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commit 70e36ae1b45d470cfdf32caf8e0ce95684d9a1b7
Merge: 0a3bdf0 e75c9d3
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Feb 2 21:06:50 2011 -0800
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commit 5f842922eb1e8ad87c1066de99082ddcabf5a057
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 20:36:03 2011 -0500
Automatic indentation of 18 and 19.
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 3708d92..5da4f58 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -144,63 +144,63 @@
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section3">
<title>Signs and numerical punctuation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ma'u</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>positive sign</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>positive sign</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ni'u</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>negative sign</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ni'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>negative sign</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>pi</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>decimal point</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>decimal point</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>fi'u</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>fraction slash</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fi'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>fraction slash</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ra'e</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>repeating decimal</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>repeating decimal</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ce'i</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>percent sign</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ce'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>percent sign</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ki'o</cmavo>
- <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
- <description>comma between digits</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>comma between digits</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive numbers</primary><secondary>explicit expression</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signed numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> A number can be given an explicit sign by the use of
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which are the positive and negative signs as distinct from the addition, subtraction, and negation operators. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6A5H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -569,21 +569,21 @@
<gloss>The-number 3 is-a-person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is grammatical but nonsensical: numbers are not persons.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition operator</primary><secondary>contrasted with positive sign</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive sign</primary><secondary>contrasted with addition operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition</primary><secondary>a mathematical operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o VUhU, which is composed of mathematical operators, and means
<quote>addition</quote>. As mentioned before, it is distinct from
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> which means the positive sign as an indication of a positive number:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4gsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ma'u pa su'i ni'u pa du li no</jbo>
<gloss>The-number positive-sign one plus negative-sign one equals the-number zero.</gloss>
<math>+1 + -1 = 0</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -606,21 +606,21 @@
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is used to make the entire mekso into a sumti, which then plays the roles applicable to other sumti: in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>, filling the places of a bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precedence</primary><secondary>mathematical default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator left-right grouping</primary><secondary>as Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>in Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>calculator mathematics</primary><secondary>as default in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> By default, Lojban mathematics is like simple calculator mathematics: there is no notion of
<quote>operator precedence</quote>. Consider the following example, where
<jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> means
<quote>times</quote>, the multiplication operator:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7a2Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
<math>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -792,28 +792,28 @@
<quote>p</quote> plus negative-of(
<quote>n</quote>) plus
<quote>z</quote> equals the-number
<quote>x</quote>.</gloss>
<math>p + -n + z = x</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where we know that
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is a forethought operator because there is no operand preceding it.</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
-
-
-
-
- <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase> is not used for numerical negation, but only for subtraction, as it always has two or more operands. Do not confuse
- <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase>, which are operators, with
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
+
+
+
+
+ <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase> is not used for numerical negation, but only for subtraction, as it always has two or more operands. Do not confuse
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase>, which are operators, with
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which is part of a number.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IxMG"/>, the operator
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and the terminator
<jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> serve in effect as parentheses. (The regular parentheses
<jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> are NOT used for this purpose.) If the
<jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> were omitted, the
<jbophrase>su'i zy</jbophrase> would be swallowed up by the
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> forethought operator, which would then appear to have two operands,
@@ -965,22 +965,22 @@
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place that specifies the kind of equality that is meant.
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> refers to actual identity, and can have any number of places:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PTmF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>py. du xy.boi zy.</jbo>
<gloss>
- <quote>p</quote> is-identical-to
- <quote>x</quote>
+ <quote>p</quote> is-identical-to
+ <quote>x</quote>
<quote>z</quote></gloss>
<math>p = x = z</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Lojban bridi can have only one predicate, so the
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is not repeated.</para>
<para>Any of these selbri may usefully be prefixed with
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, the contradictory negation cmavo, to indicate that the relation is false:</para>
@@ -1086,21 +1086,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu ro prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at all persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qI27"/> might be true, whereas
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qI27"/> might be true, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qI3P"/> is almost certainly false.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>so'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>so'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>so'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>so'o</jbophrase>, and
@@ -1236,21 +1236,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu da'a so'u prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at all-but a-few persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qia0"/> is similar in meaning to
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qia0"/> is similar in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qi4a"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'a</primary><secondary>default number for</secondary></indexterm> If no number follows
<jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase>, then
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> is assumed;
<jbophrase>da'a</jbophrase> by itself means
<quote>all but one</quote>, or in ordinal contexts
<quote>all but the last</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3z2U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d13"/>
@@ -1793,81 +1793,81 @@
<cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for ME</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> Lojban possesses a special category of selbri which are based on mekso. The simplest kind of such selbri are made by suffixing a member of selma'o MOI to a number. There are five members of MOI, each of which serves to create number-based selbri with specific place structures.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- x1 is a mass formed from the set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3
+ x1 is a mass formed from the set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed from set</secondary></indexterm> A cardinal selbri interrelates a set with a given number of members, the mass formed from that set, and the individuals which make the set up. The mass argument is placed first as a matter of convenience, not logical necessity.</para>
<para>Some examples:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ujSA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei mi ratcu cu cimei</jbo>
<gloss>Those-I-describe-as-the-mass-of my rats are-a-threesome.</gloss>
<gloss>My rats are three.</gloss>
<en>I have three rats.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, the mass of my rats is said to have three components; that is, I have three rats.</para>
<para>Another example, with one element this time:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>singular me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>individual</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>singular me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>individual</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Pen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi poi pamei cu cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I who am-an-individual express this-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Pen"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to a mass,
<quote>the mass consisting of me</quote>. Personal pronouns are vague between masses, sets, and individuals.</para>
<para>However, when the number expressed before
<jbophrase role="rafsi">-mei</jbophrase> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8"/>, a slightly different place structure is required:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals of set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mei</primary><secondary>place structure formed for objective indefinites</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals of set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mei</primary><secondary>place structure formed for objective indefinites</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<place-structure>
- x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, measured relative to the set x4.
+ x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, measured relative to the set x4.
</place-structure>
<para>An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GJsg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which are-in the park are a-fewsome with-respect-to the-set-of rats.</gloss>
<en>The rats in the park are a small number of all the rats there are.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of all rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fewsome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>with elided quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GJsg"/>, the x2 and x3 places are vacant, and the x4 place is filled by
<jbophrase>lo'i ratcu</jbophrase>, which (because no quantifiers are explicitly given) means
<quote>the whole of the set of all those things which are rats</quote>, or simply
<quote>the set of all rats.</quote></para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manysome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manysome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-n52D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'i ratcu poi zvati le panka cu se so'imei</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats which-are in the park is-a manysome.</gloss>
<en>There are many rats in the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1876,21 +1876,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n52D"/>, the conversion cmavo
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
<quote>many</quote> with respect to some unspecified comparison set.</para>
<para>More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, and individuals can be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>moi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
+ x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
</place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiHw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti pamoi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>This-one is the first-of the rats associated-with me.</gloss>
<en>This is my first rat.</en>
@@ -1919,57 +1919,57 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>first rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIiA"/> means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>si'e</jbophrase> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
+ x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
</place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i8r4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sanmi cu fi'ucisi'e lei mi djedi cidja</jbo>
<gloss>This-here meal is-a-slash-three-portion-of my day-food.</gloss>
<en>This meal is one-third of my daily food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>one-third of food</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
+ event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>values</secondary></indexterm> The number must be between 0 and 1 inclusive. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9sf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu lo sicni cu sedja'o cu pimucu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event of a coin being a head-displayer has probability .5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coin heads</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>probability .5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>va'e</jbophrase> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<place-structure>
- x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
+ x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced fractions</primary><secondary>use in granular scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale</primary><secondary>granular contrasted with continuous</secondary></indexterm> If the scale is granular rather than continuous, a form like
<jbophrase>cifi'uxa</jbophrase> (3/6) may be used; in this case, 3/6 is not the same as 1/2, because the third position on a scale of six positions is not the same as the first position on a scale of two positions. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XiTd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi rozgu cu sofi'upanova'e xunre</jbo>
@@ -2017,21 +2017,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ny.moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is-nth-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<en>That is my nth rat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>restriction on numbers used for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> More complex mekso cannot be placed directly in front of MOI, due to the resulting grammatical ambiguities. Instead, a somewhat artificial form of expression is required.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>alternative to compensate for restriction on numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"me"</primary><secondary>effect of MOI on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>use of "me" with</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) has the function of making a sumti into a selbri. A whole
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> construction can have a member of MOI added to the end to create a complex mekso selbri:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n+1)-th rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n+1)-th rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xaYd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me li ny. su'i pa me'u moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is the-number n plus one-th-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<gloss>That is my (n+1)-th rat.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2335,23 +2335,23 @@
<jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
<jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>magic square</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the
<quote>magic square</quote> matrix</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- 8 1 6
- 3 5 7
- 4 9 2
+ 8 1 6
+ 3 5 7
+ 4 9 2
</programlisting>
<para>can be represented either as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zbJP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>jo'i biboi paboi xa pi'a jo'i ciboi muboi ze ge'a jo'i voboi soboi re</jbo>
<gloss>the-vector (8 1 6) matrix-row the-vector (3 5 7), the-vector (4 9 2)</gloss>
@@ -2474,44 +2474,44 @@
<gloss>The-number 30-comma-comma equals the-number (RP!) 8, (3, 10, null-op), exponential-notation.</gloss>
<math>30,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>.abu</cmavo>
- <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
- <description>letter <quote>a</quote></description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>by</cmavo>
- <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
- <description>letter <quote>b</quote></description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>cy</cmavo>
- <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
- <description>letter <quote>c</quote></description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>fe'a</cmavo>
- <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
- <description>nth root of (default square root)</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>lo'o</cmavo>
- <selmaho>LOhO</selmaho>
- <description>terminator for LI</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.abu</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>a</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>by</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>b</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cy</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>c</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fe'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>nth root of (default square root)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>lo'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>LOhO</selmaho>
+ <description>terminator for LI</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operators</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e9Xi"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e9Xi">
@@ -2581,50 +2581,50 @@
<math>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a classic example of operand logical connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6"/>
</title>
<place-structure>
- 17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
+ 17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
- su'i cy. du li no
- gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u
- fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o
- fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu
- If-and-only-if the-number
-<quote>a</quote>-times-(
-<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus
-<quote>b</quote>-times-
-<quote>x</quote>
- plus
-<quote>c</quote> equals the-number zero
- then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus
- the-root-of (
-<quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times-
-<quote>a</quote>-times-
-<quote>c</quote> ) ]
- divided-by two-times-
-<quote>a</quote>.
- Iff ax
-<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0,
- then x = -b ±
-√
-<!--sqrt-->(b
-<superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac)
-
-<!-- fraction bar -->
- 2a
- </place-structure>
+ su'i cy. du li no
+ gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u
+ fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o
+ fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu
+ If-and-only-if the-number
+ <quote>a</quote>-times-(
+ <quote>x</quote> power two ) plus
+ <quote>b</quote>-times-
+ <quote>x</quote>
+ plus
+ <quote>c</quote> equals the-number zero
+ then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus
+ the-root-of (
+ <quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times-
+ <quote>a</quote>-times-
+ <quote>c</quote> ) ]
+ divided-by two-times-
+ <quote>a</quote>.
+ Iff ax
+ <superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0,
+ then x = -b ±
+ √
+ <!--sqrt-->(b
+ <superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac)
+
+ <!-- fraction bar -->
+ 2a
+ </place-structure>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/>: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
<jbophrase>fe'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
@@ -2677,22 +2677,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eMsd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
<gloss>
- <quote>x</quote> sub (
- <quote>b</quote> sequence
+ <quote>x</quote> sub (
+ <quote>b</quote> sequence
<quote>d</quote>)</gloss>
<math>x<subscript>b,d</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section18">
<title>Using Lojban resources within mekso</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2722,29 +2722,29 @@
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
<jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator derived from selbri</primary><secondary>effect of selbri place structure on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri place structure</primary><secondary>effect on operator formed by</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operator</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k38f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d1"/>
</title>
<place-structure>
- 18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
+ 18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
- The-number the-operator tangent (
-π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
+ The-number the-operator tangent (
+ π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
- tan(
-π/2) =
-∞
- </place-structure>
+ tan(
+ π/2) =
+ ∞
+ </place-structure>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase> is the gismu for
<quote>x1 is the tangent of x2</quote>, and the
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>formulae</primary><secondary>expressing based on pure dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction, since
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions represent numbers. The
@@ -2863,21 +2863,21 @@
<quote>4</quote> are not the same. The relationship between
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is related to that between
<jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase>, the person named John, and
<jbophrase>zo .djan.</jbophrase>, the name
<quote>John</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of converted operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting operator into</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> is the inverse of
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase>, and allows a mekso operator to be used as a normal selbri, with the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>
- x1 is the result of applying (operator) to x2, x3, ...
+ x1 is the result of applying (operator) to x2, x3, ...
</place-structure>
<para>for as many places as may be required. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9idi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3040,21 +3040,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>of operator</secondary></indexterm> Members of selma'o NAhE are also legal on an operator to produce a scalar negation of it. The implication is that some other operator would apply to make the bridi true:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIPR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci na'e su'i vo du li pare</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 non-plus 4 equals the-number 12.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opposite-of-minus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opposite-of-minus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiqd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci to'e vu'u re du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 opposite-of-minus 2 equals the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3312,360 +3312,360 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>XI</selmaho>
<description>subscript flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section24">
<title>Complete table of VUhU cmavo, with operand structures</title>
<para>The operand structures specify what various operands (labeled a, b, c, ...) mean. The implied context is forethought, since only forethought operators can have a variable number of operands; however, the same rules apply to infix and RP uses of VUhU.</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>list of simple</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-<place-structure>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>su'i</selmaho>
- <description>plus </description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a + b) + c) + ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>pi'i</selmaho>
- <description>times </description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a × b) × c) × ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>vu'u</selmaho>
- <description>minus </description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a − b) − c) − ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>fe'i</selmaho>
- <description>divided by </description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a / b) / c) / ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>ju'u</selmaho>
- <description>number base </description>
- <math-description>numeral string <varname>a</varname> interpreted in the base <varname>b</varname></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>pa'i</selmaho>
- <description>ratio </description>
- <math-description>the ratio of a to b, a:b</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>fa'i</selmaho>
- <description>reciprocal of/multiplicative inverse </description>
- <math-description>1 / <varname>a</varname></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>gei</selmaho>
- <description>scientific notation </description>
- <math-description>b × (c [default 10] to the <varname>a</varname> power)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>ge'a</selmaho>
- <description>null operator </description>
- <math-description>(no operands)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>list of simple</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <place-structure>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>su'i</selmaho>
+ <description>plus </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a + b) + c) + ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>pi'i</selmaho>
+ <description>times </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a × b) × c) × ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>vu'u</selmaho>
+ <description>minus </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a − b) − c) − ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fe'i</selmaho>
+ <description>divided by </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a / b) / c) / ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ju'u</selmaho>
+ <description>number base </description>
+ <math-description>numeral string <varname>a</varname> interpreted in the base <varname>b</varname></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>pa'i</selmaho>
+ <description>ratio </description>
+ <math-description>the ratio of a to b, a:b</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fa'i</selmaho>
+ <description>reciprocal of/multiplicative inverse </description>
+ <math-description>1 / <varname>a</varname></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>gei</selmaho>
+ <description>scientific notation </description>
+ <math-description>b × (c [default 10] to the <varname>a</varname> power)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ge'a</selmaho>
+ <description>null operator </description>
+ <math-description>(no operands)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>de'o</selmaho>
- <description>logarithm </description>
- <math-description>log <varname>a</varname> to base <varname>b</varname> (default 10 or <varname>e</varname> as appropriate)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>te'a</selmaho>
- <description>to the power/exponential </description>
- <math-description><varname>a</varname> to the <varname>b</varname> power</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>fe'a</selmaho>
- <description>nth root of/inverse power </description>
- <math-description>b<superscript>th</superscript> root of a (default square root: b = 2)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>cu'a</selmaho>
- <description>absolute value/norm </description>
- <math-description>| a |</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>ne'o</selmaho>
- <description>factorial </description>
- <math-description>a!</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>pi'a</selmaho>
- <description>matrix row vector combiner </description>
- <math-description>(all operands are row vectors)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>de'o</selmaho>
+ <description>logarithm </description>
+ <math-description>log <varname>a</varname> to base <varname>b</varname> (default 10 or <varname>e</varname> as appropriate)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>te'a</selmaho>
+ <description>to the power/exponential </description>
+ <math-description><varname>a</varname> to the <varname>b</varname> power</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fe'a</selmaho>
+ <description>nth root of/inverse power </description>
+ <math-description>b<superscript>th</superscript> root of a (default square root: b = 2)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>cu'a</selmaho>
+ <description>absolute value/norm </description>
+ <math-description>| a |</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ne'o</selmaho>
+ <description>factorial </description>
+ <math-description>a!</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>pi'a</selmaho>
+ <description>matrix row vector combiner </description>
+ <math-description>(all operands are row vectors)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>sa'i</selmaho>
- <description>matrix column vector combiner </description>
- <math-description>(all operands are column vectors)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>sa'i</selmaho>
+ <description>matrix column vector combiner </description>
+ <math-description>(all operands are column vectors)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>ri'o</selmaho>
- <description>integral </description>
- <math-description>integral of a with respect to b over range c</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ri'o</selmaho>
+ <description>integral </description>
+ <math-description>integral of a with respect to b over range c</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>sa'o</selmaho>
- <description>derivative </description>
- <math-description>derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>fu'u</selmaho>
- <description>non-specific operator </description>
- <math-description>(variable)</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>si'i</selmaho>
- <description>sigma (Σ) summation </description>
- <math-description>summation of a using variable b over range c</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>va'a</selmaho>
- <description>negation of/additive inverse </description>
- <math-description>-a</math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <selmaho>re'a</selmaho>
- <description>matrix transpose/dual </description>
- <math-description>a<superscript>*</superscript></math-description>
- </cmavo-entry>
-</place-structure>
- </section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section25">
- <title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
- <informaltable orient="land">
- <tgroup cols="10">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
- <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
- <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
- <colspec colnum="8" colname="col8"/>
- <colspec colnum="9" colname="col9"/>
- <colspec colnum="10" colname="col10"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>rafsi</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>no</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pa</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>re</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ci</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>vo</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>mu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>xa</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ze</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>bi</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>so</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>0</entry>
- <entry>1</entry>
- <entry>2</entry>
- <entry>3</entry>
- <entry>4</entry>
- <entry>5</entry>
- <entry>6</entry>
- <entry>7</entry>
- <entry>8</entry>
- <entry>9</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">non</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">pav</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">rel</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">cib</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">von</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">mum</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">xav</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">zel</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">biv</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">soz</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
- <informaltable orient="land">
- <tgroup cols="6">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
- <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>dau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>fei</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gai</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>jau</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>rei</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>vai</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A/10</entry>
- <entry>B/11</entry>
- <entry>C/12</entry>
- <entry>D/13</entry>
- <entry>E/14</entry>
- <entry>F/15</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
- <informaltable orient="land">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>pai</entry>
- <entry>ka'o</entry>
- <entry>te'o</entry>
- <entry>ci'i</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>π</entry>
- <entry>imaginary i</entry>
- <entry>exponential e</entry>
- <entry>infinity (∞)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
- <informaltable orient="land">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>pi</entry>
- <entry>ce'i</entry>
- <entry>fi'u</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>decimal point</entry>
- <entry>percentage</entry>
- <entry>fraction (not division)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>piz</entry>
- <entry>cez</entry>
- <entry>fi'u (from frinu; see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>pi'e</entry>
- <entry>ma'u</entry>
- <entry>ni'u</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>mixed-base point</entry>
- <entry>plus sign (not addition)</entry>
- <entry>minus sign (not subtraction)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>ki'o</entry>
- <entry>ra'e</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>thousands comma</entry>
- <entry>repeating-decimal indicator</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>ji'i</entry>
- <entry>ka'o</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>approximation sign</entry>
- <entry>complex number separator</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</para>
- <cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ro, so'a, so'e, so'i, so'o,</cmavo>
- <selmaho>so'u,</selmaho>
- <description>da'a</description>
+ <selmaho>sa'o</selmaho>
+ <description>derivative </description>
+ <math-description>derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)</math-description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>all, almost all, most, many, several,</cmavo>
- <selmaho>few,</selmaho>
- <description>all but</description>
+ <selmaho>fu'u</selmaho>
+ <description>non-specific operator </description>
+ <math-description>(variable)</math-description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>rafsi: rol, soj, sor or so'i, sos,</cmavo>
- <selmaho>sot,</selmaho>
- <description>daz</description>
+ <selmaho>si'i</selmaho>
+ <description>sigma (Σ) summation </description>
+ <math-description>summation of a using variable b over range c</math-description>
</cmavo-entry>
- </cmavo-list>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Subjective numbers:</para>
- <cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>rau,</cmavo>
- <selmaho>du'e,</selmaho>
- <description>mo'a</description>
- </cmavo-entry> enough, too many, too few</cmavo-list>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Miscellaneous:</para>
- <place-structure>
- xo, tu'o
- number question, null operand
+ <selmaho>va'a</selmaho>
+ <description>negation of/additive inverse </description>
+ <math-description>-a</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>re'a</selmaho>
+ <description>matrix transpose/dual </description>
+ <math-description>a<superscript>*</superscript></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
</place-structure>
- </listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section25">
+ <title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="10">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
+ <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
+ <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
+ <colspec colnum="8" colname="col8"/>
+ <colspec colnum="9" colname="col9"/>
+ <colspec colnum="10" colname="col10"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry/>
+ <entry/>
+ <entry>rafsi</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>no</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>re</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ze</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>so</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ <entry>1</entry>
+ <entry>2</entry>
+ <entry>3</entry>
+ <entry>4</entry>
+ <entry>5</entry>
+ <entry>6</entry>
+ <entry>7</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ <entry>9</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">non</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">pav</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">rel</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">cib</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">von</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">mum</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">xav</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">zel</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">biv</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">soz</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="6">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
+ <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>dau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>rei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vai</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>A/10</entry>
+ <entry>B/11</entry>
+ <entry>C/12</entry>
+ <entry>D/13</entry>
+ <entry>E/14</entry>
+ <entry>F/15</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pai</entry>
+ <entry>ka'o</entry>
+ <entry>te'o</entry>
+ <entry>ci'i</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>π</entry>
+ <entry>imaginary i</entry>
+ <entry>exponential e</entry>
+ <entry>infinity (∞)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pi</entry>
+ <entry>ce'i</entry>
+ <entry>fi'u</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>decimal point</entry>
+ <entry>percentage</entry>
+ <entry>fraction (not division)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>piz</entry>
+ <entry>cez</entry>
+ <entry>fi'u (from frinu; see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pi'e</entry>
+ <entry>ma'u</entry>
+ <entry>ni'u</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>mixed-base point</entry>
+ <entry>plus sign (not addition)</entry>
+ <entry>minus sign (not subtraction)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ki'o</entry>
+ <entry>ra'e</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>thousands comma</entry>
+ <entry>repeating-decimal indicator</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ji'i</entry>
+ <entry>ka'o</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>approximation sign</entry>
+ <entry>complex number separator</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro, so'a, so'e, so'i, so'o,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>so'u,</selmaho>
+ <description>da'a</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>all, almost all, most, many, several,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>few,</selmaho>
+ <description>all but</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rafsi: rol, soj, sor or so'i, sos,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>sot,</selmaho>
+ <description>daz</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Subjective numbers:</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rau,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>du'e,</selmaho>
+ <description>mo'a</description>
+ </cmavo-entry> enough, too many, too few</cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Miscellaneous:</para>
+ <place-structure>
+ xo, tu'o
+ number question, null operand
+ </place-structure>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section26">
<title>Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures</title>
<place-structure>
- mei x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of
- which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]
- rafsi: mem, mei
- moi x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
- [by standard x4]
- rafsi: mom, moi
- si'e x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]
- rafsi: none
- cu'o event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
- [by standard x3]
- rafsi: cu'o (borrowed from cunso; see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
- va'e x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
- [by standard x3]
- rafsi: none
+ mei x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of
+ which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]
+ rafsi: mem, mei
+ moi x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
+ [by standard x4]
+ rafsi: mom, moi
+ si'e x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]
+ rafsi: none
+ cu'o event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
+ [by standard x3]
+ rafsi: cu'o (borrowed from cunso; see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
+ va'e x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
+ [by standard x3]
+ rafsi: none
</place-structure>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 5ec9ece..fba392a 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -177,37 +177,37 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nuzba zo'u mi ba'o djuno</jbo>
<gloss>The news : I [perfective] know.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-p4ww"/> is the literal Lojban translation of
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-p4ww"/> is the literal Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ovFJ"/>. Of course, the topic-comment structure can be changed to a straightforward bridi structure:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-V2B4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba'o djuno le nuzba</jbo>
<gloss>I [perfective] know the news.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-V2B4"/> means the same as
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-V2B4"/> means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-p4ww"/>, and it is simpler. However, often the position of the topic in the place structure of the selbri within the comment is vague:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish eat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish eat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tpcK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le finpe zo'u citka</jbo>
<en>the fish : eat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is the fish eating or being eaten? The sentence doesn't say. The Chinese equivalent of
@@ -595,21 +595,21 @@
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>indicators (to express a prevailing attitude, see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
+ <jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these are made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversation, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely because most of them are vague.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-subscripts">
<title>Subscripts: XI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -648,24 +648,24 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PaKo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo le dargu fi le zdani fa mi fe le zarci fu le karce cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, I, to the market, using-the car, go.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-GuYz"/> to
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-PaKo"/> all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo
- <jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase>, formed by applying the abstraction operator
- <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> to
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-GuYz"/> to
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-PaKo"/> all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo
+ <jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase>, formed by applying the abstraction operator
+ <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> to
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sMPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'edi'u cu nunkla</jbo>
<gloss>mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</gloss>
<gloss>The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going</gloss>
@@ -696,25 +696,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fu le dargu fo le zdani fe mi fa la'edi'u</jbo>
<gloss>fi le zarci faxixa le karce cu nunkla</gloss>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, by me, the-referent-of-the-last-sentence,</gloss>
<gloss>to the market, using the car, is-an-event-of-going.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn"/> to
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-EW1n"/> also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
- <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>faxixa</jbophrase> without change of meaning:
- <jbophrase>vexixa</jbophrase> means the same thing as
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn"/> to
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-EW1n"/> also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
+ <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>faxixa</jbophrase> without change of meaning:
+ <jbophrase>vexixa</jbophrase> means the same thing as
<jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series</primary><secondary>after tenth</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da-series</primary><secondary>after third</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Lojban provides two groups of pro-sumti, both belonging to selma'o KOhA. The ko'a-series cmavo are used to refer to explicitly specified sumti to which they have been bound using
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>.) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo and 3 da-series cmavo available.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DA selma'o</primary></indexterm> If more are required, any cmavo of the ko'a-series or the da-series can be subscripted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bday">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1026,22 +1026,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IUz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'u mi du do du la djan. le'u na tergerna la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] mi du do du la djan. [unquote] is-not a-grammatical-structure in Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-IUz8"/> is grammatical even though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,
-
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-IUz8"/> is grammatical even though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,
+
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation can quote fragments of a text which themselves do not constitute grammatical utterances:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EXeq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu le mlatu cu viska le finpe li'u zo'u lo'u viska le le'u</jbo>
<gloss>cu selbasti .ei lo'u viska lo le'u</gloss>
<gloss>[quote] le mlatu cu viska le finpe [unquote] : [quote] viska le [unquote]</gloss>
<gloss>is-replaced-by [obligation!] [quote] viska lo [unquote].</gloss>
@@ -1211,21 +1211,21 @@
<para>It should be noted particularly that
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Eeya">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zoi ry. sku .ry. cu rafsi zo cusku</jbo>
<en>
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">sku</jbophrase> is a rafsi of
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">sku</jbophrase> is a rafsi of
<jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(A minor note on interaction between
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>: The text between
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> should consist of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form of a
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation may also appear. However, if the word
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is used either as the delimiting word for the
@@ -1264,22 +1264,22 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiTd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu'e la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<gloss>A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/> through
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qiTd"/> all mean approximately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/> through
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qiTd"/> all mean approximately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3yXJ"/> is different:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3yXJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>Bob is the name of Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1335,39 +1335,39 @@
<selmaho>BAhE</selmaho>
<description>next word is nonce</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>English often uses strong stress on a word to single it out for contrastive emphasis, thus</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-iW4P">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d1"/>
</title>
- <para>I saw George.</para>
+ <para>I saw George.</para>
</example>
<para>is quite different from</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-GSTL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d2"/>
</title>
- <para>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</para>
+ <para>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</para>
</example>
<para>The heavy stress on
<quote>
<emphasis>George</emphasis>
- </quote> (represented in writing by
+ </quote> (represented in writing by
<emphasis>italics</emphasis>) indicates that I saw George rather than someone else. Lojban does not use stress in this way: stress is used only to help separate words (because every brivla is stressed on the penultimate syllable) and in names to match other languages' stress patterns. Note that many other languages do not use stress in this way either; typically word order is rearranged, producing something like</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-E8mx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d3"/>
</title>
- <para>It was George whom I saw.</para>
+ <para>It was George whom I saw.</para>
</example>
<para>In Lojban, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word which is to be emphasized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8SVn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la ba'e .djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the-one-named [emphasis]
@@ -1468,22 +1468,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>O Lisa, I desire the event-of (O Frank, [imperative] stop!) you see the cat.</gloss>
<en>Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-FHJi"/> implicitly redefines
- <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> within the parentheses: the listener is changed by
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-FHJi"/> implicitly redefines
+ <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> within the parentheses: the listener is changed by
<jbophrase>doi frank.</jbophrase> When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial commentary</primary></indexterm> There is another cmavo of selma'o TO:
<jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase>. The difference between
<jbophrase>to</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase> is the difference between parentheses and square brackets in English prose. Remarks within
<jbophrase>to ... toi</jbophrase> cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, whereas remarks within
<jbophrase>to'i ... toi</jbophrase> are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an editor:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hXIi">
<title>
@@ -1533,21 +1533,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The grammar of the bridi following
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Susan</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Susan</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sz7v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki be fa la suzn. la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (Susan is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1600,21 +1600,21 @@
<quote>I go to the store</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu mi klama seisa'a la djan cusku le zarci</jbo>
<en>
- <quote>I go</quote>, John said,
+ <quote>I go</quote>, John said,
<quote>to the store</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> following each
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, marking the
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> and its attached bridi as an editorial insert, not part of the quotation. In a more relaxed style, these
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> cmavo would probably be dropped.</para>
@@ -1681,21 +1681,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first use of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> does not erase anything, but completes the
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation. Two more
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are then necessary to erase the first
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> and the
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>names</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>names</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s7V6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton.</jbo>
<en>I talk in-language that-named
<quote>and</quote>
<quote>speranto</quote>, er, er, Esperanto.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1874,102 +1874,102 @@
<section xml:id="section-cmavo-interactions">
<title>List of cmavo interactions</title>
<para>The following list gives the cmavo and selma'o that are recognized by the earliest stages of the parser, and specifies exactly which of them interact with which others. All of the cmavo are at least mentioned in this chapter. The cmavo are written in lower case, and the selma'o in UPPER CASE.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erases the preceding word unless it is a
+ <jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erases the preceding word unless it is a
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> is the same as
+ <jbophrase>su</jbophrase> is the same as
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, but erases more words.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotes all following words up to a
- <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (but not a
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotes all following words up to a
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (but not a
<jbophrase>zo le'u</jbophrase>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ZOI cmavo use the following word as a delimiting word, no matter what it is, but using
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> may create difficulties.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>, and
-
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
+ <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>, and
+
<jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>BAhE cmavo mark the following word, unless it is
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, or unless it is preceded by
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
- <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
-
- <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
- <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
+ <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
+
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>UI and CAI cmavo mark the previous word, except for
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succession. A following
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is made part of the UI.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase>,
-
- <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase>, and
-
- <jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> are the same as UI, but do not absorb a following
-
+ <jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase>,
+
+ <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase>, and
+
+ <jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> are the same as UI, but do not absorb a following
+
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-elidable-terminators">
<title>List of Elidable Terminators</title>
<para>The following list shows all the elidable terminators of Lojban. The first column is the terminator, the second column is the selma'o that starts the corresponding construction, and the third column states what kinds of grammatical constructs are terminated. Each terminator is the only cmavo of its selma'o, which naturally has the same name as the cmavo.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
commit 97c4e9af2513a00e8187f9975424be28136df612
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 20:34:44 2011 -0500
Chapter 19: example tags, <jbophrase>s, and section titles.
