
@@ -664,21 +664,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re da poi prenu zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-two Xes which are-persons : X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>order of variables</primary><secondary>in moving to prenex</secondary></indexterm> Note that when we move more than one variable to the prenex (along with its attached relative clause), we must make sure that the variables are in the same order in the prenex as in the bridi proper.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-grouping">
+ <section xml:id="section-quantifier-grouping">
<title>Grouping of quantifiers</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distribution of quantified sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Let us consider a sentence containing two quantifier expressions neither of which is
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (remembering that
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> is implicit where no explicit quantifier is given):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uovr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1793,36 +1793,36 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>use with logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>creating more by subscripting</secondary></indexterm> If the variables
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>de</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>di</jbophrase> (or the selbri variables
<jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>bu'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bu'i</jbophrase>) are insufficient in number for handling a particular problem, the Lojban approach is to add a subscript to any of them. Each possible different combination of a subscript and a variable cmavo counts as a distinct variable in Lojban. Subscripts are explained in full in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-subscripts"/>, but in general consist of the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>, but in general consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI) followed by a number, one or more lerfu words forming a single string, or a general mathematical expression enclosed in parentheses.</para>
<para>A quantifier can be prefixed to a variable that has already been bound either in a prenex or earlier in the bridi, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6gyb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi prenu cu se ralju pa da</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xs which are-persons are-led-by one-of X</gloss>
<en>Three people are led by one of them.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<jbophrase>pa da</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6gyb"/> does not specify the number of things to which
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> refers, as the preceding
<jbophrase>ci da</jbophrase> does. Instead, it selects one of them for use in this sumti only. The number of referents of
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> remains three, but a single one (there is no way of knowing which one) is selected to be the leader.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-conclusion">
+ <section xml:id="section-logic-conclusion">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logic and Lojban</primary><secondary>more aspects</secondary></indexterm> This chapter is incomplete. There are many more aspects of logic that I neither fully understand nor feel competent to explain, neither in abstract nor in their Lojban realization. Lojban was designed to be a language that makes predicate logic speakable, and achieving that goal completely will need to wait for someone who understands both logic and Lojban better than I do. I can only hope to have pointed out the areas that are well-understood (and by implication, those that are not).</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 9f681a7..a2a48e0 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-letterals">
<title>As Easy As A-B-C? The Lojban Letteral System And Its Uses</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-letterals-introduction">
<title>What's a letteral, anyway?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter</primary><secondary>alphabet</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letteral</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Brown</primary><secondary>James Cooke</secondary><tertiary>and "letteral"</tertiary></indexterm> James Cooke Brown, the founder of the Loglan Project, coined the word
<quote>letteral</quote> (by analogy with
<quote>numeral</quote>) to mean a letter of the alphabet, such as
<quote>f</quote> or
<quote>z</quote>. A typical example of its use might be</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-tvHm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e1d1"/>
@@ -384,21 +384,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase> are normal gismu with normal stress:
<jbophrase glossary="false">denpabu</jbophrase> would be a fu'ivla (word borrowed from another language into Lojban) stressed
<jbophrase glossary="false">denPAbu</jbophrase>. No pause is required between
<jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> (or
<jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase>) and
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>, though.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-alien-alphabets">
<title>Alien alphabets</title>
<para>As stated in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-letterals-introduction"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
<para>There are certainly hundreds of alphabets and other writing systems in use around the world, and it is probably an unachievable goal to create a single system which can express all of them, but if perfection is not demanded, a usable system can be created from the raw material which Lojban provides.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>alpha</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with names</tertiary></indexterm> One possibility would be to use the lerfu word associated with the language itself, Lojbanized and with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added. Indeed, an isolated Greek
<quote>alpha</quote> in running Lojban text is probably most easily handled by calling it
<jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Note that the pause after
<jbophrase>.alfas.</jbophrase> is still needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu</tertiary></indexterm> Likewise, the easiest way to handle the Latin letters
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 09adbb2..2a22526 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-mekso">
<title>lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-mekso-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>lojbau mekso (
<quote>Lojbanic mathematical-expression</quote>) is the part of the Lojban language that is tailored for expressing statements of a mathematical character, or for adding numerical information to non-mathematical statements. Its formal design goals include:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goal</primary><secondary>for mathematical writing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>design goals</secondary></indexterm> representing all the different forms of expression used by mathematicians in their normal modes of writing, so that a reader can unambiguously read off mathematical text as written with minimal effort and expect a listener to understand it;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goal</primary><secondary>for common use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goal</primary><secondary>expandable</secondary></indexterm> providing a vocabulary of commonly used mathematical terms which can readily be expanded to include newly coined words using the full resources of Lojban;</para>
