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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 3 22:21:02 EST 2011
commit 9df314f9d2428a5b353e92a061da99b714ecf2be
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 19:09:49 2011 -0800
Fixed almost all IDREF issues.
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 791f389..099a26c 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -809,21 +809,21 @@
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-frame the-x1-place.</gloss>
<en>The child walks toward her right on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward her right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mfgA"/> is analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d8yP"/>. The cmavo
<jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of movement specification in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>order in tense constructs</secondary></indexterm> Both a regular and a
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> construct coming last:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fusc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba zu'avu mo'i ri'uvi cadzu le bisli</jbo>
@@ -2229,21 +2229,21 @@
<gloss>I go-to [past] the market [,] the house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a tense-like relationship between nouns,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg"/> cannot be expressed in English without paraphrasing it either into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9cXU"/> or else into
<quote>I go to the house before the market</quote>, which is ambiguous – is the market going?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tails</primary><secondary>forethought tense connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>origin in tense forethought bridi-tail connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought tense connection of bridi-tails</primary><secondary>order of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, a third forethought construction expresses a tense relationship between bridi-tails rather than whole bridi. (The construct known as a
<quote>bridi-tail</quote> is explained fully in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-compound-bridi"/>; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.)
+ <xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.)
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vSCv"/> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9cXU"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vSCv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pugi klama le zarci gi klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house.</gloss>
@@ -3258,21 +3258,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pu'o</jbo>
<gloss>[inchoative]</gloss>
<en>He hasn't yet done so.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or even the modal reply (from selma'o BAI; see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>):</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Vqgy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seka'a le briju</jbo>
<gloss>With-destination the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu'e</primary><secondary>combining with other tense cmavo</secondary></indexterm> The only way to combine
@@ -3308,40 +3308,40 @@
<quote>both</quote>,
<jbophrase>naje</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>the latter</quote>, or
<jbophrase>jenai</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>the former</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-explicit-magnitudes">
<title>Explicit magnitudes</title>
<para>It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitudes that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large. In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban construction called a
<quote>termset</quote> is employed. (Termsets are explained further in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-termsets"/> and
<xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Lys">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset].</gloss>
<en>Frank is standing five meters to the left of George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the termset extends from the
<jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> to the implicit
<jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> at the end of the sentence, and includes the terms
<jbophrase>la djordj.</jbophrase>, which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti
<jbophrase>lo mitre be li mu</jbophrase>, which the cmavo
<jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAI, and meaning
<quote>with quantity</quote>; see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>) marks as a quantity. Both terms are governed by the tag
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>) marks as a quantity. Both terms are governed by the tag
<jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase></para>
<para>It is not necessary to have both an origin point and an explicit magnitude: a termset may have only a single term in it. A less precise version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Lys"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RWEE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d2"/>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 9dfc5ae..e250930 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -926,21 +926,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AX2I"/> claims that John actually said the quoted words, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hzd8"/> claims only that he said some words or other which were to the same purpose.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>le se du'u</jbophrase> is much the same as
<jbophrase>lu'e le du'u</jbophrase>, a symbol for the predication, but
<jbophrase>se du'u</jbophrase> can be used as a selbri, whereas
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/> for a discussion of
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/> for a discussion of
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-indirect-questions">
<title>Indirect questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
@@ -1348,21 +1348,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-events-and-contours">
<title>Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses</title>
<para>This section is a logical continuation of
<xref linkend="section-event-types"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> There exists a relationship between the four types of events explained in
<xref linkend="section-event-types"/> and the event contour tense cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually interdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU event types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-event-contours"/>, and only summarized here.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-event-contours"/>, and only summarized here.</para>
<para>The purpose of ZAhO cmavo is to represent the natural portions of an event, such as the beginning, the middle, and the end. They fall into several groups:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractions</primary><secondary>related tense contours</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>pu'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ca'o</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ba'o</jbophrase> represent spans of time: before an event begins, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 23dd4c4..28c33ec 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -33,35 +33,35 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Although the lujvo
<jbophrase>fagyfesti</jbophrase> is derived from the tanru
<jbophrase>fagri festi</jbophrase>, it is not equivalent in meaning to it. In particular,
<jbophrase>fagyfesti</jbophrase> has a distinct place structure of its own, not the same as that of
<jbophrase>festi</jbophrase>. (In contrast, the tanru does have the same place structure as
<jbophrase>festi</jbophrase>.) The lujvo needs to take account of the places of
<jbophrase>fagri</jbophrase> as well. When a tanru is made into a lujvo, there is no equivalent of
<jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase> (described in
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-be-sumti"/>) to incorporate sumti into the middle of the lujvo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>) to incorporate sumti into the middle of the lujvo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>creative understanding</primary></indexterm> So why have lujvo? Primarily to reduce semantic ambiguity. On hearing a tanru, there is a burden on the listener to figure out what the tanru might mean. Adding further terms to the tanru reduces ambiguity in one sense, by providing more information; but it increases ambiguity in another sense, because there are more and more tanru joints, each with an ambiguous significance. Since lujvo, like other brivla, have a fixed place structure and a single meaning, encapsulating a commonly-used tanru into a lujvo relieves the listener of the burden of creative understanding. In addition, lujvo are typically shorter than the corresponding tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>guidelines</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>guidelines for place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>absolute laws</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alternative guidelines</primary></indexterm> There are no absolute laws fixing the place structure of a newly created lujvo. The maker must consider the place structures of all the components of the tanru and then decide which are still relevant and which can be removed. What is said in this chapter represents guidelines, presented as one possible standard, not necessarily complete, and not the only possible standard. There may well be lujvo that are built without regard for these guidelines, or in accordance with entirely different guidelines, should such alternative guidelines someday be developed. The reason for presenting any guidelines at all is so that Lojbanists have a starting point for deciding on a likely place structure – one that others seeing the same word can also arrive at by similar consideration.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>cmavo incorporation</secondary></indexterm> If the tanru includes connective cmavo such as
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, or conversion or abstraction cmavo such as
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, there are ways of incorporating them into the lujvo as well. Sometimes this makes the lujvo excessively long; if so, the cmavo may be dropped. This leads to the possibility that more than one tanru could produce the same lujvo. Typically, however, only one of the possible tanru is useful enough to justify making a lujvo for it.</para>
<para>The exact workings of the lujvo-making algorithm, which takes a tanru built from gismu (and possibly cmavo) and produces a lujvo from it, are described in
- <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section-lujvo-making"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-lujvo-making"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tanru-meanings">
<title>The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour</title>
<para>The meaning of a lujvo is controlled by – but is not the same as – the meaning of the tanru from which the lujvo was constructed. The tanru corresponding to a lujvo is called its
<jbophrase>veljvo</jbophrase> in Lojban, and since there is no concise English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, the left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the
<jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase>, and the right (modified) part the
<jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase>, following the usage of
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>. For brevity, we will speak of the seltau or tertau of a lujvo, meaning of course the seltau or tertau of the veljvo of that lujvo. (If this terminology is confusing, substituting
<quote>modifier</quote> for
@@ -578,21 +578,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>b1 sonci s2 gi'e banli b2 b3</jbo>
<gloss>b1 is-a-soldier of-army-s2 and is-great in-property-b2 by-standard-b3</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase> is the Lojban word for
<quote>and</quote> when placed between two partial bridi, as explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-compound-bridi"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>veterinarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>asymmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal doctor</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Asymmetrical lujvo like
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>, on the other hand, employ a different rule. The seltau places are inserted not at the end of the place structure, but rather immediately after the tertau place which is equivalent to the first place of the seltau. Consider
<jbophrase>dalmikce</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>veterinarian</quote>: its veljvo is
<jbophrase>danlu mikce</jbophrase>, or
<quote>animal doctor</quote>. The place structures for those gismu are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-BqPj">
<title>
@@ -954,21 +954,21 @@
<jbophrase>terter-</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>velvel-</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>xelxel-</jbophrase> work in the same way.</para>
<para>Other SE combinations like
<jbophrase>selter-</jbophrase>, although they might conceivably mean
<jbophrase>se te</jbophrase>, more than likely should be interpreted in the same way, namely as
<jbophrase>se ke te</jbophrase>, since there is no need to re-order places in the way that
<jbophrase>se te</jbophrase> provides. (See
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-SE"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-abstraction-lujvo">
<title>Abstract lujvo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>"nu" lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstract lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>abstract</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of NU can participate in the construction of lujvo of a particularly simple and well-patterned kind. Consider that old standard example,
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KEao">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
@@ -1057,21 +1057,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<en>I cause your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-sumti-raising"/>, to be rendered with lujvo:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-raising"/>, to be rendered with lujvo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wrpr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jaxri'a le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-part-of-the-cause-of the event-of your dying.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In making a lujvo that contains
@@ -1315,21 +1315,21 @@
<para>However, there is a further problem with
<jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase>, not resolvable by using
<jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase>. No veljvo involving just the two gismu
<jbophrase>lijda</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase> can fully express the relationship implicit in prayer. A prayer is not just anything said by the adherents of a religion; nor is it even anything said by them acting as adherents of that religion. Rather, it is what they say under the authority of that religion, or using the religion as a medium, or following the rules associated with the religion, or something of the kind. So the veljvo is somewhat elliptical.</para>
<para>As a result, both
<jbophrase>seljdasku</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>jdaselsku</jbophrase> belong to the second class of anomalous lujvo: the veljvo doesn't really supply all that the lujvo requires.</para>
<para>Another example of this kind of anomalous lujvo, drawn from the tanru lists in
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-asymmetric-tanru"/>, is
+ <xref linkend="section-asymmetric-tanru"/>, is
<jbophrase>lange'u</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>sheepdog</quote>. Clearly a sheepdog is not a dog which is a sheep (the symmetrical interpretation is wrong), nor a dog of the sheep breed (the asymmetrical interpretation is wrong). Indeed, there is simply no overlap in the places of
<jbophrase>lanme</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> at all. Rather, the lujvo refers to a dog which controls sheep flocks, a
<jbophrase>terlanme jitro gerku</jbophrase>, the lujvo from which is
<jbophrase>terlantroge'u</jbophrase> with place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-TW5Q">
<title>
@@ -1691,21 +1691,21 @@
<para>
<jbophrase>xekri</jbophrase>: xe1 is black</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>color standards</primary></indexterm> Brevity was the most important goal here, reinforced by one interpretation of metaphysical necessity. There is no mention of color standards here, as many people have pointed out; like all color gismu,
<jbophrase>xekri</jbophrase> is explicitly subjective. Objective color standards can be brought in by an appropriate BAI tag such as
<jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> (
<quote>in system</quote>; see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>) or by making a lujvo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>) or by making a lujvo.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-cuYP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d2"/>
</title>
<para>
<jbophrase>jbena</jbophrase>: j1 is born to j2 at time j3 and location j4</para>
</example>
<para>The gismu
<jbophrase>jbena</jbophrase> contains places for time and location, which few other gismu have: normally, the time and place at which something is done is supplied by a tense tag (see
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>). However, providing these places makes
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index 45beecf..fff0289 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -1310,21 +1310,21 @@
<jbophrase>.o'ufu'i</jbophrase> to show appreciation for the assistance in your comfort.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'u</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>be'u</jbophrase> expresses, roughly speaking, whether the emotion it modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, something you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more or less the attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo
<jbophrase>mo'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>rau</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>du'e</jbophrase> (these belong to selma'o PA, and are discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-indefinite-numbers"/>). For example,</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-K4aV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.uiro'obe'unai</jbo>
<gloss>[Yay!] [physical] [Enough!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>large meal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> might be something you say after a large meal which you enjoyed.</para>
@@ -1467,27 +1467,27 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-scope">
<title>The uses of indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>external grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of placement in bridi</secondary></indexterm> The behavior of indicators in the
<quote>outside grammar</quote> is nearly as simple as their internal structure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metalinguistic erasers
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> and some, though not all, kinds of quotations. The details of such interactions are discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-cmavo-interactions"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-cmavo-interactions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> A group of indicators may appear anywhere that a single indicator may, except in those few situations (as in