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 6f40590..5ec9ece 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-structure">
<title>Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>This chapter is incurably miscellaneous. It describes the cmavo that specify the structure of Lojban texts, from the largest scale (paragraphs) to the smallest (single words). There are fewer examples than are found in other chapters of this book, since the linguistic mechanisms described are generally made use of in conversation or else in long documents.</para>
<para>This chapter is also not very self-contained. It makes passing reference to a great many concepts which are explained in full only in other chapters. The alternative would be a chapter on text structure which was as complex as all the other chapters put together. Lojban is a unified language, and it is not possible to understand any part of it (in full) before understanding every part of it (to some degree).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-i">
<title>Sentences: I</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.i</cmavo>
<selmaho>I</selmaho>
<description>sentence separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
@@ -42,36 +42,36 @@
<para>An
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> cmavo can be compounded with a logical or non-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both: these constructs are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. In all cases, the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> comes first in the compound. Attitudinals can also be attached to an
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> if they are meant to apply to the whole sentence: see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>close grouping</secondary></indexterm> There exist a pair of mechanisms for binding a sequence of sentences closely together. If the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> (with or without connectives) is followed by
- <quote>bo</quote> (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> alone.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>title</primary><secondary>specifying with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a group of sentences can be preceded by
- <quote>tu'e</quote> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
- <quote>tu'u</quote> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
+ <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> and contain one or more sentences separated by
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> and contain one or more sentences separated by
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. Grouping with
- <quote>tu'e</quote> and
- <quote>tu'u</quote> is analogous to grouping with
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote> to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> is analogous to grouping with
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-niho">
<title>Paragraphs: NIhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ni'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>NIhO</selmaho>
<description>new topic</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>no'i</cmavo>
@@ -102,49 +102,49 @@
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> in writing and in conversation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraph separation</primary><secondary>written text</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>scope effect of new paragraph</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraphs</primary><secondary>effects on scope</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursive indicator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicator scope</primary></indexterm> In written text, a single
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> is a mere discursive indicator of a new subject, whereas
<jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> marks a change in the context. In this situation,
<jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> implicitly cancels the definitions of all pro-sumti of selma'o KOhA as well as pro-bridi of selma'o GOhA. (Explicit cancelling is expressed by the cmavo
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> of selma'o DAhO, which has the free grammar of an indicator – it can appear almost anywhere.) The use of
<jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> does not affect indicators (of selma'o UI) or tense references, but
<jbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</jbophrase>, indicating a drastic change of topic, would serve to reset both indicators and tenses. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8"/> for a discussion of indicator scope.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/> for a discussion of indicator scope.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>paragraph separation</primary><secondary>spoken text</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Arabian Nights</primary></indexterm> In spoken text, which is inherently less structured, these levels are reduced by one, with
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> indicating a change in context sufficient to cancel pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignment. On the other hand, in a book, or in stories within stories such as
<quote>The Arabian Nights</quote>, further levels may be expressed by extending the
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> string as needed. Normally, a written text will begin with the number of
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> cmavo needed to signal the largest scale division which the text contains.
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> strings may be subscripted to label each context of discourse: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-subscripts"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>no'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>previous topic</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> is similar in effect to
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>, but indicates the resumption of a previous topic. In speech, it is analogous to (but much shorter than) such English discursive phrases as
<quote>But getting back to the point ...</quote>. By default, the topic resumed is that in effect before the last
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>. When subtopics are nested within topics, then
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> would resume the previous subtopic and
<jbophrase>no'ino'i</jbophrase> the previous topic. Note that
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> also resumes tense and pro-sumti assignments dropped at the previous
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripted topics</primary></indexterm> If a
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> is subscripted, then a
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> with the same subscript is assumed to be a continuation of it. A
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> may also have a negative subscript, which would specify counting backwards a number of paragraphs and resuming the topic found thereby.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-topic-comments">
<title>Topic-comment sentences: ZOhU</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZOhU</selmaho>
<description>topic/comment separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The normal Lojban sentence is just a bridi, parallel to the normal English sentence which has a subject and a predicate:</para>
@@ -165,21 +165,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zhe</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>news</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The wide space in the first two versions of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ovFJ"/> separate the topic (
<quote>this news</quote>) from the comment (
<quote>I know already</quote>).</para>
<para>Lojban uses the cmavo
- <quote>zo'u</quote> (of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-p4ww">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nuzba zo'u mi ba'o djuno</jbo>
<gloss>The news : I [perfective] know.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -215,54 +215,54 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N6H3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>yu</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is vague in exactly the same way.</para>
<para>Grammatically, it is possible to have more than one sumti before
- <quote>zo'u</quote>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
+ <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
- <quote>zo'u</quote>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
+ <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>), but an example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6yRx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da</jbo>
<gloss>For-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>Every person has a father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The string of sumti before
- <quote>zo'u</quote> (called the
+ <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> (called the
<quote>prenex</quote>: see
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>) may contain both a topic and bound variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ggMy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi patfu roda poi prenu ku'o</jbo>
<gloss>su'ode zo'u de patfu da</gloss>
<gloss>For-the-mass-of fathers for-all X which-are-persons,</gloss>
<gloss>there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>As for fathers, every person has one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>topic/comment</primary><secondary>multiple sentence</secondary></indexterm> To specify a topic which affects more than one sentence, wrap the sentences in
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> brackets and place the topic and the
- <quote>zo'u</quote> directly in front. This is the exception to the rule that a topic attaches directly to a sentence:</para>
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> brackets and place the topic and the
+ <jbophrase>zo'u</jbophrase> directly in front. This is the exception to the rule that a topic attaches directly to a sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mK5Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jdini zo'u tu'e do ponse .inaja do djica [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of money : ( [if] you possess, then you want )</gloss>
<en>Money: if you have it, you want it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -296,21 +296,21 @@
<para>namely, the possession of money. But topic-comment sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mK5Y"/> are inherently vague, and this difference between
<jbophrase>ponse</jbophrase> (which expects a physical object in x2) and
<jbophrase>djica</jbophrase> is ignored. See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EXeq"/> for another topic/comment sentence.</para>
<para>The subject of an English sentence is often the topic as well, but in Lojban the sumti in the x1 place is not necessarily the topic, especially if it is the normal (unconverted) x1 for the selbri. Thus Lojban sentences don't necessarily have a
<quote>subject</quote> in the English sense.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-questions">
<title>Questions and answers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
<description>truth question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ma</cmavo>
@@ -477,23 +477,23 @@
<jbo>la djan. la marcas. le zarci le briju</jbo>
<gloss>John, Marsha, the store, the office.</gloss>
<en>John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: A mechanical substitution of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yGYX"/> into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nDeV"/> produces an ungrammatical result, because
- <quote>* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</quote> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
+ <jbophrase>* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</jbophrase> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> has to be closed with its proper terminator
- <quote>ku</quote>, for reasons explained in
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>, for reasons explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>selbri</secondary></indexterm> Questions to be answered with a selbri are expressed with
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uVCW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. mo</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban [what selbri?]</gloss>
@@ -522,25 +522,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vomu</jbo>
<gloss>Forty-five.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Fill-in-the-blank questions may also be asked about: logical connectives (using cmavo
<jbophrase>ji</jbophrase> of A,
- <quote>ge'i</quote> of GA,
+ <jbophrase>ge'i</jbophrase> of GA,
<jbophrase>gi'i</jbophrase> of GIhA,
- <quote>gu'i</quote> of GUhA, or
+ <jbophrase>gu'i</jbophrase> of GUhA, or
<jbophrase>je'i</jbophrase> of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, or ijoik as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>; attitudes (using
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>; place structures (using
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>; tenses and modals (using
@@ -548,21 +548,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.</para>
<para>Questions can be marked by placing
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/> for details.</para>
<para>The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to questions is:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked arguments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterances</primary><secondary>non-bridi</secondary></indexterm> any number of sumti (with elidable terminator
- <quote>vau</quote>, see
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a number, or any mathematical expression placed in parentheses (see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>)</para>
</listitem>
@@ -576,22 +576,22 @@
<para>a relative clause (to modify some previously expressed sumti, see
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a prenex/topic (to modify some previously expressed bridi, see
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>linked arguments (beginning with
- <quote>be</quote> or
- <quote>bei</quote> and attached to some previously expressed selbri, often in a description,see
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> and attached to some previously expressed selbri, often in a description,see
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>At the beginning of a text, the following non-bridi are also permitted:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>one or more names (to indicate direct address without
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>)</para>
@@ -601,47 +601,47 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these are made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversation, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely because most of them are vague.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-subscripts">
<title>Subscripts: XI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
<selmaho>XI</selmaho>
<description>subscript</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripting</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>xi</quote> (of selma'o XI) indicates that a subscript (a number, a lerfu string, or a parenthesized mekso) follows. Subscripts can be attached to almost any construction and are placed following the construction (or its terminator word, which is generally required). They are useful either to extend the finite cmavo list to infinite length, or to make more refined distinctions than the standard cmavo list permits. The remainder of this section mentions some places where subscripts might naturally be used.</para>
+ <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI) indicates that a subscript (a number, a lerfu string, or a parenthesized mekso) follows. Subscripts can be attached to almost any construction and are placed following the construction (or its terminator word, which is generally required). They are useful either to extend the finite cmavo list to infinite length, or to make more refined distinctions than the standard cmavo list permits. The remainder of this section mentions some places where subscripts might naturally be used.</para>
<para>Lojban gismu have at most five places:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GuYz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu klama le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Consequently, selma'o SE (which operates on a selbri to change the order of its places) and selma'o FA (which provides place number tags for individual sumti) have only enough members to handle up to five places. Conversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GuYz"/>, using
- <quote>xe</quote> to swap the x1 and x5 places, would produce:</para>
+ <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> to swap the x1 and x5 places, would produce:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QPGC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce cu xe klama le zarci le zdani le dargu mi</jbo>
<gloss>The car is-a-transportation-means to-the market from-the house via-the road for-me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>And reordering of the place structures might produce:</para>
@@ -651,21 +651,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo le dargu fi le zdani fa mi fe le zarci fu le karce cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, I, to the market, using-the car, go.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GuYz"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PaKo"/> all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo
<jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase>, formed by applying the abstraction operator
- <quote>nu</quote> to
+ <jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> to
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sMPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'edi'u cu nunkla</jbo>
<gloss>mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</gloss>
<gloss>The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going</gloss>
@@ -698,26 +698,26 @@
<jbo>fu le dargu fo le zdani fe mi fa la'edi'u</jbo>
<gloss>fi le zarci faxixa le karce cu nunkla</gloss>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, by me, the-referent-of-the-last-sentence,</gloss>
<gloss>to the market, using the car, is-an-event-of-going.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EW1n"/> also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
- <quote>sexixa</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>faxixa</jbophrase> without change of meaning:
- <quote>vexixa</quote> means the same thing as
- <quote>sexixa</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>vexixa</jbophrase> means the same thing as
+ <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series</primary><secondary>after tenth</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da-series</primary><secondary>after third</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Lojban provides two groups of pro-sumti, both belonging to selma'o KOhA. The ko'a-series cmavo are used to refer to explicitly specified sumti to which they have been bound using
- <quote>goi</quote>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>.) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo and 3 da-series cmavo available.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DA selma'o</primary></indexterm> If more are required, any cmavo of the ko'a-series or the da-series can be subscripted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bday">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>daxivo</jbo>
<en>X sub 4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -728,62 +728,62 @@
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'ixipaso</jbo>
<gloss>something-3 sub 18</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the 18th free variable of the 3rd sequence of the ko'a-series. This convention allows 10 sequences of ko'a-type pro-sumti and 3 sequences of da-type pro-sumti, each with as many members as needed. Note that
<jbophrase>daxivo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>dexivo</jbophrase> are considered to be distinct pro-sumti, unlike the situation with
- <quote>sexixa</quote> and
- <quote>vexixa</quote> above. Exactly similar treatment can be given to the bu'a-series of selma'o GOhA and to the gismu pro-bridi
+ <jbophrase>sexixa</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>vexixa</jbophrase> above. Exactly similar treatment can be given to the bu'a-series of selma'o GOhA and to the gismu pro-bridi
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>brode</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on lerfu words are used in the standard mathematical way to extend the number of variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wez6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixipa du li xy.boixire su'i xy.boixici</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-1 equals the-number x-sub-2 plus x-sub-3</gloss>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and can be used to extend the number of pro-sumti as well, since lerfu strings outside mathematical contexts are grammatically and semantically equivalent to pro-sumti of the ko'a-series. (In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wez6"/>, note the required terminator
- <quote>boi</quote> after each
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> after each
<jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> cmavo; this terminator allows the subscript to be attached without ambiguity.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and names</secondary></indexterm> Names, which are similar to pro-sumti, can also be subscripted to distinguish two individuals with the same name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tW4J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. xipa cusku lu mi'enai do li'u la djan. xire</jbo>
<en>John</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and tense</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts on tenses allow talking about more than one time or place that is described by the same general cmavo. For example,
<jbophrase>puxipa</jbophrase> could refer to one point in the past, and
<jbophrase>puxire</jbophrase> a second point (earlier or later).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and fuzzy truths</secondary></indexterm> You can place a subscript on the word
<jbophrase>ja'a</jbophrase>, the bridi affirmative of selma'o NA, to express so-called fuzzy truths. The usual machinery for fuzzy logic (statements whose truth value is not merely
<quote>true</quote> or
<quote>false</quote>, but is expressed by a number in the range 0 to 1) in Lojban is the abstractor
- <quote>jei</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>jei</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NGGv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu jei mi ganra</jbo>
<gloss>The-number .5 is-the-truth-value-of my being-broad.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>However, by convention we can attach a subscript to
@@ -792,26 +792,26 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xpiI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ja'a xipimu ganra</jbo>
<gloss>I truly-sub-.5 am-broad</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>and paragraph separators</secondary></indexterm> Finally, as mentioned in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2"/>,
+ <xref linkend="section-i"/>,
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> cmavo with matching subscripts mark the start and the continuation of a given topic respectively. Different topics can be assigned to different subscripts.</para>
<para>Other uses of subscripts will doubtless be devised in future.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-utterance-ordinals">
<title>Utterance ordinals: MAI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mai</cmavo>
<selmaho>MAI</selmaho>
<description>utterance ordinal, -thly</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -820,22 +820,22 @@
<selmaho>MAI</selmaho>
<description>higher order utterance ordinal</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mai</primary></indexterm> Numerical free modifiers, corresponding to English
<quote>firstly</quote>,
<quote>secondly</quote>, and so on, can be created by suffixing
- <quote>mai</quote> or
- <quote>mo'o</quote> of selma'o MAI to a number or a lerfu string. Here are some examples:</para>
+ <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MAI to a number or a lerfu string. Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ymMz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama pamai le zarci .e remai le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to (firstly) the store and (secondly) the house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -843,31 +843,31 @@
<para>Any of the Lojban numbers can be used with MAI:
<jbophrase>romai</jbophrase>, for example, means
<quote>all-thly</quote> or
<quote>lastly</quote>. Likewise, if you are enumerating a long list and have forgotten which number is wanted next, you can say
<jbophrase>ny.mai</jbophrase>, or
<quote>Nthly</quote>.</para>
<para>The difference between
- <quote>mai</quote> and
- <quote>mo'o</quote> is that
- <quote>mo'o</quote> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text;
- <quote>mai</quote> was designed for lists of numbered items, whereas
+ <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> is that
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text;
+ <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> was designed for lists of numbered items, whereas
- <quote>mo'o</quote> was intended to subdivide structured works. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, it might number each section with
- <quote>mo'o</quote>: this section would then be introduced with
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> was intended to subdivide structured works. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, it might number each section with
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase>: this section would then be introduced with
<jbophrase>zemo'o</jbophrase>, or
<quote>Section 7.</quote></para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-attitudinal-scope">
<title>Attitude scope markers: FUhE/FUhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fu'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>FUhE</selmaho>
<description>open attitudinal scope</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -930,54 +930,54 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[.i] .ia mi viska le blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>[belief] I see the blue house.</gloss>
<en>I believe I see a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or to an explicit
- <quote>vau</quote> placed at the end of a bridi.</para>
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> placed at the end of a bridi.</para>
<para>Likewise, an attitudinal meant to cover a whole paragraph can be attached to
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase>. An attitudinal at the beginning of a text applies to the whole text.</para>
<para>However, sometimes it is necessary to be more specific about the range of one or more attitudinals, particularly if the range crosses the boundaries of standard Lojban syntactic constructions. The cmavo
- <quote>fu'e</quote> (of selma'o FUhE) and
+ <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o FUhE) and
<jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o FUhO) provide explicit scope markers. Placing
- <quote>fu'e</quote> in front of an attitudinal disconnects it from what precedes it, and instead says that it applies to all following words until further notice. The notice is given by
+ <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase> in front of an attitudinal disconnects it from what precedes it, and instead says that it applies to all following words until further notice. The notice is given by
<jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase>, which can appear anywhere and cancels all in-force attitudinals. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0vML">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse</jbo>
<gloss>I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor</gloss>
<en>I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, only the
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> portion of the three-part tanru
<jbophrase>blanu zdani ponse</jbophrase> is marked as a belief of the speaker. Naturally, the attitudinal scope markers do not affect the rules for interpreting multi-part tanru:
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> groups first because tanru group from left to right unless overridden with
- <quote>ke</quote> or
- <quote>bo</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Other attitudinals of more local scope can appear after attitudinals marked by FUhE; these attitudinals are added to the globally active attitudinals rather than superseding them.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-quotations">
<title>Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu</cmavo>
<selmaho>LU</selmaho>
<description>begin quotation</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>li'u</cmavo>
@@ -1006,67 +1006,67 @@
<gloss>I [past] express [quote] I-am John [unquote]</gloss>
<en>I said,
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But in fact there are four different flavors of quotation in the language, involving six cmavo of six different selma'o. This being the case, quotation deserves some elaboration.</para>
<para>The simplest kind of quotation, exhibited in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6SBj"/>, uses the cmavo
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> (of selma'o LU) as the opening quotation mark, and the cmavo
- <quote>li'u</quote> (of selma'o LIhU) as the closing quotation mark. The text between
+ <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o LIhU) as the closing quotation mark. The text between
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and
- <quote>li'u</quote> must be a valid, parseable Lojban text. If the quotation is ungrammatical, so is the surrounding expression. The cmavo
- <quote>li'u</quote> is technically an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to elide it except at the end of text.</para>
+ <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase> must be a valid, parseable Lojban text. If the quotation is ungrammatical, so is the surrounding expression. The cmavo
+ <jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase> is technically an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to elide it except at the end of text.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <quote>lo'u</quote> (of selma'o LOhU) and
- <quote>le'u</quote> (of selma'o LEhU) are used to surround a quotation that is not necessarily grammatical Lojban. However, the text must consist of morphologically correct Lojban words (as defined in
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o LOhU) and
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o LEhU) are used to surround a quotation that is not necessarily grammatical Lojban. However, the text must consist of morphologically correct Lojban words (as defined in
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>), so that the
- <quote>le'u</quote> can be picked out reliably. The words need not be meaningful, but they must be recognizable as cmavo, brivla, or cmene. Quotation with
- <quote>lo'u</quote> is essential to quoting ungrammatical Lojban for teaching in the language, the equivalent of the * that is used in English to mark such errors:</para>
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> can be picked out reliably. The words need not be meaningful, but they must be recognizable as cmavo, brivla, or cmene. Quotation with
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> is essential to quoting ungrammatical Lojban for teaching in the language, the equivalent of the * that is used in English to mark such errors:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IUz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'u mi du do du la djan. le'u na tergerna la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] mi du do du la djan. [unquote] is-not a-grammatical-structure in Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IUz8"/> is grammatical even though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation can quote fragments of a text which themselves do not constitute grammatical utterances:</para>
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation can quote fragments of a text which themselves do not constitute grammatical utterances:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EXeq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu le mlatu cu viska le finpe li'u zo'u lo'u viska le le'u</jbo>
<gloss>cu selbasti .ei lo'u viska lo le'u</gloss>
<gloss>[quote] le mlatu cu viska le finpe [unquote] : [quote] viska le [unquote]</gloss>
<gloss>is-replaced-by [obligation!] [quote] viska lo [unquote].</gloss>
<en>In the sentence
<jbophrase>le mlatu viska le finpe</jbophrase>,
- <quote>viska le</quote> should be replaced by
- <quote>viska lo</quote>.</en>
+ <jbophrase>viska le</jbophrase> should be replaced by
+ <jbophrase>viska lo</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the topic-comment formulation (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4"/>) and the indicator applying to the selbri only (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8"/>). Neither
- <quote>viska le</quote> nor
- <quote>viska lo</quote> is a valid Lojban utterance, and both require
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-topic-comments"/>) and the indicator applying to the selbri only (
+ <xref linkend="section-attitudinal-scope"/>). Neither
+ <jbophrase>viska le</jbophrase> nor
+ <jbophrase>viska lo</jbophrase> is a valid Lojban utterance, and both require
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation.</para>
<para>Additionally, pro-sumti or pro-bridi in the quoting sentence can refer to words appearing in the quoted sentence when
- <quote>lu ... li'u</quote> is used, but not when
+ <jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> is used, but not when
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-x8XL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la tcarlis. cusku lu le ninmu cu morsi li'u</jbo>
<gloss>.iku'i ri jmive</gloss>
<gloss>Charlie says [quote] the woman is-dead [unquote].</gloss>
<gloss>However, the-last-mentioned is-alive.</gloss>
@@ -1095,36 +1095,36 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hvhb"/>,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cannot refer to the referent of the alleged sumti
<jbophrase>le ninmu</jbophrase>, because
<jbophrase>le ninmu cu morsi</jbophrase> is a mere uninterpreted sequence of Lojban words. Instead,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> ends up referring to the referent of the sumti
<jbophrase>la tcarlis.</jbophrase>, and so it is Charlie who is alive.</para>
<para>The metalinguistic erasers
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <quote>sa</quote>, and
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13"/>, do not operate in text between
- <quote>lo'u</quote> and
- <quote>le'u</quote>. Since the first
- <quote>le'u</quote> terminates a
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation, it is not directly possible to have a
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation within another
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation. However, it is possible for a
- <quote>le'u</quote> to occur within a
+ <xref linkend="section-erasure"/>, do not operate in text between
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase>. Since the first
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> terminates a
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation, it is not directly possible to have a
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation within another
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation. However, it is possible for a
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> to occur within a
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> quotation by preceding it with the cmavo
- <quote>zo</quote>, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10"/>. Note that
- <quote>le'u</quote> is not an elidable terminator; it is required.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, discussed in
+ <xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>. Note that
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is not an elidable terminator; it is required.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-more-quotations">
<title>More on quotations: ZO, ZOI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zo</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZO</selmaho>
<description>quote single word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zoi</cmavo>
@@ -1132,131 +1132,131 @@
<description>non-Lojban quotation</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZOI</selmaho>
<description>non-Lojban name</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo
- <quote>zo</quote> (of selma'o ZO) is a strong quotation mark for the single following word, which can be any Lojban word whatsoever. Among other uses,
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZO) is a strong quotation mark for the single following word, which can be any Lojban word whatsoever. Among other uses,
- <quote>zo</quote> allows a metalinguistic word to be referenced without having it act on the surrounding text. The word must be a morphologically legal (but not necessarily meaningful) single Lojban word; compound cmavo are not permitted. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> allows a metalinguistic word to be referenced without having it act on the surrounding text. The word must be a morphologically legal (but not necessarily meaningful) single Lojban word; compound cmavo are not permitted. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qxjF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo si cu lojbo valsi</jbo>
<en>
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is a Lojbanic word.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
- <quote>zo</quote> acts on a single word only, there is no corresponding terminator. Brevity, then, is a great advantage of
- <quote>zo</quote>, since the terminators for other kinds of quotation are rarely or never elidable.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> acts on a single word only, there is no corresponding terminator. Brevity, then, is a great advantage of
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, since the terminators for other kinds of quotation are rarely or never elidable.</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <quote>zoi</quote> (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting non-Lojban text. Its syntax is
- <quote>zoi X. text .X</quote>, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:</para>
+ <jbophrase>zoi X. text .X</jbophrase>, where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wYzm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra</jbo>
<en>
<quote>John is a man</quote> is an English sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> stands for
<jbophrase>glico</jbophrase>. Other popular choices of delimiting words are
<jbophrase>.kuot.</jbophrase>, a Lojban name which sounds like the English word
<quote>quote</quote>, and the word
- <quote>zoi</quote> itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.</para>
<para>Within written text, the Lojban written word used as a delimiting word may not appear, whereas within spoken text, the sound of the delimiting word may not be uttered. This leads to occasional breakdowns of audio-visual isomorphism:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIsv"/> is fine in speech but ungrammatical as written, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIsx"/> is correct when written but ungrammatical in speech.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIsv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi gy. gyrations .gy.</jbo>
+ <jbo>mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi gy. gyrations .gy.</jbo>
<en>I know about the word which-is
<quote>gyrations</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIsx" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi jai. gyrations .jai</jbo>
+ <jbo>mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi jai. gyrations .jai</jbo>
<en>I know about the word which-is
<quote>gyrations</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The text
<jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> appears in the written word
<quote>gyrations</quote>, whereas the sound represented in Lojban by
- <quote>jai</quote> appears in the spoken word
+ <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> appears in the spoken word
<quote>gyrations</quote>. Such borderline cases should be avoided as a matter of good style.</para>
<para>It should be noted particularly that
- <quote>zoi</quote> quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and
- <quote>zoi</quote> quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Eeya">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zoi ry. sku .ry. cu rafsi zo cusku</jbo>
<en>
- <quote>sku</quote> is a rafsi of
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">sku</jbophrase> is a rafsi of
<jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(A minor note on interaction between
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> and
- <quote>zoi</quote>: The text between
- <quote>lo'u</quote> and
- <quote>le'u</quote> should consist of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form of a
- <quote>zoi</quote> quotation may also appear. However, if the word
- <quote>le'u</quote> is used either as the delimiting word for the
- <quote>zoi</quote> quotation, or within the quotation itself, the outer
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation will be prematurely terminated. Therefore,
- <quote>le'u</quote> should be avoided as the delimiting word in any
- <quote>zoi</quote> quotation.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>: The text between
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> should consist of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form of a
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation may also appear. However, if the word
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is used either as the delimiting word for the
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation, or within the quotation itself, the outer
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation will be prematurely terminated. Therefore,
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> should be avoided as the delimiting word in any
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation.)</para>
<para>Lojban strictly avoids any confusion between things and the names of things:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-56m5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the-one-named Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/>,
<jbophrase>zo .bab.</jbophrase> is the word, whereas
<jbophrase>la bab.</jbophrase> is the thing named by the word. The cmavo
- <quote>la'e</quote> and
- <quote>lu'e</quote> (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth between references and their referents:</para>
+ <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth between references and their referents:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qITB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab.</jbo>
<en>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word
<quote>Bob</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1281,119 +1281,113 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>Bob is the name of Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.</para>
<para>(In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-56m5"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qITB"/>, the name
<jbophrase>bab.</jbophrase> was separated from a preceding
- <quote>zo</quote> by a pause, thus:
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> by a pause, thus:
<jbophrase>zo .bab.</jbophrase>. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than
- <quote>la</quote>,
- <quote>lai</quote>,
- <quote>la'i</quote> (all of selma'o LA) and
+ <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase> (all of selma'o LA) and
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a name: of these,
- <quote>zo</quote> is one of the most common.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> is one of the most common.)</para>
<para>The cmavo
- <quote>la'o</quote> also belongs to selma'o ZOI, and is mentioned here for completeness, although it does not signal the beginning of a quotation. Instead,
- <quote>la'o</quote> serves to mark non-Lojban names, especially the Linnaean binomial names (such as
+ <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> also belongs to selma'o ZOI, and is mentioned here for completeness, although it does not signal the beginning of a quotation. Instead,
+ <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> serves to mark non-Lojban names, especially the Linnaean binomial names (such as
<quote>Homo sapiens</quote>) which are the internationally standardized names for species of animals and plants. Internationally known names which can more easily be recognized by spelling rather than pronunciation, such as
<quote>Goethe</quote>, can also appear in Lojban text with
- <quote>la'o</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sn3u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'o dy. Goethe .dy. cu me la'o ly. Homo sapiens .ly.</jbo>
<en>Goethe is a Homo sapiens.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using
- <quote>la'o</quote> for all names rather than Lojbanizing, however, makes for very cumbersome text. A rough equivalent of
+ <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> for all names rather than Lojbanizing, however, makes for very cumbersome text. A rough equivalent of
- <quote>la'o</quote> might be
- <quote>la me zoi</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase> might be
+ <jbophrase>la me zoi</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-bahe">
<title>Contrastive emphasis: BAhE</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ba'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAhE</selmaho>
<description>emphasize next word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>za'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAhE</selmaho>
<description>next word is nonce</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>English often uses strong stress on a word to single it out for contrastive emphasis, thus</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iW4P">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-iW4P">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I saw George.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>I saw George.</para>
</example>
<para>is quite different from</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GSTL">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-GSTL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I saw</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>I saw <emphasis>George</emphasis>.</para>
</example>
<para>The heavy stress on
<quote>
<emphasis>George</emphasis>
</quote> (represented in writing by
<emphasis>italics</emphasis>) indicates that I saw George rather than someone else. Lojban does not use stress in this way: stress is used only to help separate words (because every brivla is stressed on the penultimate syllable) and in names to match other languages' stress patterns. Note that many other languages do not use stress in this way either; typically word order is rearranged, producing something like</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-E8mx">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-E8mx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d3"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>It was George whom I saw.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>It was George whom I saw.</para>
</example>
<para>In Lojban, the cmavo
- <quote>ba'e</quote> (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word which is to be emphasized:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAhE) precedes a single word which is to be emphasized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8SVn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la ba'e .djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the-one-named [emphasis]
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
<en>I saw</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the pause before the name
- <quote>djordj.</quote>, which serves to separate it unambiguously from the
- <quote>ba'e</quote>. Alternatively, the
- <quote>ba'e</quote> can be moved to a position before the
- <quote>la</quote>, which in effect emphasizes the whole construct
- <quote>la djordj.</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>djordj.</jbophrase>, which serves to separate it unambiguously from the
+ <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase>. Alternatively, the
+ <jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase> can be moved to a position before the
+ <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which in effect emphasizes the whole construct
+ <jbophrase>la djordj.</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ud6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska ba'e la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>I saw [emphasis] the-one-named
<quote>George</quote>.</gloss>
<en>I saw</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1413,42 +1407,42 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba'e viska la djordj.</jbo>
<en>I saw (not heard or smelled) George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Emphasis on one of the structural components of a Lojban bridi can also be achieved by rearranging it into an order that is not the speaker's or writer's usual order. Any sumti moved out of place, or the selbri when moved out of place, is emphatic to some degree.</para>
<para>For completeness, the cmavo
- <quote>za'e</quote> should be mentioned, also of selma'o BAhE. It marks a word as possibly irregular, non-standard, or nonce (created for the occasion):</para>
+ <jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> should be mentioned, also of selma'o BAhE. It marks a word as possibly irregular, non-standard, or nonce (created for the occasion):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XtRW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la za'e. .albeinias</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to so-called Albania</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>marks a Lojbanization of an English name, where a more appropriate standard form might be something like
<jbophrase>la ctiipyris.</jbophrase>, reflecting the country's name in Albanian.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unabridged dictionary</primary></indexterm> Before a lujvo or fu'ivla,
- <quote>za'e</quote> indicates that the word has been made up on the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged dictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!).</para>
+ <jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase> indicates that the word has been made up on the spot and may be used in a sense that is not found in the unabridged dictionary (when we have an unabridged dictionary!).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-parentheses">
<title>Parenthesis and metalinguistic commentary: TO, TOI, SEI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>to</cmavo>
<selmaho>TO</selmaho>
<description>open parenthesis</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -1462,111 +1456,110 @@
<description>close parenthesis</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sei</cmavo>
<selmaho>SEI</selmaho>
<description>metalinguistic bridi marker</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>toi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>to</jbophrase> and
- <quote>toi</quote> are discursive (non-mathematical) parentheses, for inserting parenthetical remarks. Any text whatsoever can go within the parentheses, and it is completely invisible to its context. It can, however, refer to the context by the use of pro-sumti and pro-bridi: any that have been assigned in the context are still assigned in the parenthetical remarks, but the reverse is not true.</para>
+ <jbophrase>toi</jbophrase> are discursive (non-mathematical) parentheses, for inserting parenthetical remarks. Any text whatsoever can go within the parentheses, and it is completely invisible to its context. It can, however, refer to the context by the use of pro-sumti and pro-bridi: any that have been assigned in the context are still assigned in the parenthetical remarks, but the reverse is not true.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FHJi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>O Lisa, I desire the event-of (O Frank, [imperative] stop!) you see the cat.</gloss>
<en>Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FHJi"/> implicitly redefines
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> within the parentheses: the listener is changed by
<jbophrase>doi frank.</jbophrase> When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial commentary</primary></indexterm> There is another cmavo of selma'o TO:
<jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase>. The difference between
<jbophrase>to</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>to'i</jbophrase> is the difference between parentheses and square brackets in English prose. Remarks within
- <quote>to ... toi</quote> cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, whereas remarks within
- <quote>to'i ... toi</quote> are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an editor:</para>
+ <jbophrase>to ... toi</jbophrase> cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, whereas remarks within
+ <jbophrase>to'i ... toi</jbophrase> are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an editor:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hXIi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. cusku lu mi prami do to'isa'a do du la djein. toi li'u</jbo>
- <en>Frank expresses
- <quote>I love you [you = Jane]</quote></en>
+ <gloss>Frank expresses <quote>I love you [you = Jane]</quote></gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>editorial insertion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bracketed remark</primary></indexterm> The
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> suffix is a discursive cmavo (of selma'o UI) meaning
<quote>editorial insertion</quote>, and indicating that the marked word or construct (in this case, the entire bracketed remark) is not part of the quotation. It is required whenever the
- <quote>to'i ... toi</quote> remark is physically within quotation marks, at least when speaking to literal-minded listeners; the convention may be relaxed if no actual confusion results.</para>
+ <jbophrase>to'i ... toi</jbophrase> remark is physically within quotation marks, at least when speaking to literal-minded listeners; the convention may be relaxed if no actual confusion results.</para>
<para>Note: The parser believes that parentheses are attached to the previous word or construct, because it treats them as syntactic equivalents of subscripts and other such so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote>. Semantically, however, parenthetical remarks are not necessarily attached either to what precedes them or what follows them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic comment</primary><secondary>with embedded discursive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>embedded</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>embedded discursive</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>sei</quote> (of selma'o SEI) begins an embedded discursive bridi. Comments added with
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEI) begins an embedded discursive bridi. Comments added with
- <quote>sei</quote> are called
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> are called
<quote>metalinguistic</quote>, because they are comments about the discourse itself rather than about the subject matter of the discourse. This sense of the term
<quote>metalinguistic</quote> is used throughout this chapter, and is not to be confused with the sense
<quote>language for expressing other languages</quote>.</para>
<para>When marked with
- <quote>sei</quote>, a metalinguistic utterance can be embedded in another utterance as a discursive. In this way, discursives which do not have cmavo assigned in selma'o UI can be expressed:</para>
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, a metalinguistic utterance can be embedded in another utterance as a discursive. In this way, discursives which do not have cmavo assigned in selma'o UI can be expressed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jA1T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei la frank. gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (Frank is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using the happiness attitudinal,