</listitem>
@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>and omitted operators</secondary></indexterm> contains omitted multiplication operators, but there are other possible interpretations for the strings
<quote>3x</quote> and
<quote>2y</quote> than as mathematical multiplication. Therefore, the Lojban verbal (spoken and written) form of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dGcT"/> must not omit the multiplication operators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso chapter</primary><secondary>completeness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso chapter</primary><secondary>table notation convention</secondary></indexterm> The remainder of this chapter explains (in as much detail as is currently possible) the mekso system. This chapter is by intention complete as regards mekso components, but only suggestive about uses of those components - as of now, there has been no really comprehensive use made of mekso facilities, and many matters must await the test of usage to be fully clarified.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-numbers">
+ <section xml:id="section-mekso-numbers">
<title>Lojban numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pa</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>1</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re</cmavo>
@@ -2074,21 +2074,21 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xo</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>number question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number questions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>number</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>xo</jbophrase>, a member of selma'o PA, is used to ask questions whose answers are numbers. Like most Lojban question words, it fills the blank where the answer should go. (See
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-questions"/> for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/> for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIiE" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li xo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus 2 equals the-number what?</gloss>
<en>What is 2 + 2?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2114,21 +2114,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li remu pi'i xa du li paxono</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 25 times 6 equals the-number 1?0</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number questions</primary><secondary>answers to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>as grammatically complete utterances</secondary></indexterm> to which the correct reply would be
<jbophrase>mu</jbophrase>, or 5. The ability to utter bare numbers as grammatical Lojban sentences is primarily intended for giving answers to
<jbophrase>xo</jbophrase> questions. (Another use, obviously, is for counting off physical objects one by one.)</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-subscripts">
+ <section xml:id="section-subscripts-math">
<title>Subscripts</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
<selmaho>XI</selmaho>
<description>subscript</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>external grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripting is a general Lojban feature, not used only in mekso; there are many things that can logically be subscripted, and grammatically a subscript is a free modifier, usable almost anywhere. In particular, of course, mekso variables (lerfu strings) can be subscripted:</para>
@@ -2184,21 +2184,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo</jbo>
<math>x<subscript>b<subscript>4</subscript></subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eMsd"/> for the standard method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object.</para>
<para>More information on the uses of subscripts may be found in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-subscripts"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-infix-again">
<title>Infix operators revisited</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>null operand</description>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 1d560dd..20b7d25 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-structure">
<title>Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-structure-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>This chapter is incurably miscellaneous. It describes the cmavo that specify the structure of Lojban texts, from the largest scale (paragraphs) to the smallest (single words). There are fewer examples than are found in other chapters of this book, since the linguistic mechanisms described are generally made use of in conversation or else in long documents.</para>
<para>This chapter is also not very self-contained. It makes passing reference to a great many concepts which are explained in full only in other chapters. The alternative would be a chapter on text structure which was as complex as all the other chapters put together. Lojban is a unified language, and it is not possible to understand any part of it (in full) before understanding every part of it (to some degree).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-i">
<title>Sentences: I</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.i</cmavo>
@@ -55,21 +55,21 @@
<jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
<jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> and contain one or more sentences separated by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Grouping with
<jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> is analogous to grouping with
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-grouping"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-niho">
<title>Paragraphs: NIhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ni'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>NIhO</selmaho>
<description>new topic</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -112,21 +112,21 @@
<xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/> for a discussion of indicator scope.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraph separation</primary><secondary>spoken text</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Arabian Nights</primary></indexterm> In spoken text, which is inherently less structured, these levels are reduced by one, with
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> indicating a change in context sufficient to cancel pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignment. On the other hand, in a book, or in stories within stories such as
<quote>The Arabian Nights</quote>, further levels may be expressed by extending the
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> string as needed. Normally, a written text will begin with the number of
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> cmavo needed to signal the largest scale division which the text contains.