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation, explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>) where compound cmavo may not be used.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>) where compound cmavo may not be used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>at beginning of text</secondary></indexterm> At the beginning of a text, indicators modify everything following them indefinitely: such a usage is taken as a raw emotional expression, and we normally don't turn off our emotions when we start and stop sentences. In every other place in an utterance, the indicator (or group) attaches to the word immediately to its left, and indicates that the attitude is being expressed concerning the object or concept to which the word refers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>affecting whole grammatical structures</secondary></indexterm> If the word that an indicator (or group) attaches to is itself a cmavo which governs a grammatical structure, then the indicator construct pertains to the referent of the entire structure. There is also a mechanism, discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-attitudinal-scope"/>, for explicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/>, for explicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>referent uncertainty</secondary></indexterm> More details about the uses of indicators, and the way they interact with other specialized cmavo, are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. It is worth mentioning that real-world interpretation is not necessarily consistent with the formal scope rules. People generally express emotions when they feel them, with only a minimum of grammatical constraint on that expression; complexities of emotional expression are seldom logically analyzable. Lojban attempts to provide a systematic reference that could possibly be ingrained to an instinctive level. However, it should always be assumed that the referent of an indicator has some uncertainty.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indicators</primary></indexterm> For example, in cases of multiple indicators expressed together, the combined form has some ambiguity of interpretation. It is possible to interpret the second indicator as expressing an attitude about the first, or to interpret both as expressing attitudes about the common referent. For example, in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Rs6P">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu tavla do .o'onai .oi</jbo>
@@ -2004,21 +2004,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>po'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ditto</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with mi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary><secondary>contrasted</secondary></indexterm> These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,
<jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase>, makes an exception to the previous argument. The second,
<jbophrase>ji'a</jbophrase>, adds weight to the previous argument. The third,
<jbophrase>si'a</jbophrase>, adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth,
<jbophrase>mi'u</jbophrase>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>), which is a non-discursive version of
+ <xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>), which is a non-discursive version of
<quote>ditto</quote> that explicitly repeats the claim of the previous bridi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>only</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Lastly,
<jbophrase>po'o</jbophrase> is used when there is no other comparable case, and thus corresponds to some of the uses of
<quote>only</quote>, a word difficult to express in pure bridi form:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qG0v" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d1"/>
</title>
@@ -2567,21 +2567,21 @@
<jbophrase>.iige'e</jbophrase> means roughly
<quote>I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">indirect question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>This cmavo is explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-indirect-questions"/>. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-indirect-questions"/>. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-umCQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the statement-that somebody [indirect ?] goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>I know who goes to the store.</en>
@@ -3147,21 +3147,21 @@
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinals-conclusion">
<title>Tentative conclusion</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>ramifications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aliens</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Kzinti</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> The exact ramifications of the indicator system in actual usage are unknown. There has never been anything like it in natural language before. The system provides great potential for emotional expression and transcription, from which significant Sapir-Whorf effects can be anticipated. When communicating across cultural boundaries, where different indicators are often used for the same emotion, accidental offense can be avoided. If we ever ran into an alien race, a culturally neutral language of emotion could be vital. (A classic example, taken from the science fiction of Larry Niven, is to imagine speaking Lojban to the carnivorous warriors called Kzinti, noting that a human smile bares the teeth, and could be seen as an intent to attack.) And for communicating emotions to computers, when we cannot identify all of the signals involved in subliminal human communication (things like body language are also cultural), a system like this is needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> We have tried to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this system that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more neutral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the current indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-parentheses"/>, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>evolutionary development of</secondary></indexterm> We envision an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more than a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with various combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they express and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expression for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. Why not, if it helps you express your feelings?</para>
<para>There will be a couple dozen of these used pretty much universally – mostly just simple attitudinals with, at most, intensity markers. These are the ones that will quickly be expressed at the subconscious level. But every Lojbanist who plays with the list will bring in a couple of new words. Poets will paint emotional pictures, and people who identify with those pictures will use the words so created for their own experiences.</para>
<para>Just as a library of tanru is built up, so will a library of attitudes be built. Unlike the tanru, though, the emotional expressions are built on some fairly nebulous root emotions – words that cannot be defined with the precision of the gismu. The emotion words of Lojban will very quickly take on a life of their own, and the outline given here will evolve into a true system of emotions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>research using indicators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>recording using indicators</secondary></indexterm> There are several theories as to the nature of emotion, and they change from year to year as we learn more about ourselves. Whether or not Lojban's additive/scalar emotional model is an accurate model for human emotions, it does support the linguistic needs for expressing those emotions. Researchers may learn more about the nature of human emotions by exploring the use of the system by Lojban speakers. They also may be able to use the Lojban system as a means for more clearly recording emotions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>cultural bias of expression</secondary></indexterm> The full list of scales and attitudes will probably not be used until someone speaks the language from birth. Until then, people will use the attitudes that are important to them. In this way, we counter cultural bias – if a culture is prone to recognizing and/or expressing certain emotions more than others, its members will use only those out of the enormous set available. If a culture hides certain emotions, its members simply won't express them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Sapir-Whorf effects</primary><secondary>and emotional indicators</secondary></indexterm> Perhaps native Lojban speakers will be more expressively clear about their emotions than others. Perhaps they will feel some emotions more strongly than others in ways that can be correlated with the word choices; any difference from the norms of other cultures could be significant. Psychologists have devised elaborate tests for measuring attitudes and personality; this may be the easiest area in which to detect any systematic cultural effect of the type sought to confirm Sapir-Whorf, simply because we already have tools in existence to test it. Because Lojban is unique among languages in having such extensive and expressive indicators, it is likely that a Sapir-Whorf effect will occur and will be recognized.</para>
<para>It is unlikely that we will know the true potential of a system like this one until and unless we have children raised entirely in a multi-cultural Lojban-speaking environment. We learn too many cultural habits in the realm of emotional communication
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index dd5a6c3..cf72d85 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -603,21 +603,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TQP9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do cidja dunda fi le xarju cu rinka le nu ri ba banro</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (you food-give to the pig) causes the event-of (it will grow).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Causality is discussed in far more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-causals"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-causals"/>.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I2jU"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Tiz6"/> illustrates a truth function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We already understand how to negate the first bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I2jU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman.</gloss>
@@ -1431,22 +1431,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one
<jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> is used.</para>
<para>The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical connectives are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-modal-connectives"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-explicit-magnitudes"/>, and
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-connectives"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-explicit-magnitudes"/>, and
<xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tanru">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary></indexterm> As noted at the beginning of
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>, there is no logical connective in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is possible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
<jbophrase>blanu bolci</jbophrase>, Lojbanists can say
<jbophrase>blanu je bolci</jbophrase>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
<xref linkend="section-termsets"/> also, but there they were always prefixed by
@@ -1669,21 +1669,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bMjE"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gKaM"/> are equivalent in meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>answering "no"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>answering "yes"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>as yes-or-no questions</secondary></indexterm> A truth question can be answered
<quote>yes</quote> or
<quote>no</quote>, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of the underlying statement. The standard way of saying
<quote>yes</quote> in Lojban is
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and of saying
<quote>no</quote> is
<jbophrase>nago'i</jbophrase>. (The reasons for this rule are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>.) In answer to
+ <xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.) In answer to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gKaM"/>, the possible answers are:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XSmq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i</jbo>
<en>Fido is a dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1897,21 +1897,21 @@
<gloss>If this is-coffee then [you!] bring a-mass-of tea to-me, and if this is-tea then [you!] bring a-mass-of coffee to-me.</gloss>
<en>If this is coffee, bring me tea; but if this is tea, bring me coffee.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>compared with but</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>compared with and</secondary></indexterm> In logical terms, however,
<quote>but</quote> is the same as
<quote>and</quote>; the difference is that the sentence after a
<quote>but</quote> is felt to be in tension or opposition to the sentence before it. Lojban represents this distinction by adding the discursive cmavo
<jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI), which is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-discursives"/>, to the logical
+ <xref linkend="section-discursives"/>, to the logical
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-connectives">
<title>Non-logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>as non-logical connective</secondary></indexterm> Way back in
<xref linkend="section-connectives-introduction"/>, the point was made that not every use of English
<quote>and</quote>,
<quote>if ... then</quote>, and so on represents a Lojban logical connective. In particular, consider the
<quote>and</quote> of:</para>
@@ -1937,21 +1937,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>John massed-with Alice carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>components contrasted with mass</primary><secondary>in properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass contrasted with components</primary><secondary>in properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>supervising</primary><secondary>as a contribution to mass action</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pC5x"/> covers the case mentioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-masses"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-masses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>distinguishing from connection of sumti</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>distinguishing from connection in tanru</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joi grammar</primary><secondary>contrasted with jeks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joi grammar</primary><secondary>contrasted with eks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>and elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically,
<jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or between two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in the form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>terminators</primary><secondary>eliding ku in non-logical connections</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NN93">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ku joi le ninmu [ku] cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The man massed-with the woman go-to the market.</gloss>
@@ -2616,21 +2616,21 @@
<quote>2</quote>, and operators, like
<quote>+</quote>. Both of these may be either logically or non-logically connected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in joiks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in jeks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guheks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>geks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>eks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> Operands are connected in afterthought with eks and in forethought with geks, just like sumti. Operators, on the other hand, are connected in afterthought with jeks and in forethought with guheks, just like tanru components. (However, jeks and joiks with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>analogue of tanru in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with ke in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operands</primary><secondary>with ke in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operands</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> In addition, eks with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and with
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be given. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connective scheme of things. These examples are drawn from
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-connectives-within-mekso"/>, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-within-mekso"/>, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gMU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2716,21 +2716,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8rEL"/> is not elidable, because the
<jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumtcita">
<title>Tenses, modals, and logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a
<jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> abstraction; see
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-events"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-events"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logically connected tenses</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>interaction with tenses</secondary></indexterm> The two types of interaction between tenses and logical connectives are logically connected tenses and tensed logical connections. The former are fairly simple. Jeks may be used between tense cmavo to specify two connected bridi that differ only in tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-g6iT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu nolraitru .ije la .artr. ba nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>Arthur [past] is-a-noblest-governor. And Arthur [future] is-a-noblest-governor.</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index 48d398d..8693c6f 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -795,21 +795,21 @@
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu na krecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual current noblest-governor of the French Country [false] is-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>It is false that the current King of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note:
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> is used in these sentences because negation relates to truth conditions. To meaningfully talk about truth conditions in sentences carrying a description, it must be clear that the description actually applies to the referent. A sentence using
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> can be true even if there is no current king of France, as long as the speaker and the listener agree to describe something as the current king of France. (See the explanations of
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-scales-negation">
<title>Expressing scales in selbri negation</title>
<para>In expressing a scalar negation, we can provide some indication of the scale, range, frame-of-reference, or universe of discourse that is being dealt with in an assertion. As stated in
<xref linkend="section-nahe"/>, the default is the set of plausible alternatives. Thus if we say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mw3B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1086,21 +1086,21 @@
<jbo>mi paroinai dansu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>I [once] [not] dance-on the ice</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I dance on the ice either zero or else two or more times within the relevant time interval described by the bridi.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4YYQ"/> is very different from the English use of
<quote>not once</quote>, which is an emphatic way of saying
<quote>never</quote> – that is, exactly zero times.</para>
<para>In indicators and attitudinals of selma'o UI or CAI,
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> denotes a polar negation. As discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-intensity-scale"/>, most indicators have an implicit scale, and
+ <xref linkend="section-intensity-scale"/>, most indicators have an implicit scale, and
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> changes the indicator to refer to the opposite end of the scale. Thus
<jbophrase>.uinai</jbophrase> expresses unhappiness, and
<jbophrase>.ienai</jbophrase> expresses disagreement (not ambivalence, which is expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as
<jbophrase>.iecu'i</jbophrase>).</para>
<para>Vocative cmavo of selma'o COI are considered a kind of indicator, but one which identifies the listener. Semantically, we could dispense with about half of the COI selma'o words based on the scalar paradigm. For example,
<jbophrase>co'o</jbophrase> could be expressed as
<jbophrase>coinai</jbophrase>. However, this is not generally done.</para>
<para>Most of the COI cmavo are used in what are commonly called protocol situations. These protocols are used, for example, in radio conversations, which often take place in a noisy environment. The negatives of protocol words tend to convey diametrically opposite communications situations (as might be expected). Therefore, only one protocol vocative is dependent on
@@ -1111,24 +1111,24 @@
<para>Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, in a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.