- <jbophrase>.ui</jbophrase>, would imply that the speaker was happy. Instead, the speaker attributes happiness to Frank. It would probably be safe to elide the one who is happy, and say:</para>
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase>, would imply that the speaker was happy. Instead, the speaker attributes happiness to Frank. It would probably be safe to elide the one who is happy, and say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vago">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The grammar of the bridi following
- <quote>sei</quote> has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with
- <quote>be</quote> and
- <quote>bei</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Susan</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sz7v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki be fa la suzn. la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (Susan is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This restriction allows the terminator cmavo
- <quote>se'u</quote> to almost always be elided.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> to almost always be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>and discursive utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>and discursive utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic levels or reference</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic levels</primary></indexterm> Since a discursive utterance is working at a
<quote>higher</quote> level of abstraction than a non-discursive utterance, a non-discursive utterance cannot refer to a discursive utterance. Specifically, the various back-counting, reciprocal, and reflexive constructs in selma'o KOhA ignore the utterances at
<quote>higher</quote> metalinguistic levels in determining their referent. It is possible, and sometimes necessary, to refer to lower metalinguistic levels. For example, the English
<quote>he said</quote> in a conversation is metalinguistic. For this purpose, quotations are considered to be at a lower metalinguistic level than the surrounding context (a quoted text cannot refer to the statements of the one who quotes it), whereas parenthetical remarks are considered to be at a higher level than the context.</para>
<para>Lojban works differently from English in that the
<quote>he said</quote> can be marked instead of the quotation. In Lojban, you can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DY0u">
<title>
@@ -1614,30 +1607,30 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu mi klama seisa'a la djan cusku le zarci</jbo>
<en>
<quote>I go</quote>, John said,
<quote>to the store</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> following each
- <quote>sei</quote>, marking the
- <quote>sei</quote> and its attached bridi as an editorial insert, not part of the quotation. In a more relaxed style, these
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, marking the
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> and its attached bridi as an editorial insert, not part of the quotation. In a more relaxed style, these
<jbophrase>sa'a</jbophrase> cmavo would probably be dropped.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'u</primary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for
- <quote>sei</quote> is
- <quote>se'u</quote> (of selma'o SEhU); it is rarely needed, except to separate a selbri within the
- <quote>sei</quote> comment from an immediately following selbri (or component) outside the comment.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> is
+ <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o SEhU); it is rarely needed, except to separate a selbri within the
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase> comment from an immediately following selbri (or component) outside the comment.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-erasure">
<title>Erasure: SI, SA, SU</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>si</cmavo>
<selmaho>SI</selmaho>
<description>erase word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sa</cmavo>
@@ -1667,130 +1660,130 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rjyy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani si si xekri zdani</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue house, er, er, is-a-black house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>zo</secondary></indexterm> In order to erase the word
- <quote>zo</quote>, it is necessary to use three
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, it is necessary to use three
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo in a row:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zSQi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. se cmene zo si si si la bab.</jbo>
<en>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the word
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>, er, er, Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first use of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> does not erase anything, but completes the
- <quote>zo</quote> quotation. Two more
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation. Two more
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are then necessary to erase the first
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> and the
- <quote>zo</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Incorrect names can likewise cause trouble with
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>names</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s7V6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton.</jbo>
<en>I talk in-language that-named
<quote>and</quote>
<quote>speranto</quote>, er, er, Esperanto.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The Lojbanized spelling
<quote>.esperanto</quote> breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>) into two Lojban words, the cmavo
<jbophrase>.e</jbophrase> and the undefined fu'ivla
<quote>speranto</quote>. Therefore, two
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course,
- <quote>.e speranto</quote> is not grammatical after
- <quote>la</quote>, but recognition of
+ <jbophrase>.e speranto</jbophrase> is not grammatical after
+ <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, but recognition of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is done before grammatical analysis.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>quotes</secondary></indexterm> Even more messy is the result of an incorrect
- <quote>zoi</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zoWF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi fy. gy. .fy. si si si si zo .djan</jbo>
<en>I express [foreign] [quote]
<jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> [unquote], er, er, er, er,
<quote>John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zoWF"/>, the first
<jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and
<jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the Lojban name for the letter
- <jbophrase>g</jbophrase>, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotation mark must be erased with
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation mark must be erased with
<jbophrase>fy. le'u si si si</jbophrase>, by completing the quotation and then erasing it all with three
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo.</para>
<para>What if less than the entire
- <quote>zo</quote> or
- <quote>zoi</quote> construct is erased? The result is something which has a loose
- <quote>zo</quote> or
- <quote>zoi</quote> in it, without its expected sequels, and which is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by
- <quote>zo</quote>, it turns out to be necessary to erase the
- <quote>zo</quote> as well:</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> construct is erased? The result is something which has a loose
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> in it, without its expected sequels, and which is incurably ungrammatical. Thus, to erase just the word quoted by
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, it turns out to be necessary to erase the
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> as well:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FzoX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se cmene zo .djan. si si zo .djordj.</jbo>
<en>I am-named-by the-word
<quote>John</quote>, er, er, the-word
<quote>George</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The parser will reject
- <quote>zo .djan. si .djordj.</quote>, because in that context
- <quote>djordj.</quote> is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo .djan. si .djordj.</jbophrase>, because in that context
+ <jbophrase>djordj.</jbophrase> is a name (of selma'o CMENE) rather than a quoted word.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>multiple word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precise erasures</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>starting marker</primary></indexterm> As the above examples plainly show, precise erasures with
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> can be extremely hard to get right. Therefore, the cmavo
- <quote>sa</quote> (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more than one word. The cmavo following
- <quote>sa</quote> should be the starting marker of some grammatical construct. The effect of the
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> (of selma'o SA) is provided for erasing more than one word. The cmavo following
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> should be the starting marker of some grammatical construct. The effect of the
- <quote>sa</quote> is to erase back to and including the last starting marker of the same kind. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is to erase back to and including the last starting marker of the same kind. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YdX7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le sa .i mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
<en>I see the ... I say the-word
<quote>John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the word following
- <quote>sa</quote> is
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>, the sentence separator, its effect is to erase the preceding sentence. So
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YdX7"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JJmn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1800,188 +1793,188 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu zdan. sa le xekri zdani</jbo>
<en>I see the blue hou ... the black house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-SszI"/>,
- <quote>le blanu zdan.</quote> is ungrammatical, but clearly reflects the speaker's original intention to say
+ <jbophrase>le blanu zdan.</jbophrase> is ungrammatical, but clearly reflects the speaker's original intention to say
<jbophrase>le blanu zdani</jbophrase>. However, the
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> was cut off before the end and changed into a name. The entire ungrammatical
- <quote>le</quote> construct is erased and replaced by
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> construct is erased and replaced by
<jbophrase>le xekri zdani</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement
- <quote>sa</quote> erasure. Getting
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erasure. Getting
- <quote>sa</quote> right is even more difficult (for a computer) than getting
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> right is even more difficult (for a computer) than getting
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> right, as the behavior of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> is defined in terms of words rather than in terms of grammatical constructs (possibly incorrect ones) and words are conceptually simpler entities. On the other hand,
- <quote>sa</quote> is generally easier for human beings, because the rules for using it correctly are less finicky.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> is generally easier for human beings, because the rules for using it correctly are less finicky.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>erasure</primary><secondary>total</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple speakers</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> (of selma'o SU) is yet another metalinguistic operator that erases the entire text. However, if the text involves multiple speakers, then
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> will only erase the remarks made by the one who said it, unless that speaker has said nothing. Therefore
- <quote>susu</quote> is needed to eradicate a whole discussion in conversation.</para>
+ <jbophrase>susu</jbophrase> is needed to eradicate a whole discussion in conversation.</para>
<para>Note: The current machine parser does not implement either
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> or
- <quote>susu</quote> erasure.</para>
+ <jbophrase>susu</jbophrase> erasure.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-hesitation">
<title>Hesitation: Y</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.y.</cmavo>
<selmaho>Y</selmaho>
<description>hesitation noise</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>Y selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.y</primary></indexterm> Speakers often need to hesitate to think of what to say next or for some extra-linguistic reason. There are two ways to hesitate in Lojban: to pause between words (that is, to say nothing) or to use the cmavo
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> (of selma'o Y). This resembles in sound the English hesitation noise written
<quote>uh</quote> (or
<quote>er</quote>), but differs from it in the requirement for pauses before and after. Unlike a long pause, it cannot be mistaken for having nothing more to say: it holds the floor for the speaker. Since vowel length is not significant in Lojban, the
- <jbophrase>y</jbophrase> sound can be dragged out for as long as necessary. Furthermore, the sound can be repeated, provided the required pauses are respected.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> sound can be dragged out for as long as necessary. Furthermore, the sound can be repeated, provided the required pauses are respected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hesitation sound</primary></indexterm> Since the hesitation sound in English is outside the formal language, English-speakers may question the need for a formal cmavo. Speakers of other languages, however, often hesitate by saying (or, if necessary, repeating) a word (
<quote>este</quote> in some dialects of Spanish, roughly meaning
<quote>that is</quote>), and Lojban's audio-visual isomorphism requires a written representation of all meaningful spoken behavior. Of course,
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> has no grammatical significance: it can appear anywhere at all in a Lojban sentence except in the middle of a word.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-faho">
<title>No more to say: FAhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fa'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>FAhO</selmaho>
<description>end of text</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yielding the floor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>end of file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>computer interaction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unconditional signal</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o FAhO) is the usually omitted marker for the end of a text; it can be used in computer interaction to indicate the end of input or output, or for explicitly giving up the floor during a discussion. It is outside the regular grammar, and the machine parser takes it as an unconditional signal to stop parsing unless it is quoted with
- <quote>zo</quote> or with
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or with
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase>. In particular, it is not used at the end of subordinate texts quoted with
- <quote>lu ... li'u</quote> or parenthesized with
- <quote>to ... toi</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> or parenthesized with
+ <jbophrase>to ... toi</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-cmavo-interactions">
<title>List of cmavo interactions</title>
<para>The following list gives the cmavo and selma'o that are recognized by the earliest stages of the parser, and specifies exactly which of them interact with which others. All of the cmavo are at least mentioned in this chapter. The cmavo are written in lower case, and the selma'o in UPPER CASE.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
- <quote>zo</quote> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotes the following word, no matter what it is.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erases the preceding word unless it is a
- <quote>zo</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <quote>sa</quote> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
- <quote>zo</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase> erases the preceding word and other words, unless the preceding word is a
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> is the same as
- <quote>sa</quote>, but erases more words.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, but erases more words.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <quote>lo'u</quote> quotes all following words up to a
- <quote>le'u</quote> (but not a
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotes all following words up to a
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> (but not a
<jbophrase>zo le'u</jbophrase>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <quote>le'u</quote> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.</para>
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is ungrammatical except at the end of a “lo'u quotation.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ZOI cmavo use the following word as a delimiting word, no matter what it is, but using
- <quote>le'u</quote> may create difficulties.</para>
+ <jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> may create difficulties.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <quote>zei</quote> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
- <quote>zo</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase> combines the preceding and the following word into a lujvo, but does not affect
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <quote>sa</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <quote>lo'u</quote>, ZOI cmavo,
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>, and
- <quote>zei</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>BAhE cmavo mark the following word, unless it is
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <quote>sa</quote>, or
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>, or unless it is preceded by
- <quote>zo</quote>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>. Multiple BAhE cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <quote>bu</quote> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
- <quote>zo</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> makes the preceding word into a lerfu word, except for
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <quote>sa</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <quote>lo'u</quote>, ZOI cmavo,
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI cmavo,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
- <quote>zei</quote>, BAhE cmavo, and
- <quote>bu</quote>. Multiple
- <quote>bu</quote> cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cmavo may be used in succession.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>UI and CAI cmavo mark the previous word, except for
- <quote>zo</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
- <quote>sa</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase>,
- <quote>lo'u</quote>, ZOI,
+ <jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase>, ZOI,
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase>,
- <quote>zei</quote>, BAhE cmavo, and
- <quote>bu</quote>. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succession. A following
+ <jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>, BAhE cmavo, and
+ <jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Multiple UI cmavo may be used in succession. A following
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is made part of the UI.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase>,
- <quote>fu'e</quote>, and
+ <jbophrase>fu'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>fu'o</jbophrase> are the same as UI, but do not absorb a following
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section17">
+ <section xml:id="section-elidable-terminators">
<title>List of Elidable Terminators</title>
<para>The following list shows all the elidable terminators of Lojban. The first column is the terminator, the second column is the selma'o that starts the corresponding construction, and the third column states what kinds of grammatical constructs are terminated. Each terminator is the only cmavo of its selma'o, which naturally has the same name as the cmavo.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>BE</selmaho>
<description>sumti attached to a tanru unit</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index 6a904f1..2146e9c 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@
<bridgehead> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti place</primary><secondary>additional</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="BAI"/> selma'o BAI (
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not otherwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a single place of some other selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi tavla bau la lojban.
I speak in-language Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAhE</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nonce word</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emphasis</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="BAhE"/> selma'o BAhE (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section11"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-bahe"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (one invented for the occasion).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la ba'e .djordj. klama le zarci
<emphasis>George</emphasis> goes to the store.
It is George who goes to the store.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BE"/> selma'o BE (
@@ -272,21 +272,21 @@
<xref linkend="MOhI"/>) or along which (when prefixed by
<xref linkend="VEhA"/> or
<xref linkend="VIhA"/>) the action of the bridi takes place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku
The man [left] bites the dog.
To my left, the man bites the dog.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FAhO"/> selma'o FAhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section15"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-faho"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A mechanical signal, outside the grammar, indicating that there is no more text. Useful in talking to computers.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FEhE"/> selma'o FEhE (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-fehe"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following interval modifier (using
<xref linkend="TAhE"/>,
<xref linkend="ROI"/>, or
<xref linkend="ZAhO"/>) refers to space rather than time.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni
@@ -331,34 +331,34 @@
<para>Indicates that the following mathematical expression is to be interpreted as reverse Polish (RP), a mode in which mathematical operators follow their operands.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li fu'a reboi re[boi] su'i du li vo
the-number [RP!] two, two, plus equals the-number four
2 + 2 = 4
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FUhE"/> selma'o FUhE (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-attitudinal-scope"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following indicator(s) of selma'o
<xref linkend="UI"/> affect not the preceding word, as usual, but rather all following words until a
<xref linkend="FUhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse
I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor
I see the owner of a blue house, or what I believe to be one.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FUhO"/> selma'o FUhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-attitudinal-scope"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels all indicators of selma'o
<xref linkend="UI"/> which are in effect.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse
I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor.
I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -439,21 +439,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. Takes the place of
<xref linkend="GA"/> when forming logically-connected tanru. See
<xref linkend="GI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi blanu
Alice is both rich and blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="I"/> selma'o I (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates two sentences from each other.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama le zarci .i mi klama le zdani
I go-to the market. I go-to the office.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JA"/> selma'o JA (
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives-section-six-types"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two tanru units, mathematical operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
@@ -616,42 +616,42 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or specify things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KU"/>. See
<xref linkend="LA"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zdani
The dog goes-to the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LEhU"/> selma'o LEhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the end of a quotation begun with
<xref linkend="LOhU"/>. Not an elidable terminator.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lo'u mi du do du mi le'u cu na lojbo drani
[quote] mi du do du mi [unquote] is-not Lojbanically correct.
“mi du do du mi” is not correct Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LI"/> selma'o LI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which change numbers or other mathematical expressions into sumti which specify numbers or numerical expressions. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LOhO"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li re su'u re na du li vo su'i vo
The-number 2 minus 2 not equals the-number 4 plus 4.
2 - 2 ≠ 4 + 4
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LIhU"/> selma'o LIhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LU"/>. Indicates the end of a text quotation.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LOhO"/> selma'o LOhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17"/>)</bridgehead>
@@ -659,31 +659,31 @@
<xref linkend="LI"/>. Indicates the end of a mathematical expression used in a
<xref linkend="LI"/> description.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vo lo'o li ci lo'o cu zmadu
The-number 4 [end number], the number 3 [end number], is greater.
4 > 3
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LOhU"/> selma'o LOhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical as long as the quoted material consists of Lojban words, whether they form a text or not. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
do cusku lo'u mi du do du ko'a le'u
You express [quote] mi du do du ko'a [end quote].
You said, “mi du do du ko'a”.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LU"/> selma'o LU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-quotations"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical only if the quoted material also forms a grammatical Lojban text. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LIhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LUhU"/> selma'o LUhU (
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
@@ -693,21 +693,21 @@
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e lu barda gerku li'u lu'u
I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref]
I saw “Big Dog” [not the words, but a book or movie].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MAI"/> selma'o MAI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19"/>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-introduction"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pamai mi pu klama le zarci
1-thly, I [past] go to-the market.
First, I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="MAhO"/> selma'o MAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a mathematical operator from a letter or other operand. Terminated by
@@ -823,21 +823,21 @@
li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i
ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu
The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times
quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.
Length × Width × Depth = Volume
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NIhO"/> selma'o NIhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section3"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-niho"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of a new paragraph, and indicates whether it contains old or new subject matter.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="NOI"/> selma'o NOI (
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-poi"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Introduces relative clauses. The following bridi modifies the preceding sumti. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KUhO"/>. See
<xref linkend="GOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zdani poi blanu cu cmalu
The house which is blue is small.
@@ -943,79 +943,79 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ROI"/> selma'o ROI (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once, twice, many times).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi reroi klama le zarci
I twice go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SA"/> selma'o SA (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama sa do klama le zarci
I go, er, you go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SE"/> selma'o SE (
<xref linkend="section-brivla"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zarci cu se klama mi
The market is-gone-to by me.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SEI"/> selma'o SEI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment on the main bridi. Terminated by
<xref linkend="SEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. prami sei gleki [se'u] la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SEhU"/> selma'o SEhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="SEI"/> and
<xref linkend="SOI"/>. Ends metalinguistic insertions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. prami sei gleki se'u la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SI"/> selma'o SI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous single word.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi si do klama le zarci
I, er, you go to-the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SOI"/> selma'o SOI (
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-voha-series"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like “vice versa” in English).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi prami do soi mi
I love you [reciprocally] me.
I love you and vice versa.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SU"/> selma'o SU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-erasure"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Closes and erases the entire previous discourse.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TAhE"/> selma'o TAhE (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of time or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba ta'e klama le ckule
The child habitually goes to-the school.
</programlisting>
@@ -1040,51 +1040,51 @@
<xref linkend="NIhE"/>. Marks the end of a mathematical conversion construct.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du
li jo'i voboi xaboi
The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals
the-number array( four, six).
(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TO"/> selma'o TO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu
O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat.
Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TOI"/> selma'o TOI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-parentheses"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TO"/>. The right discursive parenthesis.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu
O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat.
Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TUhE"/> selma'o TUhE (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Groups multiple sentences or paragraphs into a logical unit. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lo xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi citno .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o [tu'u]
Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old.
As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old [is best].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-i"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TUhE"/>. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="UI"/> selma'o UI (
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-introduction"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Particles which indicate the speaker’s emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ui la djan. klama
[Happiness!] John is-coming.
Hurrah! John is coming!
@@ -1122,21 +1122,21 @@
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-“n” plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
<superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VEhA"/> selma'o VEhA (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-sizes"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, medium, or short).</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VEhO"/> selma'o VEhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section5"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-questions"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="VEI"/>: right mathematical parenthesis.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du
li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa
The-number (“n” plus one) times (“n” plus one) equals
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-“n” plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
@@ -1177,21 +1177,21 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>The subscript marker: the following number or lerfu string is a subscript for whatever precedes it.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
xy. xi re
x sub 2
x
<subscript>2</subscript>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="Y"/> selma'o Y (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-hesitation"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Hesitation noise: content-free, but holds the floor or continues the conversation. It is different from silence in that silence may be interpreted as having nothing more to say.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi .y. .y. .djan
O, uh, uh, John!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZAhO"/> selma'o ZAhO (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-event-contours"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginning, ending, continuing).</para>
@@ -1233,39 +1233,39 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses-section-zihe"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Joins multiple relative phrases or clauses which apply to the same sumti. Although generally translated with “and”, it is not considered a logical connective.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ponse pa gerku ku poi blabi zi'e noi mi prami ke'a
I own one dog such-that it-is-white and such-that-incidentally I love it.
I own a dog that is white and which, incidentally, I love.
I own a white dog, which I love.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZO"/> selma'o ZO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Single-word quotation: quotes the following single Lojban word.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zo si cu lojbo valsi
The-word “si” is-a-Lojbanic word.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZOI"/> selma'o ZOI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-more-quotations"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Non-Lojban quotation: quotes any text using a delimiting word (which can be any single Lojban word) placed before and after the text. The delimiting word must not appear in the text, and must be separated from the text by pauses.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zoi kuot. Socrates is mortal .kuot. cu glico jufra
The-text “Socrates is mortal” is-an-English sentence.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZOhU"/> selma'o ZOhU (
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers-section-da-and-zohu"/>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-topic-comments"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates a logical prenex from a bridi or group of sentences to which it applies. Also separates a topic from a comment in topic/comment sentences.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
su'o da poi remna ro da poi finpe zo'u da prami de
For-at-least-one X which is-a-man, for-all Ys which are-fish : X loves Y
There is a man who loves all fish.
</programlisting>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index ed56316..58c91be 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -4,22 +4,21 @@
==================
Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a
particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it
actually is; you'll get used to it.
SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed
(like index work).
Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
-Zort: Chapters 3 to 12 (they contain FIXMEs, though, mostly about
- index stuff)
+Zort: 3 to 19 (they contain FIXMEs, though)
Matthew Walton: 3
------
Ignore Chapter 2 for now.
------
If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so:
commit 5a9f3386faa98ddf98d44db0d3f4cc522f02b1aa
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 20:24:04 2011 -0500
Chapter 18: tables and lists.
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index dd32015..3708d92 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -143,38 +143,66 @@
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section3">
<title>Signs and numerical punctuation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <xxx>
- ma'u PA positive sign
-
- ni'u PA negative sign
-
-
- pi PA decimal point
-
- fi'u PA fraction slash
-
- ra'e PA repeating decimal
-
- ce'i PA percent sign
-
-
- ki'o PA comma between digits
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>positive sign</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ni'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>negative sign</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>decimal point</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fi'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>fraction slash</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>repeating decimal</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ce'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>percent sign</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>comma between digits</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- </xxx>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive numbers</primary><secondary>explicit expression</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signed numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> A number can be given an explicit sign by the use of
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which are the positive and negative signs as distinct from the addition, subtraction, and negation operators. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6A5H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ni'u pa</jbo>
<gloss>negative-sign 1</gloss>
@@ -307,107 +335,108 @@
<jbo>pi pa ki'o pa re ki'o pa</jbo>
<gloss>point one comma one two comma one</gloss>
<math>.001012001</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4">
<title>Special numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <xxx>
- ci'i PA infinity
-
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ci'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>infinity</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ka'o PA imaginary i, sqrt(-1)
- pai PA
-<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>, pi (approx 3.14159...)
- te'o PA exponential e (approx 2.71828...)
- fi'u PA golden ratio,
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ka'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>imaginary i, sqrt(-1)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-<phrase role="IPA">Φ</phrase>, phi, (1 + sqrt(5))/2 (approx. 1.61803...)
- </xxx>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pai</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>π, pi (approx 3.14159...)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>te'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>exponential e (approx 2.71828...)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fi'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>golden ratio, Φ, phi, <inlineequation><mathphrase>(1 + sqrt(5))/2</mathphrase></inlineequation> (approx. 1.61803...)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fraction</primary><secondary>meaning with elided numerator and denominator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> The last cmavo is the same as the fraction sign cmavo: a fraction sign with neither numerator nor denominator represents the golden ratio.</para>
<para>Numbers can have any of these digit, punctuation, and special-number cmavo of Sections 2, 3, and 4 in any combination:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2U4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d1"/>
</title>
- <xxx>
-
- 4.1) ma'u ci'i
-
- +
-<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>
-
- </xxx>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>ma'u ci'i</jbo>
+ <math>+∞</math>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2VC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d2"/>
</title>
- <xxx>
-
- 4.2) ci ka'o re
-
- 3i2 (a complex number equivalent to
-<quote>3 + 2i</quote>)
- </xxx>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>ci ka'o re</jbo>
+ <en>3i2 (a complex number equivalent to <inlineequation><mathphrase>3 + 2i</mathphrase></inlineequation>) </en>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary><secondary>as special number compared with as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>ka'o</jbophrase> is both a special number (meaning
<quote>i</quote>) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number).</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d3"/>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>aleph null</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>transfinite cardinal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
- <xxx>
-
- 4.3) ci'i no
-
- infinity zero
-
-
-<phrase role="IPA">ℵ</phrase>
-<subscript>0</subscript> (a transfinite cardinal)
- </xxx>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>ci'i no</jbo>
+ <en>infinity zero</en>
+ <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>ℵ<subscript>0</subscript></mathphrase></inlineequation> (a transfinite cardinal) </en>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The special numbers
<jbophrase>pai</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>te'o</jbophrase> are mathematically important, which is why they are given their own cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k356">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d4"/>
</title>
- <xxx>
-
- 4.4) pai
- pi,
-<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>
-
- </xxx>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>pai</jbo>
+ <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>, <inlineequation><mathphrase>π</mathphrase></inlineequation> </en>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d5"/>
</title>
- <xxx>
-
- 4.5) te'o
- e
- </xxx>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>te'o</jbo>
+ <math>e </math>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical punctuation</primary><secondary>undefined</secondary></indexterm> However, many combinations are as yet undefined:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHXr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa pi re pi ci</jbo>
<math>1.2.3</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -427,32 +456,64 @@
<para>It is possible, of course, that some of these
<quote>oddities</quote> do have a meaningful use in some restricted area of mathematics. A mathematician appropriating these structures for specialized use needs to consider whether some other branch of mathematics would use the structure differently.</para>
<para>More information on numbers may be found in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8"/> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section12"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section5">
<title>Simple infix expressions and equations</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <xxx>
- du GOhA equals
- su'i VUhU plus
- vu'u VUhU minus
- pi'i VUhU times
- te'a VUhU raised to the power
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>du</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <description>equals</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>su'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>plus</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vu'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>minus</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pi'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>times</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>te'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>raised to the power</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ny. BY letter
-<quote>n</quote>
- vei VEI left parenthesis
- ve'o VEhO right parenthesis
- </xxx>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ny.</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <quote>n</quote>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vei</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VEI</selmaho>
+ <description>left parenthesis</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ve'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VEhO</selmaho>
+ <description>right parenthesis</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>1 + 1 = 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>infix</secondary></indexterm> Let us begin at the beginning: one plus one equals two. In Lojban, that sentence translates to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CUeK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa su'i pa du li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number one plus one equals the-number two.</gloss>
<math>1 + 1 = 2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -642,32 +703,68 @@
<jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> (the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: the first use of it in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/> is required, but the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, the first
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> (also marked by square brackets) is not necessary to get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the other one.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section6">
<title>Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <xxx>
- boi BOI numeral/lerfu string terminator
- va'a VUhU negation/additive inverse
- pe'o PEhO forethought flag
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>boi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BOI</selmaho>
+ <description>numeral/lerfu string terminator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>negation/additive inverse</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pe'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PEhO</selmaho>
+ <description>forethought flag</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ku'e KUhE forethought terminator
- py. BY letter <quote>p</quote>
- xy. BY letter <quote>x</quote>
- zy. BY letter <quote>z</quote>
- ma'o MAhO convert operand to operator
- fy. BY letter <quote>f</quote>
- </xxx>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ku'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KUhE</selmaho>
+ <description>forethought terminator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>py.</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>p</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>xy.</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>x</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zy.</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>z</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>MAhO</selmaho>
+ <description>convert operand to operator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fy.</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>f</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>The infix form explained so far is reasonable for many purposes, but it is limited and rigid. It works smoothly only where all operators have exactly two operands, and where precedences can either be assumed from context or are limited to just two levels, with some help from parentheses.</para>
<para>But there are many operators which do not have two operands, or which have a variable number of operands. The preferred form of expression in such cases is the use of
<quote>forethought operators</quote>, also known as Polish notation. In this style of writing mathematics, the operator comes first and the operands afterwards:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I0Bm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li su'i paboi reboi ci[boi] du li xa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number the-sum-of one two three equals the-number six.</gloss>
@@ -800,38 +897,74 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s4TW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy. mleca li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x is-less-than the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a partial list of selbri useful in mathematical bridi:</para>
- <xxx>
- du x1 is identical to x2, x3, x4, ...
- dunli x1 is equal/congruent to x2 in/on property/quality/dimension/quantity x3
-
-
- mleca x1 is less than x2
- zmadu x1 is greater than x2
- dubjavme'a x1 is less than or equal to x2 [du ja mleca, equal or less]
- dubjavmau x1 is greater than or equal to x2 [du ja zmadu, equal or greater]
- tamdu'i x1 is similar to x2 [tarmi dunli, shape-equal]
-
- turdu'i x1 is isomorphic to x2 [stura dunli, structure-equal]
-
- cmima x1 is a member of set x2
- gripau x1 is a subset of set x2 [girzu pagbu, set-part]
- na'ujbi x1 is approximately equal to x2 [namcu jibni, number-near]
- terci'e x1 is a component with function x2 of system x3
- </xxx>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>du</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is identical to x2, x3, x4, ... </place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is equal/congruent to x2 in/on property/quality/dimension/quantity x3</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is less than x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is greater than x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>dubjavme'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is less than or equal to x2 [<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>, equal or less]</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>dubjavmau</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is greater than or equal to x2 [<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> <jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>, equal or greater]</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>tamdu'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is similar to x2 [<jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, shape-equal]</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>turdu'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is isomorphic to x2 [<jbophrase>stura</jbophrase> <jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, structure-equal]</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>cmima</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is a member of set x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>gripau</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is a subset of set x2 [<jbophrase>girzu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>pagbu</jbophrase>, set-part]</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>na'ujbi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is approximately equal to x2 [<jbophrase>namcu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>jibni</jbophrase>, number-near]</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>terci'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>x1 is a component with function x2 of system x3</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para>Note the difference between
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>;
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place that specifies the kind of equality that is meant.
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> refers to actual identity, and can have any number of places:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PTmF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d2"/>
@@ -1227,31 +1360,51 @@
<quote>many</quote> in the circumstances).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>both dogs</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIBi"/> assumes a mostly monogamous culture by stating that three is
<quote>many</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section9">
<title>Approximation and inexact numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <xxx>
- ji'i PA approximately
- su'e PA at most
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ji'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>approximately</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>su'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>at most</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- su'o PA at least
- me'i PA less than
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>su'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>at least</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>me'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>less than</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- za'u PA more than
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>za'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>more than</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- </xxx>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary><secondary>effect of placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>approximate numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ji'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o PA) is used in several ways to indicate approximate or rounded numbers. If it appears at the beginning of a number, the whole number is approximate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YLcy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ji'i vo no</jbo>
<gloss>approximation four zero</gloss>
@@ -1639,23 +1792,23 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for ME</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> Lojban possesses a special category of selbri which are based on mekso. The simplest kind of such selbri are made by suffixing a member of selma'o MOI to a number. There are five members of MOI, each of which serves to create number-based selbri with specific place structures.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
x1 is a mass formed from the set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed from set</secondary></indexterm> A cardinal selbri interrelates a set with a given number of members, the mass formed from that set, and the individuals which make the set up. The mass argument is placed first as a matter of convenience, not logical necessity.</para>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ujSA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei mi ratcu cu cimei</jbo>
@@ -1679,24 +1832,23 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Pen"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to a mass,
<quote>the mass consisting of me</quote>. Personal pronouns are vague between masses, sets, and individuals.</para>
<para>However, when the number expressed before
<jbophrase role="rafsi">-mei</jbophrase> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8"/>, a slightly different place structure is required:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals of set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mei</primary><secondary>place structure formed for objective indefinites</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <xxx>
- x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3,
- measured relative to the set x4.