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> strings may be subscripted to label each context of discourse: see
- <xref linkend="section-subscripts"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>no'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>previous topic</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> is similar in effect to
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>, but indicates the resumption of a previous topic. In speech, it is analogous to (but much shorter than) such English discursive phrases as
<quote>But getting back to the point ...</quote>. By default, the topic resumed is that in effect before the last
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>. When subtopics are nested within topics, then
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> would resume the previous subtopic and
<jbophrase>no'ino'i</jbophrase> the previous topic. Note that
@@ -300,21 +300,21 @@
<para>namely, the possession of money. But topic-comment sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mK5Y"/> are inherently vague, and this difference between
<jbophrase>ponse</jbophrase> (which expects a physical object in x2) and
<jbophrase>djica</jbophrase> is ignored. See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EXeq"/> for another topic/comment sentence.</para>
<para>The subject of an English sentence is often the topic as well, but in Lojban the sumti in the x1 place is not necessarily the topic, especially if it is the normal (unconverted) x1 for the selbri. Thus Lojban sentences don't necessarily have a
<quote>subject</quote> in the English sense.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-questions">
+ <section xml:id="section-questions-and-answers">
<title>Questions and answers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
<description>truth question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ma</cmavo>
@@ -393,21 +393,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[True or false?] You go to the store</gloss>
<en>Are you going to the store/Did you go to the store?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Since the Lojban is tenseless, either colloquial translation might be correct.) Truth questions are further discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-questions"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>fill-in-the-blank</secondary></indexterm> Fill-in-the-blank questions have a cmavo representing some Lojban word or phrase which is not known to the questioner, and which the answerer is to supply. There are a variety of cmavo belonging to different selma'o which provide different kinds of blanks.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>sumti</secondary></indexterm> Where a sumti is not known, a question may be formed with
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> (of selma'o KOhA), which is a kind of pro-sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pqzy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[What sumti?] goes-to the store</gloss>
@@ -535,21 +535,21 @@
<jbophrase>ji</jbophrase> of A,
<jbophrase>ge'i</jbophrase> of GA,
<jbophrase>gi'i</jbophrase> of GIhA,
<jbophrase>gu'i</jbophrase> of GUhA, or
<jbophrase>je'i</jbophrase> of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, or ijoik as an answer) - see
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-questions"/>; attitudes (using
+ <xref linkend="section-truth-and-connective-questions"/>; attitudes (using
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-questions-empathy-contours"/>; place structures (using
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-FA"/>; tenses and modals (using
<jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.</para>
<para>Questions can be marked by placing
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
@@ -605,21 +605,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-other-negation"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these are made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversation, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely because most of them are vague.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-subscripts">
+ <section xml:id="section-subscripts-general">
<title>Subscripts: XI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
<selmaho>XI</selmaho>
<description>subscript</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripting</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
@@ -670,21 +670,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'edi'u cu nunkla mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going by-me to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>after 5th place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>after 5th place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and sumti re-ordering</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn"/> shows that
<jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase> has six places: the five places of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-QPGC"/> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (<xref linkend="section-subscripts"/>):</para>
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-QPGC"/> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (<xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zGhw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce cu sexixa nunkla mi le zarci le zdani le dargu la'edi'u</jbo>
<gloss>The car is-a-transportation-means-in-the-event-of-going by-me to-the market via-the road which-is-referred-to-by-the-last-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 6ee099b..a9d20e2 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -705,29 +705,29 @@
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> separates paragraphs (covering different topics of discussion). In a long text or utterance, the topical structure of the text may be indicated by multiple
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> s, with perhaps
<jbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</jbophrase> used to indicate a chapter,
<jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> to indicate a section, and a single
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> to indicate a subtopic corresponding to a single English paragraph.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> separates sentences. It is sometimes compounded with words that modify the exact meaning (the semantics) of the sentence in the context of the utterance. (The cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, discussed in
- <xref linkend="section-questions"/>, is one such word - it turns the sentence from a statement to a question about truth.) When more than one person is talking, a new speaker will usually omit the
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-questions"/>, is one such word - it turns the sentence from a statement to a question about truth.) When more than one person is talking, a new speaker will usually omit the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> even though she/he may be continuing on the same topic.</para>
<para>It is still O.K. for a new speaker to say the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> before continuing; indeed, it is encouraged for maximum clarity (since it is possible that the second speaker might merely be adding words onto the end of the first speaker's sentence). A good translation for
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is the
<quote>and</quote> used in run-on sentences when people are talking informally:
<quote>I did this, and then I did that, and ..., and ...</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-tanru">
+ <section xml:id="section-basic-tanru">
<title>tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When two gismu are adjacent, the first one modifies the second, and the selbri takes its place structure from the rightmost word. Such combinations of gismu are called
<jbophrase>tanru</jbophrase>. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GPcS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1426,24 +1426,24 @@
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>kurji</selbri>
</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Take care!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> both mean
<quote>You take care of you</quote> and
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-questions">
+ <section xml:id="section-basic-questions">
<title>Questions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-questions"/> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> is used to create a sumti question: it indicates that the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the location of the
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> to make the bridi true. It can be translated as
<quote>Who?</quote> or
<quote>What?</quote> in most cases, but also serves for
<quote>When?</quote>,
<quote>Where?</quote>, and
<quote>Why?</quote> when used in sumti places that express time, location, or cause. For example:</para>
@@ -1567,21 +1567,21 @@
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<elidable>cu</elidable>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
</jbo>
<en>I talk.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-listener cooperation</primary></indexterm> Clearly,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
- <xref linkend="section-tanru"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-tanru"/>).</para>
<para>It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other unspecified places in responding to a
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question. Thus, the respondent in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1gh"/> could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>, such as</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-fVMN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d8"/>
</title>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index ce3ffec..0897eb9 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -169,43 +169,43 @@
<para>Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: "broda", "brode", "brodi", "brodo", or "brodu", for later use.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda
.i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu
This is a plastic cat-food can cover, or thingy.