<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
<para>The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses and modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstractions connected by logical connectives:
<jbophrase>su'ujeninai</jbophrase>, which corresponds to
<jbophrase>su'u jenai ni</jbophrase> just as
<jbophrase>punai je ca</jbophrase> corresponds to
<jbophrase>pu naje ca</jbophrase>. It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-abstractor-connection"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-abstractor-connection"/>.</para>
<para>A
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical connectives are discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-non-logical-connectives"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-truth-questions">
<title>Truth questions</title>
<para>One application of negation is in answer to truth questions (those which expect the answers
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>). The truth question cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> is in selma'o UI; placed at the beginning of a sentence, it asks whether the sentence as a whole is true or false.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5y84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d1"/>
@@ -1457,22 +1457,22 @@
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate metalinguistically what is incorrect, preparatory to correcting it in a later sentence; for this reason, we give
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> the grammar of UI. The inclusion of
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-assertion, and suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para>
<para>Let us briefly indicate how the above-mentioned metalinguistic errors can be identified. Other metalinguistic problems can then be marked by devising analogies to these examples:</para>
<para>Existential failure can be marked by attaching
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to the descriptor
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> or the
<jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> in a
<jbophrase>da poi</jbophrase>-form sumti. (See
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/> and
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-restricted-claims"/> for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-restricted-claims"/> for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent referent, you may not understand what the speaker has in mind – the appropriate response is then
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, asking for clarification.</para>
<para>Presupposition failure can be marked directly if the presupposition is overt; if not, one can insert a
<quote>mock presupposition</quote> to question with the sumti tcita (selma'o BAI) word
<jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase>;
<jbophrase>ji'uku</jbophrase> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed assumption, and
<jbophrase>ji'una'iku</jbophrase> metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>.)</para>
<para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with selma'o BAI.
<jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase> has meaning
@@ -1494,21 +1494,21 @@
<quote>good</quote> is
<quote>bad</quote>.</para>
<para>This mutual independence of gismu is only an ideal. Pragmatically, people will categorize things based on their world-views. We will write dictionary definitions that will relate gismu, unfortunately including some of these world-view assumptions. Lojbanists should try to minimize these assumptions, but this seems a likely area where logical rules will break down (or where Sapir-Whorf effects will be made evident). In terms of negation, however, it is vital that we clearly preserve the capability of denying a presumably obvious scale or category assumption.</para>
<para>Solecisms, grammatical and spelling errors will be marked by marking the offending word or phrase with
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> (in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). In this sense,
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> becomes equivalent to the English metalinguistic marker
<quote>[sic]</quote>. Purists may choose to use ZOI or LOhU/LEhU quotes or
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a truly unparsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/text. See
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/> for explanations of these usages.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-parentheses"/> for explanations of these usages.</para>
<para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> at the beginning of a statement merely says that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>
<para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without correcting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguistic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, metalinguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseless expression.</para>
<para>Note that metalinguistic negation gives us another kind of legitimate negative answer to a
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question (see
<xref linkend="section-truth-questions"/>).
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 22bde67..987b3d1 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -102,21 +102,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[zo'e] viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>Something-unspecified sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>unspecified definite with "zo'e"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as a translation for "something"</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, even
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> itself can be omitted in this case, as explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-zohe-cohe-series"/>) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
+ <xref linkend="section-zohe-cohe-series"/>) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-b9pV"/> means
<quote><quote>You-know-what</quote> sees me.</quote></para>
<para>However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/> is just as likely to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translation is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jjLd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
@@ -197,21 +197,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u le da gerku cu viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that the of-X dog sees me</gloss>
<en>Somebody's dog sees me</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody's dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is perfectly correct even though the
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is used only in a possessive construction. (Possessives are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-possessive-sumti"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-possessive-sumti"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>when not in main bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is very peculiar, however, even if technically grammatical, for the variable not to appear in the main bridi at all:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mE4m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u la ralf. gerku</jbo>
<en>There is something such that Ralph is a dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -382,21 +382,21 @@
<gloss>Each dog breathes.</gloss>
<en>All dogs breathe.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dog breathes</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DFen"/> is a silly falsehood, but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-njh0"/> is an important truth (at least if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-caha"/>). Note the various colloquial translations
+ <xref linkend="section-caha"/>). Note the various colloquial translations
<quote>every dog</quote>,
<quote>each dog</quote>, and
<quote>all dogs</quote>. They all come to the same thing in Lojban, since what is true of every dog is true of all dogs.
<quote>All dogs</quote> is treated as an English plural and the others as singular, but Lojban makes no distinction.</para>
<para>If we make an existential claim about dogs rather than a universal one, we get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4BTd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d5"/>
@@ -590,21 +590,21 @@
<gloss>For-at-least-two Xes : X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which would be false if nothing, or only one thing, saw the speaker, but not otherwise. We note the
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> here meaning
<quote>at least</quote>;
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> by itself is short for
<jbophrase>su'opa</jbophrase> where
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> means
<quote>one</quote>, as is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-approximation"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-approximation"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>removing when numeric quantifiers present</secondary></indexterm> The prenex may be removed from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3C69"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mSzo"/> as from the others, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2r5v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re da viska mi</jbo>
<en>Two Xes see me.</en>
@@ -747,21 +747,21 @@
</example>
<para>which picks out two groups, one of three dogs and the other of two men, and says that every one of the dogs bites each of the men. The second Lojban version uses forethought; note that
<jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> is an elidable terminator, and in this case can be freely elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ro</primary><secondary>effect of order when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>compared to sumti with lo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with lo</primary><secondary>compared to indefinite sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified sumti</primary><secondary>different types contrasted for scope for distribution</secondary></indexterm> What about descriptors, like
<jbophrase>ci lo gerku</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>re le ci mlatu</jbophrase>? They too can be grouped in termsets, but usually need not be, except for the
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> case which functions like the case without a descriptor. Unless an actual quantifier precedes it,
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> means
<jbophrase>ro le nanmu</jbophrase>, as is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Two sumti with
+ <xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Two sumti with
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> quantifiers are independent of order, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MADY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ro] le ci gerku cu batci [ro] le re nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>[All of] the three dogs bite [all of] the two men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -903,21 +903,21 @@
<section xml:id="section-negation-boundaries">
<title>Negation boundaries</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"there is a Y"</primary><secondary>expression</secondary><tertiary>notation convention</tertiary></indexterm> This section, as well as
<xref linkend="section-connectives"/> through
<xref linkend="section-demorgans-law"/>, are in effect a continuation of
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>, introducing features of Lojban negation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the examples below,
<quote>there is a Y</quote> and the like must be understood as
<quote>there is at least one Y, possibly more</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi negation</primary><secondary>two forms of</secondary></indexterm> As explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-bridi-negation"/>, the negation of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting
+ <xref linkend="section-bridi-negation"/>, the negation of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> at the beginning of the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hBRH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] go-to the store.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that I go to the store.</gloss>
<en>I don't go to the store.</en>
@@ -1526,21 +1526,21 @@
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> modifier of the original connectives. Cancel any double negatives that result.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and moving a logical connective relative to "naku"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and distributing a negation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distributing a negation</primary></indexterm> When do we apply DeMorgan's Law? Whenever we wish to
<quote>distribute</quote> a negation over a logical connective; and, for internal
<jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> negation, whenever a logical connective moves in to, or out of, the scope of a negation – when it crosses a negation boundary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>sample applications</secondary></indexterm> Let us apply DeMorgan's Law to some sample sentences. These sentences make use of forethought logical connectives, which are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>. It suffices to know that
+ <xref linkend="section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>. It suffices to know that
<jbophrase>ga</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, used before each of a pair of sumti or bridi, mean
<quote>either</quote> and
<quote>or</quote> respectively, and that
<jbophrase>ge</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> used similarly mean
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote>. Furthermore,
<jbophrase>ga</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ge</jbophrase>, and
@@ -1587,21 +1587,21 @@
</example>
<para>The
<jbophrase>ga</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>either-or</quote>, have become
<jbophrase>ge</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>both-and</quote>, as a consequence of moving the negators into the individual bridi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and bridi-tail logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tail logical connection</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> Here is another example of DeMorgan's Law in action, involving bridi-tail logical connection (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-compound-bridi"/>):</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHpR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla</jbo>
<gloss>Jane to-the market [false] both walks and runs.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHQ2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1774,21 +1774,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP"/> mean? The appearance of
<jbophrase>ci da</jbophrase> quantifies
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> as referring to three things, which are restricted by the relative clause to be cats. When
<jbophrase>re da</jbophrase> appears later, it refers to two of those three things – there is no saying which ones. Further uses of
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> alone, if there were any, would refer once more to the three cats, so the requantification of
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase> is purely local.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>in abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>in embedded bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>informal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>for sentences joined by .i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex scope</primary><secondary>for sentences joined by ijeks</secondary></indexterm> In general, the scope of a prenex that precedes a sentence extends to following sentences that are joined by ijeks (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-bridi-connection"/>) such as the
+ <xref linkend="section-bridi-connection"/>) such as the
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP"/>. Theoretically, a bare
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> terminates the scope of the prenex. Informally, however, variables may persist for a while even after an
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, as if it were an
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>. Prenexes that precede embedded bridi such as relative clauses and abstractions extend only to the end of the clause, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-any"/>. A prenex preceding
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> long-scope brackets persists until the
<jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase>, which may be many sentences or even paragraphs later.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>use with logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>creating more by subscripting</secondary></indexterm> If the variables
<jbophrase>da</jbophrase>,
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 2a22526..51384c9 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -1543,21 +1543,21 @@
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>, all of these cmavo may be preceded by
<jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> to make the corresponding quantifiers for part of a whole. For example,
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> means
<quote>at least some part of</quote>. The quantifiers
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>piro</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> are particularly important in Lojban, as they are implicitly used in the descriptions introduced by the cmavo of selma'o LA and LE, as explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Descriptions in general are outside the scope of this chapter.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Descriptions in general are outside the scope of this chapter.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-radixen">
<title>Non-decimal and compound bases</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
<description>to the base</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1871,21 +1871,21 @@
<en>There are many rats in the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n52D"/>, the conversion cmavo
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
<quote>many</quote> with respect to some unspecified comparison set.</para>
<para>More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, and individuals can be found in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-masses"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-masses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>moi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
</place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiHw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d5"/>
@@ -2966,28 +2966,28 @@
<en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chapter numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with mai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mai</primary><secondary>contrasted with mo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
<jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> is that
<jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
<jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
<jbophrase>mai</jbophrase>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
<jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase>. (See
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-utterance-ordinals"/> for more on these words.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-utterance-ordinals"/> for more on these words.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>numerical</secondary></indexterm> A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
<jbophrase>roi</jbophrase>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed discussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-interval-properties"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical tenses</primary><secondary>effect on use of boi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-explicit-operator-precedence">
<title>Explicit operator precedence</title>
<para>As mentioned earlier, Lojban does provide a way for the precedences of operators to be explicitly declared, although current parsers do not understand these declarations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'o</primary></indexterm> The declaration is made in the form of a metalinguistic comment using
<jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase>, a member of selma'o SEI.