- </xxx>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, measured relative to the set x4.
+ </place-structure>
<para>An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GJsg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which are-in the park are a-fewsome with-respect-to the-set-of rats.</gloss>
<en>The rats in the park are a small number of all the rats there are.</en>
@@ -1723,23 +1875,23 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n52D"/>, the conversion cmavo
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
<quote>many</quote> with respect to some unspecified comparison set.</para>
<para>More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, and individuals can be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>moi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiHw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti pamoi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>This-one is the first-of the rats associated-with me.</gloss>
<en>This is my first rat.</en>
@@ -1766,59 +1918,59 @@
<gloss>I am enough-th in the movie line.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>first rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIiA"/> means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>si'e</jbophrase> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i8r4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sanmi cu fi'ucisi'e lei mi djedi cidja</jbo>
<gloss>This-here meal is-a-slash-three-portion-of my day-food.</gloss>
<en>This meal is one-third of my daily food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>one-third of food</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>values</secondary></indexterm> The number must be between 0 and 1 inclusive. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9sf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu lo sicni cu sedja'o cu pimucu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event of a coin being a head-displayer has probability .5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coin heads</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>probability .5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>va'e</jbophrase> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced fractions</primary><secondary>use in granular scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale</primary><secondary>granular contrasted with continuous</secondary></indexterm> If the scale is granular rather than continuous, a form like
<jbophrase>cifi'uxa</jbophrase> (3/6) may be used; in this case, 3/6 is not the same as 1/2, because the third position on a scale of six positions is not the same as the first position on a scale of two positions. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XiTd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi rozgu cu sofi'upanova'e xunre</jbo>
<gloss>This rose is 9/10-scale red.</gloss>
@@ -2095,24 +2247,22 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a binary operator</secondary></indexterm> Finding a suitable example of
<jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> requires exhibiting a ternary operator, and ternary operators are not common. The operator
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, however, has both a binary and a ternary use. As a binary operator, it provides a terse representation of scientific (also called
<quote>exponential</quote>) notation. The first operand of
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> is the exponent, and the second operand is the mantissa or fraction:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VjtV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li cinonoki'oki'o du</jbo>
- <gloss>li bi gei ci</gloss>
- <gloss>The-number three-zero-zero-comma-comma equals</gloss>
- <gloss>the-number eight scientific three.</gloss>
+ <jbo>li cinonoki'oki'o du li bi gei ci</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-number three-zero-zero-comma-comma equals the-number eight scientific three.</gloss>
<math>300,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 ( 10^8</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> Why are the arguments to
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zmqy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d3"/>
</title>
@@ -2167,24 +2317,22 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A mathematical vector is a list of numbers, and a mathematical matrix is a table of numbers. Lojban considers matrices to be built up out of vectors, which are in turn built up out of operands.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector indicator</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector</primary><secondary>components of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'i</primary><secondary>precedence of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector indicator</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>, the only cmavo of selma'o JOhI, is the vector indicator: it has a syntax reminiscent of a forethought operator, but has very high precedence. The components must be simple operands rather than full expressions (unless parenthesized). A vector can have any number of components;
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> is the elidable terminator. An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IVDJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du</jbo>
- <gloss>li jo'i voboi xaboi</gloss>
- <gloss>The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals</gloss>
- <gloss>the-number array (four, six).</gloss>
+ <jbo>li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du li jo'i voboi xaboi</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals the-number array (four, six).</gloss>
<math>(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with ge'a for more than 2 rows/columns</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>as combination of vectors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix column operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix row operator</primary></indexterm> Vectors can be combined into matrices using either
<jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase>, the matrix row operator, or
<jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
@@ -2324,28 +2472,48 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li cinoki'oki'o du li fu'a biboi ciboi panoboi ge'a gei</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 30-comma-comma equals the-number (RP!) 8, (3, 10, null-op), exponential-notation.</gloss>
<math>30,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <xxx>
- .abu BY letter <quote>a</quote>
- by BY letter <quote>b</quote>
- cy BY letter <quote>c</quote>
- fe'a VUhU nth root of (default square root)
- lo'o LOhO terminator for LI
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.abu</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>a</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>by</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>b</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cy</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>letter <quote>c</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fe'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>nth root of (default square root)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>lo'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>LOhO</selmaho>
+ <description>terminator for LI</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- </xxx>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operators</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e9Xi"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e9Xi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d1"/>
@@ -2411,21 +2579,21 @@
<jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number two both plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<math>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a classic example of operand logical connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6"/>
</title>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
su'i cy. du li no
gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u
fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o
fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu
If-and-only-if the-number
<quote>a</quote>-times-(
<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus
@@ -2436,27 +2604,27 @@
then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus
the-root-of (
<quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times-
<quote>a</quote>-times-
<quote>c</quote> ) ]
divided-by two-times-
<quote>a</quote>.
Iff ax
<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0,
then x = -b ±
-<phrase role="IPA">√</phrase>
+√
<!--sqrt-->(b
<superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac)
<!-- fraction bar -->
2a
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/>: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
<jbophrase>fe'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
@@ -2552,31 +2720,31 @@
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'u</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> One of the mekso design goals requires the ability to make use of Lojban's vocabulary resources within mekso to extend the built-in cmavo for operands and operators. There are three relevant constructs: all three share the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
<jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator derived from selbri</primary><secondary>effect of selbri place structure on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri place structure</primary><secondary>effect on operator formed by</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operator</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k38f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d1"/>
</title>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
The-number the-operator tangent (
π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
tan(
π/2) =
∞
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase> is the gismu for
<quote>x1 is the tangent of x2</quote>, and the
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>formulae</primary><secondary>expressing based on pure dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction, since
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions represent numbers. The
@@ -2694,23 +2862,23 @@
<quote>2 + 2</quote> and
<quote>4</quote> are not the same. The relationship between
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is related to that between
<jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase>, the person named John, and
<jbophrase>zo .djan.</jbophrase>, the name
<quote>John</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of converted operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting operator into</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> is the inverse of
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase>, and allows a mekso operator to be used as a normal selbri, with the place structure:</para>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
x1 is the result of applying (operator) to x2, x3, ...
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
<para>for as many places as may be required. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9idi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3056,223 +3224,448 @@
</example>
<para>Overall,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iwba"/> probably captures the flavor of the English best.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DzMH"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-HNyL"/> are too simple, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2C3I"/> is too tricky. Nevertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these examples illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all, can probably be said in more than one way.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section23">
<title>mekso selma'o summary</title>
<para>Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo.</para>
- <xxx>
- BOI elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings
- BY lerfu for variables and functions (see
-<xref linkend="chapter-letterals"/>)
- FUhA reverse-Polish flag
- GOhA includes
-<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo
-
- JOhI array flag
- KUhE elidable terminator for forethought mekso
- LI mekso articles (li and me'o)
-
- MAhO make operand into operator
- MOI creates mekso selbri (moi, mei, si'e, and cu'o, see
+ <place-structure>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>BOI</selmaho>
+ <description>elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>BY</selmaho>
+ <description>lerfu for variables and functions (see <xref linkend="chapter-letterals"/>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>FUhA</selmaho>
+ <description>reverse-Polish flag</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <description>includes <jbophrase>du</jbophrase> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>JOhI</selmaho>
+ <description>array flag</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>KUhE</selmaho>
+ <description>elidable terminator for forethought mekso</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>LI</selmaho>
+ <description>mekso articles (li and me'o)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section11"/>)
- MOhE make sumti into operand
- NAhU make selbri into operator
- NIhE make selbri into operand
- NUhA make operator into selbri
- PA numbers (see
-<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section25"/>)
- PEhO optional forethought mekso marker
- TEhU elidable terminator for NAhU, NIhE, MOhE, MAhO, and JOhI
- VEI left parenthesis
- VEhO right parenthesis
- VUhU operators (see
-<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section24"/>)
- XI subscript flag
- </xxx>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>MAhO</selmaho>
+ <description>make operand into operator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>MOI</selmaho>
+ <description>creates mekso selbri (moi, mei, si'e, and cu'o, see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section11"/>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>MOhE</selmaho>
+ <description>make sumti into operand</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>NAhU</selmaho>
+ <description>make selbri into operator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>NIhE</selmaho>
+ <description>make selbri into operand</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>NUhA</selmaho>
+ <description>make operator into selbri</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>PA</selmaho>
+ <description>numbers (see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section25"/>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>PEhO</selmaho>
+ <description>optional forethought mekso marker</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>TEhU</selmaho>
+ <description>elidable terminator for NAhU, NIhE, MOhE, MAhO, and JOhI</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>VEI</selmaho>
+ <description>left parenthesis</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>VEhO</selmaho>
+ <description>right parenthesis</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
+ <description>operators (see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section24"/>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>XI</selmaho>
+ <description>subscript flag</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section24">
<title>Complete table of VUhU cmavo, with operand structures</title>
<para>The operand structures specify what various operands (labeled a, b, c, ...) mean. The implied context is forethought, since only forethought operators can have a variable number of operands; however, the same rules apply to infix and RP uses of VUhU.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>list of simple</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <xxx>
- su'i plus (((a + b) + c) + ...)
- pi'i times (((a × b) × c) × ...)
- vu'u minus (((a − b) − c) − ...)
- fe'i divided by (((a / b) / c) / ...)
- ju'u number base numeral string
-<quote>a</quote> interpreted in the base b
- pa'i ratio the ratio of a to b, a:b
- fa'i reciprocal of/multiplicative inverse 1 /
-
-<emphasis>a</emphasis>
- gei scientific notation b × (c [default 10] to the
-
-<emphasis>a</emphasis> power)
- ge'a null operator (no operands)
-
- de'o logarithm log
-<emphasis>a</emphasis> to base
-<emphasis>b</emphasis> (default 10 or
-<emphasis>e</emphasis> as appropriate)
- te'a to the power/exponential
-
-<emphasis>a</emphasis> to the
-<emphasis>b</emphasis> power
- fe'a nth root of/inverse power b
-<superscript>th</superscript> root of a (default square root: b = 2)
- cu'a absolute value/norm | a |
- ne'o factorial a!
- pi'a matrix row vector combiner (all operands are row vectors)
-
- sa'i matrix column vector combiner (all operands are column vectors)
-
- ri'o integral integral of a with respect to b over range c
-
- sa'o derivative derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)
- fu'u non-specific operator (variable)
- si'i sigma (Σ) summation summation of a using variable b over range c
- va'a negation of/additive inverse -a
- re'a matrix transpose/dual a
-<superscript>*</superscript>
- </xxx>
+<place-structure>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>su'i</selmaho>
+ <description>plus </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a + b) + c) + ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>pi'i</selmaho>
+ <description>times </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a × b) × c) × ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>vu'u</selmaho>
+ <description>minus </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a − b) − c) − ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fe'i</selmaho>
+ <description>divided by </description>
+ <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a / b) / c) / ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ju'u</selmaho>
+ <description>number base </description>
+ <math-description>numeral string <varname>a</varname> interpreted in the base <varname>b</varname></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>pa'i</selmaho>
+ <description>ratio </description>
+ <math-description>the ratio of a to b, a:b</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fa'i</selmaho>
+ <description>reciprocal of/multiplicative inverse </description>
+ <math-description>1 / <varname>a</varname></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>gei</selmaho>
+ <description>scientific notation </description>
+ <math-description>b × (c [default 10] to the <varname>a</varname> power)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ge'a</selmaho>
+ <description>null operator </description>
+ <math-description>(no operands)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>de'o</selmaho>
+ <description>logarithm </description>
+ <math-description>log <varname>a</varname> to base <varname>b</varname> (default 10 or <varname>e</varname> as appropriate)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>te'a</selmaho>
+ <description>to the power/exponential </description>
+ <math-description><varname>a</varname> to the <varname>b</varname> power</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fe'a</selmaho>
+ <description>nth root of/inverse power </description>
+ <math-description>b<superscript>th</superscript> root of a (default square root: b = 2)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>cu'a</selmaho>
+ <description>absolute value/norm </description>
+ <math-description>| a |</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ne'o</selmaho>
+ <description>factorial </description>
+ <math-description>a!</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>pi'a</selmaho>
+ <description>matrix row vector combiner </description>
+ <math-description>(all operands are row vectors)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>sa'i</selmaho>
+ <description>matrix column vector combiner </description>
+ <math-description>(all operands are column vectors)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>ri'o</selmaho>
+ <description>integral </description>
+ <math-description>integral of a with respect to b over range c</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>sa'o</selmaho>
+ <description>derivative </description>
+ <math-description>derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>fu'u</selmaho>
+ <description>non-specific operator </description>
+ <math-description>(variable)</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>si'i</selmaho>
+ <description>sigma (Σ) summation </description>
+ <math-description>summation of a using variable b over range c</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>va'a</selmaho>
+ <description>negation of/additive inverse </description>
+ <math-description>-a</math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <selmaho>re'a</selmaho>
+ <description>matrix transpose/dual </description>
+ <math-description>a<superscript>*</superscript></math-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section25">
- <title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
- <xxx>
- no, pa, re, ci, vo, mu, xa, ze, bi, so
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
- rafsi: non, pav, rel, cib, von, mum, xav, zel, biv, soz
- </xxx>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
- <xxx>
- dau, fei, gai, jau, rei, vai
- A/10, B/11, C/12, D/13, E/14, F/15
- </xxx>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
- <xxx>
- pai, ka'o, te'o, ci'i
-
-
-
-<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>, imaginary i, exponential e, infinity (
-
-<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>)
- </xxx>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
- <xxx>
- pi, ce'i, fi'u
-
-
- decimal point, percentage, fraction (not division)
-
-rafsi: piz, cez, fi'u (from frinu; see
-
-<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
-
- pi'e, ma'u, ni'u
- mixed-base point, plus sign (not addition), minus sign (not subtraction)
-
-
- ki'o, ra'e
-
-
- thousands comma, repeating-decimal indicator
-
- ji'i, ka'o
-
- approximation sign, complex number separator
- </xxx>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</para>
- <cmavo-list>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ro, so'a, so'e, so'i, so'o,</cmavo>
-
-
-
-
- <selmaho>so'u,</selmaho>
-
- <description>da'a</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>all, almost all, most, many, several,</cmavo>
- <selmaho>few,</selmaho>
- <description>all but</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>rafsi: rol, soj, sor or so'i, sos,</cmavo>
-
- <selmaho>sot,</selmaho>
- <description>daz</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- </cmavo-list>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Subjective numbers:</para>
- <cmavo-list>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>rau,</cmavo>
-
- <selmaho>du'e,</selmaho>
-
- <description>mo'a</description>
-
- </cmavo-entry> enough, too many, too few</cmavo-list>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Miscellaneous:</para>
- <xxx>
- xo, tu'o
-
-
- number question, null operand
-
- </xxx>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ <title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="10">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
+ <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
+ <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
+ <colspec colnum="8" colname="col8"/>
+ <colspec colnum="9" colname="col9"/>
+ <colspec colnum="10" colname="col10"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry/>
+ <entry/>
+ <entry>rafsi</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>no</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>re</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xa</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ze</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>so</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ <entry>1</entry>
+ <entry>2</entry>
+ <entry>3</entry>
+ <entry>4</entry>
+ <entry>5</entry>
+ <entry>6</entry>
+ <entry>7</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ <entry>9</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">non</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">pav</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">rel</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">cib</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">von</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">mum</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">xav</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">zel</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">biv</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">soz</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="6">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
+ <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>dau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>rei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vai</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>A/10</entry>
+ <entry>B/11</entry>
+ <entry>C/12</entry>
+ <entry>D/13</entry>
+ <entry>E/14</entry>
+ <entry>F/15</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pai</entry>
+ <entry>ka'o</entry>
+ <entry>te'o</entry>
+ <entry>ci'i</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>π</entry>
+ <entry>imaginary i</entry>
+ <entry>exponential e</entry>
+ <entry>infinity (∞)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
+ <informaltable orient="land">
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pi</entry>
+ <entry>ce'i</entry>
+ <entry>fi'u</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>decimal point</entry>
+ <entry>percentage</entry>
+ <entry>fraction (not division)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>piz</entry>
+ <entry>cez</entry>
+ <entry>fi'u (from frinu; see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pi'e</entry>
+ <entry>ma'u</entry>
+ <entry>ni'u</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>mixed-base point</entry>
+ <entry>plus sign (not addition)</entry>
+ <entry>minus sign (not subtraction)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ki'o</entry>
+ <entry>ra'e</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>thousands comma</entry>
+ <entry>repeating-decimal indicator</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ji'i</entry>
+ <entry>ka'o</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>approximation sign</entry>
+ <entry>complex number separator</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro, so'a, so'e, so'i, so'o,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>so'u,</selmaho>
+ <description>da'a</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>all, almost all, most, many, several,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>few,</selmaho>
+ <description>all but</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rafsi: rol, soj, sor or so'i, sos,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>sot,</selmaho>
+ <description>daz</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Subjective numbers:</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rau,</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>du'e,</selmaho>
+ <description>mo'a</description>
+ </cmavo-entry> enough, too many, too few</cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Miscellaneous:</para>
+ <place-structure>
+ xo, tu'o
+ number question, null operand
+ </place-structure>
+ </listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section26">
<title>Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures</title>
- <xxx>
+ <place-structure>
mei x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of
which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]
rafsi: mem, mei
-
moi x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
[by standard x4]
rafsi: mom, moi
-
si'e x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]
-
rafsi: none
-
cu'o event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
-
[by standard x3]
- rafsi: cu'o (borrowed from cunso; see
-
-<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
-
+ rafsi: cu'o (borrowed from cunso; see <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
va'e x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
-
[by standard x3]
rafsi: none
- </xxx>
+ </place-structure>
</section>
</chapter>
commit f93063ad22a839e64d8f5fc4f56bae7693797601
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 14:47:15 2011 -0500
Chapter 18: example tags. Invented <math>.
<math> is like <en> but for when the text
consists solely of math.
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 94b24ac..37d5770 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -2680,41 +2680,41 @@
<jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> to create mathematical intervals:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-z2oF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li no ga'o bi'i ke'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one</gloss>
- <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>[0,1)</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
+ <math>[0,1)</math>
<en>the numbers from zero to one, including zero but not including one</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>zero to one</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound subscript</primary></indexterm> You can also combine two operands with
<jbophrase>ce'o</jbophrase>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8rEL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. boi xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>x</quote> sub (
<quote>b</quote> sequence
<quote>d</quote>)</gloss>
- <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>x<subscript>b,d</subscript></mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
+ <math>x<subscript>b,d</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x{b</primary><secondary>d}</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> Note that the
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8rEL"/> is not elidable, because the
<jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumtcita">
<title>Tenses, modals, and logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 85923d1..8cde5c5 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -980,21 +980,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>function f of x</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .y.bu du li ma'o fy. boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number y equals the number the-function f of x</gloss>
- <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>y = f(x)</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
+ <math>y = f(x)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> here to separate the lerfu strings
<jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>xy</jbophrase>.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as selbri</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as selbri (followed by a cmavo of selma'o MOI):</para>
</listitem>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 4614071..dd32015 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -17,27 +17,25 @@
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goal</primary><secondary>precision</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goal</primary><secondary>coverage</secondary></indexterm> encompassing all forms of quantified expression found in natural languages, as well as encouraging greater precision in ordinary language situations than natural languages allow.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>and mekso goals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation</primary><secondary>and mekso goals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goals</primary><secondary>mathematical notation form</secondary></indexterm> Goal 1 requires that mekso not be constrained to a single notation such as Polish notation or reverse Polish notation, but make provision for all forms, with the most commonly used forms the most easily used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goals</primary><secondary>and non-mathematical expression</secondary></indexterm> Goal 2 requires the provision of several conversion mechanisms, so that the boundary between mekso and full Lojban can be crossed from either side at many points.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>international uniqueness of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso goals</primary><secondary>and ambiguity</secondary></indexterm> Goal 3 is the most subtle. Written mathematical expression is culturally unambiguous, in the sense that mathematicians in all parts of the world understand the same written texts to have the same meanings. However, international mathematical notation does not prescribe unique forms. For example, the expression</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dGcT">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-dGcT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e1d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>3x + 2y</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <math>3x + 2y</math>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>and omitted operators</secondary></indexterm> contains omitted multiplication operators, but there are other possible interpretations for the strings
<quote>3x</quote> and
<quote>2y</quote> than as mathematical multiplication. Therefore, the Lojban verbal (spoken and written) form of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dGcT"/> must not omit the multiplication operators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso chapter</primary><secondary>completeness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso chapter</primary><secondary>table notation convention</secondary></indexterm> The remainder of this chapter explains (in as much detail as is currently possible) the mekso system. This chapter is by intention complete as regards mekso components, but only suggestive about uses of those components - as of now, there has been no really comprehensive use made of mekso facilities, and many matters must await the test of usage to be fully clarified.</para>
</section>
@@ -97,45 +95,45 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hundred</primary><secondary>expressing as number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ten</primary><secondary>expressing as number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>as compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>cmavo for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>expressing simple</secondary></indexterm> The simplest kind of mekso are numbers, which are cmavo or compound cmavo. There are cmavo for each of the 10 decimal digits, and numbers greater than 9 are made by stringing together the cmavo. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LmPr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa re ci</jbo>
<gloss>one two three</gloss>
- <gloss>123 ignore</gloss>
+ <math>123 ignore</math> <!-- okely dokely -->
<en>one hundred and twenty three</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TNjj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa no</jbo>
<gloss>one zero</gloss>
- <gloss>10</gloss>
+ <math>10</math>
<en>ten</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gjzw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so no</jbo>
<gloss>one two three four five six seven eight nine zero</gloss>
- <gloss>1234567890</gloss>
- <gloss>one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety.</gloss>
+ <math>1234567890</math>
+ <en>one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>123</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>greater than 9</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, there are no separate cmavo for
<quote>ten</quote>,
<quote>hundred</quote>, etc.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number words</primary><secondary>pattern in</secondary></indexterm> There is a pattern to the digit cmavo (except for
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase>, 0) which is worth explaining. The cmavo from 1 to 5 end in the vowels
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
@@ -173,150 +171,150 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive numbers</primary><secondary>explicit expression</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signed numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> A number can be given an explicit sign by the use of
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which are the positive and negative signs as distinct from the addition, subtraction, and negation operators. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6A5H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ni'u pa</jbo>
<gloss>negative-sign 1</gloss>
- <en>-1</en>
+ <math>-1</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>-1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signs on numbers</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, the signs are part of the number to which they are attached. It is also possible to use
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase> by themselves as numbers; the meaning of these numbers is explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>in numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical punctuation</primary></indexterm> Various numerical punctuation marks are likewise expressed by cmavo, as illustrated in the following examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ust4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci pi pa vo pa mu</jbo>
<gloss>three point one four one five</gloss>
- <en>3.1415</en>
+ <math>3.1415</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3.1415</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>effect of different notations</secondary></indexterm> (In some cultures, a comma is used instead of a period in the symbolic version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ust4"/>;
<jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> is still the Lojban representation for the decimal point.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AeRL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re fi'u ze</jbo>
<gloss>two fraction seven</gloss>
- <en>2/7</en>
+ <math>2/7</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2/7</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocal</primary><secondary>expression of mathematical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fractions</primary><secondary>numerator default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fractions</primary><secondary>expressing with numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AeRL"/> is the name of the number two-sevenths; it is not the same as
<quote>the result of 2 divided by 7</quote> in Lojban, although numerically these two are equal. If the denominator of the fraction is present but the numerator is not, the numerator is taken to be 1, thus expressing the reciprocal of the following number:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhvj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi'u ze</jbo>
<gloss>fraction seven</gloss>
- <en>1/7</en>
+ <math>1/7</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhVs" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pi ci mu ra'e pa vo re bi mu ze</jbo>
<gloss>point three five repeating one four two eight five seven</gloss>
- <en>.35142857142857...</en>
+ <math>.35142857142857...</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ra'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>repeating decimals</primary><secondary>marking start of repeating portion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>repeating decimals</primary><secondary>expressing with numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> Note that the
<jbophrase>ra'e</jbophrase> marks unambiguously where the repeating portion
<quote>142857</quote> begins.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhWd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci mu ce'i</jbo>
<gloss>three five percent</gloss>
- <en>35%</en>
+ <math>35%</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhwM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa ki'o re ci vo ki'o mu xa ze</jbo>
<gloss>one comma two three four comma five six seven</gloss>
- <en>1,234,567</en>
+ <math>1,234,567</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commas in numbers</primary><secondary>effect of other notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commas in numbers</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>percent</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> (In some cultures, spaces are used in the symbolic representation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhwM"/>;
<jbophrase>ki'o</jbophrase> is still the Lojban representation.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commas in numbers</primary><secondary>with elided digits</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to have less than three digits between successive
<jbophrase>ki'o</jbophrase> s, in which case zeros are assumed to have been elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TTBx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa ki'o re ci ki'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>one comma two three comma four</gloss>
- <en>1,023,004</en>
+ <math>1,023,004</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In the same way,
<jbophrase>ki'o</jbophrase> can be used after
<jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> to divide fractions into groups of three:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHwu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pi ki'o re re</jbo>
<gloss>point comma two two</gloss>
- <en>.022</en>
+ <math>.022</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhxp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pi pa ki'o pa re ki'o pa</jbo>
<gloss>point one comma one two comma one</gloss>
- <en>.001012001</en>
+ <math>.001012001</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4">
<title>Special numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<xxx>
ci'i PA infinity
@@ -404,21 +402,21 @@
e
</xxx>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical punctuation</primary><secondary>undefined</secondary></indexterm> However, many combinations are as yet undefined:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHXr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa pi re pi ci</jbo>
- <en>1.2.3</en>
+ <math>1.2.3</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHya" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa ni'u re</jbo>
<gloss>1 negative-sign 2</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -449,21 +447,21 @@
ve'o VEhO right parenthesis
</xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>1 + 1 = 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>infix</secondary></indexterm> Let us begin at the beginning: one plus one equals two. In Lojban, that sentence translates to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CUeK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa su'i pa du li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number one plus one equals the-number two.</gloss>
- <en>1 + 1 = 2</en>
+ <math>1 + 1 = 2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical equality</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-CUeK"/>, a mekso sentence, is a regular Lojban bridi that exploits mekso features.
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is the predicate meaning
<quote>x1 is mathematically equal to x2</quote>. It is a cmavo for conciseness, but it has the same grammatical uses as any brivla. Outside mathematical contexts,
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> means
<quote>x1 is identical with x2</quote> or
<quote>x1 is the same object as x2</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>using for quantification contrasted with talking about</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>talking about contrasted with using for quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number article</primary><secondary>explanation of use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>for talking about numbers themselves</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>article</primary><secondary>number</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
@@ -518,33 +516,33 @@
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> which means the positive sign as an indication of a positive number:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4gsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ma'u pa su'i ni'u pa du li no</jbo>
<gloss>The-number positive-sign one plus negative-sign one equals the-number zero.</gloss>
- <gloss>+1 + -1 = 0</gloss>
+ <math>+1 + -1 = 0</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, it is legal to have complex mekso on both sides of
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d6bM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mu su'i pa du li ci su'i ci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number five plus one equals the-number three plus three.</gloss>
- <en>5 + 1 = 3 + 3</en>
+ <math>5 + 1 = 3 + 3</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion into sumti from mekso</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of mekso into sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>as converter of mekso into sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>general sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>contrasted with general sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VUhU operands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators of VUhU</primary><secondary>grammar of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>with complex mekso on both sides</secondary></indexterm> Why don't we say
<jbophrase>li mu su'i li pa</jbophrase> rather than just
<jbophrase>li mu su'i pa</jbophrase>? The answer is that VUhU operators connect mekso operands (numbers, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>), not general sumti.
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is used to make the entire mekso into a sumti, which then plays the roles applicable to other sumti: in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>, filling the places of a bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precedence</primary><secondary>mathematical default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator left-right grouping</primary><secondary>as Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>in Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>calculator mathematics</primary><secondary>as default in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> By default, Lojban mathematics is like simple calculator mathematics: there is no notion of
@@ -555,85 +553,80 @@
<quote>times</quote>, the multiplication operator:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7a2Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
- <en>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</en>
+ <math>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is the Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7a2Q"/> true? No!
<quote>3 + 4 × 5</quote> is indeed 23, because the usual conventions of mathematics state that multiplication takes precedence over addition; that is, the multiplication
<quote>4 × 5</quote> is done first, giving 20, and only then the addition
<quote>3 + 20</quote>. But VUhU operators by default are done left to right, like other Lojban grouping, and so a truthful bridi would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XUQh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li cimu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number three-five.</gloss>
- <en>3 + 4 × 5 = 35</en>
+ <math>3 + 4 × 5 = 35</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>default operator precedence</primary><secondary>contrasted with mekso goal</secondary></indexterm> Here we calculate 3 + 4 first, giving 7, and then calculate 7 × 5 second, leading to the result 35. While possessing the advantage of simplicity, this result violates the design goal of matching the standards of mathematics. What can be done?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>effect of pragmatic convention</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>and mathematical notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>and operator precedence</secondary></indexterm> There are three solutions, all of which will probably be used to some degree. The first solution is to ignore the problem. People will say
<jbophrase>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu</jbophrase> and mean 23 by it, because the notion that multiplication takes precedence over addition is too deeply ingrained to be eradicated by Lojban parsing, which totally ignores semantics. This convention essentially allows semantics to dominate syntax in this one area.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence in other languages</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>rationale for default left-grouping</secondary></indexterm> (Why not hard-wire the precedences into the grammar, as is done in computer programming languages? Essentially because there are too many operators, known and unknown, with levels of precedence that vary according to usage. The programming language 'C' has 13 levels of precedence, and its list of operators is not even extensible. For Lojban this approach is just not practical. In addition, hard-wired precedence could not be overridden in mathematical systems such as spreadsheets where the conventions are different.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>generalized explicit specification</secondary></indexterm> The second solution is to use explicit means to specify the precedence of operators. This approach is fully general, but clumsy, and will be explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bi'e</primary><secondary>effect on following operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>scope modification with bi'e</secondary></indexterm> The third solution is simple but not very general. When an operator is prefixed with the cmavo
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BIhE), it becomes automatically of higher precedence than other operators not so prefixed. Thus,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LIUa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo bi'e pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four-times-five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
- <en>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</en>
+ <math>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a truthful Lojban bridi. If more than one operator has a
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> prefix, grouping is from the right; multiple
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> prefixes on a single operator are not allowed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parenthesis</primary><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>specifying by parenthesis</secondary></indexterm> In addition, of course, Lojban has the mathematical parentheses
<jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, which can be used just like their written equivalents
<quote>(</quote> and
<quote>)</quote> to group expressions in any way desired:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wfFV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du</jbo>
- <gloss>li ny. [bi'e] te'a re su'i re bi'e pi'i ny. su'i pa</gloss>
+ <jbo>li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bi'e] te'a re su'i re bi'e pi'i ny. su'i pa</jbo>
- <gloss>The-number (
- <quote>n</quote> plus one) times (
- <quote>n</quote> plus one)</gloss>
- <gloss>equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times-
- <quote>n</quote> plus 1.</gloss>
- <en>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n</en>
+ <gloss>The-number (<varname>n</varname> plus one) times (<varname>n</varname> plus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times- <varname>n</varname> plus 1.</gloss>
+ <math>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ny</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n^2 + 2n + 1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>interpretation of contrasted with normal mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> There are several new usages in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/>:
<jbophrase>te'a</jbophrase> means
<quote>raised to the power</quote>, and we also see the use of the lerfu word
<jbophrase>ny</jbophrase>, representing the letter
<quote>n</quote>. In mekso, letters stand for just what they do in ordinary mathematics: variables. The parser will accept a string of lerfu words (called a
<quote>lerfu string</quote>) as the equivalent of a single lerfu word, in agreement with computer-science conventions;
@@ -655,41 +648,37 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section6">
<title>Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<xxx>
boi BOI numeral/lerfu string terminator
va'a VUhU negation/additive inverse
pe'o PEhO forethought flag
ku'e KUhE forethought terminator
- py. BY letter
-<quote>p</quote>
- xy. BY letter
-<quote>x</quote>
- zy. BY letter
-<quote>z</quote>
+ py. BY letter <quote>p</quote>
+ xy. BY letter <quote>x</quote>
+ zy. BY letter <quote>z</quote>
ma'o MAhO convert operand to operator
- fy. BY letter
-<quote>f</quote>
+ fy. BY letter <quote>f</quote>
</xxx>
<para>The infix form explained so far is reasonable for many purposes, but it is limited and rigid. It works smoothly only where all operators have exactly two operands, and where precedences can either be assumed from context or are limited to just two levels, with some help from parentheses.</para>
<para>But there are many operators which do not have two operands, or which have a variable number of operands. The preferred form of expression in such cases is the use of
<quote>forethought operators</quote>, also known as Polish notation. In this style of writing mathematics, the operator comes first and the operands afterwards:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I0Bm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li su'i paboi reboi ci[boi] du li xa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number the-sum-of one two three equals the-number six.</gloss>
- <en>sum(1,2,3) = 6</en>
+ <math>sum(1,2,3) = 6</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the normally elidable number terminator
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required after
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> because otherwise the reading would be
<jbophrase>pareci</jbophrase>= 123. It is not required after
<jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> but is inserted here in brackets for the sake of symmetry. The only time
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required is, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/>, when there are two consecutive numbers or lerfu strings.</para>
@@ -700,21 +689,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li py. su'i va'a ny. ku'e su'i zy du li xy.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number
<quote>p</quote> plus negative-of(
<quote>n</quote>) plus
<quote>z</quote> equals the-number
<quote>x</quote>.</gloss>
- <gloss>p + -n + z = x</gloss>
+ <math>p + -n + z = x</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where we know that
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is a forethought operator because there is no operand preceding it.</para>
<para>
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
@@ -737,21 +726,21 @@
<quote>z = f(x)</quote>? The answer is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VybU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li zy du li ma'o fy.boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number z equals the-number the-operator f x.</gloss>
- <en>z = f(x)</en>
+ <math>z = f(x)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, no parentheses are used. The construct
<jbophrase>ma'o fy.boi</jbophrase> is the equivalent of an operator, and appears in forethought here (although it could also be used as a regular infix operator). In mathematics, letters sometimes mean functions and sometimes mean variables, with only the context to tell which. Lojban chooses to accept the variable interpretation as the default, and uses the special flag
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> to mark a lerfu string as an operator. The cmavo
<jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase> are variables, but
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> is an operator (a function) because
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> marks it as such. The
@@ -813,21 +802,20 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy. mleca li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x is-less-than the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a partial list of selbri useful in mathematical bridi:</para>
<xxx>
du x1 is identical to x2, x3, x4, ...