The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CEhE"/> selma'o CEhE (
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-grouping"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo
I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of.
I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CO"/> selma'o CO (<xref linkend="section-co-inversion"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When inserted between the components of a tanru, inverts it, so that the following tanru unit modifies the previous one.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani
I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).
I try to go to the market from the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="COI"/> selma'o COI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-vocatives"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-syntax"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewell, and radio communication. Terminated by
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="DOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi .djan.
Greetings, John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -232,33 +232,33 @@
When are you going to the store?
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-daho"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="KOhA"/>) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>).</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="DOI"/> selma'o DOI (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="DOI"/> selma'o DOI (<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without
<xref linkend="COI"/>. No pause is required between "doi" and a following name. See
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi frank. mi tavla do
O Frank, I speak-to you.
Frank, I'm talking to you.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="DOhU"/> selma'o DOhU (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="DOhU"/> selma'o DOhU (<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="COI"/> or
<xref linkend="DOI"/>. Signals the end of a vocative.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi do'u
Greetings [terminator]
Greetings, O unspecified one!
</programlisting>
@@ -387,21 +387,21 @@
<para>Specifies whether an interval specified by
<xref linkend="BIhI"/> includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in pairs before and after the
<xref linkend="BIhI"/> cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left- and the right-hand endpoints.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt.
I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt.
I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GEhU"/> selma'o GEhU (<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-relative-phrases"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GEhU"/> selma'o GEhU (<xref linkend="section-relative-phrases"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="GOI"/>. Marks the end of a relative phrase. See
<xref linkend="KUhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is-blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -419,21 +419,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="GIhA"/> selma'o GIhA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connective (e.g. "and", "or", "if") between two bridi-tails: a bridi-tail is a selbri with any associated following sumti, but not including any preceding sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan.
I go-to the market and like John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GOI"/> selma'o GOI (<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-relative-phrases"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GOI"/> selma'o GOI (<xref linkend="section-relative-phrases"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by
<xref linkend="GEhU"/> See
<xref linkend="NOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -470,21 +470,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JA"/> selma'o JA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. "and", "or", "if") between two tanru units, mathematical operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti blanu je zdani
This is-blue and a-house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JAI"/> selma'o JAI (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-jai"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="JAI"/> selma'o JAI (<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1 place of the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging the x1 place of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with one of the places of the abstracted-over bridi.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi jai gau galfi le bitmu skari
I am-the-actor-in modifying the wall color.
I act so as to modify the wall color.
I change the color of the wall.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -551,32 +551,32 @@
That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.
That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KI"/> selma'o KI (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-sticky-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it "sticky", so that it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appearance of
<xref linkend="KI"/>. When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KOhA"/> selma'o KOhA (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-introduction"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="KOhA"/> selma'o KOhA (<xref linkend="section-anaphoric-cmavo-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti
The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than this-thing.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KU"/> selma'o KU (
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-introduction"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LE"/> and some uses of
<xref linkend="LA"/>. Indicates the end of a description sumti. Also used after a tense or modal to indicate that no sumti follows, and in the compound
<xref linkend="NA"/>+
<xref linkend="KU"/> to indicate natural language-style negation.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le prenu ku le zdani ku klama
The person, to-the house, goes.
@@ -724,21 +724,21 @@
<xref linkend="NAhE"/>+
<xref linkend="BO"/>. Indicates the end of a qualified sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e lu barda gerku li'u lu'u
I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref]
I saw "Big Dog" [not the words, but a book or movie].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MAI"/> selma'o MAI (
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-other-mekso-uses"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-introduction"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-structure-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pamai mi pu klama le zarci
1-thly, I [past] go to-the market.
First, I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MAhO"/> selma'o MAhO (
@@ -749,21 +749,21 @@
<xref linkend="TEhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="VUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ma'o fy. boi xy.