@@ -3214,21 +3214,21 @@
<section xml:id="section-selmaho-summary">
<title>mekso selma'o summary</title>
<para>Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo.</para>
<place-structure>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>BOI</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>BY</selmaho>
- <description>lerfu for variables and functions (see <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-math"/>)</description>
+ <description>lerfu for variables and functions (see <xref linkend="section-math"/>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>FUhA</selmaho>
<description>reverse-Polish flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>includes <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo</description>
</cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 20b7d25..070c0eb 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -34,26 +34,26 @@
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> signals a new sentence on the same topic, not necessarily by the same speaker. The relationship between the sentences is left vague, except in stories, where the relationship usually is temporal, and the following sentence states something that happened after the previous sentence.</para>
<para>Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is capitalized, the cmavo
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing, every
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.</para>
<para>An
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> cmavo may or may not be used when the speaker of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or not.</para>
<para>An
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> cmavo can be compounded with a logical or non-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both: these constructs are explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-modal-connectives"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-tense-connection"/>, and
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-bridi-connection"/>. In all cases, the
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-connectives"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-tense-connection"/>, and
+ <xref linkend="section-bridi-connection"/>. In all cases, the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> comes first in the compound. Attitudinals can also be attached to an
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> if they are meant to apply to the whole sentence: see
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-scope"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-scope"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>close grouping</secondary></indexterm> There exist a pair of mechanisms for binding a sequence of sentences closely together. If the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> (with or without connectives) is followed by
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> alone.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>title</primary><secondary>specifying with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a group of sentences can be preceded by
<jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
<jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by
<jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> and contain one or more sentences separated by
@@ -225,35 +225,35 @@
<foreign xml:lang="zh">yu<superscript>2</superscript> chi<superscript>1</superscript></foreign>
<gloss>fish eat</gloss> <!-- FIXME: instead of three spaces, why not a colon? -->
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is vague in exactly the same way.</para>
<para>Grammatically, it is possible to have more than one sumti before
<jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
<jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-da-and-zohu"/>), but an example would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>), but an example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6yRx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da</jbo>
<gloss>For-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>Every person has a father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The string of sumti before
<jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (called the
<quote>prenex</quote>: see
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-da-and-zohu"/>) may contain both a topic and bound variables:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>) may contain both a topic and bound variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ggMy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi patfu roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da</jbo>
<gloss>For-the-mass-of fathers for-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>As for fathers, every person has one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -484,21 +484,21 @@
<en>John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: A mechanical substitution of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yGYX"/> into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nDeV"/> produces an ungrammatical result, because
<jbophrase valid="false">* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</jbophrase> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> has to be closed with its proper terminator
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, for reasons explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-non-logical-connectives"/>. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/>. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>selbri</secondary></indexterm> Questions to be answered with a selbri are expressed with
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uVCW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. mo</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban [what selbri?]</gloss>
<en>What is Lojban?</en>
@@ -537,31 +537,31 @@
<jbophrase>gi'i</jbophrase> of GIhA,
<jbophrase>gu'i</jbophrase> of GUhA, or
<jbophrase>je'i</jbophrase> of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, or ijoik as an answer) – see
<xref linkend="section-truth-and-connective-questions"/>; attitudes (using
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) – see
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-questions-empathy-contours"/>; place structures (using
+ <xref linkend="section-questions-empathy-contours"/>; place structures (using
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) – see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-FA"/>; tenses and modals (using
+ <xref linkend="section-FA"/>; tenses and modals (using
<jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as an answer) – see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.</para>
<para>Questions can be marked by placing
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
- <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-miscellanious"/> for details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-miscellanious"/> for details.</para>
<para>The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to questions is:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked arguments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterances</primary><secondary>non-bridi</secondary></indexterm> any number of sumti (with elidable terminator
<jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>)</para>
@@ -582,39 +582,39 @@
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a prenex/topic (to modify some previously expressed bridi, see
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>linked arguments (beginning with
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> and attached to some previously expressed selbri, often in a description, see
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-be-sumti"/>)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>At the beginning of a text, the following non-bridi are also permitted:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>one or more names (to indicate direct address without
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>indicators (to express a prevailing attitude, see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-other-negation"/>)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-other-negation"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these are made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversation, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely because most of them are vague.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-subscripts-general">
<title>Subscripts: XI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index a9d20e2..70209f0 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -176,21 +176,21 @@
<quote>semi-letters</quote>: the period, the comma and the apostrophe. The period represents a glottal stop or a pause; it is a required stoppage of the flow of air in the speech stream. The apostrophe sounds just like the English letter
<quote>h</quote>. Unlike a regular consonant, it is not found at the beginning or end of a word, nor is it found adjacent to a consonant; it is only found between two vowels. The comma has no sound associated with it, and is used to separate syllables that might ordinarily run together. It is not used in this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Stress falls on the next to the last syllable of all words, unless that vowel is
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
<para>All Lojban words are pronounced as they are spelled: there are no silent letters.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-cmavo">
<title>Words that can act as sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a short table of single words used as sumti. This table provides examples only, not the entire set of such words, which may be found in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-summary"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/>.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi</cmavo>
<description>I/me, we/us</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>do</cmavo>
<description>you</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -228,21 +228,21 @@
<entry>the one/ones named Mary</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase></entry>
<entry>the one/ones named John</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojban names: see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-names"/> for more information.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-names"/> for more information.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-selbri">
<title>Some words used to indicate selbri relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri list for quick tour</primary></indexterm> Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in this chapter:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index 0897eb9..d85b002 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -2,42 +2,42 @@
<title>A Catalogue of selma'o</title>
<section xml:id="section-index">
<title/>
<!--
<h6>$Revision: 4.3 $<br />
mkhtml: 1.1</h6>
-->
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selma'o</primary><secondary>cross-reference list of</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm> The following paragraphs list all the selma'o of Lojban, with a brief explanation of what each one is about, and reference to the chapter number where each is explained more fully. As usual, all selma'o names are given in capital letters (with “h” serving as the capital of “'”) and are the names of a representative cmavo, often the most important or the first in alphabetical order. One example is given of each selma'o: for selma'o which have several uses, the most common use is shown.</para>
<bridgehead>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
- <anchor xml:id="A"/> selma'o A (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-sumti-connection"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="A"/> selma'o A (<xref linkend="section-sumti-connection"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”), usually between sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. .a la djein. klama le zarci
John and/or Jane goes to the store.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used to create vowel lerfu words when followed with “bu”.</para>
<bridgehead>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti place</primary><secondary>additional</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
- <anchor xml:id="BAI"/> selma'o BAI (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="BAI"/> selma'o BAI (<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not otherwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a single place of some other selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi tavla bau la lojban.
I speak in-language Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAhE</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nonce word</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emphasis</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
- <anchor xml:id="BAhE"/> selma'o BAhE (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-bahe"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="BAhE"/> selma'o BAhE (<xref linkend="section-bahe"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (one invented for the occasion).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la ba'e .djordj. klama le zarci
<emphasis>George</emphasis> goes to the store.
It is George who goes to the store.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BE"/> selma'o BE (<xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>)
@@ -70,119 +70,119 @@
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="BE"/>. Terminates sumti that are attached to a tanru unit.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama be le zarci be'o troci
I am-a-(goer to-the market) type-of-trier.
I try to go to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BIhE"/> selma'o BIhE (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-simple-infix"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Prefixed to a mathematical operator to mark it as higher priority than other mathematical operators, binding its operands more closely.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ci bi'e pi'u vo su'i mu du li paze
The-number 3 [priority] times 4 plus 5 equals the-number 17.
3 × 4 + 5 = 17
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BIhI"/> selma'o BIhI (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-non-logical-continued-continued"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="BIhI"/> selma'o BIhI (<xref linkend="section-non-logical-continued-continued"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Joins sumti or tanru units (as well as some other things) to form intervals. See
<xref linkend="GAhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.
I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt.
I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BO"/> selma'o BO (
<xref linkend="section-three-part-tanru"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-sumti-negation"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-connectives-within-mekso"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-negation"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to bind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.
<xref linkend="BO"/> is always high precedence and right-grouping.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta cmalu nixli bo ckule
That is-a-small type-of (girl type-of school).
That is a small school for girls.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BOI"/> selma'o BOI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-forethought"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="PA"/> or
<xref linkend="BY"/>. Used to terminate a number (string of numeric cmavo) or lerfu string (string of letter words) when another string immediately follows.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li re du li vu'u voboi re
The-number two equals the-number the-difference-of four-and two.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BU"/> selma'o BU (<xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-bu"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="BU"/> selma'o BU (<xref linkend="section-bu"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A suffix which can be attached to any word, typically a word representing a letter of the alphabet or else a name, to make a word for a symbol or a different letter of the alphabet. In particular, attached to single-vowel cmavo to make words for vowel letters.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu .ebu .ibu .obu .ubu .ybu
a, e, i, o, u, y.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BY"/> selma'o BY (<xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-liste"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="BY"/> selma'o BY (<xref linkend="section-lerfu-liste"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Words representing the letters of the Lojban alphabet, plus various shift words which alter the interpretation of other letter words. Terminated by BOI.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu tavla .by le la .ibymym. skami
A talks-to B about-the of-IBM computers.
A talks to B about IBM computers.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CAI"/> selma'o CAI (<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-intensity-scale"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="CAI"/> selma'o CAI (<xref linkend="section-intensity-scale"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the intensity of an emotion: maximum, strong, weak, or not at all. Typically follows another particle which specifies the emotion.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ei cai mi klama le zarci
[Obligation!] [Intense!] I go-to the market.
I must go to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CAhA"/> selma'o CAhA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-caha"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="CAhA"/> selma'o CAhA (<xref linkend="section-caha"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential (achieved or not), or merely an innate capability.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ro datka ka'e flulimna
All ducks [capability] are-float-swimmers.
All ducks have the capability of swimming by floating.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CEI"/> selma'o CEI (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-series"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="CEI"/> selma'o CEI (<xref linkend="section-koha-broda-series"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: “broda”, “brode”, “brodi”, “brodo”, or “brodu”, for later use.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda
.i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu
This is a plastic cat-food can cover, or thingy.
The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CEhE"/> selma'o CEhE (
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-termsets"/>,
<xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo
I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of.
I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -202,44 +202,44 @@
</bridgehead>
<para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewell, and radio communication. Terminated by
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="DOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi .djan.
Greetings, John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CU"/> selma'o CU (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-cu"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="CU"/> selma'o CU (<xref linkend="section-cu"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Separates the selbri of a bridi from any sumti which precede it. Never strictly necessary, but often useful to eliminate various elidable terminators.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zarci
The dog goes to-the store.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CUhE"/> selma'o CUhE (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-tense-questions"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="CUhE"/> selma'o CUhE (<xref linkend="section-tense-questions"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Forms a question which asks when, where, or in what mode the rest of the bridi is true. See
<xref linkend="PU"/>,
<xref linkend="CAhA"/>,
<xref linkend="TAhE"/>, and
<xref linkend="BAI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
do cu'e klama le zarci
You [When/Where?] go to-the store?
When are you going to the store?
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-daho"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (<xref linkend="section-daho"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="KOhA"/>) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>).</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DOI"/> selma'o DOI (<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without
@@ -256,140 +256,140 @@
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="COI"/> or
<xref linkend="DOI"/>. Signals the end of a vocative.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi do'u
Greetings [terminator]
Greetings, O unspecified one!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FA"/> selma'o FA (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-FA"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FA"/> selma'o FA (<xref linkend="section-FA"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Prefix for a sumti, indicating which numbered place in the place structure the sumti belongs in; overrides word order.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
fa mi cu klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce
x1= I go x3= Atlanta x2= Boston x4= the road x5= the car.
I go from Atlanta to Boston via the road using the car.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FAhA"/> selma'o FAhA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-spatial-tenses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FAhA"/> selma'o FAhA (<xref linkend="section-spatial-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the direction in which, or toward which (when marked with
<xref linkend="MOhI"/>) or along which (when prefixed by
<xref linkend="VEhA"/> or
<xref linkend="VIhA"/>) the action of the bridi takes place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku
The man [left] bites the dog.
To my left, the man bites the dog.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FAhO"/> selma'o FAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-faho"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FAhO"/> selma'o FAhO (<xref linkend="section-faho"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A mechanical signal, outside the grammar, indicating that there is no more text. Useful in talking to computers.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FEhE"/> selma'o FEhE (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-fehe"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FEhE"/> selma'o FEhE (<xref linkend="section-fehe"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following interval modifier (using
<xref linkend="TAhE"/>,
<xref linkend="ROI"/>, or
<xref linkend="ZAhO"/>) refers to space rather than time.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni
You-imperative [1-dimensional] [space] [regularly] sow the grain.