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
dunli x1 is equal/congruent to x2 in/on property/quality/dimension/quantity x3
mleca x1 is less than x2
zmadu x1 is greater than x2
dubjavme'a x1 is less than or equal to x2 [du ja mleca, equal or less]
dubjavmau x1 is greater than or equal to x2 [du ja zmadu, equal or greater]
tamdu'i x1 is similar to x2 [tarmi dunli, shape-equal]
turdu'i x1 is isomorphic to x2 [stura dunli, structure-equal]
@@ -847,37 +835,37 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PTmF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>py. du xy.boi zy.</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>p</quote> is-identical-to
<quote>x</quote>
<quote>z</quote></gloss>
- <en>p = x = z</en>
+ <math>p = x = z</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Lojban bridi can have only one predicate, so the
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is not repeated.</para>
<para>Any of these selbri may usefully be prefixed with
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, the contradictory negation cmavo, to indicate that the relation is false:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WuRn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re na du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 2 + 2 is-not equal-to the-number 5.</gloss>
- <en>2 + 2 ≠ 5</en>
+ <math>2 + 2 ≠ 5</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As usual in Lojban, negated bridi say what is false, and do not say anything about what might be true.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section8">
<title>Indefinite numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro</cmavo>
@@ -1517,33 +1505,33 @@
<quote>digits</quote>: the first is base 24, the second and third are base 60. To express such numbers, the compound base separator
<jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-17HR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci pi'e rere pi'e vono</jbo>
- <en>3:22:40</en>
+ <math>3:22:40</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>expressing digits in</secondary></indexterm> Each digit sequence separated by instances of
<jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> is expressed in decimal notation, but the number as a whole is not decimal and can only be added and subtracted by special rules:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iUYu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci pi'e rere pi'e vono su'i pi'e ci pi'e cici du li ci pi'e rexa pi'e paci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3:22:40 plus :3:33 equals the-number 3:26:13.</gloss>
- <en>3:22:40 + 0:3:33 = 3:26:13</en>
+ <math>3:22:40 + 0:3:33 = 3:26:13</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, only context tells you that the first part of the numbers in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-17HR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iUYu"/> is hours, the second minutes, and the third seconds.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base greater than 16</primary><secondary>expressing numbers in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Mayan mathematics</primary><secondary>as a system with base larger than 16</secondary></indexterm> The same mechanism using
<jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> can be used to express numbers which have a base larger than 16. For example, base-20 Mayan mathematics might use digits from
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase> to
@@ -1568,21 +1556,21 @@
<gloss>the-digit-10 base 20</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equal to ten, and:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QBQx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa pi'e no ju'u reno</jbo>
- <en>1;0 base 20</en>
+ <gloss>1;0 base 20</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equal to twenty.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>large-base decimal fraction</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Both
<jbophrase>pi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> can be used to express large-base fractions:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-26Li">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d10"/>
@@ -1789,21 +1777,21 @@
x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
</xxx>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i8r4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sanmi cu fi'ucisi'e lei mi djedi cidja</jbo>
<gloss>This-here meal is-a-slash-three-portion-of my day-food.</gloss>
- <gloss>This meal is one-third of my daily food.</gloss>
+ <en>This meal is one-third of my daily food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>one-third of food</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<xxx>
event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
</xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>values</secondary></indexterm> The number must be between 0 and 1 inclusive. For example:</para>
@@ -1904,25 +1892,23 @@
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and the
<jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> separate; otherwise, the parser will combine them into the compound
<jbophrase>pamoi</jbophrase> and reject the sentence as ungrammatical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>based on non-numerical sumti</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly possible to use non-numerical sumti after
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> and before a member of MOI, producing strange results indeed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-enCe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le nu mi nolraitru</jbo>
- <gloss>cu me le'e snime bolci be vi la xel. cu'o</gloss>
+ <jbo>le nu mi nolraitru cu me le'e snime bolci be vi la xel. cu'o</jbo>
- <gloss>The event-of me being-a-nobly-superlative-ruler</gloss>
- <gloss>has-the-stereotypical snow type-of-ball at Hell probability.</gloss>
+ <gloss>The event-of me being-a-nobly-superlative-ruler has-the-stereotypical snow type-of-ball at Hell probability.</gloss>
<en>I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>snowball's chance</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary><secondary>use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi with MOI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MOI</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xaYd"/> could also be replaced by a
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
@@ -1995,66 +1981,66 @@
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>external grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripting is a general Lojban feature, not used only in mekso; there are many things that can logically be subscripted, and grammatically a subscript is a free modifier, usable almost anywhere. In particular, of course, mekso variables (lerfu strings) can be subscripted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MT0a">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixici du li xy.boixipa su'i xy.boixire</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-3 equals the-number x-sub-1 plus x-sub-2.</gloss>
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>3</subscript> = x<subscript>1</subscript> + x<subscript>2</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x-sub-3</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts always begin with the flag
<jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI).
<jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> may be followed by a number, a lerfu string, or a general mekso expression in parentheses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiIs" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixino</jbo>
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>0</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIJ6" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixiny.</jbo>
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>n</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIjf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixi vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o]</jbo>
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>(n+1)</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>free modifiers</primary><secondary>effects on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>effects on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts on lerfu words</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of boi</secondary></indexterm> Note that subscripts attached directly to lerfu words (variables) generally need a
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> terminating the variable. Free modifiers, of which subscripts are one variety, generally require the explicit presence of an otherwise elidable terminator.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>superscripts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>before main expression</secondary></indexterm> There is no standard way of handling superscripts (other than those used as exponents) or for subscripts or superscripts that come before the main expression. If necessary, further cmavo could be assigned to selma'o XI for these purposes.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sub-subscripts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>multiple as sub-subscript</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for a subscript is that for a general number or lerfu string, namely
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase>. By convention, a subscript following another subscript is taken to be a sub-subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FddL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo</jbo>
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>b<subscript>4</subscript></subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eMsd"/> for the standard method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object.</para>
<para>More information on the uses of subscripts may be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section14">
<title>Infix operators revisited</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
@@ -2092,69 +2078,69 @@
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> in infix form. We would use:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8Uh9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li tu'o va'a ny. du li no vu'u ny.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number (null) additive-inverse n equals the-number zero minus n.</gloss>
- <en>-n = 0 − n</en>
+ <math>-n = 0 − n</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too few for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operand</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> The
<jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> fulfills the grammatical requirement for a left operand for the infix use of
<jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase>, even though semantically none is needed or wanted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a binary operator</secondary></indexterm> Finding a suitable example of
<jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> requires exhibiting a ternary operator, and ternary operators are not common. The operator
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, however, has both a binary and a ternary use. As a binary operator, it provides a terse representation of scientific (also called
<quote>exponential</quote>) notation. The first operand of
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> is the exponent, and the second operand is the mantissa or fraction:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VjtV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li cinonoki'oki'o du</jbo>
<gloss>li bi gei ci</gloss>
<gloss>The-number three-zero-zero-comma-comma equals</gloss>
<gloss>the-number eight scientific three.</gloss>
- <en>300,000,000 = 3 × 10</en>
+ <math>300,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 ( 10^8</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> Why are the arguments to
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zmqy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gei reno</jbo>
<gloss>(scientific) two-zero</gloss>
- <en>10</en>
+ <math>10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>10^20</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>floating point numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with base other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a ternary operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too many for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operator</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> Note, however, that although 10 is far and away the most common exponent base, it is not the only possible one. The third operand of
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, therefore, is the base, with 10 as the default value. Most computers internally store so-called
<quote>floating-point</quote> numbers using 2 as the exponent base. (This has nothing to do with the fact that computers also represent all integers in base 2; the IBM 360 series used an exponent base of 16 for floating point, although each component of the number was expressed in base 2.) Here is a computer floating-point number with a value of 40:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7nMz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>papano bi'eju'u re gei pipanopano bi'eju'u re ge'a re</jbo>
<gloss>(one-one-zero base 2) scientific (point-one-zero-one-zero base 2) with-base 2</gloss>
- <en>.1010</en>
+ <math>.1010</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section15">
<title>Vectors and matrices</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>jo'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>JOhI</selmaho>
@@ -2185,40 +2171,40 @@
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> is the elidable terminator. An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IVDJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du</jbo>
<gloss>li jo'i voboi xaboi</gloss>
<gloss>The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals</gloss>
<gloss>the-number array (four, six).</gloss>
- <en>(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)</en>
+ <math>(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with ge'a for more than 2 rows/columns</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>as combination of vectors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix column operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix row operator</primary></indexterm> Vectors can be combined into matrices using either
<jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase>, the matrix row operator, or
<jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
<jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>magic square</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the
<quote>magic square</quote> matrix</para>
- <xxx>
+ <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
- </xxx>
+ </programlisting>
<para>can be represented either as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zbJP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>jo'i biboi paboi xa pi'a jo'i ciboi muboi ze ge'a jo'i voboi soboi re</jbo>
<gloss>the-vector (8 1 6) matrix-row the-vector (3 5 7), the-vector (4 9 2)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2319,56 +2305,43 @@
<jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> appears in reverse Polish as
<jbophrase>ge'a gei</jbophrase>, where the
<jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> effectively merges the 2nd and 3rd operands into a single operand. Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiJp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li fu'a ciboi muboi vu'u du</jbo>
-
- <gloss>li fu'a reboi tu'o va'a</gloss>
-
-
-
- <gloss>The-number (RP!) (three, five, minus) equals</gloss>
- <gloss>the-number (RP!) two, null, negative-of.</gloss>
- <gloss>3 − 5 = -2</gloss>
+ <jbo>li fu'a ciboi muboi vu'u du li fu'a reboi tu'o va'a</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-number (RP!) (three, five, minus) equals the-number (RP!) two, null, negative-of.</gloss>
+ <math>3 − 5 = -2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qijY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li cinoki'oki'o du</jbo>
- <gloss>li fu'a biboi ciboi panoboi ge'a gei</gloss>
-
-
- <gloss>The-number 30-comma-comma equals</gloss>
- <gloss>the-number (RP!) 8, (3, 10, null-op), exponential-notation.</gloss>
- <en>30,000,000 = 3 × 10</en>
+ <jbo>li cinoki'oki'o du li fu'a biboi ciboi panoboi ge'a gei</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-number 30-comma-comma equals the-number (RP!) 8, (3, 10, null-op), exponential-notation.</gloss>
+ <math>30,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<xxx>
- .abu BY letter
-<quote>a</quote>
- by BY letter
-<quote>b</quote>
- cy BY letter
-<quote>c</quote>
+ .abu BY letter <quote>a</quote>
+ by BY letter <quote>b</quote>
+ cy BY letter <quote>c</quote>
fe'a VUhU nth root of (default square root)
lo'o LOhO terminator for LI
</xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operators</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
@@ -2400,55 +2373,51 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'o</primary><secondary>effect of logical connective on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of lo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> By the way,
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> has an elidable terminator,
<jbophrase>lo'o</jbophrase>, which is needed when a
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> sumti is followed by a logical connective that could seem to be within the mekso. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LXtp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li re su'i re du</jbo>
- <gloss>li vo lo'o .onai lo nalseldjuno namcu</gloss>
+ <jbo>li re su'i re du li vo lo'o .onai lo nalseldjuno namcu</jbo>
- <gloss>The-number two plus two equals</gloss>
- <gloss>the-number four or else a non-known number.</gloss>
+ <gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four or else a non-known number.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Omitting the
<jbophrase>lo'o</jbophrase> would cause the parser to assume that another operand followed the
<jbophrase>.onai</jbophrase> and reject
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> as an invalid operand.</para>
<para>Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard to come by. A contrived example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YoFg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
- <en>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</en>
+ <math>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The forethought-connection form of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YoFg"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ccNn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re</jbo>
- <gloss>du li vo</gloss>
- <gloss>the-number two both plus and times two</gloss>
- <gloss>equals the-number four.</gloss>
- <en>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</en>
+ <jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
+ <gloss>the-number two both plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
+ <math>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a classic example of operand logical connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6"/>
</title>
<xxx>
17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
@@ -2494,21 +2463,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connection with JOI and BIhI is also permitted between operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect operands with
<jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> to create intervals:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bzf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li no ga'o bi'o ke'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one</gloss>
- <gloss>[0,1)</gloss>
+ <math>[0,1)</math>
<en>the numbers from zero to one, including zero but not including one</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> Intervals defined by a midpoint and range rather than beginning and end points can be expressed by
<jbophrase>mi'i</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LvBT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d8"/>
@@ -2543,21 +2512,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>x</quote> sub (
<quote>b</quote> sequence
<quote>d</quote>)</gloss>
- <en>x</en>
+ <math>x<subscript>b,d</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section18">
<title>Using Lojban resources within mekso</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>na'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>NAhU</selmaho>
@@ -2611,44 +2580,40 @@
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction, since
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions represent numbers. The
<jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes that number available as a mekso operand. A common application is to make equations relating pure dimensions:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wCJQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i</jbo>
-
- <gloss>ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu</gloss>
-
- <gloss>The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times</gloss>
- <gloss>quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.</gloss>
- <en>Length × Width × Depth = Volume</en>
+ <jbo>li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.</gloss>
+ <math>Length × Width × Depth = Volume</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Length ( Width ( Depth = Volume</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensioned numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting sumti into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>mo'e</jbophrase> operates similarly to
<jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase>, but makes a sumti (rather than a selbri) into an operand. This construction is useful in stating equations involving dimensioned numbers:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETmX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals.</gloss>
- <en>2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals.</en>
+ <math>2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pride of lions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>folk quantifiers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Another use is in constructing Lojbanic versions of so-called
<quote>folk quantifiers</quote>, such as
<quote>a pride of lions</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-D4y4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d4"/>
@@ -2704,34 +2669,32 @@
<quote>the number which is the value of the mekso ...</quote>, whereas
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> just means
<quote>the mekso ...</quote> So it is true that:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-93Qu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four.</gloss>
- <en>2 + 2 = 4</en>
+ <math>2 + 2 = 4</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>but false that:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Shbg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o re su'i re du me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-mekso two plus two equals the-mekso four.</gloss>
- <en>
- <quote>2 + 2</quote>=
- <quote>4</quote></en>
+ <en><quote>2 + 2</quote>=<quote>4</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>relation to li compared with la/zo relation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>relation to me'o compared with la/zo relation</secondary></indexterm> since the expressions
<quote>2 + 2</quote> and
<quote>4</quote> are not the same. The relationship between
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is related to that between
<jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase>, the person named John, and
<jbophrase>zo .djan.</jbophrase>, the name
<quote>John</quote></para>
@@ -2759,21 +2722,21 @@
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> make it possible to ask questions about mekso operators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/>, to which
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> is one correct answer:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIKp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u mo re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two what-operator? two equals the-number four.</gloss>
- <en>2 ? 2 = 4</en>
+ <math>2 ? 2 = 4</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qILi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'a su'i</jbo>
<en>plus</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2833,21 +2796,21 @@
<gloss>all-ly</gloss>
<en>lastly</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIoY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ny.mai</jbo>
- <gloss>nth-ly</gloss>
+ <en>nth-ly</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiPq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pasomo'o</jbo>
<en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2945,23 +2908,21 @@
<en>2 + 2 = something other than 5.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>names from</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> The digits 0-9 have rafsi, and therefore can be used in making lujvo. Additionally, all the rafsi have CVC form and can stand alone or together as names:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hvGK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la zel. poi gunta la tebes. pu nanmu</jbo>
- <gloss>Those-named
- <quote>Seven</quote> who attack that-named
- <quote>Thebes</quote> [past] are-men.</gloss>
+ <gloss>Those-named <quote>Seven</quote> who attack that-named <quote>Thebes</quote> [past] are-men.</gloss>
<en>The Seven Against Thebes were men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, there is no guarantee that the name
<jbophrase>zel.</jbophrase> is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pf3n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3032,33 +2993,33 @@
<quote>four score and seven</quote>. (A
<quote>score</quote>, for those not familiar with the term, is 20; it is analogous to a
<quote>dozen</quote> for 12.) The trivial way:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DzMH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li bize</jbo>
<gloss>eight seven</gloss>
- <en>87</en>
+ <math>87</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DzMH"/> is mathematically correct, but sacrifices the spirit of the English words, which are intended to be complex and formal.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HNyL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo pi'i reno su'i ze</jbo>
<gloss>four times twenty plus seven</gloss>
- <en>4 × 20 + 7</en>
+ <math>4 × 20 + 7</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>score</primary><secondary>as 20-year span</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-HNyL"/> is also mathematically correct, but still misses something.
<quote>Score</quote> is not a word for 20 in the same way that
<quote>ten</quote> is a word for 10: it contains the implication of 20 objects. The original may be taken as short for
<quote>Four score years and seven years ago</quote>. Thinking of a score as a twentysome rather than as 20 leads to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iwba">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d3"/>
@@ -3083,21 +3044,21 @@
<quote>four-twenties-seven</quote>. (This fact makes the Gettysburg Address hard to translate into French!) If
<quote>score</quote> is the representation base, then we have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2C3I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo pi'e ze ju'u reno</jbo>
<gloss>four ; seven base 20</gloss>
- <en>47</en>
+ <math>47</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Overall,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iwba"/> probably captures the flavor of the English best.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DzMH"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-HNyL"/> are too simple, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2C3I"/> is too tricky. Nevertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these examples illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all, can probably be said in more than one way.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section23">
<title>mekso selma'o summary</title>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index e65bbd8..1a3460c 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -2052,41 +2052,41 @@
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number four</gloss>
- <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>4</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
+ <math>4</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLis" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re</jbo>
<gloss>the-number two plus two</gloss>
- <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>2 + 2</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
+ <math>2 + 2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLiX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .abu bopi'i xy. bote'a re su'i by. bopi'i xy. su'i cy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number a times x to-power 2 plus b times x plus c</gloss>
- <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>ax<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
+ <math>ax<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with me'o contrasted with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with me'o</secondary></indexterm> An alternative to
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase>, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions beginning with
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> refer to the actual expression, rather than its value. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLis"/> above have the same meaning, the number four, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sW7u">
<title>
commit b5db7c7b1572d2cd94727e0bfdad9f784512f3d8
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 14:15:08 2011 -0500
Chapter 18: <jbophrase>s.
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index e4f2b13..4614071 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -131,52 +131,52 @@
<gloss>one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>123</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>greater than 9</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, there are no separate cmavo for
<quote>ten</quote>,
<quote>hundred</quote>, etc.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number words</primary><secondary>pattern in</secondary></indexterm> There is a pattern to the digit cmavo (except for
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase>, 0) which is worth explaining. The cmavo from 1 to 5 end in the vowels
- <quote>a</quote>,
- <jbophrase>e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase>,
- <quote>o</quote>,
- <quote>u</quote> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
- <quote>a</quote>,
- <jbophrase>e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase>, and
- <quote>o</quote> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section3">
<title>Signs and numerical punctuation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
ma'u PA positive sign
ni'u PA negative sign
pi PA decimal point
fi'u PA fraction slash
ra'e PA repeating decimal
ce'i PA percent sign
ki'o PA comma between digits
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive numbers</primary><secondary>explicit expression</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signed numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> A number can be given an explicit sign by the use of
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which are the positive and negative signs as distinct from the addition, subtraction, and negation operators. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6A5H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ni'u pa</jbo>
<gloss>negative-sign 1</gloss>
@@ -309,107 +309,107 @@
<jbo>pi pa ki'o pa re ki'o pa</jbo>
<gloss>point one comma one two comma one</gloss>
<en>.001012001</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4">
<title>Special numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
ci'i PA infinity
ka'o PA imaginary i, sqrt(-1)
pai PA
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>, pi (approx 3.14159...)
te'o PA exponential e (approx 2.71828...)
fi'u PA golden ratio,
<phrase role="IPA">Φ</phrase>, phi, (1 + sqrt(5))/2 (approx. 1.61803...)
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fraction</primary><secondary>meaning with elided numerator and denominator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> The last cmavo is the same as the fraction sign cmavo: a fraction sign with neither numerator nor denominator represents the golden ratio.</para>
<para>Numbers can have any of these digit, punctuation, and special-number cmavo of Sections 2, 3, and 4 in any combination:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2U4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
4.1) ma'u ci'i
+
<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2VC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
4.2) ci ka'o re
3i2 (a complex number equivalent to
<quote>3 + 2i</quote>)
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary><secondary>as special number compared with as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>ka'o</jbophrase> is both a special number (meaning
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase>) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number).</para>
+ <quote>i</quote>) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number).</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d3"/>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>aleph null</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>transfinite cardinal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
4.3) ci'i no
infinity zero
<phrase role="IPA">ℵ</phrase>
<subscript>0</subscript> (a transfinite cardinal)
- </programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</example>
<para>The special numbers
<jbophrase>pai</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>te'o</jbophrase> are mathematically important, which is why they are given their own cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k356">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
4.4) pai
pi,
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
4.5) te'o
e
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical punctuation</primary><secondary>undefined</secondary></indexterm> However, many combinations are as yet undefined:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHXr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa pi re pi ci</jbo>
<en>1.2.3</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -429,97 +429,97 @@
<para>It is possible, of course, that some of these
<quote>oddities</quote> do have a meaningful use in some restricted area of mathematics. A mathematician appropriating these structures for specialized use needs to consider whether some other branch of mathematics would use the structure differently.</para>
<para>More information on numbers may be found in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8"/> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section12"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section5">
<title>Simple infix expressions and equations</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
du GOhA equals
su'i VUhU plus
vu'u VUhU minus
pi'i VUhU times
te'a VUhU raised to the power
ny. BY letter
<quote>n</quote>
vei VEI left parenthesis
ve'o VEhO right parenthesis
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>1 + 1 = 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>infix</secondary></indexterm> Let us begin at the beginning: one plus one equals two. In Lojban, that sentence translates to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CUeK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa su'i pa du li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number one plus one equals the-number two.</gloss>
<en>1 + 1 = 2</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical equality</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-CUeK"/>, a mekso sentence, is a regular Lojban bridi that exploits mekso features.
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is the predicate meaning
<quote>x1 is mathematically equal to x2</quote>. It is a cmavo for conciseness, but it has the same grammatical uses as any brivla. Outside mathematical contexts,
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> means
<quote>x1 is identical with x2</quote> or
<quote>x1 is the same object as x2</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>using for quantification contrasted with talking about</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>talking about contrasted with using for quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number article</primary><secondary>explanation of use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>for talking about numbers themselves</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>article</primary><secondary>number</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>li</quote> is the number article. It is required whenever a sentence talks about numbers as numbers, as opposed to using numbers to quantify things. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is the number article. It is required whenever a sentence talks about numbers as numbers, as opposed to using numbers to quantify things. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nSU9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci prenu</jbo>
<en>the three persons</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires no
- <quote>li</quote> article, because the
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> article, because the
<jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> is being used to specify the number of
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>. However, the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BNFi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sfani cu grake li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This fly masses-in-grams the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This fly has a mass of 3 grams.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 grams</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>units of measurement</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>measurements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> requires
- <quote>li</quote> because
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> because
<jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> is being used as a sumti. Note that this is the way in which measurements are stated in Lojban: all the predicates for units of length, mass, temperature, and so on have the measured object as the first place and a number as the second place. Using
- <quote>li</quote> for
- <quote>le</quote> in
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> for
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nSU9"/> would produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gJe1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci prenu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 is-a-person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is grammatical but nonsensical: numbers are not persons.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition operator</primary><secondary>contrasted with positive sign</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive sign</primary><secondary>contrasted with addition operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition</primary><secondary>a mathematical operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>su'i</quote> belongs to selma'o VUhU, which is composed of mathematical operators, and means
+ <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o VUhU, which is composed of mathematical operators, and means
<quote>addition</quote>. As mentioned before, it is distinct from
<jbophrase>ma'u</jbophrase> which means the positive sign as an indication of a positive number:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4gsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -534,31 +534,31 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mu su'i pa du li ci su'i ci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number five plus one equals the-number three plus three.</gloss>
<en>5 + 1 = 3 + 3</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion into sumti from mekso</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of mekso into sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>as converter of mekso into sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>general sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>contrasted with general sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VUhU operands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators of VUhU</primary><secondary>grammar of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>with complex mekso on both sides</secondary></indexterm> Why don't we say
- <quote>li mu su'i li pa</quote> rather than just
+ <jbophrase>li mu su'i li pa</jbophrase> rather than just
<jbophrase>li mu su'i pa</jbophrase>? The answer is that VUhU operators connect mekso operands (numbers, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>), not general sumti.
- <quote>li</quote> is used to make the entire mekso into a sumti, which then plays the roles applicable to other sumti: in
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is used to make the entire mekso into a sumti, which then plays the roles applicable to other sumti: in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d6bM"/>, filling the places of a bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>precedence</primary><secondary>mathematical default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator left-right grouping</primary><secondary>as Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>in Lojban default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>calculator mathematics</primary><secondary>as default in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> By default, Lojban mathematics is like simple calculator mathematics: there is no notion of
<quote>operator precedence</quote>. Consider the following example, where
- <quote>pi'i</quote> means
+ <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> means
<quote>times</quote>, the multiplication operator:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7a2Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
@@ -582,41 +582,41 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>default operator precedence</primary><secondary>contrasted with mekso goal</secondary></indexterm> Here we calculate 3 + 4 first, giving 7, and then calculate 7 × 5 second, leading to the result 35. While possessing the advantage of simplicity, this result violates the design goal of matching the standards of mathematics. What can be done?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>effect of pragmatic convention</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>and mathematical notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>and operator precedence</secondary></indexterm> There are three solutions, all of which will probably be used to some degree. The first solution is to ignore the problem. People will say
<jbophrase>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu</jbophrase> and mean 23 by it, because the notion that multiplication takes precedence over addition is too deeply ingrained to be eradicated by Lojban parsing, which totally ignores semantics. This convention essentially allows semantics to dominate syntax in this one area.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence in other languages</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>rationale for default left-grouping</secondary></indexterm> (Why not hard-wire the precedences into the grammar, as is done in computer programming languages? Essentially because there are too many operators, known and unknown, with levels of precedence that vary according to usage. The programming language 'C' has 13 levels of precedence, and its list of operators is not even extensible. For Lojban this approach is just not practical. In addition, hard-wired precedence could not be overridden in mathematical systems such as spreadsheets where the conventions are different.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>generalized explicit specification</secondary></indexterm> The second solution is to use explicit means to specify the precedence of operators. This approach is fully general, but clumsy, and will be explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bi'e</primary><secondary>effect on following operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>scope modification with bi'e</secondary></indexterm> The third solution is simple but not very general. When an operator is prefixed with the cmavo
- <quote>bi'e</quote> (of selma'o BIhE), it becomes automatically of higher precedence than other operators not so prefixed. Thus,</para>
+ <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BIhE), it becomes automatically of higher precedence than other operators not so prefixed. Thus,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LIUa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo bi'e pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four-times-five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
<en>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a truthful Lojban bridi. If more than one operator has a
- <quote>bi'e</quote> prefix, grouping is from the right; multiple
+ <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> prefix, grouping is from the right; multiple
- <quote>bi'e</quote> prefixes on a single operator are not allowed.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> prefixes on a single operator are not allowed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parenthesis</primary><secondary>mathematical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>specifying by parenthesis</secondary></indexterm> In addition, of course, Lojban has the mathematical parentheses
- <quote>vei</quote> and
- <quote>ve'o</quote>, which can be used just like their written equivalents
+ <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, which can be used just like their written equivalents
<quote>(</quote> and
<quote>)</quote> to group expressions in any way desired:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wfFV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du</jbo>
<gloss>li ny. [bi'e] te'a re su'i re bi'e pi'i ny. su'i pa</gloss>
@@ -624,159 +624,159 @@
<gloss>The-number (
<quote>n</quote> plus one) times (
<quote>n</quote> plus one)</gloss>
<gloss>equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times-
<quote>n</quote> plus 1.</gloss>
<en>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ny</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n^2 + 2n + 1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>interpretation of contrasted with normal mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> There are several new usages in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/>:
- <quote>te'a</quote> means
+ <jbophrase>te'a</jbophrase> means
<quote>raised to the power</quote>, and we also see the use of the lerfu word
<jbophrase>ny</jbophrase>, representing the letter
<quote>n</quote>. In mekso, letters stand for just what they do in ordinary mathematics: variables. The parser will accept a string of lerfu words (called a
<quote>lerfu string</quote>) as the equivalent of a single lerfu word, in agreement with computer-science conventions;
<quote>abc</quote> is a single variable, not the equivalent of
<quote>a × b × c</quote>. (Of course, a local convention could state that the value of a variable like
<quote>abc</quote>, with a multi-lerfu name, was equal to the values of the variables
<quote>a</quote>,
<quote>b</quote>, and
<quote>c</quote> multiplied together.)</para>
<para>The explicit operator
- <quote>pi'i</quote> is required in the Lojban verbal form whereas multiplication is implicit in the symbolic form. Note that
+ <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> is required in the Lojban verbal form whereas multiplication is implicit in the symbolic form. Note that
- <quote>ve'o</quote> (the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: the first use of it in
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> (the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: the first use of it in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/> is required, but the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, the first
- <quote>bi'e</quote> (also marked by square brackets) is not necessary to get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the other one.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> (also marked by square brackets) is not necessary to get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the other one.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section6">
<title>Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
boi BOI numeral/lerfu string terminator
va'a VUhU negation/additive inverse
pe'o PEhO forethought flag
ku'e KUhE forethought terminator
py. BY letter
<quote>p</quote>
xy. BY letter
<quote>x</quote>
zy. BY letter
-<jbophrase>z</jbophrase>
+<quote>z</quote>
ma'o MAhO convert operand to operator
fy. BY letter
<quote>f</quote>
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>The infix form explained so far is reasonable for many purposes, but it is limited and rigid. It works smoothly only where all operators have exactly two operands, and where precedences can either be assumed from context or are limited to just two levels, with some help from parentheses.</para>
<para>But there are many operators which do not have two operands, or which have a variable number of operands. The preferred form of expression in such cases is the use of
<quote>forethought operators</quote>, also known as Polish notation. In this style of writing mathematics, the operator comes first and the operands afterwards:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I0Bm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li su'i paboi reboi ci[boi] du li xa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number the-sum-of one two three equals the-number six.</gloss>
<en>sum(1,2,3) = 6</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the normally elidable number terminator
- <quote>boi</quote> is required after
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required after
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> because otherwise the reading would be
<jbophrase>pareci</jbophrase>= 123. It is not required after
<jbophrase>ci</jbophrase> but is inserted here in brackets for the sake of symmetry. The only time
- <quote>boi</quote> is required is, as in
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required is, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/>, when there are two consecutive numbers or lerfu strings.</para>
<para>Forethought mekso can use any number of operands, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/>, three. How do we know how many operands there are in ambiguous circumstances? The usual Lojban solution is employed: an elidable terminator, namely
- <quote>ku'e</quote>. Here is an example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase>. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IxMG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li py. su'i va'a ny. ku'e su'i zy du li xy.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number
<quote>p</quote> plus negative-of(
<quote>n</quote>) plus
- <jbophrase>z</jbophrase> equals the-number
+ <quote>z</quote> equals the-number
<quote>x</quote>.</gloss>
<gloss>p + -n + z = x</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where we know that
- <quote>va'a</quote> is a forethought operator because there is no operand preceding it.</para>
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is a forethought operator because there is no operand preceding it.</para>
<para>
- <quote>va'a</quote> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> is the numerical negation operator, of selma'o VUhU. In contrast,
- <quote>vu'u</quote> is not used for numerical negation, but only for subtraction, as it always has two or more operands. Do not confuse
- <quote>va'a</quote> and
- <quote>vu'u</quote>, which are operators, with
+ <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase> is not used for numerical negation, but only for subtraction, as it always has two or more operands. Do not confuse
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>vu'u</jbophrase>, which are operators, with
<jbophrase>ni'u</jbophrase>, which is part of a number.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IxMG"/>, the operator
- <quote>va'a</quote> and the terminator
- <quote>ku'e</quote> serve in effect as parentheses. (The regular parentheses
- <quote>vei</quote> and
- <quote>ve'o</quote> are NOT used for this purpose.) If the
- <quote>ku'e</quote> were omitted, the
- <quote>su'i zy</quote> would be swallowed up by the
- <quote>va'a</quote> forethought operator, which would then appear to have two operands,
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> and the terminator
+ <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> serve in effect as parentheses. (The regular parentheses
+ <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> are NOT used for this purpose.) If the
+ <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> were omitted, the
+ <jbophrase>su'i zy</jbophrase> would be swallowed up by the
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> forethought operator, which would then appear to have two operands,
<jbophrase>ny</jbophrase> and
- <quote>su'i zy.</quote>, where the latter is also a forethought expression.</para>
+ <jbophrase>su'i zy.</jbophrase>, where the latter is also a forethought expression.</para>
<para>Forethought mekso is also useful for matching standard functional notation. How do we represent
<quote>z = f(x)</quote>? The answer is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VybU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li zy du li ma'o fy.boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number z equals the-number the-operator f x.</gloss>
<en>z = f(x)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, no parentheses are used. The construct
- <quote>ma'o fy.boi</quote> is the equivalent of an operator, and appears in forethought here (although it could also be used as a regular infix operator). In mathematics, letters sometimes mean functions and sometimes mean variables, with only the context to tell which. Lojban chooses to accept the variable interpretation as the default, and uses the special flag
- <quote>ma'o</quote> to mark a lerfu string as an operator. The cmavo
+ <jbophrase>ma'o fy.boi</jbophrase> is the equivalent of an operator, and appears in forethought here (although it could also be used as a regular infix operator). In mathematics, letters sometimes mean functions and sometimes mean variables, with only the context to tell which. Lojban chooses to accept the variable interpretation as the default, and uses the special flag
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> to mark a lerfu string as an operator. The cmavo
<jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase> are variables, but
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> is an operator (a function) because
- <quote>ma'o</quote> marks it as such. The
- <quote>boi</quote> is required because otherwise the
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> marks it as such. The
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is required because otherwise the
<jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> would look like part of the operator name. (The use of
- <quote>ma'o</quote> can be generalized from lerfu strings to any mekso operand: see
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> can be generalized from lerfu strings to any mekso operand: see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section21"/>.)</para>
<para>When using forethought mekso, the optional marker
- <quote>pe'o</quote> may be placed in front of the operator. This usage can help avoid confusion by providing clearly marked
+ <jbophrase>pe'o</jbophrase> may be placed in front of the operator. This usage can help avoid confusion by providing clearly marked
- <quote>pe'o</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>pe'o</jbophrase> and
- <quote>ku'e</quote> pairs to delimit the operand list.