[operator] f x
<emphasis>f(x)</emphasis>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ME"/> selma'o ME (
<xref linkend="section-me-selbri"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-introduction"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-mekso-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the things referenced by the sumti. Terminated by
<xref linkend="MEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta me la ford. karce
That is-a-Ford-type car
That's a Ford car.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -905,42 +905,42 @@
<para>Creates a selbri from a mathematical operator. See
<xref linkend="VUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu
The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NUhI"/> selma'o NUhI (
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-grouping"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of a termset, which is used to make simultaneous claims involving two or more different places of a selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="NUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]
I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NUhU"/> selma'o NUhU (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NUhI"/>. Marks the end of a termset.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]
I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="PA"/> selma'o PA (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-numbers"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-mekso-numbers"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Digits and related quantifiers (some, all, many, etc.). Terminated by
<xref linkend="BOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi speni re ninmu
I am-married-to two women.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="PEhE"/> selma'o PEhE (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>)
@@ -1003,21 +1003,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="SA"/> selma'o SA (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama sa do klama le zarci
I go, er, you go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SE"/> selma'o SE (
- <xref linkend="section-brivla"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zarci cu se klama mi
The market is-gone-to by me.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</para>
@@ -1137,21 +1137,21 @@
Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old.
As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old [is best].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TUhE"/>. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="UI"/> selma'o UI (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-introduction"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="UI"/> selma'o UI (<xref linkend="section-attitudinals-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ui la djan. klama
[Happiness!] John is-coming.
Hurrah! John is coming!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VA"/> selma'o VA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-spatial-tenses"/>)
@@ -1187,21 +1187,21 @@
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-"n" plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
<superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VEhA"/> selma'o VEhA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-sizes"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, medium, or short).</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VEhO"/> selma'o VEhO (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-questions"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="VEhO"/> selma'o VEhO (<xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="VEI"/>: right mathematical parenthesis.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du
li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa
The-number ("n" plus one) times ("n" plus one) equals
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-"n" plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
@@ -1235,21 +1235,21 @@
<para>Mathematical operators (e.g. +, -). See
<xref linkend="MAhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li mu vu'u re du li ci
The-number 5 minus 2 equals the-number 3.
5 - 2 = 3
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="XI"/> selma'o XI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-subscripts"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-subscripts-math"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The subscript marker: the following number or lerfu string is a subscript for whatever precedes it.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
xy. xi re
x sub 2
x
<subscript>2</subscript>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 0c4999c..4aa7257 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-morphology">
<title>The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-morphology-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para><jbophrase role="letteral">,</jbophrase> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word forms</primary><secondary>in Lojban (see also morphology)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>simplicity of</secondary></indexterm> Morphology is the part of grammar that deals with the form of words. Lojban's morphology is fairly simple compared to that of many languages, because Lojban words don't change form depending on how they are used. English has only a small number of such changes compared to languages like Russian, but it does have changes like
<quote>boys</quote> as the plural of
<quote>boy</quote>, or
<quote>walked</quote> as the past-tense form of
<quote>walk</quote>. To make plurals or past tenses in Lojban, you add separate words to the sentence that express the number of boys, or the time when the walking was going on.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word forms</primary><secondary>as related to grammatical uses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>derivational morphology</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>derivational</secondary></indexterm> However, Lojban does have what is called
<quote>derivational morphology</quote>: the capability of building new words from old words. In addition, the form of words tells us something about their grammatical uses, and sometimes about the means by which they entered the language. Lojban has very orderly rules for the formation of words of various types, both the words that already exist and new words yet to be created by speakers and writers.</para>
@@ -194,21 +194,21 @@
<!-- FIXME: is this valid="false"? probably not, but just checking -->
<jbophrase>ku'a'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sau'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bai'ai</jbophrase>. All CVV cmavo beginning with the letter
<jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> are also reserved for experimental use. In general, though, the form of a cmavo tells you little or nothing about its grammatical use.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experimental cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>experimental</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Experimental use</quote> means that the language designers will not assign any standard meaning or usage to these words, and words and usages coined by Lojban speakers will not appear in official dictionaries for the indefinite future. Experimental-use words provide an escape hatch for adding grammatical mechanisms (as opposed to semantic concepts) the need for which was not foreseen.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>diphthongs in</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of VV-form include not only the diphthongs and vowel pairs listed in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, but also the following ten additional diphthongs:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>, but also the following ten additional diphthongs:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="5">
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ii</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.io</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.iu</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ua</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ue</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase></member>
@@ -338,21 +338,21 @@
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sg0p">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d10"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo role="pronunciation">le re NANmu</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This would probably be the most common usage.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-brivla">
+ <section xml:id="section-morphology-brivla">
<title>brivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adverbs</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>verbs</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adjectives</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nouns</primary><secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Predicate words, called
<jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>, are at the core of Lojban. They carry most of the semantic information in the language. They serve as the equivalent of English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, all in a single part of speech.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subtypes of words</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>types and subtypes of words</primary></indexterm> Every brivla belongs to one of three major subtypes. These subtypes are defined by the form, or morphology, of the word - all words of a particular structure can be assigned by sight or sound to a particular type (cmavo, brivla, or cmene) and subtype. Knowing the type and subtype then gives you, the reader or listener, significant clues to the meaning and the origin of the word, even if you have never heard the word before.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flexible vocabulary</primary></indexterm> The same principle allows you, when speaking or writing, to invent new brivla for new concepts
@@ -402,22 +402,22 @@
<title>gismu</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>rationale for choice of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The gismu, or Lojban root words, are those brivla representing concepts most basic to the language. The gismu were chosen for various reasons: some represent concepts that are very familiar and basic; some represent concepts that are frequently used in other languages; some were added because they would be helpful in constructing more complex words; some because they represent fundamental Lojban concepts (like
<jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase> themselves).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>as partitioning semantic space</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>selection of</secondary></indexterm> The gismu do not represent any sort of systematic partitioning of semantic space. Some gismu may be superfluous, or appear for historical reasons: the gismu list was being collected for almost 35 years and was only weeded out once. Instead, the intention is that the gismu blanket semantic space: they make it possible to talk about the entire range of human concerns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>learning Lojban</primary><secondary>magnitude of task</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo and gismu</primary><secondary>major</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>and cmavo</secondary><tertiary>major</tertiary></indexterm> There are about 1350 gismu. In learning Lojban, you need only to learn most of these gismu and their combining forms (known as
<jbophrase>rafsi</jbophrase>) as well as perhaps 200 major cmavo, and you will be able to communicate effectively in the language. This may sound like a lot, but it is a small number compared to the vocabulary needed for similar communications in other languages.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> All gismu have very strong form restrictions. Using the conventions defined in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, all gismu are of the forms CVC/CV or CCVCV. They must meet the rules for all brivla given in
- <xref linkend="section-brivla"/>; furthermore, they:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>, all gismu are of the forms CVC/CV or CCVCV. They must meet the rules for all brivla given in
+ <xref linkend="section-morphology-brivla"/>; furthermore, they:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>always have five letters;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always start with a consonant and end with a single vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain exactly one consonant pair, which is a permissible initial pair (CC) if it's at the beginning of the gismu, but otherwise only has to be a permissible pair (C/C);</para>
</listitem>
@@ -860,21 +860,21 @@
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi assignments</primary><secondary>non-reassignability of</secondary></indexterm> (In fact,
<jbophrase>blaci</jbophrase> has none of these short rafsi; they are all assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>considerations restricting construction of</secondary></indexterm> There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs
<jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase>; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>). Thus
+ <xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>). Thus
<jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>, which has the same form as
<jbophrase>salci</jbophrase>, can only have
<jbophrase role="rafsi">mam</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">mat</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">ma'a</jbophrase> as possible rafsi: in fact, only
<jbophrase role="rafsi">mam</jbophrase> is assigned to it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi for numbers</primary></indexterm> Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fully reduced lujvo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>fully reduced</secondary></indexterm> The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is
<quote>fully reduced lujvo</quote>. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index ba3c76b..4f0ff93 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-selbri">
<title><quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban selbri</title>
- <section xml:id="section-brivla">
+ <section xml:id="section-content-words-brivla">
<title>Lojban content words: brivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>relation to selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>relation to bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> At the center, logically and often physically, of every Lojban bridi is one or more words which constitute the selbri. A bridi expresses a relationship between things: the selbri specifies which relationship is referred to. The difference between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-do-mamta-mi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mamta mi</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-mother-of me</gloss>
<en>You are my mother</en>
@@ -774,21 +774,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aFxm"/> does not. This is a kind of semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resolution. The way in which the school is said to be of type
<quote>beautiful and girl</quote> may entail that it is separately a beautiful school and a girls' school; but the alternative interpretation, that the members of the school are beautiful and girls, is also possible. Still another interpretation is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-2cjH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d12"/>
</title>
<para>That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.</para>
</example>
<para>so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>effect on formal logical manipulations</secondary></indexterm> In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-tanru"/> for further details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-tanru"/> for further details.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The logical connective
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bajra cu jinga ja te jinga</jbo>
<en>the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1848,24 +1848,24 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu cadzu se klama la .alis</jbo>
<gloss>John walkingly is-gone-to by Alice</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>suggests that Alice is going to John, who is a moving target.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai</primary><secondary>for modal conversion</secondary></indexterm> There is an alternative type of conversion, using the cmavo
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-jai"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-scalar-negation">
+ <section xml:id="section-selbri-scalar-negation">
<title>Scalar negation of selbri</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation</primary><secondary>effect on selbri</secondary></indexterm> Negation is too large and complex a topic to explain fully in this chapter; see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. In brief, there are two main types of negation in Lojban. This section is concerned with so-called
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, which is used to state that a true relation between the sumti is something other than what the selbri specifies. Scalar negation is expressed by cmavo of selma'o NAhE:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4oxH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e ke cadzu klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
@@ -2048,21 +2048,21 @@
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the cmavo
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>. Tense is semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uz13"/>. There are alternative ways of expressing tense information as well. Modals, which are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>, behave in the same way as tenses.</para>