Sow the grain in a line and evenly!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FEhU"/> selma'o FEhU (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-selbri-modals"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FEhU"/> selma'o FEhU (<xref linkend="section-selbri-modals"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="FIhO"/>. Indicates the end of an ad hoc modal tag: the tagged sumti immediately follows.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle
I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing
I see you with the left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FIhO"/> selma'o FIhO (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-selbri-modals"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FIhO"/> selma'o FIhO (<xref linkend="section-selbri-modals"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of selma'o
<xref linkend="BAI"/>. Terminated by
<xref linkend="FEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla le zunle
I see you with eye the left-thing
I see you with my left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FOI"/> selma'o FOI (<xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-accents"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FOI"/> selma'o FOI (<xref linkend="section-accents"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Signals the end of a compound alphabet letter word that begins with
<xref linkend="TEI"/>. Not an elidable terminator.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tei .ebu .akut. bu foi
( “e” “acute” )
the letter “e” with an acute accent
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FUhA"/> selma'o FUhA (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-reverse-polish-notation"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-reverse-polish-notation"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following mathematical expression is to be interpreted as reverse Polish (RP), a mode in which mathematical operators follow their operands.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li fu'a reboi re[boi] su'i du li vo
the-number [RP!] two, two, plus equals the-number four
2 + 2 = 4
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FUhE"/> selma'o FUhE (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-attitudinal-scope"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FUhE"/> selma'o FUhE (<xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following indicator(s) of selma'o
<xref linkend="UI"/> affect not the preceding word, as usual, but rather all following words until a
<xref linkend="FUhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse
I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor
I see the owner of a blue house, or what I believe to be one.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FUhO"/> selma'o FUhO (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-attitudinal-scope"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="FUhO"/> selma'o FUhO (<xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels all indicators of selma'o
<xref linkend="UI"/> which are in effect.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse
I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor.
I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GA"/> selma'o GA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GA"/> selma'o GA (<xref linkend="section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected sumti, bridi-tails, or various other things. Logical connections include “both ... and”, “either ... or”, “if ... then”, and so on. See
<xref linkend="GI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu
Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both).
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GAhO"/> selma'o GAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-non-logical-continued-continued"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GAhO"/> selma'o GAhO (<xref linkend="section-non-logical-continued-continued"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies whether an interval specified by
<xref linkend="BIhI"/> includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in pairs before and after the
<xref linkend="BIhI"/> cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left- and the right-hand endpoints.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt.
I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt.
I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both.
</programlisting>
@@ -398,116 +398,116 @@
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="GOI"/>. Marks the end of a relative phrase. See
<xref linkend="KUhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is-blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GI"/> selma'o GI (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GI"/> selma'o GI (<xref linkend="section-forethought-bridi-connection"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Separates two logically or non-logically connected sumti, tanru units, bridi-tails, or other things, when the prefix is a forethought connective involving
<xref linkend="GA"/>,
<xref linkend="GUhA"/>, or
<xref linkend="JOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu
(It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GIhA"/> selma'o GIhA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GIhA"/> selma'o GIhA (<xref linkend="section-six-types"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connective (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two bridi-tails: a bridi-tail is a selbri with any associated following sumti, but not including any preceding sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan.
I go-to the market and like John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="GOI"/> selma'o GOI (<xref linkend="section-relative-phrases"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by
<xref linkend="GEhU"/> See
<xref linkend="NOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GOhA"/> selma'o GOhA (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GOhA"/> selma'o GOhA (<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of brivla. There are several groups of these.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi klama le zarci
B: mi go'i
A: I'm going to the market.
B: Me, too.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GUhA"/> selma'o GUhA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="GUhA"/> selma'o GUhA (<xref linkend="section-six-types"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. Takes the place of
<xref linkend="GA"/> when forming logically-connected tanru. See
<xref linkend="GI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi blanu
Alice is both rich and blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="I"/> selma'o I (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="I"/> selma'o I (<xref linkend="section-i"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Separates two sentences from each other.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama le zarci .i mi klama le zdani
I go-to the market. I go-to the office.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JA"/> selma'o JA (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="JA"/> selma'o JA (<xref linkend="section-six-types"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two tanru units, mathematical operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti blanu je zdani
This is-blue and a-house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JAI"/> selma'o JAI (<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1 place of the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging the x1 place of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with one of the places of the abstracted-over bridi.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi jai gau galfi le bitmu skari
I am-the-actor-in modifying the wall color.
I act so as to modify the wall color.
I change the color of the wall.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JOI"/> selma'o JOI (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-non-logical-connectives"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="JOI"/> selma'o JOI (<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a non-logical connection (e.g. together-with-as-mass, -set, or -sequence) between two sumti, tanru units, or various other things. When immediately followed by
<xref linkend="GI"/>, provides forethought non-logical connection analogous to
<xref linkend="GA"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno
John massed-with Alice carry the piano.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JOhI"/> selma'o JOhI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-vectors-matrices"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-vectors-matrices"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following mathematical operands (a list terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU"/>) form a mathematical vector (one-dimensional array).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du
li jo'i voboi xaboi
The-number array( one, two ) plus array( three, four) equals
the-number array (four, six).
(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)
@@ -523,21 +523,21 @@
<xref linkend="VEI"/> and
<xref linkend="VEhO"/>) or discursive (see
<xref linkend="TO"/> and
<xref linkend="TOI"/>) purposes.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule
That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.
That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KEI"/> selma'o KEI (<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-syntax"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="KEI"/> selma'o KEI (<xref linkend="section-syntax"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NU"/>. Marks the end of an abstraction bridi.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica
John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer.
John wants to be a soldier.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -545,211 +545,211 @@
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="KE"/>. Marks the end of a grouping.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule
That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.
That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KI"/> selma'o KI (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-sticky-tenses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="KI"/> selma'o KI (<xref linkend="section-sticky-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it “sticky”, so that it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appearance of
<xref linkend="KI"/>. When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KOhA"/> selma'o KOhA (<xref linkend="section-anaphoric-cmavo-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti
The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than this-thing.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KU"/> selma'o KU (
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>,
<xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LE"/> and some uses of
<xref linkend="LA"/>. Indicates the end of a description sumti. Also used after a tense or modal to indicate that no sumti follows, and in the compound
<xref linkend="NA"/>+
<xref linkend="KU"/> to indicate natural language-style negation.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le prenu ku le zdani ku klama
The person, to-the house, goes.
The person goes to the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KUhE"/> selma'o KUhE (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-forethought"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="PEhO"/>: indicates the end of a forethought mathematical expression (one in which the operator precedes the operands).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li pe'o su'i reboi reboi re[boi] ku'e du li xa
The number [forethought] the-sum-of two two two [end] equals the-number six.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KUhO"/> selma'o KUhO (<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-poi"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="KUhO"/> selma'o KUhO (<xref linkend="section-poi"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NOI"/>. Indicates the end of a relative clause.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zdani poi blanu ku'o barda
The house which is-blue is-big.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LA"/> selma'o LA (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LA"/> selma'o LA (<xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which identify people or things by name. Similar to
<xref linkend="LE"/>. May be terminated with
<xref linkend="KU"/> if followed by a description selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la kikeros. du la tulis.
Cicero is Tully.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LAU"/> selma'o LAU (<xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-cmavo-summary"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LAU"/> selma'o LAU (<xref linkend="section-lerfu-cmavo-summary"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Combines with the following alphabetic letter to represent a single marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font, punctuation, etc.)</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tau sy. .ibu
[single-shift] “s” “i”
Si (chemical symbol for silicon)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LAhE"/> selma'o LAhE (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LAhE"/> selma'o LAhE (<xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Qualifiers which, when prefixed to a sumti, change it into another sumti with related meaning. Qualifiers can also consist of a cmavo from selma'o
<xref linkend="NAhE"/> plus
<xref linkend="BO"/>. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e zoi kuot. A Tale of Two Cities .kuot
I see that-represented-by the-text “A Tale of Two Cities”.
I see the book “A Tale of Two Cities”.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LE"/> selma'o LE (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LE"/> selma'o LE (<xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or specify things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KU"/>. See
<xref linkend="LA"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zdani
The dog goes-to the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LEhU"/> selma'o LEhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LEhU"/> selma'o LEhU (<xref linkend="section-quotations"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the end of a quotation begun with
<xref linkend="LOhU"/>. Not an elidable terminator.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lo'u mi du do du mi le'u cu na lojbo drani
[quote] mi du do du mi [unquote] is-not Lojbanically correct.
“mi du do du mi” is not correct Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LI"/> selma'o LI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-simple-infix"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which change numbers or other mathematical expressions into sumti which specify numbers or numerical expressions. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LOhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li re su'u re na du li vo su'i vo
The-number 2 minus 2 not equals the-number 4 plus 4.
2 - 2 ≠ 4 + 4
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LIhU"/> selma'o LIhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LIhU"/> selma'o LIhU (<xref linkend="section-quotations"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LU"/>. Indicates the end of a text quotation.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LOhO"/> selma'o LOhO (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-connectives-within-mekso"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-connectives-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LI"/>. Indicates the end of a mathematical expression used in a
<xref linkend="LI"/> description.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vo lo'o li ci lo'o cu zmadu
The-number 4 [end number], the number 3 [end number], is greater.
4 > 3
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LOhU"/> selma'o LOhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LOhU"/> selma'o LOhU (<xref linkend="section-quotations"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical as long as the quoted material consists of Lojban words, whether they form a text or not. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
do cusku lo'u mi du do du ko'a le'u
You express [quote] mi du do du ko'a [end quote].
You said, “mi du do du ko'a”.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LU"/> selma'o LU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LU"/> selma'o LU (<xref linkend="section-quotations"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical only if the quoted material also forms a grammatical Lojban text. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LIhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LUhU"/> selma'o LUhU (<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="LUhU"/> selma'o LUhU (<xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LAhE"/> and
<xref linkend="NAhE"/>+
<xref linkend="BO"/>. Indicates the end of a qualified sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e lu barda gerku li'u lu'u
I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref]
I saw “Big Dog” [not the words, but a book or movie].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MAI"/> selma'o MAI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-other-mekso-uses"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-other-mekso-uses"/>,
<xref linkend="section-structure-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pamai mi pu klama le zarci
1-thly, I [past] go to-the market.
First, I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MAhO"/> selma'o MAhO (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-forethought"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a mathematical operator from a letter or other operand. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="VUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ma'o fy. boi xy.
[operator] f x
<emphasis>f(x)</emphasis>
</programlisting>
@@ -772,450 +772,450 @@
<para>The elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="ME"/>. Indicates the end of a sumti converted to a tanru unit.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta me mi me'u zdani
That's a me type of house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MOI"/> selma'o MOI (
<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various numerically-based selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. joi la frank. cu bruna remei
John in-a-mass-with Frank are-a-brother-type-of twosome.
John and Frank are two brothers.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MOhE"/> selma'o MOhE (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a mathematical operand from a sumti; used to make dimensioned units. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu
The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals.
2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MOhI"/> selma'o MOhI (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-movement"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="MOhI"/> selma'o MOhI (<xref linkend="section-movement"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense flag indicating movement in space, in a direction specified by a following
<xref linkend="FAhA"/> cmavo.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli
The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.
The child walks toward my right on the ice.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NA"/> selma'o NA (
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-other-negation"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-six-types"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-other-negation"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Contradictory negators, asserting that a whole bridi is false (or true).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi na klama le zarci
It is not true that I go to the market.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used to construct logical connective compound cmavo.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NAI"/> selma'o NAI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-other-negation"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-six-types"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-other-negation"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Negates the previous word, but can only be used with certain selma'o as specified by the grammar.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NAhE"/> selma'o NAhE (<xref linkend="chapter-negation-section-nahe"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="NAhE"/> selma'o NAhE (<xref linkend="section-nahe"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Scalar negators, modifying a selbri or a sumti to a value other than the one stated, the opposite of the one stated, etc. Also used with following
<xref linkend="BO"/> to construct a sumti qualifier; see
<xref linkend="LAhE"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta na'e blanu zdani
That is-a-non- blue house.
That is a house which is other than blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NAhU"/> selma'o NAhU (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Creates a mathematical operator from a selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="VUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
The-number the-operator tangent (
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase> / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
tan(
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>/2) = ∞
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NIhE"/> selma'o NIhE (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-lojban-within-mekso"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Creates a mathematical operand from a selbri, usually a “ni” abstraction. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i
ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu
The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times
quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.