+ <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> pairs to delimit the operand list.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I0Bm"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VybU"/>, respectively, with explicit
- <quote>pe'o</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>pe'o</jbophrase> and
- <quote>ku'e</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhz5" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pe'o su'i paboi reboi ciboi ku'e du li xa</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhzu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -792,75 +792,75 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li zy du li pe'o ma'o fy.boi xy. ku'e</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note: When using forethought mekso, be sure that the operands really are operands: they cannot contain regular infix expressions unless parenthesized with
- <quote>vei</quote> and
- <quote>ve'o</quote>. An earlier version of the complex
+ <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>. An earlier version of the complex
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> came to grief because I forgot this rule.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section7">
<title>Other useful selbri for mekso bridi</title>
<para>So far our examples have been isolated mekso (it is legal to have a bare mekso as a sentence in Lojban) and equation bridi involving
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>. What about inequalities such as
<quote>x < 5</quote>? The answer is to use a bridi with an appropriate selbri, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-s4TW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy. mleca li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x is-less-than the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a partial list of selbri useful in mathematical bridi:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
du x1 is identical to x2, x3, x4, ...
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
dunli x1 is equal/congruent to x2 in/on property/quality/dimension/quantity x3
mleca x1 is less than x2
zmadu x1 is greater than x2
dubjavme'a x1 is less than or equal to x2 [du ja mleca, equal or less]
dubjavmau x1 is greater than or equal to x2 [du ja zmadu, equal or greater]
tamdu'i x1 is similar to x2 [tarmi dunli, shape-equal]
turdu'i x1 is isomorphic to x2 [stura dunli, structure-equal]
cmima x1 is a member of set x2
gripau x1 is a subset of set x2 [girzu pagbu, set-part]
na'ujbi x1 is approximately equal to x2 [namcu jibni, number-near]
terci'e x1 is a component with function x2 of system x3
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>Note the difference between
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>;
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place that specifies the kind of equality that is meant.
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> refers to actual identity, and can have any number of places:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PTmF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>py. du xy.boi zy.</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>p</quote> is-identical-to
<quote>x</quote>
- <jbophrase>z</jbophrase></gloss>
+ <quote>z</quote></gloss>
<en>p = x = z</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Lojban bridi can have only one predicate, so the
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is not repeated.</para>
<para>Any of these selbri may usefully be prefixed with
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, the contradictory negation cmavo, to indicate that the relation is false:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WuRn">
@@ -1239,31 +1239,31 @@
<quote>many</quote> in the circumstances).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>both dogs</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIBi"/> assumes a mostly monogamous culture by stating that three is
<quote>many</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section9">
<title>Approximation and inexact numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
ji'i PA approximately
su'e PA at most
su'o PA at least
me'i PA less than
za'u PA more than
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary><secondary>effect of placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>approximate numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ji'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o PA) is used in several ways to indicate approximate or rounded numbers. If it appears at the beginning of a number, the whole number is approximate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YLcy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ji'i vo no</jbo>
<gloss>approximation four zero</gloss>
@@ -1453,21 +1453,21 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pi'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>compound base point</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>radix</primary><secondary>decimal (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> In normal contexts, Lojban assumes that all numbers are expressed in the decimal (base 10) system. However, other bases are possible, and may be appropriate in particular circumstances.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>octal system</primary><secondary>specifying numbers in (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>binary system</primary><secondary>specifying numbers in (see also base)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm> To specify a number in a particular base, the VUhU operator
- <quote>ju'u</quote> is suitable:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ju'u</jbophrase> is suitable:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Iw8u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa no pa no ju'u re du li pa no</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 1010 base 2 equals the-number 10.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>changing permanently</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>assumed</secondary></indexterm> Here, the final
@@ -1503,22 +1503,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vai pi bi ju'u paxa du li pamu pi mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number F.8 base 16 equals the-number 15.5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>F.8 base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>non-constant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ju'u</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Since
- <quote>ju'u</quote> is an operator of selma'o VUhU, it is grammatical to use any operand as the left argument. Semantically, however, it is undefined to use anything but a numeral string on the left. The reason for making
- <quote>ju'u</quote> an operator is to allow reference to a base which is not a constant.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ju'u</jbophrase> is an operator of selma'o VUhU, it is grammatical to use any operand as the left argument. Semantically, however, it is undefined to use anything but a numeral string on the left. The reason for making
+ <jbophrase>ju'u</jbophrase> an operator is to allow reference to a base which is not a constant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hours</primary><secondary>minutes</secondary><tertiary>seconds: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>separator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base varying for each digit</primary><secondary>separator for</secondary></indexterm> There are some numerical values that require a
<quote>base</quote> that varies from digit to digit. For example, times represented in hours, minutes, and seconds have, in effect, three
<quote>digits</quote>: the first is base 24, the second and third are base 60. To express such numbers, the compound base separator
<jbophrase>pi'e</jbophrase> is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-17HR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d5"/>
</title>
@@ -1649,25 +1649,25 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for ME</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> Lojban possesses a special category of selbri which are based on mekso. The simplest kind of such selbri are made by suffixing a member of selma'o MOI to a number. There are five members of MOI, each of which serves to create number-based selbri with specific place structures.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>mei</quote> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
x1 is a mass formed from the set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed from set</secondary></indexterm> A cardinal selbri interrelates a set with a given number of members, the mass formed from that set, and the individuals which make the set up. The mass argument is placed first as a matter of convenience, not logical necessity.</para>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ujSA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei mi ratcu cu cimei</jbo>
@@ -1688,27 +1688,27 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi poi pamei cu cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I who am-an-individual express this-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Pen"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to a mass,
<quote>the mass consisting of me</quote>. Personal pronouns are vague between masses, sets, and individuals.</para>
<para>However, when the number expressed before
- <quote>-mei</quote> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">-mei</jbophrase> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8"/>, a slightly different place structure is required:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals of set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mei</primary><secondary>place structure formed for objective indefinites</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3,
measured relative to the set x4.
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GJsg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which are-in the park are a-fewsome with-respect-to the-set-of rats.</gloss>
<en>The rats in the park are a small number of all the rats there are.</en>
@@ -1727,31 +1727,31 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'i ratcu poi zvati le panka cu se so'imei</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats which-are in the park is-a manysome.</gloss>
<en>There are many rats in the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n52D"/>, the conversion cmavo
- <quote>se</quote> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
<quote>many</quote> with respect to some unspecified comparison set.</para>
<para>More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, and individuals can be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>moi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>moi</quote> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiHw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti pamoi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>This-one is the first-of the rats associated-with me.</gloss>
<en>This is my first rat.</en>
@@ -1775,62 +1775,62 @@
<jbo>mi raumoi le velskina porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-enough-th-in the movie-audience sequence</gloss>
<gloss>I am enough-th in the movie line.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>first rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIiA"/> means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>si'e</quote> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>si'e</jbophrase> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i8r4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sanmi cu fi'ucisi'e lei mi djedi cidja</jbo>
<gloss>This-here meal is-a-slash-three-portion-of my day-food.</gloss>
<gloss>This meal is one-third of my daily food.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>one-third of food</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>cu'o</quote> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> creates probability selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
event x1 has probability (n) of occurring under conditions x2
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>values</secondary></indexterm> The number must be between 0 and 1 inclusive. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9sf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu lo sicni cu sedja'o cu pimucu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event of a coin being a head-displayer has probability .5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coin heads</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>probability .5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>va'e</quote> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>va'e</jbophrase> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced fractions</primary><secondary>use in granular scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale</primary><secondary>granular contrasted with continuous</secondary></indexterm> If the scale is granular rather than continuous, a form like
<jbophrase>cifi'uxa</jbophrase> (3/6) may be used; in this case, 3/6 is not the same as 1/2, because the third position on a scale of six positions is not the same as the first position on a scale of two positions. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XiTd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi rozgu cu sofi'upanova'e xunre</jbo>
<gloss>This rose is 9/10-scale red.</gloss>
@@ -1852,21 +1852,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu du'emei fo mi</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which-are in the park are too-many by-standard me.</gloss>
<en>There are too many rats in the park for me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>rationale for effect on place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>too many rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The extra place (which for
- <quote>-mei</quote> is the x4 place labeled by
+ <jbophrase>-mei</jbophrase> is the x4 place labeled by
<jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>) is provided rather than using a BAI tag such as
<jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase> because a specification of the standard for judgment is essential to the meaning of subjective words like
<quote>enough</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>specifying standard for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>standard for subjective numbers</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm> This place is not normally explicit when using one of the subjective numbers directly as a number. Therefore,
<jbophrase>du'e ratcu</jbophrase> means
<quote>too many rats</quote> without specifying any standard.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>with numerical selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary><tertiary>with lerfu strings</tertiary></indexterm> It is also grammatical to substitute a lerfu string for a number:</para>
@@ -1875,66 +1875,66 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ny.moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is-nth-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<en>That is my nth rat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>restriction on numbers used for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> More complex mekso cannot be placed directly in front of MOI, due to the resulting grammatical ambiguities. Instead, a somewhat artificial form of expression is required.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>alternative to compensate for restriction on numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"me"</primary><secondary>effect of MOI on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>use of "me" with</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>me</quote> (of selma'o ME) has the function of making a sumti into a selbri. A whole
- <quote>me</quote> construction can have a member of MOI added to the end to create a complex mekso selbri:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) has the function of making a sumti into a selbri. A whole
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> construction can have a member of MOI added to the end to create a complex mekso selbri:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n+1)-th rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xaYd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me li ny. su'i pa me'u moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is the-number n plus one-th-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<gloss>That is my (n+1)-th rat.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the mekso
- <quote>ny. su'i pa</quote> is made into a sumti (with
- <quote>li</quote>) and then changed into a mekso selbri with
- <quote>me</quote> and
- <quote>me'u moi</quote>. The elidable terminator
- <quote>me'u</quote> is required here in order to keep the
+ <jbophrase>ny. su'i pa</jbophrase> is made into a sumti (with
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>) and then changed into a mekso selbri with
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>me'u moi</jbophrase>. The elidable terminator
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> is required here in order to keep the
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and the
- <quote>moi</quote> separate; otherwise, the parser will combine them into the compound
+ <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> separate; otherwise, the parser will combine them into the compound
<jbophrase>pamoi</jbophrase> and reject the sentence as ungrammatical.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>based on non-numerical sumti</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly possible to use non-numerical sumti after
- <quote>me</quote> and before a member of MOI, producing strange results indeed:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> and before a member of MOI, producing strange results indeed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-enCe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>cu me le'e snime bolci be vi la xel. cu'o</gloss>
<gloss>The event-of me being-a-nobly-superlative-ruler</gloss>
<gloss>has-the-stereotypical snow type-of-ball at Hell probability.</gloss>
<en>I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>snowball's chance</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary><secondary>use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi with MOI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MOI</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
- <quote>boi</quote> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
- <quote>me'u</quote> in
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xaYd"/> could also be replaced by a
- <quote>boi</quote>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
<jbophrase>pa</jbophrase> and
- <quote>moi</quote> from joining into a compound.</para>
+ <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> from joining into a compound.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section12">
<title>Number questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xo</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>number question</description>
@@ -1999,22 +1999,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixici du li xy.boixipa su'i xy.boixire</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-3 equals the-number x-sub-1 plus x-sub-2.</gloss>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x-sub-3</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts always begin with the flag
- <quote>xi</quote> (of selma'o XI).
- <quote>xi</quote> may be followed by a number, a lerfu string, or a general mekso expression in parentheses:</para>
+ <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> (of selma'o XI).
+ <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> may be followed by a number, a lerfu string, or a general mekso expression in parentheses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiIs" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixino</jbo>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIJ6" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -2029,25 +2029,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIjf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixi vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o]</jbo>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>free modifiers</primary><secondary>effects on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>effects on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts on lerfu words</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of boi</secondary></indexterm> Note that subscripts attached directly to lerfu words (variables) generally need a
- <quote>boi</quote> terminating the variable. Free modifiers, of which subscripts are one variety, generally require the explicit presence of an otherwise elidable terminator.</para>
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> terminating the variable. Free modifiers, of which subscripts are one variety, generally require the explicit presence of an otherwise elidable terminator.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>superscripts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>before main expression</secondary></indexterm> There is no standard way of handling superscripts (other than those used as exponents) or for subscripts or superscripts that come before the main expression. If necessary, further cmavo could be assigned to selma'o XI for these purposes.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sub-subscripts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>multiple as sub-subscript</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for a subscript is that for a general number or lerfu string, namely
- <quote>boi</quote>. By convention, a subscript following another subscript is taken to be a sub-subscript:</para>
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase>. By convention, a subscript following another subscript is taken to be a sub-subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FddL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo</jbo>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See
@@ -2077,74 +2077,74 @@
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
<description>exponential notation</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary></indexterm> The infix operators presented so far have always had exactly two operands, and for more or fewer operands forethought notation has been required. However, it is possible to use an operator in infix style even though it has more or fewer than two operands, through the use of a pair of tricks: the null operand
<jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> and the null operator
- <quote>ge'a</quote>. The first is suitable when there are too few operands, the second when there are too many. For example, suppose we wanted to express the numerical negation operator
+ <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase>. The first is suitable when there are too few operands, the second when there are too many. For example, suppose we wanted to express the numerical negation operator
- <quote>va'a</quote> in infix form. We would use:</para>
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> in infix form. We would use:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8Uh9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li tu'o va'a ny. du li no vu'u ny.</jbo>
<gloss>The-number (null) additive-inverse n equals the-number zero minus n.</gloss>
<en>-n = 0 − n</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too few for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operand</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> The
<jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> fulfills the grammatical requirement for a left operand for the infix use of
- <quote>va'a</quote>, even though semantically none is needed or wanted.</para>
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase>, even though semantically none is needed or wanted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>with gei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a binary operator</secondary></indexterm> Finding a suitable example of
- <quote>ge'a</quote> requires exhibiting a ternary operator, and ternary operators are not common. The operator
- <quote>gei</quote>, however, has both a binary and a ternary use. As a binary operator, it provides a terse representation of scientific (also called
+ <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> requires exhibiting a ternary operator, and ternary operators are not common. The operator
+ <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, however, has both a binary and a ternary use. As a binary operator, it provides a terse representation of scientific (also called
<quote>exponential</quote>) notation. The first operand of
- <quote>gei</quote> is the exponent, and the second operand is the mantissa or fraction:</para>
+ <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> is the exponent, and the second operand is the mantissa or fraction:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VjtV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li cinonoki'oki'o du</jbo>
<gloss>li bi gei ci</gloss>
<gloss>The-number three-zero-zero-comma-comma equals</gloss>
<gloss>the-number eight scientific three.</gloss>
<en>300,000,000 = 3 × 10</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 ( 10^8</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> Why are the arguments to
- <quote>gei</quote> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
- <quote>gei</quote> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
+ <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
+ <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zmqy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gei reno</jbo>
<gloss>(scientific) two-zero</gloss>
<en>10</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>10^20</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>floating point numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with base other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a ternary operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too many for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operator</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> Note, however, that although 10 is far and away the most common exponent base, it is not the only possible one. The third operand of
- <quote>gei</quote>, therefore, is the base, with 10 as the default value. Most computers internally store so-called
+ <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase>, therefore, is the base, with 10 as the default value. Most computers internally store so-called
<quote>floating-point</quote> numbers using 2 as the exponent base. (This has nothing to do with the fact that computers also represent all integers in base 2; the IBM 360 series used an exponent base of 16 for floating point, although each component of the number was expressed in base 2.) Here is a computer floating-point number with a value of 40:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7nMz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>papano bi'eju'u re gei pipanopano bi'eju'u re ge'a re</jbo>
<gloss>(one-one-zero base 2) scientific (point-one-zero-one-zero base 2) with-base 2</gloss>
<en>.1010</en>
@@ -2173,52 +2173,52 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sa'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
<description>matrix column combiner</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A mathematical vector is a list of numbers, and a mathematical matrix is a table of numbers. Lojban considers matrices to be built up out of vectors, which are in turn built up out of operands.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector indicator</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector</primary><secondary>components of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'i</primary><secondary>precedence of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vector indicator</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>jo'i</quote>, the only cmavo of selma'o JOhI, is the vector indicator: it has a syntax reminiscent of a forethought operator, but has very high precedence. The components must be simple operands rather than full expressions (unless parenthesized). A vector can have any number of components;
+ <jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>, the only cmavo of selma'o JOhI, is the vector indicator: it has a syntax reminiscent of a forethought operator, but has very high precedence. The components must be simple operands rather than full expressions (unless parenthesized). A vector can have any number of components;
- <quote>te'u</quote> is the elidable terminator. An example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> is the elidable terminator. An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IVDJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du</jbo>
<gloss>li jo'i voboi xaboi</gloss>
<gloss>The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals</gloss>
<gloss>the-number array (four, six).</gloss>
<en>(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with ge'a for more than 2 rows/columns</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>as combination of vectors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix column operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix row operator</primary></indexterm> Vectors can be combined into matrices using either
- <quote>pi'a</quote>, the matrix row operator, or
+ <jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase>, the matrix row operator, or
- <quote>sa'i</quote>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
+ <jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
- <quote>ge'a</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>magic square</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the
<quote>magic square</quote> matrix</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>can be represented either as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zbJP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>jo'i biboi paboi xa pi'a jo'i ciboi muboi ze ge'a jo'i voboi soboi re</jbo>
<gloss>the-vector (8 1 6) matrix-row the-vector (3 5 7), the-vector (4 9 2)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2228,106 +2228,106 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>jo'i biboi ciboi vo sa'i jo'i paboi muboi so ge'a jo'i xaboi zeboi re</jbo>
<gloss>the-vector (8 3 4) matrix-column the-vector (1 5 9), the-vector (6 7 2)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrices</primary><secondary>use of parentheses with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vectors</primary><secondary>use of parentheses with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrices</primary><secondary>use as operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vectors</primary><secondary>use as operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner product</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer product</primary></indexterm> The regular mekso operators can be applied to vectors and to matrices, since grammatically both of these are expressions. It is usually necessary to parenthesize matrices when used with operators in order to avoid incorrect groupings. There are no VUhU operators for the matrix operators of inner or outer products, but appropriate operators can be created using a suitable symbolic lerfu word or string prefixed by
- <quote>ma'o</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>to form matrices of more than 2 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with more than 2 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> Matrices of more than two dimensions can be built up using either
- <quote>pi'a</quote> or
+ <jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase> or
- <quote>sa'i</quote> with an appropriate subscript numbering the dimension. When subscripted, there is no difference between
+ <jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase> with an appropriate subscript numbering the dimension. When subscripted, there is no difference between
- <quote>pi'a</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>pi'a</jbophrase> and
- <quote>sa'i</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sa'i</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section16">
<title>Reverse Polish notation</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fu'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>FUhA</selmaho>
<description>reverse Polish flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>RP</primary><secondary>as abbreviation for reverse Polish notation</secondary></indexterm> So far, the Lojban notational conventions have mapped fairly familiar kinds of mathematical discourse. The use of forethought operators may have seemed odd when applied to
<quote>+</quote>, but when applied to
<quote>f</quote> they appear as the usual functional notation. Now comes a sharp break. Reverse Polish (RP) notation represents something completely different; even mathematicians don't use it much. (The only common uses of RP, in fact, are in some kinds of calculators and in the implementation of some programming languages.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>terminator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>marker</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>use of parentheses in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> In RP notation, the operator follows the operands. (Polish notation, where the operator precedes its operands, is another name for forethought mekso of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6"/>.) The number of operands per operator is always fixed. No parentheses are required or permitted. In Lojban, RP notation is always explicitly marked by a
- <quote>fu'a</quote> at the beginning of the expression; there is no terminator. Here is a simple example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>fu'a</jbophrase> at the beginning of the expression; there is no terminator. Here is a simple example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-V4xe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li fu'a reboi ci su'i du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number (RP!) two, three, plus equals the-number five.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The operands are
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ci</jbophrase>; the operator is
- <quote>su'i</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Here is a more complex example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PSpq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li fu'a reboi ci pi'i voboi mu pi'i su'i du li rexa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number (RP!) (two, three, times), (four, five, times), plus equals the-number two-six</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the operands of the first
- <quote>pi'i</quote> are
+ <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> are
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ci</jbophrase>; the operands of the second
- <quote>pi'i</quote> are
+ <jbophrase>pi'i</jbophrase> are
<jbophrase>vo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mu</jbophrase> (with
- <quote>boi</quote> inserted where needed), and the operands of the
- <quote>su'i</quote> are
- <quote>reboi ci pi'i</quote>, or 6, and
- <quote>voboi mu pi'i</quote>, or 20. As you can see, it is easy to get lost in the world of reverse Polish notation; on the other hand, it is especially easy for a mechanical listener (who has a deep mental stack and doesn't get lost) to comprehend.</para>
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> inserted where needed), and the operands of the
+ <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> are
+ <jbophrase>reboi ci pi'i</jbophrase>, or 6, and
+ <jbophrase>voboi mu pi'i</jbophrase>, or 20. As you can see, it is easy to get lost in the world of reverse Polish notation; on the other hand, it is especially easy for a mechanical listener (who has a deep mental stack and doesn't get lost) to comprehend.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>parentheses in operands of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>operands of</secondary></indexterm> The operands of an RP operator can be any legal mekso operand, including parenthesized mekso that can contain any valid syntax, whether more RP or something more conventional.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a gei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'o va'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>with too few operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reverse Polish notation</primary><secondary>number of operands</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, RP operators are always parsed with exactly two operands. What about operators which require only one operand, or more than two operands? The null operand
<jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> and the null operator
- <quote>ge'a</quote> provide a simple solution. A one-operand operator like
- <quote>va'a</quote> always appears in a reverse Polish context as
- <quote>tu'o va'a</quote>. The
+ <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> provide a simple solution. A one-operand operator like
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> always appears in a reverse Polish context as
+ <jbophrase>tu'o va'a</jbophrase>. The
<jbophrase>tu'o</jbophrase> provides the second operand, which is semantically ignored but grammatically necessary. Likewise, the three-operand version of
- <quote>gei</quote> appears in reverse Polish as
- <quote>ge'a gei</quote>, where the
+ <jbophrase>gei</jbophrase> appears in reverse Polish as
+ <jbophrase>ge'a gei</jbophrase>, where the
- <quote>ge'a</quote> effectively merges the 2nd and 3rd operands into a single operand. Here are some examples:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ge'a</jbophrase> effectively merges the 2nd and 3rd operands into a single operand. Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiJp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li fu'a ciboi muboi vu'u du</jbo>
<gloss>li fu'a reboi tu'o va'a</gloss>
@@ -2348,36 +2348,36 @@
<gloss>The-number 30-comma-comma equals</gloss>
<gloss>the-number (RP!) 8, (3, 10, null-op), exponential-notation.</gloss>
<en>30,000,000 = 3 × 10</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
.abu BY letter
<quote>a</quote>
by BY letter
<quote>b</quote>
cy BY letter
<quote>c</quote>
fe'a VUhU nth root of (default square root)
lo'o LOhO terminator for LI
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand connection</primary><secondary>afterthought</secondary></indexterm> As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operators</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e9Xi"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e9Xi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2389,43 +2389,43 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eiTM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parentheses</primary><secondary>for complex mekso used as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>complex used as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Note that the mekso here are being used as quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be enclosed in parentheses when used as a quantifier. This rule prevents ambiguities that do not exist when using
- <quote>li</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'o</primary><secondary>effect of logical connective on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of lo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> By the way,
- <quote>li</quote> has an elidable terminator,
- <quote>lo'o</quote>, which is needed when a
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> has an elidable terminator,
+ <jbophrase>lo'o</jbophrase>, which is needed when a
- <quote>li</quote> sumti is followed by a logical connective that could seem to be within the mekso. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> sumti is followed by a logical connective that could seem to be within the mekso. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LXtp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du</jbo>
<gloss>li vo lo'o .onai lo nalseldjuno namcu</gloss>
<gloss>The-number two plus two equals</gloss>
<gloss>the-number four or else a non-known number.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Omitting the
- <quote>lo'o</quote> would cause the parser to assume that another operand followed the
+ <jbophrase>lo'o</jbophrase> would cause the parser to assume that another operand followed the
<jbophrase>.onai</jbophrase> and reject
- <quote>lo</quote> as an invalid operand.</para>
+ <jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> as an invalid operand.</para>
<para>Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard to come by. A contrived example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YoFg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2442,21 +2442,21 @@
<gloss>the-number two both plus and times two</gloss>
<gloss>equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a classic example of operand logical connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
su'i cy. du li no
gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u
fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o
fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu
If-and-only-if the-number
<quote>a</quote>-times-(
<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus
@@ -2473,31 +2473,31 @@
<quote>a</quote>.
Iff ax
<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0,
then x = -b ±
<phrase role="IPA">√</phrase>
<!--sqrt-->(b
<superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac)
<!-- fraction bar -->
2a
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/>: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
- <quote>bi'e</quote>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
+ <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
- <quote>fe'a</quote> and
- <quote>ku'e</quote> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
+ <jbophrase>fe'a</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
- <quote>bi'e</quote> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connection with JOI and BIhI is also permitted between operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect operands with
<jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> to create intervals:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bzf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li no ga'o bi'o ke'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one</gloss>
@@ -2514,22 +2514,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu ga'o mi'i ke'i pimu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 0.5 ± 0.5</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closed interval</primary><secondary>expressed with mi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>open interval</primary><secondary>expressed with mi'i</secondary></indexterm> which expresses the same interval as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Bzf6"/>. Note that the
- <quote>ga'o</quote> and
- <quote>ke'i</quote> still refer to the endpoints, although these are now implied rather than expressed. Another way of expressing the same thing:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> still refer to the endpoints, although these are now implied rather than expressed. Another way of expressing the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CEvD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu su'i ni'upimu bi'o ma'upimu</jbo>
<gloss>the-number 0.5 plus [-0.5 from-to +0.5]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection of operands</primary><secondary>precedence over operator</secondary></indexterm> Here we have the sum of a number and an interval, which produces another interval centered on the number. As
@@ -2575,69 +2575,69 @@
<selmaho>MOhE</selmaho>
<description>sumti to operand</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>te'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>TEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for all three</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'u</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> One of the mekso design goals requires the ability to make use of Lojban's vocabulary resources within mekso to extend the built-in cmavo for operands and operators. There are three relevant constructs: all three share the elidable terminator
- <quote>te'u</quote> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
- <quote>jo'i</quote>)</para>
+ <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
+ <jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator derived from selbri</primary><secondary>effect of selbri place structure on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri place structure</primary><secondary>effect on operator formed by</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operator</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>na'u</quote> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
+ <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k38f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
The-number the-operator tangent (
-<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase> / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
+π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
tan(
-<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>/2) =
-<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>
-</programlisting>
+π/2) =
+∞
+ </xxx>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase> is the gismu for
<quote>x1 is the tangent of x2</quote>, and the
- <quote>na'u</quote> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
+ <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>formulae</primary><secondary>expressing based on pure dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>ni'e</quote> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
+ <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
- <quote>ni</quote> abstraction, since
- <quote>ni</quote> abstractions represent numbers. The
- <quote>ni'e</quote> makes that number available as a mekso operand. A common application is to make equations relating pure dimensions:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction, since
+ <jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions represent numbers. The
+ <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes that number available as a mekso operand. A common application is to make equations relating pure dimensions:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wCJQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i</jbo>
<gloss>ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu</gloss>
<gloss>The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times</gloss>
<gloss>quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.</gloss>
<en>Length × Width × Depth = Volume</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Length ( Width ( Depth = Volume</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensioned numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting sumti into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>mo'e</quote> operates similarly to
+ <jbophrase>mo'e</jbophrase> operates similarly to
- <quote>ni'e</quote>, but makes a sumti (rather than a selbri) into an operand. This construction is useful in stating equations involving dimensioned numbers:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase>, but makes a sumti (rather than a selbri) into an operand. This construction is useful in stating equations involving dimensioned numbers:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETmX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals.</gloss>
@@ -2689,27 +2689,27 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>roi</cmavo>
<selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
<description>quantified tense</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>So far we have seen mekso used as sumti (with
- <quote>li</quote>), as quantifiers (often parenthesized), and in MOI and ME-MOI selbri. There are a few other minor uses of mekso within Lojban.</para>
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase>), as quantifiers (often parenthesized), and in MOI and ME-MOI selbri. There are a few other minor uses of mekso within Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expression</primary><secondary>referring to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with li</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>me'o</quote> has the same grammatical use as
- <quote>li</quote> but slightly different semantics.
- <quote>li</quote> means
+ <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> has the same grammatical use as
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> but slightly different semantics.
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> means
<quote>the number which is the value of the mekso ...</quote>, whereas
- <quote>me'o</quote> just means
+ <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> just means
<quote>the mekso ...</quote> So it is true that:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-93Qu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = 4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2723,47 +2723,47 @@
<jbo>me'o re su'i re du me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-mekso two plus two equals the-mekso four.</gloss>
<en>
<quote>2 + 2</quote>=
<quote>4</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>relation to li compared with la/zo relation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>li</primary><secondary>relation to me'o compared with la/zo relation</secondary></indexterm> since the expressions
<quote>2 + 2</quote> and
<quote>4</quote> are not the same. The relationship between
- <quote>li</quote> and
- <quote>me'o</quote> is related to that between
+ <jbophrase>li</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is related to that between
<jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase>, the person named John, and
<jbophrase>zo .djan.</jbophrase>, the name
<quote>John</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of converted operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting operator into</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>nu'a</quote> is the inverse of
- <quote>na'u</quote>, and allows a mekso operator to be used as a normal selbri, with the place structure:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> is the inverse of
+ <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase>, and allows a mekso operator to be used as a normal selbri, with the place structure:</para>
+ <xxx>
x1 is the result of applying (operator) to x2, x3, ...
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
<para>for as many places as may be required. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9idi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>uses
- <quote>nu'a</quote> to make the operator
- <quote>va'a</quote> into a two-place bridi</para>
+ <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> to make the operator
+ <jbophrase>va'a</jbophrase> into a two-place bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary><secondary>use in answering operator questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'u</primary><secondary>use in asking operator questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>to operator questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>operator</secondary></indexterm> Used together,
- <quote>nu'a</quote> and
- <quote>na'u</quote> make it possible to ask questions about mekso operators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider
+ <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> make it possible to ask questions about mekso operators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/>, to which
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> is one correct answer:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIKp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u mo re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two what-operator? two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>2 ? 2 = 4</en>
@@ -2773,39 +2773,39 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'a su'i</jbo>
<en>plus</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/>,
- <quote>na'u mo</quote> is an operator question, because
+ <jbophrase>na'u mo</jbophrase> is an operator question, because
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is the selbri question cmavo and
- <quote>na'u</quote> makes the selbri into an operator.