<para>Similarly, a bridi may have the particle
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
- <xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/>. For example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-selbri-scalar-negation"/>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PYSP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. na pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker</gloss>
<gloss>It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.</gloss>
<en>Jones isn't the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 786f164..dd92890 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -91,21 +91,21 @@
</example>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0YaH"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>li ci</jbophrase>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
<xref linkend="section-pro-sumti"/> through
- <xref linkend="section-numbers"/> for these summaries.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-number-summary"/> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-descriptors">
<title>The three basic description types</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the, the one(s) described as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1466,21 +1466,21 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vocatives">
<title>The syntax of vocative phrases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrases</primary><secondary>as a <quote>free modifier</quote></secondary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> of Lojban, along with subscripts, parentheses, and various other constructs explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or to indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLE3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi</jbo>
<gloss>[greetings]</gloss>
<en>Hello.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2038,21 +2038,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi kuot. I'm John .kuot</jbo>
<en>I say
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for all types of quotation is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-numbers">
+ <section xml:id="section-number-summary">
<title>Number summary</title>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 03a35d0..2911024 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo">
<title>Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-anaphoric-cmavo-introduction">
<title>What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns in English</primary><secondary>as noun abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a complete description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. In English, we have words called
<quote>pronouns</quote> which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrases with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like this:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time speakers of Lojban referred to a thing to which speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to express a complete description of what speakers of Lojban referred to, life would be too short to say what speakers of Lojban have to say.</para>
</example>
@@ -102,21 +102,21 @@
<para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to the listener or listeners. Neither
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> nor
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "do"<!-- FIXME: what should these "s become? --></secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "mi"</secondary></indexterm> The referents of
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>. The vocative
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>. The vocative
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> assigns
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, whereas all of the other vocatives assign
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4dna">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi'e djan. doi frank. mi cusku lu mi bajra li'u do</jbo>
<gloss>I-am John, O Frank, I express [quote] I run [unquote] to-you</gloss>
@@ -224,21 +224,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le prenu poi prami ko</jbo>
<gloss>I see the person that loves you [imperative]</gloss>
<gloss>Make
<quote>I see the person that loves you</quote> true!</gloss>
<gloss>Be such that the person who loves you is seen by me!</gloss>
<en>Show me the person who loves you!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lack of pro-bridi equivalent</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, some pro-sumti series have corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-series among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-anaphoric-cmavo-introduction"/>, some pro-sumti series have corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-series among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-ti-series">
<title>Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ti</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<series>ti-series</series>
<description>this here, a nearby object </description>
@@ -678,21 +678,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> in other words,
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
<jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
- <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-relative-phrases"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-relative-phrases"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi assignment of ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in speech contrasted with writing</secondary></indexterm> The afterthought form of
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-duGR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oKaM"/> is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4"/>
</title>
@@ -957,21 +957,21 @@
<gloss>John sees the tree. [repeat last] is-adorned-by the of-[repeat last] branch.</gloss>
<en>John sees the tree. It is adorned by its branches.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has as antecedent the first
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, which has as antecedent
<jbophrase>le tricu</jbophrase>. All three refer to the same thing: a tree.</para>
<para>To refer to the next-to-last sumti, the third-from-last sumti, and so on,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> may be subscripted (subscripts are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-subscripts"/>):</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-subscripts-general"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Lc2y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire .i la .alis. pilno riximu</jbo>
<gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last]. Alice uses [repeat fifth-from-last].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
@@ -1569,40 +1569,40 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta</jbo>
<gloss>I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] from-that</gloss>
<en>I run to this from that and vice versa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-questions">
+ <section xml:id="section-sumti-and-bridi-questions">
<title>sumti and bridi questions:
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ma</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>sumti question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>bridi question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>as sumti question</secondary></indexterm> Lojban questions are more fully explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-questions"/>, but
+ <xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/>, but
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> are listed in this chapter for completeness. The cmavo
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> asks for a sumti to make the bridi true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Csod">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go to-what-destination?</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index 4f36181..798d4c9 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -1275,24 +1275,24 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi pu bajra cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>(Frank and George) who [past] run go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who ran, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In spoken English, tone of voice would serve; in written English, one or both sentences would need rewriting.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-vocatives">
+ <section xml:id="section-relative-clauses-and-vocatives">
<title>Relative clauses in vocative phrases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-vocatives"/>. Briefly, they are a method of indicating who a sentence or discourse is addressed to: of identifying the intended listener. They take three general forms, all beginning with cmavo from selma'o COI or DOI (called