Length × Width × Depth = Volume
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NIhO"/> selma'o NIhO (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-niho"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="NIhO"/> selma'o NIhO (<xref linkend="section-niho"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of a new paragraph, and indicates whether it contains old or new subject matter.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NOI"/> selma'o NOI (<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-poi"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="NOI"/> selma'o NOI (<xref linkend="section-poi"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Introduces relative clauses. The following bridi modifies the preceding sumti. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KUhO"/>. See
<xref linkend="GOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zdani poi blanu cu cmalu
The house which is blue is small.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NU"/> selma'o NU (<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-syntax"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="NU"/> selma'o NU (<xref linkend="section-syntax"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Abstractors which, when prefixed to a bridi, create abstraction selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KEI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei]
John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NUhA"/> selma'o NUhA (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-other-mekso-uses"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-other-mekso-uses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Creates a selbri from a mathematical operator. See
<xref linkend="VUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu
The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NUhI"/> selma'o NUhI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-termsets"/>,
<xref linkend="section-quantifier-grouping"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of a termset, which is used to make simultaneous claims involving two or more different places of a selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="NUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]
I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NUhU"/> selma'o NUhU (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="NUhU"/> selma'o NUhU (<xref linkend="section-termsets"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NUhI"/>. Marks the end of a termset.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]
I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="PA"/> selma'o PA (
<xref linkend="section-mekso-numbers"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Digits and related quantifiers (some, all, many, etc.). Terminated by
<xref linkend="BOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi speni re ninmu
I am-married-to two women.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="PEhE"/> selma'o PEhE (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="PEhE"/> selma'o PEhE (<xref linkend="section-termsets"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Precedes a logical or non-logical connective that joins two termsets. Termsets (see
<xref linkend="CEhE"/>) are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo
I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of.
I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="PEhO"/> selma'o PEhO (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-forethought"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-forethought"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>An optional signal of forethought mathematical operators, which precede their operands. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KUhE"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vo du li pe'o su'i reboi re
The-number four equals the-number [forethought] sum-of two two.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="PU"/> selma'o PU (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-temporal-tenses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="PU"/> selma'o PU (<xref linkend="section-temporal-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu klama le zarci
I [past] go-to the market.
I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="RAhO"/> selma'o RAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="RAhO"/> selma'o RAhO (<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicitly attached to a pro-bridi (see
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>) to fit the current context rather than the original context.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i
A: I [future] wash my car.
B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A's car).
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i ra'o
A: I [future] wash my car.
B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B's car).
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ROI"/> selma'o ROI (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ROI"/> selma'o ROI (<xref linkend="section-interval-properties"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once, twice, many times).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi reroi klama le zarci
I twice go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SA"/> selma'o SA (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="SA"/> selma'o SA (<xref linkend="section-erasure"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama sa do klama le zarci
I go, er, you go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SE"/> selma'o SE (
<xref linkend="section-place-conversion"/>,
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-SE"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zarci cu se klama mi
The market is-gone-to by me.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SEI"/> selma'o SEI (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="SEI"/> selma'o SEI (<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment on the main bridi. Terminated by
<xref linkend="SEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. prami sei gleki [se'u] la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SEhU"/> selma'o SEhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="SEhU"/> selma'o SEhU (<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="SEI"/> and
<xref linkend="SOI"/>. Ends metalinguistic insertions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. prami sei gleki se'u la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SI"/> selma'o SI (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="SI"/> selma'o SI (<xref linkend="section-erasure"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous single word.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi si do klama le zarci
I, er, you go to-the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SOI"/> selma'o SOI (<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-voha-series"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="SOI"/> selma'o SOI (<xref linkend="section-voha-series"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like “vice versa” in English).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi prami do soi mi
I love you [reciprocally] me.
I love you and vice versa.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SU"/> selma'o SU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="SU"/> selma'o SU (<xref linkend="section-erasure"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Closes and erases the entire previous discourse.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TAhE"/> selma'o TAhE (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="TAhE"/> selma'o TAhE (<xref linkend="section-interval-properties"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of time or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba ta'e klama le ckule
The child habitually goes to-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TEI"/> selma'o TEI (<xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-accents"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="TEI"/> selma'o TEI (<xref linkend="section-accents"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Signals the beginning of a compound letter word, which acts grammatically like a single letter. Compound letter words end with the non-elidable selma'o
<xref linkend="FOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tei .ebu .akut. bu foi
( “e” “acute” )
the letter “e” with an acute accent
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TEhU"/> selma'o TEhU (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-vectors-matrices"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-vectors-matrices"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="JOhI"/>,
<xref linkend="MAhO"/>,
<xref linkend="MOhE"/>,
<xref linkend="NAhU"/>, or
<xref linkend="NIhE"/>. Marks the end of a mathematical conversion construct.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du
li jo'i voboi xaboi
The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals
the-number array( four, six).
(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TO"/> selma'o TO (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="TO"/> selma'o TO (<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu
O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat.
Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TOI"/> selma'o TOI (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="TOI"/> selma'o TOI (<xref linkend="section-parentheses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TO"/>. The right discursive parenthesis.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu
O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat.
Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TUhE"/> selma'o TUhE (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="TUhE"/> selma'o TUhE (<xref linkend="section-i"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Groups multiple sentences or paragraphs into a logical unit. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lo xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi citno .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o [tu'u]
Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old.
As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old [is best].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (<xref linkend="section-i"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TUhE"/>. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="UI"/> selma'o UI (<xref linkend="section-attitudinals-introduction"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ui la djan. klama
[Happiness!] John is-coming.
Hurrah! John is coming!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VA"/> selma'o VA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-spatial-tenses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="VA"/> selma'o VA (<xref linkend="section-spatial-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le nanmu va batci le gerku
The man [medium distance] bites the dog.
Over there the man is biting the dog.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VAU"/> selma'o VAU (<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-compound-bridi"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="VAU"/> selma'o VAU (<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for a simple bridi, or for each bridi-tail of a
<xref linkend="GIhA"/> logical connection.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi dunda le cukta [vau] gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do [vau]
I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VEI"/> selma'o VEI (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-simple-infix"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Left mathematical parenthesis: groups mathematical operations. Terminated by
<xref linkend="VEhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du
li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa
The-number (“n” plus one) times (“n” plus one) equals
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-“n” plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
<superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VEhA"/> selma'o VEhA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-sizes"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="VEhA"/> selma'o VEhA (<xref linkend="section-interval-sizes"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, medium, or short).</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VEhO"/> selma'o VEhO (<xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="VEI"/>: right mathematical parenthesis.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du
li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa
The-number (“n” plus one) times (“n” plus one) equals
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-“n” plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
<superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VIhA"/> selma'o VIhA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-dimensionality"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="VIhA"/> selma'o VIhA (<xref linkend="section-dimensionality"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating dimensionality in space (line, plane, volume, or space-time interval).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli
The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice.
In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VUhO"/> selma'o VUhO (
@@ -1223,21 +1223,21 @@
</bridgehead>
<para>Attaches relative clauses or phrases to a whole (possibly connected) sumti, rather than simply to the leftmost portion of the sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. ce la djordj. vu'o noi gidva cu zvati le kumfa
Frank [in-set-with] George, which are-guides, are-in the room.
Frank and George, who are guides, are in the room.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VUhU"/> selma'o VUhU (
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-simple-infix"/>)
+ <xref linkend="section-simple-infix"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Mathematical operators (e.g. +, −). See
<xref linkend="MAhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li mu vu'u re du li ci
The-number 5 minus 2 equals the-number 3.
5 − 2 = 3
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -1246,99 +1246,99 @@
</bridgehead>
<para>The subscript marker: the following number or lerfu string is a subscript for whatever precedes it.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
xy. xi re
x sub 2
x
<subscript>2</subscript>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="Y"/> selma'o Y (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-hesitation"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="Y"/> selma'o Y (<xref linkend="section-hesitation"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Hesitation noise: content-free, but holds the floor or continues the conversation. It is different from silence in that silence may be interpreted as having nothing more to say.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi .y. .y. .djan
O, uh, uh, John!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZAhO"/> selma'o ZAhO (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-event-contours"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZAhO"/> selma'o ZAhO (<xref linkend="section-event-contours"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginning, ending, continuing).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu'o damba
I [inchoative] fight.
I'm on the verge of fighting.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZEI"/> selma'o ZEI (<xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section-rafsi"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZEI"/> selma'o ZEI (<xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands between into the equivalent of a lujvo.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta xy. zei kantu kacma
That is-an-(X – ray) camera.
That is an X-ray camera.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZEhA"/> selma'o ZEhA (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-sizes"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZEhA"/> selma'o ZEhA (<xref linkend="section-interval-sizes"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in time (long, medium, or short).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi puze'a citka
I [past] [short interval] eat.
I ate for a little while.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZI"/> selma'o ZI (<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-temporal-tenses"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZI"/> selma'o ZI (<xref linkend="section-temporal-tenses"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating distance in time (a long, medium or short time ago or in the future).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi puzi citka
I [past] [short distance] eat.
I ate a little while ago.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZIhE"/> selma'o ZIhE (<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-zihe"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZIhE"/> selma'o ZIhE (<xref linkend="section-zihe"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Joins multiple relative phrases or clauses which apply to the same sumti. Although generally translated with “and”, it is not considered a logical connective.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ponse pa gerku ku poi blabi zi'e noi mi prami ke'a
I own one dog such-that it-is-white and such-that-incidentally I love it.
I own a dog that is white and which, incidentally, I love.
I own a white dog, which I love.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZO"/> selma'o ZO (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZO"/> selma'o ZO (<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Single-word quotation: quotes the following single Lojban word.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zo si cu lojbo valsi
The-word “si” is-a-Lojbanic word.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZOI"/> selma'o ZOI (<xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZOI"/> selma'o ZOI (<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Non-Lojban quotation: quotes any text using a delimiting word (which can be any single Lojban word) placed before and after the text. The delimiting word must not appear in the text, and must be separated from the text by pauses.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zoi kuot. Socrates is mortal .kuot. cu glico jufra
The-text “Socrates is mortal” is-an-English sentence.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZOhU"/> selma'o ZOhU (<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-da-and-zohu"/>, <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-topic-comments"/>)
+ <anchor xml:id="ZOhU"/> selma'o ZOhU (<xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>, <xref linkend="section-topic-comments"/>)
</bridgehead>
<para>Separates a logical prenex from a bridi or group of sentences to which it applies. Also separates a topic from a comment in topic/comment sentences.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
su'o da poi remna ro da poi finpe zo'u da prami de
For-at-least-one X which is-a-man, for-all Ys which are-fish : X loves Y
There is a man who loves all fish.