+ <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes the selbri into an operator.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> makes the true answer
- <quote>su'i</quote> into a selbri (which is a legal utterance) with the inverse cmavo
- <quote>nu'a</quote>. Mechanically speaking, inserting
+ <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase> into a selbri (which is a legal utterance) with the inverse cmavo
+ <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase>. Mechanically speaking, inserting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qILi"/> into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIKp"/> produces:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-M5YX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u nu'a su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two (the-operator the-selbri plus) two equals the-number four.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
- <quote>na'u nu'a</quote> cancels out, leaving a truthful bridi</para>
+ <jbophrase>na'u nu'a</jbophrase> cancels out, leaving a truthful bridi</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digit string</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>section numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>sub-division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> Numerical free modifiers, corresponding to English
<quote>firstly</quote>,
<quote>secondly</quote>, and so on, can be created by suffixing a member of selma'o MAI to a digit string or a lerfu string. (Digit strings are compound cmavo beginning with a cmavo of selma'o PA, and containing only cmavo of PA or BY; lerfu strings begin with a cmavo of selma'o BY, and likewise contain only PA or BY cmavo.) Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qimN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d7"/>
</title>
@@ -2846,62 +2846,62 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiPq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pasomo'o</jbo>
<en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chapter numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with mai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mai</primary><secondary>contrasted with mo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
- <quote>mai</quote> and
- <quote>mo'o</quote> is that
- <quote>mo'o</quote> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
- <quote>mo'o</quote> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
- <quote>mai</quote>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
- <quote>mo'o</quote>. (See
+ <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> is that
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
+ <jbophrase>mai</jbophrase>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
+ <jbophrase>mo'o</jbophrase>. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> for more on these words.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>numerical</secondary></indexterm> A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
- <quote>roi</quote>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
+ <jbophrase>roi</jbophrase>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed discussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical tenses</primary><secondary>effect on use of boi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
- <quote>boi</quote> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section20">
<title>Explicit operator precedence</title>
<para>As mentioned earlier, Lojban does provide a way for the precedences of operators to be explicitly declared, although current parsers do not understand these declarations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'o</primary></indexterm> The declaration is made in the form of a metalinguistic comment using
- <quote>ti'o</quote>, a member of selma'o SEI.
+ <jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase>, a member of selma'o SEI.
- <quote>sei</quote>, the other member of SEI, is used to insert metalinguistic comments on a bridi which give information about the discourse which the bridi comprises. The format of a
- <quote>ti'o</quote> declaration has not been formally established, but presumably would take the form of mentioning a mekso operator and then giving it either an absolute numerical precedence on some pre-established scale, or else specifying relative precedences between new operators and existing operators.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, the other member of SEI, is used to insert metalinguistic comments on a bridi which give information about the discourse which the bridi comprises. The format of a
+ <jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase> declaration has not been formally established, but presumably would take the form of mentioning a mekso operator and then giving it either an absolute numerical precedence on some pre-established scale, or else specifying relative precedences between new operators and existing operators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator precedence</primary><secondary>plans for future</secondary></indexterm> In future, we hope to create an improved machine parser that can understand declarations of the precedences of simple operators belonging to selma'o VUhU. Originally, all operators would have the same precedence. Declarations would have the effect of raising the specified cmavo of VUhU to higher precedence levels. Complex operators formed with
- <quote>na'u</quote>,
- <quote>ni'e</quote>, or
+ <jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase>, or
- <quote>ma'o</quote> would remain at the standard low precedence; declarations with respect to them are for future implementation efforts. It is probable that such a parser would have a set of
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> would remain at the standard low precedence; declarations with respect to them are for future implementation efforts. It is probable that such a parser would have a set of
<quote>commonly assumed precedences</quote> built into it (selectable by a special
- <quote>ti'o</quote> declaration) that would match mathematical intuition: times higher than plus, and so on.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ti'o</jbophrase> declaration) that would match mathematical intuition: times higher than plus, and so on.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section21">
<title>Miscellany</title>
<para>A few other points:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>use with operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>of operator places</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>se</quote> can be used to convert an operator as if it were a selbri, so that its arguments are exchanged. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> can be used to convert an operator as if it were a selbri, so that its arguments are exchanged. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NwYJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci se vu'u vo du li pa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three (inverse) minus four equals the-number one.</gloss>
<en>3 subtracted from 4 equals 1.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2924,23 +2924,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci to'e vu'u re du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 opposite-of-minus 2 equals the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The sense in which
<quote>plus</quote> is the opposite of
<quote>minus</quote> is not a mathematical but rather a linguistic one; negated operators are defined only loosely.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>of operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>for operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>of operand</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>la'e</quote> and
- <quote>lu'e</quote> can be used on operands with the usual semantics to get the referent of or a symbol for an operand. Likewise, a member of selma'o NAhE followed by
- <quote>bo</quote> serves to scalar-negate an operand, implying that some other operand would make the bridi true:</para>
+ <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> can be used on operands with the usual semantics to get the referent of or a symbol for an operand. Likewise, a member of selma'o NAhE followed by
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> serves to scalar-negate an operand, implying that some other operand would make the bridi true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3het">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li na'ebo mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus 2 equals the-number non-5.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = something other than 5.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2952,21 +2952,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la zel. poi gunta la tebes. pu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Those-named
<quote>Seven</quote> who attack that-named
<quote>Thebes</quote> [past] are-men.</gloss>
<en>The Seven Against Thebes were men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, there is no guarantee that the name
- <quote>zel.</quote> is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>zel.</jbophrase> is connected with the number rafsi: an alternative which cannot be misconstrued is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pf3n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la zemei poi gunta la tebes. pu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Those-named-the Sevensome who attack Thebes [past] are-men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>conventional meaning for frinu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>members with rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Certain other members of PA also have assigned rafsi:
@@ -2987,44 +2987,44 @@
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>pi</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ce'i</jbophrase>. Furthermore, although the cmavo
<jbophrase>fi'u</jbophrase> does not have a rafsi as such, it is closely related to the gismu
<jbophrase>frinu</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>fraction</quote>; therefore, in a context of numeric rafsi, you can use any of the rafsi for
<jbophrase>frinu</jbophrase> to indicate a fraction slash.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>conventional meaning for cu'o</secondary></indexterm> A similar convention is used for the cmavo
- <quote>cu'o</quote> of selma'o MOI, which is closely related to
+ <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MOI, which is closely related to
<jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase> (probability); use a rafsi for
<jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase> in order to create lujvo based on
- <quote>cu'o</quote>. The cmavo
-
- <quote>mei</quote> and
- <quote>moi</quote> of MOI have their own rafsi, two each in fact:
- <quote>mem</quote>/
- <quote>mei</quote> and
- <quote>mom</quote>/
- <quote>moi</quote> respectively.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase>. The cmavo
+
+ <jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> of MOI have their own rafsi, two each in fact:
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">mem</jbophrase>/
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">mei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">mom</jbophrase>/
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">moi</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'enu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting from operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>algebra of functions</primary><secondary>operator and operand distinction in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lambda calculus</primary><secondary>operator and operand distinction in</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of mekso as described so far imposes a rigid distinction between operators and operands. Some flavors of mathematics (lambda calculus, algebra of functions) blur this distinction, and Lojban must have a method of doing the same. An operator can be changed into an operand with
- <quote>ni'enu'a</quote>, which transforms the operator into a matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ni'enu'a</jbophrase>, which transforms the operator into a matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting from operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting into operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operand into operator</primary></indexterm> To change an operand into an operator, we use the cmavo
- <quote>ma'o</quote>, already introduced as a means of changing a lerfu string such as
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase>, already introduced as a means of changing a lerfu string such as
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> into an operator. In fact,
- <quote>ma'o</quote> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
- <quote>te'u</quote> if necessary.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
+ <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> if necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary><secondary>potential ambiguity caveat</secondary></indexterm> There is a potential semantic ambiguity in
- <quote>ma'o fy. [te'u]</quote> if
+ <jbophrase>ma'o fy. [te'u]</jbophrase> if
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> is already in use as a variable: it comes to mean
<quote>the function whose value is always ‘f'</quote>. However, mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings as both functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section22">
<title>Four score and seven: a mekso problem</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Four score and seven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Gettysburg Address</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>and literary translation</secondary></indexterm> Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begins with the words
<quote>Four score and seven years ago</quote>. This section exhibits several different ways of saying the number
@@ -3065,24 +3065,24 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze</jbo>
<gloss>the-number-of four twentysomes plus seven</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iwba"/>,
<jbophrase>voboi renomei</jbophrase> is a sumti signifying four things each of which are groups of twenty; the
- <quote>mo'e</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>mo'e</jbophrase> and
- <quote>te'u</quote> then make this sumti into a number in order to allow it to be the operand of
- <quote>su'i</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> then make this sumti into a number in order to allow it to be the operand of
+ <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base-20 arithmetic</primary><secondary>remnants of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>score</primary><secondary>as alternate base for years</secondary></indexterm> Another approach is to think of
<quote>score</quote> as setting a representation base. There are remnants of base-20 arithmetic in some languages, notably French, in which 87 is
<quote>quatre-vingt-sept</quote>, literally
<quote>four-twenties-seven</quote>. (This fact makes the Gettysburg Address hard to translate into French!) If
<quote>score</quote> is the representation base, then we have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2C3I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d4"/>
@@ -3095,21 +3095,21 @@
</example>
<para>Overall,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-iwba"/> probably captures the flavor of the English best.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DzMH"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-HNyL"/> are too simple, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2C3I"/> is too tricky. Nevertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these examples illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all, can probably be said in more than one way.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section23">
<title>mekso selma'o summary</title>
<para>Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
BOI elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings
BY lerfu for variables and functions (see
<xref linkend="chapter-letterals"/>)
FUhA reverse-Polish flag
GOhA includes
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo
JOhI array flag
KUhE elidable terminator for forethought mekso
LI mekso articles (li and me'o)
@@ -3125,27 +3125,27 @@
NUhA make operator into selbri
PA numbers (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section25"/>)
PEhO optional forethought mekso marker
TEhU elidable terminator for NAhU, NIhE, MOhE, MAhO, and JOhI
VEI left parenthesis
VEhO right parenthesis
VUhU operators (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section24"/>)
XI subscript flag
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section24">
<title>Complete table of VUhU cmavo, with operand structures</title>
<para>The operand structures specify what various operands (labeled a, b, c, ...) mean. The implied context is forethought, since only forethought operators can have a variable number of operands; however, the same rules apply to infix and RP uses of VUhU.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>list of simple</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
su'i plus (((a + b) + c) + ...)
pi'i times (((a × b) × c) × ...)
vu'u minus (((a − b) − c) − ...)
fe'i divided by (((a / b) / c) / ...)
ju'u number base numeral string
<quote>a</quote> interpreted in the base b
pa'i ratio the ratio of a to b, a:b
fa'i reciprocal of/multiplicative inverse 1 /
<emphasis>a</emphasis>
@@ -3171,55 +3171,55 @@
sa'i matrix column vector combiner (all operands are column vectors)
ri'o integral integral of a with respect to b over range c
sa'o derivative derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)
fu'u non-specific operator (variable)
si'i sigma (Σ) summation summation of a using variable b over range c
va'a negation of/additive inverse -a
re'a matrix transpose/dual a
<superscript>*</superscript>
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section25">
<title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
no, pa, re, ci, vo, mu, xa, ze, bi, so
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
rafsi: non, pav, rel, cib, von, mum, xav, zel, biv, soz
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
dau, fei, gai, jau, rei, vai
A/10, B/11, C/12, D/13, E/14, F/15
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
pai, ka'o, te'o, ci'i
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>, imaginary i, exponential e, infinity (
<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>)
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
pi, ce'i, fi'u
decimal point, percentage, fraction (not division)
rafsi: piz, cez, fi'u (from frinu; see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
pi'e, ma'u, ni'u
@@ -3227,21 +3227,21 @@ rafsi: piz, cez, fi'u (from frinu; see
ki'o, ra'e
thousands comma, repeating-decimal indicator
ji'i, ka'o
approximation sign, complex number separator
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of indefinite</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite numbers:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro, so'a, so'e, so'i, so'o,</cmavo>
@@ -3269,33 +3269,33 @@ rafsi: piz, cez, fi'u (from frinu; see
<cmavo>rau,</cmavo>
<selmaho>du'e,</selmaho>
<description>mo'a</description>
</cmavo-entry> enough, too many, too few</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Miscellaneous:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
xo, tu'o
number question, null operand
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section26">
<title>Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <xxx>
mei x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of
which is/are x3, [measured relative to the set x4/by standard x4]
rafsi: mem, mei
moi x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
[by standard x4]
rafsi: mom, moi
si'e x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2 [by standard x3]
@@ -3305,13 +3305,13 @@ rafsi: piz, cez, fi'u (from frinu; see
[by standard x3]
rafsi: cu'o (borrowed from cunso; see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section20"/>)
va'e x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
[by standard x3]
rafsi: none
-</programlisting>
+ </xxx>
</section>
</chapter>
commit 37581c547e42d75c49509fd7a0a3c8f5f6a9a0f5
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 14:06:51 2011 -0500
Chapter 17: section titles.
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index efcd225..85923d1 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-letterals">
<title>As Easy As A-B-C? The Lojban Letteral System And Its Uses</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>What's a letteral, anyway?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter</primary><secondary>alphabet</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letteral</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Brown</primary><secondary>James Cooke</secondary><tertiary>and "letteral"</tertiary></indexterm> James Cooke Brown, the founder of the Loglan Project, coined the word
<quote>letteral</quote> (by analogy with
<quote>numeral</quote>) to mean a letter of the alphabet, such as
<quote>f</quote> or
<quote>z</quote>. A typical example of its use might be</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-tvHm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e1d1"/>
@@ -30,21 +30,21 @@
<quote>fye</quote>, whereas
<quote>fee</quote> would more nearly represent the name used by Greek-speakers. Still, not all English-speakers know these English names.) Lojban, in order to be culturally neutral, needs a more comprehensive system that can handle, at least potentially, all of the world's alphabets and other writing systems.</para>
<para>Letterals have several uses in Lojban: in forming acronyms and abbreviations, as mathematical symbols, and as pro-sumti - the equivalent of English pronouns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter</primary><secondary>contrasted with word for the letter</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word</primary><secondary>contrasted with lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>contrasted with lerfu word</secondary></indexterm> In earlier writings about Lojban, there has been a tendency to use the word
<jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase> for both the letterals themselves and for the Lojban words which represent them. In this chapter, that tendency will be ruthlessly suppressed, and the term
<quote>lerfu word</quote> will invariably be used for the latter. The Lojban equivalent would be
<jbophrase>lerfu valsi</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>lervla</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-lerfu-liste">
<title>A to Z in Lojban, plus one</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>Lojban coverage requirement</secondary></indexterm> The first requirement of a system of lerfu words for any language is that they must represent the lerfu used to write the language. The lerfu words for English are a motley crew: the relationship between
<quote>doubleyou</quote> and
<quote>w</quote> is strictly historical in nature;
<quote>aitch</quote> represents
<quote>h</quote> but has no clear relationship to it at all; and
<quote>z</quote> has two distinct lerfu words,
<quote>zee</quote> and
<quote>zed</quote>, depending on the dialect of English in question.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word</primary><secondary>for "'"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>for consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>for vowels</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>formation rules</secondary></indexterm> All of Lojban's basic lerfu words are made by one of three rules:</para>
@@ -220,21 +220,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>micyclaxu</jbo>
<gloss>(Observative:) doctor-without</gloss>
<en>Something unspecified is without a doctor.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A safe guideline is to pause after any cmavo ending in
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> unless the next word is also a cmavo ending in
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The safest and easiest guideline is to pause after all of them.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-upper-case">
<title>Upper and lower cases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower case letters</primary><secondary>use in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capital letters</primary><secondary>use in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>irregular marked with upper-case</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower-case letters</primary><secondary>English usage contrasted with Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower-case letters</primary><secondary>Lojban usage contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>upper-case letters</primary><secondary>English usage contrasted with Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>upper-case letters</primary><secondary>Lojban usage contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> Lojban doesn't use lower-case (small) letters and upper-case (capital) letters in the same way that English does; sentences do not begin with an upper-case letter, nor do names. However, upper-case letters are used in Lojban to mark irregular stress within names, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Fam2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -269,21 +269,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<gloss>i [upper] V A N [lower]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo and compound cmavo of this type will be called
<quote>shift words</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift word</primary><secondary>scope</secondary></indexterm> How long does a shift word last? Theoretically, until the next shift word that contradicts it or until the end of text. In practice, it is common to presume that a shift word is only in effect until the next word other than a lerfu word is found.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift</primary><secondary>single-letter</secondary><tertiary>grammar of</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift word</primary><secondary>for single letter</secondary></indexterm> It is often convenient to shift just a single letter to upper case. The cmavo
<jbophrase>tau</jbophrase>, of selma'o LAU, is useful for the purpose. A LAU cmavo must always be immediately followed by a BY cmavo or its equivalent: the combination is grammatically equivalent to a single BY. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section14"/> for details.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-lerfu-cmavo-summary"/> for details.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chemical elements</primary><secondary>use of single-letter shift for</secondary></indexterm> A likely use of
<jbophrase>tau</jbophrase> is in the internationally standardized symbols for the chemical elements. Each element is represented using either a single upper-case lerfu or one upper-case lerfu followed by one lower-case lerfu:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhS7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e3d3"/>
@@ -301,21 +301,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tau sy. .ibu</jbo>
<gloss>[single shift] S i</gloss>
<en>Si (chemical symbol for silicon)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single-letter shift</primary><secondary>as toggle</secondary></indexterm> If a shift to upper-case is in effect when
<jbophrase>tau</jbophrase> appears, it shifts the next lerfu word only to lower case, reversing its usual effect.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-bu">
<title>The universal
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word set extension</primary><secondary>with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>for extension of lerfu word set</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> only as a suffix to vowel cmavo to produce vowel lerfu words. Originally, this was the only use of
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. In developing the lerfu word system, however, it proved to be useful to allow
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> to be attached to any word whatsoever, in order to allow arbitrary extensions of the basic lerfu word set.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zoi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sa</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>si</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'o</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zoi</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zei</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>za'e</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'e</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>interaction with ba'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>and compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Formally,
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> may be attached to any single Lojban word. Compound cmavo do not count as words for this purpose. The special cmavo
<jbophrase>ba'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>za'e</jbophrase>,
@@ -349,21 +349,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbophrase>.abubu</jbophrase> is legal, if ugly. (Its meaning is not defined, but it is presumably different from
<jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase>.) It does not matter if the word is a cmavo, a cmene, or a brivla. All such words suffixed by
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> are treated grammatically as if they were cmavo belonging to selma'o BY. However, if the word is a cmene it is always necessary to precede and follow it by a pause, because otherwise the cmene may absorb preceding or following words.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happy face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logograms</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unusual characters</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> The ability to attach
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> to words has been used primarily to make names for various logograms and other unusual characters. For example, the Lojban name for the
<quote>happy face</quote> is
<jbophrase>.uibu</jbophrase>, based on the attitudinal
- <jbophrase>.ui</jbophrase> that means
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase> that means
<quote>happiness</quote>. Likewise, the
<quote>smiley face</quote>, written
<quote>:-)</quote> and used on computer networks to indicate humor, is called
<jbophrase>zo'obu</jbophrase> The existence of these names does not mean that you should insert
<jbophrase>.uibu</jbophrase> into running Lojban text to indicate that you are happy, or
<jbophrase>zo'obu</jbophrase> when something is funny; instead, use the appropriate attitudinal directly.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ampersand</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ampersand character</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"&"</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
<jbophrase>joibu</jbophrase> represents the ampersand character,
@@ -381,24 +381,24 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbophrase>slaka bu</jbophrase> (literally,
<quote>syllable bu</quote>). The written space is mandatory here, because
<jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase> are normal gismu with normal stress:
<jbophrase glossary="false">denpabu</jbophrase> would be a fu'ivla (word borrowed from another language into Lojban) stressed
<jbophrase glossary="false">denPAbu</jbophrase>. No pause is required between
<jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> (or
<jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase>) and
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>, though.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-alien-alphabets">
<title>Alien alphabets</title>
<para>As stated in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section1"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
<para>There are certainly hundreds of alphabets and other writing systems in use around the world, and it is probably an unachievable goal to create a single system which can express all of them, but if perfection is not demanded, a usable system can be created from the raw material which Lojban provides.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>alpha</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with names</tertiary></indexterm> One possibility would be to use the lerfu word associated with the language itself, Lojbanized and with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added. Indeed, an isolated Greek
<quote>alpha</quote> in running Lojban text is probably most easily handled by calling it
<jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Note that the pause after
<jbophrase>.alfas.</jbophrase> is still needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu</tertiary></indexterm> Likewise, the easiest way to handle the Latin letters
@@ -445,21 +445,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<term><jbophrase>ty.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>þ (thorn)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><jbophrase>dy.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>ð (edh)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>However, this system is not ideal for all purposes. For one thing, it is verbose. The native lerfu words are often quite long, and with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added they become even longer: the worst-case Greek lerfu word would be
<jbophrase>.Omikron. bu</jbophrase>, with four syllables and two mandatory pauses. In addition, alphabets that are used by many languages have separate sets of lerfu words for each language, and which set is Lojban to choose?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with language-shift</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>choice of Lojban-lerfu-word counterpart</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>effect on following words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu, drawback</tertiary></indexterm> The alternative plan, therefore, is to use a shift word similar to those introduced in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section3"/>. After the appearance of such a shift word, the regular lerfu words are re-interpreted to represent the lerfu of the alphabet now in use. After a shift to the Greek alphabet, for example, the lerfu word
+ <xref linkend="section-upper-case"/>. After the appearance of such a shift word, the regular lerfu words are re-interpreted to represent the lerfu of the alphabet now in use. After a shift to the Greek alphabet, for example, the lerfu word
<jbophrase>ty</jbophrase> would represent not Latin
<quote>t</quote> but Greek
<quote>tau</quote>. Why
<quote>tau</quote>? Because it is, in some sense, the closest counterpart of
<quote>t</quote> within the Greek lerfu system. In principle it would be all right to map
<jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase> to
<quote>phi</quote> or even
<quote>omega</quote>, but such an arbitrary relationship would be extremely hard to remember.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>interaction with language shift</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> Where no obvious closest counterpart exists, some more or less arbitrary choice must be made. Some alien lerfu may simply not have any shifted equivalent, forcing the speaker to fall back on a
@@ -581,21 +581,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbophrase>na'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o BY) is a universal shift-word cancel: it returns the interpretation of lerfu words to the default of lower-case Lojban with no specific font. It is more general than
<jbophrase>lo'a</jbophrase>, which changes the alphabet only, potentially leaving font and case shifts in place.</para>
<para>Several sections at the end of this chapter contain tables of proposed lerfu word assignments for various languages.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-accents">
<title>Accent marks and compound lerfu words</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tilde</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cedilla</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>circumflex</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>umlaut</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation of diacritical marks on</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>as lerfu</secondary></indexterm> Many languages that make use of the Latin alphabet add special marks to some of the lerfu they use. French, for example, uses three accent marks above vowels, called (in English)
<quote>acute</quote>,
<quote>grave</quote>, and
<quote>circumflex</quote>. Likewise, German uses a mark called
<quote>umlaut</quote>; a mark which looks the same is also used in French, but with a different name and meaning.</para>
@@ -633,24 +633,24 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ch</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ll</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound letters</primary><secondary>native language</secondary><tertiary>representing as distinct letters</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accented letters</primary><secondary>considered as distinct from unaccented</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>considered as forming distinct letters</secondary></indexterm> Some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, consider certain accented lerfu to be completely distinct from their unaccented equivalents, but Lojban does not make a formal distinction, since the printed characters look the same whether they are reckoned as separate letters or not. In addition, some languages consider certain 2-letter combinations (like
<quote xml:lang="es">ll</quote> and
<quote xml:lang="es">ch</quote> in Spanish) to be letters; this may be represented by enclosing the combination in
<jbophrase>tei ... foi</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>forming new for non-Lojban letters using bu</secondary></indexterm> In addition, when discussing a specific language, it is permissible to make up new lerfu words, as long as they are either explained locally or well understood from context: thus Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">ll</quote> or Croatian
<quote xml:lang="hr">lj</quote> could be called
<jbophrase>libu</jbophrase>, but that usage would not necessarily be universally understood.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section19"/> contains a table of proposed lerfu words for some common accent marks.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-accents-multiple-letters"/> contains a table of proposed lerfu words for some common accent marks.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-punctuation">
<title>Punctuation marks</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lau</primary><secondary>effect on following lerfu word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation lerfu words</primary><secondary>mechanism for creating</secondary></indexterm> Lojban does not have punctuation marks as such: the denpa bu and the slaka bu are really a part of the alphabet. Other languages, however, use punctuation marks extensively. As yet, Lojban does not have any words for these punctuation marks, but a mechanism exists for devising them: the cmavo
<jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> of selma'o LAU.
<jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> must always be followed by a BY word; the interpretation of the BY word is changed from a lerfu to a punctuation mark. Typically, this BY word would be a name or brivla with a
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> suffix.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation lerfu words</primary><secondary>rationale for lau</secondary></indexterm> Why is
<jbophrase>lau</jbophrase> necessary at all? Why not just use a
@@ -664,21 +664,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbophrase>ce'a</jbophrase> to signal a font shift.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation lerfu words</primary><secondary>interaction with different alphabet systems</secondary></indexterm> Since different alphabets require different punctuation marks, the interpretation of a
<jbophrase>lau</jbophrase>-marked lerfu word is affected by the current alphabet shift and the current font shift.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-chinese-characters">
<title>What about Chinese characters?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Amharic writing</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabaries</primary><secondary>lerfu word representation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>contrasted with kanji</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>contrasted with alphabets and syllabaries</secondary></indexterm> Chinese characters (
<quote>han
<superscript>4</superscript> zi
@@ -717,21 +717,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>a</quote>
<quote>n</quote> 4
<quote>z</quote>
<quote>i</quote> 4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>han^{4}zi^{4}</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words with numeric digits</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numeric digits in lerfu words</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>vo</jbophrase> is the Lojban digit
<quote>4</quote>. It is grammatical to intersperse digits (of selma'o PA) into a string of lerfu words; as long as the first cmavo is a lerfu word, the whole will be interpreted as a string of lerfu words. In Chinese, the digits can be used to represent tones. Pinyin is more usually written using accent marks, the mechanism for which was explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-accents"/>.</para>
<para>The Japanese company named
<quote>Mitsubishi</quote> in English is spelled the same way in romaji, and could be spelled out in Lojban thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pLUV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>my. .ibu ty. sy. .ubu by. .ibu sy. .y'y.bu .ibu</jbo>
@@ -749,21 +749,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mitsubishi</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, a really ambitious Lojbanist could assign lerfu words to the individual strokes used to write Chinese characters (there are about seven or eight of them if you are a flexible human being, or about 40 if you are a rigid computer program), and then represent each character with a
<jbophrase>tei</jbophrase>, the stroke lerfu words in the order of writing (which is standardized for each character), and a
<jbophrase>foi</jbophrase>. No one has as yet attempted this project.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-lerfu-pro-sumti">
<title>lerfu words as pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far, lerfu words have only appeared in Lojban text when spelling out words. There are several other grammatical uses of lerfu words within Lojban. In each case, a single lerfu word or more than one may be used. Therefore, the term
<quote>lerfu string</quote> is introduced: it is short for
<quote>sequence of one or more lerfu words</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string may be used as a pro-sumti (a sumti which refers to some previous sumti), just like the pro-sumti
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase>, and so on:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A loves B</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2wo8">
@@ -861,24 +861,24 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<en>X loves everybody.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lerfu strings</secondary><tertiary>interaction with quantifiers and boi</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>required between pro-sumti lerfu string and quantifier</secondary></indexterm> requires the first
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> to separate the lerfu string
<jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase> from the digit string
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-meho">
<title>References to lerfu</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lerfu string</secondary><tertiary>effect on reference to lerfu itself</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>reference to</secondary></indexterm> The rules of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section9"/> make it impossible to use unmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-lerfu-pro-sumti"/> make it impossible to use unmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CYny">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu. cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>A is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>referring to with me'o</secondary></indexterm> the hearer would try to find what previous sumti
@@ -945,21 +945,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>The-referent-of [quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is correct.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-math">
<title>Mathematical uses of lerfu strings</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>uses in mathematics</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematics</primary><secondary>use of lerfu strings in</secondary></indexterm> This chapter is not about Lojban mathematics, which is explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, so the mathematical uses of lerfu strings will be listed and exemplified but not explained.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical variables</primary><secondary>lerfu strings as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as mathematical variable</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as mathematical variable:</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Nuz">
<title>
@@ -1068,21 +1068,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>a × b × c</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote> but is the variable
<varname>abc</varname>. (Of course, a local convention could be employed that made the value of a variable like
<varname>abc</varname>, with a multi-lerfu-word name, equal to the values of the variables
<varname>a</varname>,
<varname>b</varname>, and
<varname>c</varname> multiplied together.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu shift scope</primary><secondary>exception for mathematical texts</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical texts</primary><secondary>effect on lerfu shift scope</secondary></indexterm> There is a special rule about shift words in mathematical text: shifts within mathematical expressions do not affect lerfu words appearing outside mathematical expressions, and vice versa.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-acronyms">
<title>Acronyms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronym</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An acronym is a name constructed of lerfu. English examples are
<quote>DNA</quote>,
<quote>NATO</quote>,
<quote>CIA</quote>. In English, some of these are spelled out (like
<quote>DNA</quote> and
@@ -1176,21 +1176,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7KLi"/> does not of course refer to a bear (
<jbophrase>le cribe</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>lo cribe</jbophrase>) but to something else, probably a person, named
<quote>Bear</quote>. Similarly,
<jbophrase>me dy ny. .abu</jbophrase> is a predicate which can be used as a name, producing a kind of acronym which can have pauses between the individual lerfu words.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-character-codes">
<title>Computerized character codes</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter encoding schemes</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>character encoding schemes</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>using computer encoding schemes with se'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>characters</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>character codes</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Since the first application of computers to non-numerical information, character sets have existed, mapping numbers (called
<quote>character codes</quote>) into selected lerfu, digits, and punctuation marks (collectively called
<quote>characters</quote>). Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks. International efforts have now created Unicode, a unified character set that can represent essentially all the characters in essentially all the world's writing systems. Lojban can take advantage of these encoding schemes by using the cmavo
<jbophrase>se'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BY). This cmavo is conventionally followed by digit cmavo of selma'o PA representing the character code, and the whole string indicates a single character in some computerized character set:</para>
@@ -1224,21 +1224,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o se'erexarerei sinxa le ka panpi</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression [code] 262E is-a-sign-of the quality-of being-at-peace</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'e</primary><secondary>and number base convention</secondary></indexterm> When a
<jbophrase>se'e</jbophrase> string appears in running discourse, some metalinguistic convention must specify whether the number is base 10 or some other base, and which character set is in use.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-lerfu-cmavo-summary">
<title>List of all auxiliary lerfu-word cmavo</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu</cmavo>
<selmaho>BU</selmaho>
<description>makes previous word into a lerfu word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ga'e</cmavo>
@@ -1328,30 +1328,30 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<cmavo>foi</cmavo>
<selmaho>FOI</selmaho>
<description>end compound lerfu word</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of following BY cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word cmavo</primary><secondary>list of auxiliary</secondary></indexterm> Note that LAU cmavo must be followed by a BY cmavo or the equivalent, where
<quote>equivalent</quote> means: either any Lojban word followed by
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>, another LAU cmavo (and its required sequel), or a
<jbophrase>tei ... foi</jbophrase> compound cmavo.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-proposed-lerfu-words">
<title>Proposed lerfu words - introduction</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>list of proposed</secondary><tertiary>notation convention</tertiary></indexterm> The following sections contain tables of proposed lerfu words for some of the standard alphabets supported by the Lojban lerfu system. The first column of each list is the lerfu (actually, a Latin-alphabet name sufficient to identify it). The second column is the proposed name-based lerfu word, and the third column is the proposed lerfu word in the system based on using the cmavo of selma'o BY with a shift word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>proposed lerfu words</primary><secondary>as working basis</secondary></indexterm> These tables are not meant to be authoritative (several authorities within the Lojban community have niggled over them extensively, disagreeing with each other and sometimes with themselves). They provide a working basis until actual usage is available, rather than a final resolution of lerfu word problems. Probably the system presented here will evolve somewhat before settling down into a final, conventional form.</para>
<para>For Latin-alphabet lerfu words, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2"/> (for Lojban) and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section5"/> (for non-Lojban Latin-alphabet lerfu).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-lerfu-liste"/> (for Lojban) and
+ <xref linkend="section-alien-alphabets"/> (for non-Lojban Latin-alphabet lerfu).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-greek">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Greek alphabet</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>alpha</entry>
@@ -1481,21 +1481,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</row>
<row>
<entry>smooth</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.psiles. bu</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>xutla bu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section17">
+ <section xml:id="section-cyrillic">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Cyrillic alphabet</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cyrillic alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for Cyrillic alphabet</secondary></indexterm> The second column in this listing is based on the historical names of the letters in Old Church Slavonic. Only those letters used in Russian are shown; other languages require more letters which can be devised as needed.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
@@ -1655,21 +1655,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</row>
<row>
<entry>ya</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.ias. bu</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.iabu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section18">
+ <section xml:id="section-hebrew">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Hebrew alphabet</title>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>aleph</entry>
@@ -1834,21 +1834,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</row>
<row>
<entry>shuruq</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.curuk. bu</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.u'ubu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section19">
+ <section xml:id="section-accents-multiple-letters">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple letters</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritic marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accent marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for multiple letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for diacritic marks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for accent marks</secondary></indexterm> This list is intended to be suggestive, not complete: there are lerfu such as Polish
<quote>dark</quote> l and Maltese h-bar that do not yet have symbols.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
@@ -1926,21 +1926,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</row>
<row>
<entry>German es-zed es-zed</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>tei sy. zy. foi</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section20">
+ <section xml:id="section-ICAO-alphabet">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for radio communication</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Phonetic Alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ICAO Phonetic Alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>noisy environments</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>radio communication</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for radio communication</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for noisy environments</secondary></indexterm> There is a set of English words which are used, by international agreement, as lerfu words (for the English alphabet) over the radio, or in noisy situations where the utmost clarity is required. Formally they are known as the
<quote>ICAO Phonetic Alphabet</quote>, and are used even in non-English-speaking countries.</para>
<para>This table presents the standard English spellings and proposed Lojban versions. The Lojbanizations are not straightforward renderings of the English sounds, but make some concessions both to the English spellings of the words and to the Lojban pronunciations of the lerfu (thus
<jbophrase>carlis. bu</jbophrase>, not
<jbophrase>tcarlis. bu</jbophrase>).</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index 74ac11a..6a904f1 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -111,29 +111,29 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="PA"/> or
<xref linkend="BY"/>. Used to terminate a number (string of numeric cmavo) or lerfu string (string of letter words) when another string immediately follows.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li re du li vu'u voboi re
The-number two equals the-number the-difference-of four-and two.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BU"/> selma'o BU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section4"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-bu"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A suffix which can be attached to any word, typically a word representing a letter of the alphabet or else a name, to make a word for a symbol or a different letter of the alphabet. In particular, attached to single-vowel cmavo to make words for vowel letters.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu .ebu .ibu .obu .ubu .ybu
a, e, i, o, u, y.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BY"/> selma'o BY (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-liste"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Words representing the letters of the Lojban alphabet, plus various shift words which alter the interpretation of other letter words. Terminated by BOI.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu tavla .by le la .ibymym. skami
A talks-to B about-the of-IBM computers.