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-syntax"/>. Briefly, they are a method of indicating who a sentence or discourse is addressed to: of identifying the intended listener. They take three general forms, all beginning with cmavo from selma'o COI or DOI (called
<quote>vocative words</quote>; there can be one or many), followed by either a name, a selbri, or a sumti. Here are three examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMG8" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. frank.</jbo>
<en>Hello, Frank.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1420,21 +1420,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5TuF"/> is more verbose than
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8RdM"/>, but may be clearer, since it explicitly spells out the two
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to the assignable cmavo
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase> (explained in Chapter
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-series"/>).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-summary">
+ <section xml:id="section-relative-clause-cmavo-summary">
<title>Index of relative clause cmavo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>list of cmavo for</secondary></indexterm> Relative clause introducers (selma'o NOI):</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>noi</cmavo>
<description>incidental clauses</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>poi</cmavo>
<description>restrictive clauses</description>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index e908b1c..66294ca 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti-tcita">
<title>To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
- <section xml:id="section-introduction">
+ <section xml:id="section-sumti-tcita-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>objects of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>as basis of sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentence</primary><secondary>basic Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The basic type of Lojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects are related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical forms called
<jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
<jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>as objects in place structure slots</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>empty slots in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti are not randomly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known as the
<quote>place structure</quote> of the selbri. This chapter describes the various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed and by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a sequence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are placed. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure of selbri</primary><secondary>determining</secondary></indexterm> For our present purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structure. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dictionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from the principles of lujvo construction as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
<para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>in place structure notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
@@ -435,21 +435,21 @@
<jbophrase>fa</jbophrase> if the listener is the giver,
<jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> if he/she is the receiver.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'a</primary><secondary>effect on subsequent untagged sumti</secondary></indexterm> I have inserted the tag
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase> in brackets into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GnTu"/>, but it is actually not necessary, because
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> does not count as a numeric tag; therefore,
<jbophrase>le vi rozgu</jbophrase> would necessarily be in the x2 place even if no tag were present, because it immediately follows the selbri.</para>
<para>There is also another member of FA, namely
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase>, which is discussed in
- <xref linkend="section-jai"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-SE">
<title>Conversion: SE</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se</cmavo>
<selmaho>SE</selmaho>
<description>2nd place conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -610,37 +610,37 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] ti</jbo>
<gloss>I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> (blue house) is the same as that of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, by the rule given in
- <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>. The place structure of
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-tcita-introduction"/>. The place structure of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> is:</para>
<place-structure>
zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2
</place-structure>
<para>The place structure of
<jbophrase>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</jbophrase> is therefore:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2
</place-structure>
<para>Consequently,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wQbB"/> means:</para>
<place-structure>
I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing.
</place-structure>
<para>Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects which are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-place-conversion"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple conversion</primary><secondary>effect of ordering</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>effect of multiple on a selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple SE</primary><secondary>effect of ordering</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of multiple on a selbri</secondary></indexterm> It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; later (inner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For example, the place structure of
<jbophrase>se te klama</jbophrase> is achieved by exchanging the x1 and x2 place of
<jbophrase>te klama</jbophrase>, producing:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se te</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via x4 using x5
</place-structure>
<para>On the other hand,
@@ -1422,21 +1422,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice [end].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vCzL"/>.</para>
<para>Note: Either BAI modals or
<jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri modals may correctly be used in any of the constructions discussed in this section.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-relative-phrases">
+ <section xml:id="section-modal-relative-phrases">
<title>Modal relative phrases; Comparison</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>restrictive relative phrase</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ne</cmavo>
@@ -1776,21 +1776,21 @@
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
<jbophrase>.ijeseri'abo</jbophrase> to
<jbophrase>.ije seri'a</jbophrase>, which would show that the
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
<jbophrase>mi bevri le dakli</jbophrase> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>) to modify the whole of a
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>mixed modal connection with</secondary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
<jbophrase>fi'o-</jbophrase>plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-jai">
+ <section xml:id="section-modal-jai">
<title>Modal conversion: JAI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>jai</cmavo>
<selmaho>JAI</selmaho>
<description>modal conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -1837,21 +1837,21 @@
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> behaves like
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase>; it does not affect the numbering of the other places around it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversions</primary><secondary>in descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Like SE conversions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may refer to
<quote>the language of an expression</quote> as
<jbophrase>le jai bau cusku</jbophrase>, for example.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>with no modal specified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai without modal</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> In addition, it is grammatical to use
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> position, and to raise one of the sumti from the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature is discussed in more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-jai"/>. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-sumti-raising"/>. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of (I see the book).</gloss>
<en>My taking the book is justified by my seeing it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
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