</programlisting>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 2c512c2..5e8a4e0 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -324,21 +324,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>. In addition, the apostrophe visually parallels the comma and the period, which are also used (in different ways) to separate syllables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unvoiced vowel glide</primary><secondary>apostrophe as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The apostrophe is included in Lojban only to enable a smooth transition between vowels, while joining the vowels within a single word. In fact, one way to think of the apostrophe is as representing an unvoiced vowel glide.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>variant of</secondary></indexterm> As a permitted variant, any unvoiced fricative other than those already used in Lojban may be used to render the apostrophe: IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[θ]</phrase> is one possibility. The convenience of the listener should be regarded as paramount in deciding to use a substitute for
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>representation of in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glottal stop</primary><secondary>as pause in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The period represents a mandatory pause, with no specified length; a glottal stop (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase>) is considered a pause of shortest length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and in certain cases – explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section-pauses"/> – must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-pauses"/> – must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> Technically, the period is an optional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing period can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as an aid to the reader.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>within a word</secondary></indexterm> A period also may be found apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is not one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a space between words if a period appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>contrasted with syllable break</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>contrasted with pause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The comma is used to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obvious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indicates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necessary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words. It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>) sound in pronouncing a comma. However, a comma cannot be pronounced as a pause or glottal stop between the two letters separated by the comma, because that pronunciation would split the word into two words.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>main use of</secondary></indexterm> Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabic
<jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
@@ -617,21 +617,21 @@
<member><jbophrase>y'e</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'i</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'o</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'u</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'y</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>involving y</secondary></indexterm> Vowel pairs involving
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> appear only in Lojbanized names. They could appear in cmavo (structure words), but only
<jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase> is so used – it is the Lojban name of the apostrophe letter (see
- <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-liste"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-lerfu-liste"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>grouping of</secondary></indexterm> When more than two vowels occur together in Lojban, the normal pronunciation pairs vowels from the left into syllables, as in the Lojbanized name:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RxtI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>meiin.</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">mei,in.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
@@ -1302,21 +1302,21 @@
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bisydja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">BI,sy,dja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">BI,syd,ja</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This word is a compound word, or lujvo, built from the two affixes
<jbophrase role="rafsi">bis</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="rafsi">dja</jbophrase>. When they are joined, an impermissible consonant pair results:
<jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">sd</jbophrase>. In accordance with the algorithm for making lujvo, explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section-lujvo-making"/>, a
+ <xref linkend="section-lujvo-making"/>, a
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is inserted to separate the impermissible consonant pair; the
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is not counted as a syllable for purposes of stress determination.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5g4j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d12"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>da'udja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">da'UD,ja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">da'U,dja</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 4aa7257..0d12d15 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -105,21 +105,21 @@
ml mr
pl pr
sf sk sl sm sn sp sr st
tc tr ts
vl vr
xl xr
zb zd zg zm zv
</programlisting></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C/C string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a permissible consonant pair</secondary></indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial consonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in <xref linkend="chapter-phonology-section-clusters"/>. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs.
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C/C string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a permissible consonant pair</secondary></indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial consonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in <xref linkend="section-clusters"/>. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C/CC string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a consonant triple</secondary></indexterm> C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonant pair.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parts of speech</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word classes</primary></indexterm> Lojban has three basic word classes – parts of speech – in contrast to the eight that are traditional in English. These three classes are called cmavo, brivla, and cmene. Each of these classes has uniquely identifying properties – an arrangement of letters that allows the word to be uniquely and unambiguously recognized as a separate word in a string of Lojban, upon either reading or hearing, and as belonging to a specific word-class.</para>
<para>They are also functionally different: cmavo are the structure words, corresponding to English words like
@@ -1083,21 +1083,21 @@
<quote>quark</quote>,
<quote>integral</quote>, or
<quote>iambic pentameter</quote>). These words are in effect names for concepts, and the names were invented by speakers of another language. The vast majority of words referring to plants, animals, foods, and scientific terminology cannot be easily expressed as tanru. They thus must be borrowed (actually
<quote>copied</quote>) into Lojban from the original language.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 1</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>using foreign-language name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowing</primary><secondary>four stages of</secondary></indexterm> There are four stages of borrowing in Lojban, as words become more and more modified (but shorter and easier to use). Stage 1 is the use of a foreign name quoted with the cmavo
<jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> (explained in full in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>):</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QpNm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me la'o ly. spaghetti .ly.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spaghetti</primary></indexterm> is a predicate with the place structure
@@ -1645,21 +1645,21 @@
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, respectively.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific names</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Linnaean names</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> There are some additional rules for Lojbanizing the scientific names (technically known as
<quote>Linnaean binomials</quote> after their inventor) which are internationally applied to each species of animal or plant. Where precision is essential, these names need not be Lojbanized, but can be directly inserted into Lojban text using the cmavo
<jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase>, explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>. Using this cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term
+ <xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>. Using this cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term
<quote>back vowel</quote> in the following list refers to any of the letters
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>; the term
<quote>front vowel</quote> correspondingly refers to any of the letters
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, or
@@ -1914,40 +1914,40 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and final-syllable stress</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>final syllable stress</primary><secondary>rules for pause after</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>final syllable</secondary><tertiary>rules for pause after</tertiary></indexterm> If the last syllable of a word bears the stress, and a brivla follows, the two must be separated by a pause, to prevent confusion with the primary stress of the brivla. In this case, the first word must be either a cmavo or a cmene with unusual stress (which already ends with a pause, of course).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and Cy-form cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>rules for pause after Cy-form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cy-form cmavo</primary><secondary>rules for pause after</secondary></indexterm> A cmavo of the form
<quote>Cy</quote> must be followed by a pause unless another
<quote>Cy</quote>-form cmavo follows.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-Lojban text</primary><secondary>rules for pause with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>and non-Lojban text</secondary></indexterm> When non-Lojban text is embedded in Lojban, it must be preceded and followed by pauses. (How to embed non-Lojban text is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>.)</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lujvo-considerations">
<title>Considerations for making lujvo</title>
<para>Given a tanru which expresses an idea to be used frequently, it can be turned into a lujvo by following the lujvo-making algorithm which is given in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-making"/>.</para>
<para>In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu with a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attached together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognized as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way.</para>
<para>There are three other complications; only one is serious.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>multiple for each gismu</secondary></indexterm> The first is that there is usually more than one rafsi that can be used for each gismu. The one to be used is simply whichever one sounds or looks best to the speaker or writer. There are usually many valid combinations of possible rafsi. They all are equally valid, and all of them mean exactly the same thing. (The scoring algorithm given in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-scoring"/> is used to choose the standard form of the lujvo – the version which would be entered into a dictionary.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linguistic drift in Lojban</primary><secondary>possible source of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>consideration in choosing meaning for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>unambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> The second complication is the serious one. Remember that a tanru is ambiguous – it has several possible meanings. A lujvo, or at least one that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single meaning. Like a gismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area of the semantic universe, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chosen is the most useful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of linguistic drift in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concept that seems the most useful one may change.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>za'e</primary><secondary>use to avoid lujvo misunderstandings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>meaning drift of</secondary></indexterm> You must also be aware of the possibility of some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for posterity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that is in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a different place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily bad. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a meaning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the dictionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo
<jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-bahe"/>) before a newly coined lujvo to indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-bahe"/>) before a newly coined lujvo to indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>ultimate guideline for choice of meaning/place-structure</secondary></indexterm> The essential nature of human communication is that if the listener understands, then all is well. Let this be the ultimate guideline for choosing meanings and place structures for invented lujvo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>dropping elements of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Zipf's Law</primary></indexterm> The third complication is also simple, but tends to scare new Lojbanists with its implications. It is based on Zipf's Law, which says that the length of words is inversely proportional to their usage. The shortest words are those which are used more; the longest ones are used less. Conversely, commonly used concepts will be tend to be abbreviated. In English, we have abbreviations and acronyms and jargon, all of which represent complex ideas that are used often by small groups of people, so they shortened them to convey more information more rapidly.</para>
<para>Therefore, given a complicated tanru with grouping markers, abstraction markers, and other cmavo in it to make it syntactically unambiguous, the psychological basis of Zipf's Law may compel the lujvo-maker to drop some of the cmavo to make a shorter (technically incorrect) tanru, and then use that tanru to make the lujvo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>based on multiple tanru</secondary></indexterm> This doesn't lead to ambiguity, as it might seem to. A given lujvo still has exactly one meaning and place structure. It is just that more than one tanru is competing for the same lujvo. But more than one meaning for the tanru was already competing for the
<quote>right</quote> to define the meaning of the lujvo. Someone has to use judgment in deciding which one meaning is to be chosen over the others.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 4f0ff93..6275b38 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -1083,21 +1083,21 @@
</example>
<para>is simply that of
<jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>. (The sole exception to this rule is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-co-inversion"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA tags and linked sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti and FA tags</primary></indexterm> It is possible to precede linked sumti by the place structure ordering tags
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-FA"/>), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
+ <xref linkend="section-FA"/>), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase> is the x2 place and the other places follow in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be accomplished as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mhS7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be fi mi bei fe do [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good ( by-standard me for you ) house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1523,21 +1523,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jimpe tu'a loi nu'a su'i nabmi</jbo>
<gloss>I understand something-about the-mass-of is-the-sum-of problems.</gloss>
<en>I understand addition problems.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> More usefully, it is possible to combine a mathematical expression with a cmavo of selma'o MOI to create one of various numerical selbri. Details are available in
- <xref linkend="chapter-mekso-section-mekso-selbri"/>. Here are a few tanru:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-mekso-selbri"/>. Here are a few tanru:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjWh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la prim. palvr. pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Preem Palver is-the-1-th speaker.</gloss>
<en>Preem Palver is the first speaker.</en>
@@ -1688,25 +1688,25 @@
<en>That is a Chrysler car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>relative precedence with me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'u</primary><secondary>relative precedence with logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elidability of me'u</primary></indexterm> The elidable terminator
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-indefinite-descriptions"/>), and if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in
+ <xref linkend="section-indefinite-descriptions"/>), and if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>) or a sumti logical connective (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-sumti-connection"/>). Without a
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-connection"/>). Without a
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase>, the relative clause or logical connective would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> expression. Here is a contrasting pair of sentences:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJyi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the group
<quote>the three kings and John</quote> are white.</en>
@@ -1780,21 +1780,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do se prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>You [swap x1 and x2] love me.</gloss>
<en>You are loved by me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Conversion is fully explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>. For the purposes of this chapter, the important point about conversion is that it applies only to the following simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is necessary to be careful! Consider
+ <xref linkend="section-SE"/>. For the purposes of this chapter, the important point about conversion is that it applies only to the following simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is necessary to be careful! Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mPX8"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mPX8">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>walk to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice walkingly goes to the market.</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index dd92890..e16c8ea 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -326,21 +326,21 @@
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
<jbophrase>le remna</jbophrase> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKYf"/> merely says that the author is human.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-descriptors"/>, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
+ <xref linkend="section-descriptors"/>, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> before the selbri makes the
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>: in the compound negator
<jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-masses">
<title>Individuals and masses</title>
@@ -1356,21 +1356,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7ytm"/>, but longer.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-events-and-contours"/>. The triplet
+ <xref linkend="section-events-and-contours"/>. The triplet
<jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lu'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lu'o</jbophrase> convert between individuals, sets, and masses;
<jbophrase>vu'i</jbophrase> belongs to this group as well, but creates a sequence, which is similar to a set but has a definite order. (The set of John and Charles is the same as the set of Charles and John, but the sequences are different.) Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ioCu">
<title>
@@ -1380,21 +1380,21 @@
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-abstraction-about the door.</gloss>
<en>I try (to open) the door.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>as being deliberately vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ioCu"/> might mean that I try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para>
<para>Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means
<quote>the thing last mentioned</quote>; it is equivalent to repeating the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda .iku'i lu'a ri cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats is-large. But some-members-of it-last-mentioned is-small.</gloss>
<en>The set of rats is large, but some of its members are small.</en>
@@ -1455,23 +1455,23 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JwCb"/>, the sumti
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. We cannot use
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> here, because it would signify
<jbophrase>la djein.</jbophrase>, that being the most recent sumti available to
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. See more detailed explanations in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.)</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section-vocatives">
+ <section xml:id="section-vocative-syntax">
<title>The syntax of vocative phrases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrases</primary><secondary>as a <quote>free modifier</quote></secondary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> of Lojban, along with subscripts, parentheses, and various other constructs explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or to indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLE3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1576,21 +1576,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named John!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
<jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi. It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordinals – see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/> – metalinguistic comments – see
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/> – or reciprocals – see
+ <xref linkend="section-parentheses"/> – or reciprocals – see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>) which must be properly separated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>effect of position on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by its position in the sentence: thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bx2C"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLFi"/> mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLFi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1623,21 +1623,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>djan. meris. djein. .alis.</jbo>
<en>John. Mary. Jane. Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that
<jbophrase>.alis.</jbophrase> begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/> for more information.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>with LA descriptor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>in vocative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see
- <xref linkend="section-vocatives"/>) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
+ <xref linkend="section-vocative-syntax"/>) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, they form sumti which refer to the persons or things known by the name.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLgw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Jones goes to-the store.</gloss>
@@ -1712,21 +1712,21 @@
<jbo>doi djan. pol. djonz. le bloti cu klama fi la niuport. niuz.</jbo>
<en>John Paul Jones, the boat comes (to somewhere) from Newport News.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>permissible consonant combinations</secondary></indexterm> A name may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban words generally: the
<quote>impermissible consonant clusters</quote> of Lojban morphology (explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-phonology-section-clusters"/>). Thus
+ <xref linkend="section-clusters"/>). Thus
<jbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</jbophrase> is not a valid version of
<quote>James</quote> (because
<jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase> is invalid):
<jbophrase>djeimyz</jbophrase> will suffice. Similarly,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> may be replaced by
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase> or
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 2911024..34d180a 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -296,21 +296,21 @@
<jbo>le ti bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the this boat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with vi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> does not mean
<quote>this boat</quote> but rather
<quote>this one's boat</quote>,
<quote>the boat associated with this thing</quote>, as explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-possessive-sumti"/>. A correct Lojban translation of
+ <xref linkend="section-possessive-sumti"/>. A correct Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IWi7"/> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rfUc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the here boat</gloss>
<en>the nearby boat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -476,21 +476,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo of the di'u-series have a meaning that is relative to the context. The referent of
<jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> in the current utterance is the same as the referent of
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> in the next utterance. The term
<quote>utterance</quote> is used rather than
<quote>sentence</quote> because the amount of speech or written text referred to by any of these words is vague. Often, a single bridi is intended, but longer utterances may be thus referred to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> Note one very common construction with
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and the cmavo
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE; see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) which precedes a sumti and means
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) which precedes a sumti and means
<quote>the thing referred to by (the sumti)</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MsUd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u</jbo>
<gloss>I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I love Jane, and I like that.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -755,21 +755,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>broda ke brode brodi</jbo>
<gloss>a thing-1 type of (thing-2 type-of thing-3)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>represents an abstract pattern, a certain kind of tanru. (Historically, this use was the original one.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit assignment of antecedent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with lerfu as pro-sumti in explicit assignment of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with ko'a-series in explicit assignment of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lerfu as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>as assignable pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> As is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-pro-sumti"/>, the words for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginning with the same letter:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-lerfu-pro-sumti"/>, the words for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginning with the same letter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-x1gh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1087,21 +1087,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>A: mi ba klama le zarci B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i A: do go'e</jbo>
<gloss>A: I [future] go-to the store. B: I like the concept-of I [repeat last bridi]. A: You [repeat last bridi but one].</gloss>
<en>A: I am going to the store. B: I like the idea of my going. A: You'll go, too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained in <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-"/>):
+ <para>Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained in <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>):
<jbophrase>le si'o mi go'i</jbophrase> means
<jbophrase>le si'o mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>. Why must B use the word
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> explicitly to replace the x1 of
<jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>, even though it looks like
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is replacing
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>? Because B's
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to B, whereas A's
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to A. If B said:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2uS7">
<title>
@@ -1422,21 +1422,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English version means, and the Lojban version probably means, that I try to open the door, but the relationship of opening is not actually specified; the Lojbanic listener must guess it from context. Lojban, unlike English, makes it clear that there is an implicit action that is not being expressed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>co'e</primary><secondary>rationale for word form</secondary></indexterm> The form of
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase> was chosen to resemble
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; the cmavo
<jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase> of selma'o BAI (see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series</primary><secondary>compared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'i</primary><secondary>compared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of indefinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to referring only to an utterance.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-voha-series">
<title>Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -1720,21 +1720,21 @@
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cannot be used in place of
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0EWp"/>, because the relativized sumti is not yet complete when the
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>on ke'a for nested relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>subscripting for nested relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>and abstract descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is used only with relative clauses, and not with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative clauses within relative clauses,
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> may be subscripted to make the difference clear (see
- <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-nesting"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-nesting"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cehu">
<title>Abstraction focus pro-sumti:
<jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>abstraction focus</description>
@@ -1842,37 +1842,37 @@
<selmaho>DAhO</selmaho>
<description>cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> How long does a pro-sumti or pro-bridi remain stable? In other words, once we know the referent of a pro-sumti or pro-bridi, how long can we be sure that future uses of the same cmavo have the same referent? The answer to this question depends on which series the cmavo belongs to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bound variable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>assignable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of by rebinding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>assignable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit cancellation of by change of speaker/listener</secondary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti are stable until there is a change of speaker or listener, possibly signaled by a vocative. Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi last indefinitely or until rebound with
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>cei</jbophrase>. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also generally last until re-bound; details are available in
- <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-notes-on-variables"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-notes-on-variables"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphoric pro-bridi</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphoric pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Utterance pro-sumti are stable only within the utterance in which they appear; similarly, reflexive pro-sumti are stable only within the bridi in which they appear; and
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is stable only within its relative clause. Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits depending on the rules for the particular cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-bridi</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Demonstrative pro-sumti, indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi, and sumti and bridi questions potentially change referents every time they are used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'o</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'o</primary><secondary>for cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>with da'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of with da'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of with da'o</secondary></indexterm> However, there are ways to cancel all pro-sumti and pro-bridi, so that none of them have known referents. (Some, such as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, will acquire the same referent as soon as they are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel everything is with the cmavo
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> of selma'o DAhO, which is used solely for this purpose; it may appear anywhere, and has no effect on the grammar of texts containing it. One use of
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> is when entering a conversation, to indicate that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments already made by other participants in the conversation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>no'i effect on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>no'i effect on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>no'i</primary><secondary>effect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'o</primary><secondary>effect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments</secondary></indexterm> In addition, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. More explanations of NIhO can be found in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-niho"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-niho"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-du">
<title>The identity predicate: du</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>identity</description>
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index 798d4c9..0ddc1d6 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -628,21 +628,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu punji le xance le daski</jbo>
<gloss>The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hands in pockets</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is very natural. Of course, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or another's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>rationale for non-inclusion in relative clause chapter</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary><secondary>effect of following logical connective on elidability</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ge'u from preceding relative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary><secondary>elidability of from relative phrases</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmavo is
<jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never required. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified by a relative phrase, then an explicit
<jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> is needed to allow the connective to affect the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-series"/>, as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the same.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-koha-broda-series"/>, as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the same.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-zihe">
<title>Multiple relative clauses:
<jbophrase>zi'e</jbophrase></title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zi'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZIhE</selmaho>
<description>relative clause joiner</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -845,21 +845,21 @@
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UmLX"/> will seem most natural to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after the noun phrases they are attached to;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmCQ"/>, on the other hand, may seem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative clause first. Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmCQ"/>, the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause (
<jbophrase>blabi</jbophrase>) will merge with the selbri of the description (
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence. The purpose of the form appearing in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMct"/> will be apparent shortly.</para>
<para>As is explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-quantified-descriptions"/>, two different numbers (known as the
+ <xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>, two different numbers (known as the
<quote>inner quantifier</quote> and the
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>) can be attached to a description. The inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it appears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifier appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things referred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the following example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3nJN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le mu prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the five persons go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two of the five people [that I have in mind] are going to the market.</en>
@@ -912,21 +912,21 @@
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, then the relative clause is understood to apply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to.</para>
<para>What about
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMdb"/>? By convention, it means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMDQ"/>, and it requires no
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, but it does typically require a
<jbophrase>ku'o</jbophrase> instead. Note that the relative clause comes before the inner quantifier.</para>
<para>When
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is the descriptor being used, and the sumti has no explicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood to be
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (meaning
<quote>all</quote>), as is explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Thus
+ <xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>. Thus
<jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase> is taken to mean
<quote>all of the things I refer to as dogs</quote>, possibly all one of them. In that case, there is no difference between a relative clause after the
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or before it. However, if the descriptor is
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, the difference is quite important:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmDS" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -1166,21 +1166,21 @@
<jbo>lu mi klama le zarci li'u noi mi cusku ke'a cu jufra</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] I go to-the market [unquote] incidentally-which-(I express IT) is-a-sentence.</gloss>
<en>
<quote>I'm going to the market</quote>, which I'd said, is a sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which may serve to identify the author of the quotation or some other relevant, but subsidiary, fact about it. All such relative clauses appear only after the simple sumti, never before it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of relative clause placement with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of relative clause placement with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and NAhE</primary><secondary>placement considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>impact of NAhE on placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses and LAhE</primary><secondary>placement considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>impact of LAhE on placement</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sumti with attached sumti qualifiers of selma'o LAhE or NAhE+BO (which are explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) can have a relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>) can have a relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4sqi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le vu kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote] is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
<en>An old
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is in the far room.</en>
@@ -1418,21 +1418,21 @@
<jbo>le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa poi ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno</jbo>
<gloss>The man who (IT = it1 : it1 is-in the room which (IT = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5TuF"/> is more verbose than
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8RdM"/>, but may be clearer, since it explicitly spells out the two
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to the assignable cmavo
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase> (explained in Chapter
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-series"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-koha-broda-series"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-relative-clause-cmavo-summary">
<title>Index of relative clause cmavo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>list of cmavo for</secondary></indexterm> Relative clause introducers (selma'o NOI):</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>noi</cmavo>
<description>incidental clauses</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index 66294ca..e10064e 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -900,21 +900,21 @@
<en>A man of the north came to the city.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>on description selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"of"</primary><secondary>in English</secondary><tertiary>compared with do'e</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'e</primary><secondary>compared with English "of"</secondary></indexterm> Here
<jbophrase>le berti</jbophrase> is provided as a modal place of the selbri
<jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase>, but its exact significance is vague, and is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English preposition
<quote>of</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2vMd"/> also illustrates a modal place bound into a selbri with
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase>. This construction is useful when the selbri of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase> are more fully explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri-section-be-sumti"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-be-sumti"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-causals">
<title>Modal sentence connection: the causals</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ri'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ri'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAI</selmaho>
@@ -1190,21 +1190,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu</jbo>
<gloss>I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o7FG"/> means exactly the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rQ77"/>, but there is no idiomatic English translation that will distinguish it from them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termset modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>termset connection</secondary></indexterm> If the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti, then a termset may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-termsets"/>, but are essentially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-termsets"/>, but are essentially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LetE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini mi</jbo>
<gloss>I gave the book to John. Motivated-by John gave the-mass-of money to-me.</gloss>
<en>I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1215,21 +1215,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'i mu'igi la djan. lei jdini mi gi mi le cukta la djan. nu'u dunda</jbo>
<gloss>[start] because John, the-mass-of money, me; I, the book, John [end] gives.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because the two bridi share only their selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tail modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal bridi-tail connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal connection of selbri</primary><secondary>using bridi-tail modal connection</secondary></indexterm> There is no modal connection between selbri as such: bridi which differ only in the selbri can be modally connected using bridi-tail modal connection. The bridi-tail construct is more fully explained in
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-compound-bridi"/>, but essentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.
+ <xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>, but essentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMN7"/> is suitable for bridi-tail connection, and could be shortened to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Do9b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I, because saw the book, took the book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1240,21 +1240,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I because saw, therefore took, the book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<jbophrase>le cukta</jbophrase> is set off by the non-elidable
<jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails – see
- <xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-compound-bridi"/> for more explanations.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/> for more explanations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shared bridi-tail sumti</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vau for shared bridi-tail sumti</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> Since this is a chapter on rearranging sumti, it is worth pointing out that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YXps"/> can be further rearranged to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pxca">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna</jbo>
<gloss>I, the book, because saw, therefore took.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1407,21 +1407,21 @@
</example>
<para>Here the
<jbophrase>bai</jbophrase> is spread over both
<jbophrase>klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>cadzu le bisli</jbophrase>, and the
<jbophrase>ge ... gi</jbophrase> represents the logical connection
<quote>both-and</quote> between the two.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentences that have been combined with
<jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase>, which are explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-i"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-boYr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice [end].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as
@@ -1837,21 +1837,21 @@
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> behaves like
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase>; it does not affect the numbering of the other places around it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversions</primary><secondary>in descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Like SE conversions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may refer to
<quote>the language of an expression</quote> as
<jbophrase>le jai bau cusku</jbophrase>, for example.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>with no modal specified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai without modal</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> In addition, it is grammatical to use
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> position, and to raise one of the sumti from the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature is discussed in more detail in
- <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-section-sumti-raising"/>. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-raising"/>. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of (I see the book).</gloss>
<en>My taking the book is justified by my seeing it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
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