A talks to B about IBM computers.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -310,21 +310,21 @@
<para>When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of selma'o
<xref linkend="BAI"/>. Terminated by
<xref linkend="FEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla le zunle
I see you with eye the left-thing
I see you with my left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FOI"/> selma'o FOI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-accents"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Signals the end of a compound alphabet letter word that begins with
<xref linkend="TEI"/>. Not an elidable terminator.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tei .ebu .akut. bu foi
( “e” “acute” )
the letter “e” with an acute accent
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FUhA"/> selma'o FUhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section16"/>)</bridgehead>
@@ -584,21 +584,21 @@
<para>Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which identify people or things by name. Similar to
<xref linkend="LE"/>. May be terminated with
<xref linkend="KU"/> if followed by a description selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la kikeros. du la tulis.
Cicero is Tully.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LAU"/> selma'o LAU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-lerfu-cmavo-summary"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Combines with the following alphabetic letter to represent a single marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font, punctuation, etc.)</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tau sy. .ibu
[single-shift] “s” “i”
Si (chemical symbol for silicon)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LAhE"/> selma'o LAhE (
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)</bridgehead>
@@ -1014,21 +1014,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="TAhE"/> selma'o TAhE (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-interval-properties"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of time or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba ta'e klama le ckule
The child habitually goes to-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TEI"/> selma'o TEI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals-section-accents"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Signals the beginning of a compound letter word, which acts grammatically like a single letter. Compound letter words end with the non-elidable selma'o
<xref linkend="FOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tei .ebu .akut. bu foi
( “e” “acute” )
the letter “e” with an acute accent
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TEhU"/> selma'o TEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section15"/>)</bridgehead>
commit e75c9d3ce9e1509622231806e3e7ac60f99d62a6
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 16 11:03:12 2011 -0500
Chapter 17: tables and variablelists.
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 0e92546..efcd225 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter</primary><secondary>alphabet</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letteral</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Brown</primary><secondary>James Cooke</secondary><tertiary>and "letteral"</tertiary></indexterm> James Cooke Brown, the founder of the Loglan Project, coined the word
<quote>letteral</quote> (by analogy with
<quote>numeral</quote>) to mean a letter of the alphabet, such as
<quote>f</quote> or
<quote>z</quote>. A typical example of its use might be</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-tvHm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e1d1"/>
</title>
- <para>There are fourteen occurrences of the letteral
- <quote>e</quote> in this sentence.</para>
+ <para>There are fourteen occurrences of the letteral
+ <quote>e</quote> in this sentence.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fourteen "e"s</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> (Don't forget the one within quotation marks.) Using the word
<quote>letteral</quote> avoids confusion with
<quote>letter</quote>, the kind you write to someone. Not surprisingly, there is a Lojban gismu for
<quote>letteral</quote>, namely
<jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase>, and this word will be used in the rest of this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabet</primary><secondary>Latin used for Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Latin</primary><secondary>alphabet of Lojban</secondary></indexterm> Lojban uses the Latin alphabet, just as English does, right? Then why is there a need for a chapter like this? After all, everyone who can read it already knows the alphabet. The answer is twofold:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabet</primary><secondary>words for letters in</secondary><tertiary>rationale</tertiary></indexterm> First, in English there are a set of words that correspond to and represent the English lerfu. These words are rarely written down in English and have no standard spellings, but if you pronounce the English alphabet to yourself you will hear them: ay, bee, cee, dee ... . They are used in spelling out words and in pronouncing most acronyms. The Lojban equivalents of these words are standardized and must be documented somehow.</para>
@@ -57,65 +57,112 @@
<para>to get a lerfu word for a consonant, add
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the lerfu word for
<jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> is
<jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>table of Lojban</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the following table represents the basic Lojban alphabet:</para>
-
- <cmavo-list>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>' a b c</cmavo>
- <selmaho>d</selmaho>
- <description>e</description>
- </cmavo-entry>.y'y. .abu by. cy. dy. .ebu
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>f g i j</cmavo>
- <selmaho>k</selmaho>
- <description>l</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>fy. gy. .ibu jy.</cmavo>
- <selmaho>ky.</selmaho>
- <description>ly.</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>m n o p</cmavo>
- <selmaho>r</selmaho>
- <description>s</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>my. ny. .obu py.</cmavo>
- <selmaho>ry.</selmaho>
- <description>sy.</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>t u v x</cmavo>
- <selmaho>y</selmaho>
- <description>z</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>ty. .ubu vy.</cmavo>
- <selmaho>xy.</selmaho>
- <description>.ybu zy.</description>
- </cmavo-entry></cmavo-list>
+ <!-- FIXME: should this list be displayed more like this:
+ ' a b c d e
+ .y'y. .abu by. cy. dy. .ebu
+
+f g i j k l
+fy. gy. .ibu jy. ky. ly.
+
+m n o p r s
+my. ny. .obu py. ry. sy.
+
+t u v x y z
+ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
+ -->
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>by.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>cy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>dy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>jy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ky.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ly.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>my.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ny.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>py.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ry.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>sy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>vy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ybu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>effect on preceding word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>composed of compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>composed of single cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>vowel words contrasted with consonant words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>consonant words contrasted with vowel words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words for vowels</primary><secondary>pause requirement before</secondary></indexterm> There are several things to note about this table. The consonant lerfu words are a single syllable, whereas the vowel and
<jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> lerfu words are two syllables and must be preceded by pause (since they all begin with a vowel). Another fact, not evident from the table but important nonetheless, is that
<jbophrase>by</jbophrase> and its like are single cmavo of selma'o BY, as is
<jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase>. The vowel lerfu words, on the other hand, are compound cmavo, made from a single vowel cmavo plus the cmavo
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> (which belongs to its own selma'o, BU). All of the vowel cmavo have other meanings in Lojban (logical connectives, sentence separator, hesitation noise), but those meanings are irrelevant when
-
-
-
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> follows.</para>
<para>Here are some illustrations of common Lojban words spelled out using the alphabet above:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHRb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ty. .abu ny. ry. .ubu</jbo>
<en>
<quote>t</quote>
@@ -352,25 +399,31 @@
<jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Note that the pause after
<jbophrase>.alfas.</jbophrase> is still needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu</tertiary></indexterm> Likewise, the easiest way to handle the Latin letters
<quote>h</quote>,
<quote>q</quote>, and
<quote>w</quote> that are not used in Lojban is by a consonant lerfu word with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> attached. The following assignments have been made:</para>
- <xxx>
- .y'y.bu h
- ky.bu q
- vy.bu w
- </xxx>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>.y'y.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>h</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>ky.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>q</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>vy.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>w</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As an example, the English word
<quote>quack</quote> would be spelled in Lojban thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0oAR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ky.bu .ubu .abu cy. ky.</jbo>
<en>
@@ -380,57 +433,71 @@
<quote>c</quote>
<quote>k</quote>
</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>symbol contrasted with sound for spelling</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>sound contrasted with symbol for spelling</secondary></indexterm> Note that the fact that the letter
<quote>c</quote> in this word has nothing to do with the sound of the Lojban letter
<jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase> is irrelevant; we are spelling an English word and English rules control the choice of letters, but we are speaking Lojban and Lojban rules control the pronunciations of those letters.</para>
<para>A few more possibilities for Latin-alphabet letters used in languages other than English:</para>
- <xxx>
- ty.bu þ (thorn)
- dy.bu ð (edh)
- </xxx>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>ty.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>þ (thorn)</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>dy.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>ð (edh)</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para>However, this system is not ideal for all purposes. For one thing, it is verbose. The native lerfu words are often quite long, and with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added they become even longer: the worst-case Greek lerfu word would be
<jbophrase>.Omikron. bu</jbophrase>, with four syllables and two mandatory pauses. In addition, alphabets that are used by many languages have separate sets of lerfu words for each language, and which set is Lojban to choose?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with language-shift</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>choice of Lojban-lerfu-word counterpart</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>effect on following words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu, drawback</tertiary></indexterm> The alternative plan, therefore, is to use a shift word similar to those introduced in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section3"/>. After the appearance of such a shift word, the regular lerfu words are re-interpreted to represent the lerfu of the alphabet now in use. After a shift to the Greek alphabet, for example, the lerfu word
<jbophrase>ty</jbophrase> would represent not Latin
<quote>t</quote> but Greek
<quote>tau</quote>. Why
<quote>tau</quote>? Because it is, in some sense, the closest counterpart of
<quote>t</quote> within the Greek lerfu system. In principle it would be all right to map
<jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase> to
<quote>phi</quote> or even
<quote>omega</quote>, but such an arbitrary relationship would be extremely hard to remember.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>interaction with language shift</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>interaction with bu</secondary></indexterm> Where no obvious closest counterpart exists, some more or less arbitrary choice must be made. Some alien lerfu may simply not have any shifted equivalent, forcing the speaker to fall back on a
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> form. Since a
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> form may mean different things in different alphabets, it is safest to employ a shift word even when
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> forms are in use.</para>
<para>Shifts for several alphabets have been assigned cmavo of selma'o BY:</para>
- <xxx>
- lo'a Latin/Roman/Lojban alphabet
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>lo'a</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Latin/Roman/Lojban alphabet</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- ge'o Greek alphabet
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>ge'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Greek alphabet</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- je'o Hebrew alphabet
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>je'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Hebrew alphabet</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- jo'o Arabic alphabet
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>jo'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Arabic alphabet</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- ru'o Cyrillic alphabet
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>ru'o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>Cyrillic alphabet</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- </xxx>
+ </variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>based on name + bu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>formation of shift alphabet name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cyrillic alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Arabic alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Hebrew alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Latin alphabet</primary><secondary>language shift word for</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>zai</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAU) is used to create shift words to still other alphabets. The BY word which must follow any LAU cmavo would typically be a name representing the alphabet with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> suffixed:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHT3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zai .devanagar. bu</jbo>
@@ -639,24 +706,24 @@
<quote>han
<superscript>4</superscript> zi
<superscript>4</superscript></quote> is conventionally written with two characters, but it may be spelled out as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fBfe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.y'y.bu .abu ny. vo zy. .ibu vo</jbo>
<en>
- <quote>h</quote>
- <quote>a</quote>
- <quote>n</quote> 4
- <quote>z</quote>
+ <quote>h</quote>
+ <quote>a</quote>
+ <quote>n</quote> 4
+ <quote>z</quote>
<quote>i</quote> 4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>han^{4}zi^{4}</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words with numeric digits</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numeric digits in lerfu words</primary><secondary>grammar considerations</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>vo</jbophrase> is the Lojban digit
<quote>4</quote>. It is grammatical to intersperse digits (of selma'o PA) into a string of lerfu words; as long as the first cmavo is a lerfu word, the whole will be interpreted as a string of lerfu words. In Chinese, the digits can be used to represent tones. Pinyin is more usually written using accent marks, the mechanism for which was explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6"/>.</para>
<para>The Japanese company named
<quote>Mitsubishi</quote> in English is spelled the same way in romaji, and could be spelled out in Lojban thus:</para>
@@ -691,21 +758,21 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section9">
<title>lerfu words as pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far, lerfu words have only appeared in Lojban text when spelling out words. There are several other grammatical uses of lerfu words within Lojban. In each case, a single lerfu word or more than one may be used. Therefore, the term
<quote>lerfu string</quote> is introduced: it is short for
<quote>sequence of one or more lerfu words</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string may be used as a pro-sumti (a sumti which refers to some previous sumti), just like the pro-sumti
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase>, and so on:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A loves B</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A loves B</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2wo8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu prami by.</jbo>
<en>A loves B</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -733,38 +800,37 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku cu xekri. .i gy. klama le zdani</jbo>
<en>The dog is black. G goes to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(A less literal English translation would use
<quote>D</quote> for
<quote>dog</quote> instead.)</para>
<para>Here is an example using two names and longer lerfu strings:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Steven Mark Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Steven Mark Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uAAF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la stivn. mark. djonz. merko .i la .aleksandr. paliitc. kuzNIETsyf. rusko</jbo>
- <gloss>.i symyjy. tavla .abupyky. bau la lojban.</gloss>
+ <jbo>la stivn. mark. djonz. merko .i la .aleksandr. paliitc. kuzNIETsyf. rusko .i symyjy. tavla .abupyky. bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>Steven Mark Jones is-American. Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov is-Russian.</gloss>
<gloss>SMJ talks-to APK in Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Perhaps Alexander's name should be given as
<jbophrase>ru'o.abupyky</jbophrase> instead.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary><tertiary>for multiple sumti separated by boi</tertiary></indexterm> What about</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives BC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives BC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gJFz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu dunda by. cy.</jbo>
<en>A gives B C</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>eliding from lerfu strings</secondary></indexterm> Does this mean that A gives B to C? No.
@@ -812,44 +878,41 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu. cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>A is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>referring to with me'o</secondary></indexterm> the hearer would try to find what previous sumti
<jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> refers to. The solution to this problem makes use of the cmavo
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> of selma'o LI, which makes a lerfu string into a sumti representing that very string of lerfu. This use of
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> is a special case of its mathematical use, which is to introduce a mathematical expression used literally rather than for its value.</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>"a" is letteral</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>"a" is letteral</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Yy32">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o .abu cu lerfu</jbo>
<en>The-expression
<quote>a</quote> is-a-letteral.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now we can translate
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tvHm"/> into Lojban:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>four "e"s</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>four "e"s</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UT1J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>dei vasru vo lerfu</jbo>
- <gloss>po'u me'o .ebu</gloss>
- <gloss>this-sentence contains four letterals</gloss>
- <gloss>which-are the-expression
- <quote>e</quote>.</gloss>
+ <jbo>dei vasru vo lerfu po'u me'o .ebu</jbo>
+ <gloss>this-sentence contains four letterals which-are the-expression <quote>e</quote>.</gloss>
<en>This sentence contains four
<quote>e</quote> s.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the Lojban sentence has only four
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase> lerfu rather than fourteen, the translation is not a literal one - but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is a Lojban truth just as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tvHm"/> is an English truth. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is also true!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e lu</primary><secondary>compared with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>compared with la'e lu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>representing lerfu</primary><secondary>lu contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with lu…li'u for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with quotation for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> The reader might be tempted to use quotation with
@@ -861,28 +924,26 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(The single-word quote
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> cannot be used, because
<jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a compound cmavo.) But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is false, because it says:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-P8Ag">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-P8Ag">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d5"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>The word
- <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a letteral</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>The word
+ <jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a letteral</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>word "abu"</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which is not the case; rather, the thing symbolized by the word
<jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase> is a letteral. In Lojban, that would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Da4r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
@@ -910,30 +971,30 @@
<en>a = b + c</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>function name</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as function name</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as function name (preceded by
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MAhO):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>function f of x</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>function f of x</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .y.bu du li ma'o fy. boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number y equals the number the-function f of x</gloss>
- <en>y = f(x)</en>
+ <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>y = f(x)</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the
<jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> here to separate the lerfu strings
<jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>xy</jbophrase>.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as selbri</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as selbri (followed by a cmavo of selma'o MOI):</para>
</listitem>
@@ -970,51 +1031,51 @@
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nthly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as subscript</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as subscript (preceded by
<jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> of selma'o XI):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oTgS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. xi ky.</jbo>
- <en>x sub k</en>
+ <gloss>x sub k</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x sub k</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifier</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as quantifier (enclosed in
<jbophrase>vei ... ve'o</jbophrase> parentheses):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bbnL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ny. [ve'o] lo prenu</jbo>
- <en>(
- <quote>n</quote>) persons</en>
+ <gloss>(
+ <quote>n</quote>) persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>n people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as quantifiers</secondary><tertiary>avoiding interaction with sumti quantified</tertiary></indexterm> The parentheses are required because
<jbophrase>ny. lo prenu</jbophrase> would be two separate sumti,
<jbophrase>ny.</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lo prenu</jbophrase>. In general, any mathematical expression other than a simple number must be in parentheses when used as a quantifier; the right parenthesis mark, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, can usually be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu juxtaposition interpretation</primary><secondary>contrasted with mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>interpretation</secondary><tertiary>contrasted with mathematical interpretation</tertiary></indexterm> All the examples above have exhibited single lerfu words rather than lerfu strings, in accordance with the conventions of ordinary mathematics. A longer lerfu string would still be treated as a single variable or function name: in Lojban,
<jbophrase>.abu by. cy.</jbophrase> is not the multiplication
- <quote>a × b × c</quote> but is the variable
- <quote>abc</quote>. (Of course, a local convention could be employed that made the value of a variable like
- <quote>abc</quote>, with a multi-lerfu-word name, equal to the values of the variables
+ <quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>a × b × c</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote> but is the variable
+ <varname>abc</varname>. (Of course, a local convention could be employed that made the value of a variable like
+ <varname>abc</varname>, with a multi-lerfu-word name, equal to the values of the variables
<varname>a</varname>,
<varname>b</varname>, and
<varname>c</varname> multiplied together.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu shift scope</primary><secondary>exception for mathematical texts</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical texts</primary><secondary>effect on lerfu shift scope</secondary></indexterm> There is a special rule about shift words in mathematical text: shifts within mathematical expressions do not affect lerfu words appearing outside mathematical expressions, and vice versa.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section12">
<title>Acronyms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronym</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An acronym is a name constructed of lerfu. English examples are
@@ -1036,83 +1097,59 @@
<quote>ess cue ell</quote> or
<quote>sequel</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>as a basis for acronym names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms</primary><secondary>using names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, a name can be almost any sequence of sounds that ends in a consonant and is followed by a pause. The easiest way to Lojbanize acronym names is to glue the lerfu words together, using
<jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> wherever two vowels would come together (pauses are illegal in names) and adding a final consonant:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-736i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la dyny'abub. .i la ny'abuty'obub.</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la cy'ibu'abub. .i la sykybulyl.</gloss>
- <gloss>.i la .ibubymym. .i la ny'ybucyc.</gloss>
- <gloss>DNA. NATO.</gloss>
-
-
- <gloss>CIA. SQL.</gloss>
-
-
- <en>IBM. NYC.</en>
+ <jbo>la dyny'abub. .i la ny'abuty'obub. .i la cy'ibu'abub. .i la sykybulyl. .i la .ibubymym. .i la ny'ybucyc.</jbo>
+ <en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NYC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>SQL</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NATO</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>IBM</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>CIA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>DNA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronym names from lerfu words</primary><secondary>assigning final consonant</secondary></indexterm> There is no fixed convention for assigning the final consonant. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-736i"/>, the last consonant of the lerfu string has been replicated into final position.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>omitting in acronyms names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms names based on lerfu words</primary><secondary>omitting bu</secondary></indexterm> Some compression can be done by leaving out
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> after vowel lerfu words (except for
<jbophrase>.y.bu</jbophrase>, wherein the
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> cannot be omitted without ambiguity). Compression is moderately important because it's hard to say long names without introducing an involuntary (and illegal) pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0sin">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la dyny'am. .i la ny'aty'om.</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la cy'i'am. .i la sykybulym.</gloss>
- <gloss>.i la .ibymym. .i la ny'ybucym.</gloss>
- <gloss>DNA. NATO.</gloss>
-
-
- <gloss>CIA. SQL.</gloss>
-
-
- <en>IBM. NYC.</en>
+ <jbo>la dyny'am. .i la ny'aty'om. .i la cy'i'am. .i la sykybulym. .i la .ibymym. .i la ny'ybucym.</jbo>
+ <en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0sin"/>, the final consonant
<jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase> stands for
<jbophrase>merko</jbophrase>, indicating the source culture of these acronyms.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"z" instead of "'"</primary><secondary>in acronyms names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms names based on lerfu words</primary><secondary>using "z" instead of "'" in</secondary></indexterm> Another approach, which some may find easier to say and which is compatible with older versions of the language that did not have a
<jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> character, is to use the consonant
<jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Js6m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la dynyzaz. .i la nyzatyzoz.</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la cyzizaz. .i la sykybulyz.</gloss>
- <gloss>.i la .ibymyz. .i la nyzybucyz.</gloss>
- <gloss>DNA. NATO.</gloss>
-
-
- <gloss>CIA. SQL.</gloss>
-
-
- <en>IBM. NYC.</en>
+ <jbo>la dynyzaz. .i la nyzatyzoz. .i la cyzizaz. .i la sykybulyz. .i la .ibymyz. .i la nyzybucyz.</jbo>
+ <en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms</primary><secondary>as lerfu strings using "me"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as acronyms using "me"</secondary></indexterm> One more alternative to these lengthy names is to use the lerfu string itself prefixed with
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase>, the cmavo that makes sumti into selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iMRB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d4"/>
@@ -1132,50 +1169,47 @@
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la cribe cu ciska</jbo>
<gloss>That-named
<quote>Bear</quote> writes.</gloss>
<en>Bear is a writer.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-7KLi"/> does not of course refer to a bear (
- <jbophrase>le cribe</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase>lo cribe</jbophrase>) but to something else, probably a person, named
- <quote>Bear</quote>. Similarly,
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-7KLi"/> does not of course refer to a bear (
+ <jbophrase>le cribe</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>lo cribe</jbophrase>) but to something else, probably a person, named
+ <quote>Bear</quote>. Similarly,
<jbophrase>me dy ny. .abu</jbophrase> is a predicate which can be used as a name, producing a kind of acronym which can have pauses between the individual lerfu words.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section13">
<title>Computerized character codes</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letter encoding schemes</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>character encoding schemes</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>using computer encoding schemes with se'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>characters</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>character codes</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Since the first application of computers to non-numerical information, character sets have existed, mapping numbers (called
<quote>character codes</quote>) into selected lerfu, digits, and punctuation marks (collectively called
<quote>characters</quote>). Historically, these character sets have only covered the English alphabet and a few selected punctuation marks. International efforts have now created Unicode, a unified character set that can represent essentially all the characters in essentially all the world's writing systems. Lojban can take advantage of these encoding schemes by using the cmavo
<jbophrase>se'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o BY). This cmavo is conventionally followed by digit cmavo of selma'o PA representing the character code, and the whole string indicates a single character in some computerized character set:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-r2jv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>me'o se'ecixa cu lerfu la .asycy'i'is.</jbo>
- <gloss>loi merko rupnu</gloss>
- <gloss>The-expression [code] 36 is-a-letteral in-set ASCII</gloss>
-
- <gloss>for-the-mass-of American currency-units.</gloss>
- <gloss>The character code 36 in ASCII represents American dollars.</gloss>
+ <jbo>me'o se'ecixa cu lerfu la .asycy'i'is. loi merko rupnu</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-expression [code] 36 is-a-letteral in-set ASCII for-the-mass-of American currency-units.</gloss>
+ <en>The character code 36 in ASCII represents American dollars.</en>
<en>
<quote>$</quote> represents American dollars.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>$</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>American dollars</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ASCII</primary><secondary>application to lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> Understanding
<xref linkend="example-random-id-r2jv"/> depends on knowing the value in the ASCII character set (one of the simplest and oldest) of the
@@ -1306,197 +1340,714 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>list of proposed</secondary><tertiary>notation convention</tertiary></indexterm> The following sections contain tables of proposed lerfu words for some of the standard alphabets supported by the Lojban lerfu system. The first column of each list is the lerfu (actually, a Latin-alphabet name sufficient to identify it). The second column is the proposed name-based lerfu word, and the third column is the proposed lerfu word in the system based on using the cmavo of selma'o BY with a shift word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>proposed lerfu words</primary><secondary>as working basis</secondary></indexterm> These tables are not meant to be authoritative (several authorities within the Lojban community have niggled over them extensively, disagreeing with each other and sometimes with themselves). They provide a working basis until actual usage is available, rather than a final resolution of lerfu word problems. Probably the system presented here will evolve somewhat before settling down into a final, conventional form.</para>
<para>For Latin-alphabet lerfu words, see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2"/> (for Lojban) and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section5"/> (for non-Lojban Latin-alphabet lerfu).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section16">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Greek alphabet</title>
- <xxx>
- alpha .alfas. bu .abu
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>alpha</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- beta .betas. bu by
- gamma .gamas. bu gy
- delta .deltas. bu dy
- epsilon .Epsilon. bu .ebu
- zeta .zetas. bu zy
- eta .etas. bu .e'ebu
- theta .tetas. bu ty. bu
- iota .iotas. bu .ibu
- kappa .kapas. bu ky
- lambda .lymdas. bu ly
- mu .mus. bu my
- nu .nus. bu ny
- xi .ksis. bu ksis. bu
- omicron .Omikron. bu .obu
- pi .pis. bu py
- rho .ros. bu ry
- sigma .sigmas. bu sy
- tau .taus. bu ty
- upsilon .Upsilon. bu .ubu
- phi .fis. bu py. bu
- chi .xis. bu ky. bu
- psi .psis. bu psis. bu
- omega .omegas. bu .o'obu
- rough .dasei,as. bu .y'y
- smooth .psiles. bu xutla bu
- </xxx>
+ <row>
+ <entry>beta</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.betas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>by</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>gamma</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.gamas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>delta</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.deltas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>dy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>epsilon</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.Epsilon. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>zeta</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.zetas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>eta</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.etas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.e'ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>theta</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tetas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ty. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>iota</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.iotas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>kappa</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.kapas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ky</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>lambda</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.lymdas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ly</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>mu</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.mus. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>my</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>nu</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.nus. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ny</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>xi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ksis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ksis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>omicron</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.Omikron. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.pis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>py</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>rho</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ros. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ry</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>sigma</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.sigmas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>tau</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.taus. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ty</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>upsilon</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.Upsilon. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>phi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.fis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>py. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>chi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ky. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>psi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.psis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>psis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>omega</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.omegas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.o'obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>rough</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.dasei,as. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>smooth</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.psiles. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xutla bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section17">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Cyrillic alphabet</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cyrillic alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for Cyrillic alphabet</secondary></indexterm> The second column in this listing is based on the historical names of the letters in Old Church Slavonic. Only those letters used in Russian are shown; other languages require more letters which can be devised as needed.</para>
- <xxx>
- a .azys. bu .abu
- b .bukys. bu by
- v .vedis. bu vy
- g .glagolis. bu gy
- d .dobros. bu dy
- e .iestys. bu .ebu
- zh .jivet. bu jy
- z .zemlias. bu zy
- i .ije,is. bu .ibu
- short i .itord. bu .itord. bu
- k .kakos. bu ky
- l .liudi,ies. bu ly
- m .myslites. bu my
- n .naciys. bu ny
- o .onys. bu .obu
- p .pokois. bu py
- r .riytsis. bu ry
- s .slovos. bu sy
- t .tyvriydos. bu ty
- u .ukys. bu .ubu
- f .friytys. bu fy
- kh .xerys. bu xy
- ts .tsis. bu tsys. bu
- ch .tcriyviys. bu tcys. bu
- sh .cas. bu cy
- shch .ctas. bu ctcys. bu
- hard sign .ier. bu jdari bu
- yeri .ierys. bu .y.bu
- soft sign .ieriys. bu ranti bu
- reversed e .ecarn. bu .ecarn. bu
- yu .ius. bu .iubu
- ya .ias. bu .iabu
- </xxx>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>a</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.azys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>b</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.bukys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>by</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>v</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.vedis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>g</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.glagolis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>d</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.dobros. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>dy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>e</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.iestys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>zh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.jivet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>z</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.zemlias. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>i</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ije,is. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>short i</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.itord. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.itord. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>k</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.kakos. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ky</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>l</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.liudi,ies. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ly</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>m</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.myslites. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>my</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>n</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.naciys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ny</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>o</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.onys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>p</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.pokois. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>py</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>r</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.riytsis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ry</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>s</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.slovos. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>t</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tyvriydos. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ty</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>u</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ukys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>f</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.friytys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>kh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xerys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ts</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tsis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tsys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ch</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tcriyviys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tcys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>sh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.cas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>shch</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ctas. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ctcys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>hard sign</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ier. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jdari bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>yeri</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ierys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.y.bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>soft sign</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ieriys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ranti bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>reversed e</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ecarn. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ecarn. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>yu</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ius. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.iubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ya</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ias. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.iabu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section18">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for the Hebrew alphabet</title>
- <xxx>
- aleph .alef. bu .alef. bu
- bet .bet. bu by
- gimel .gimel. bu gy
- daled .daled. bu dy
- he .xex. bu .y'y
- vav .vav. bu vy
- zayin .zai,in. bu zy
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>aleph</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.alef. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.alef. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>bet</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.bet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>by</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>gimel</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.gimel. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>daled</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.daled. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>dy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>he</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>vav</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.vav. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>zayin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.zai,in. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- khet .xet. bu xy. bu
- tet .tet. bu ty. bu
- yud .iud. bu .iud. bu
- kaf .kaf. bu ky
- lamed .LYmed. bu ly
- mem .mem. bu my
- nun .nun. bu ny
- samekh .samex. bu samex. bu
- ayin .ai,in. bu .ai,in bu
- pe .pex. bu py
- tzadi .tsadik. bu tsadik. bu
- quf .kuf. bu ky. bu
- resh .rec. bu ry
- shin .cin. bu cy
- sin .sin. bu sy
- taf .taf. bu ty.
- dagesh .daGEC. bu daGEC. bu
- hiriq .xirik. bu .ibu
- tzeirekh .tseirex. bu .eibu
- segol .seGOL. bu .ebu
- qubbutz .kubuts. bu .ubu
- qamatz .kamats. bu .abu
- patach .patax. bu .a'abu
- sheva .cyVAS. bu .y.bu
- kholem .xolem. bu .obu
- shuruq .curuk. bu .u'ubu
- </xxx>
+ <row>
+ <entry>khet</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xy. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>tet</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tet. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ty. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>yud</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.iud. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.iud. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>kaf</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.kaf. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ky</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>lamed</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.LYmed. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ly</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>mem</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.mem. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>my</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>nun</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.nun. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ny</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>samekh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.samex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>samex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ayin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ai,in. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ai,in bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>pe</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.pex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>py</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>tzadi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tsadik. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tsadik. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>quf</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.kuf. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ky. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>resh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.rec. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ry</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>shin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.cin. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>sin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.sin. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sy</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>taf</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.taf. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>dagesh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.daGEC. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>daGEC. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>hiriq</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xirik. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>tzeirekh</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tseirex. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.eibu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>segol</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.seGOL. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>qubbutz</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.kubuts. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>qamatz</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.kamats. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>patach</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.patax. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.a'abu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>sheva</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.cyVAS. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.y.bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>kholem</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xolem. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>shuruq</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.curuk. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.u'ubu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section19">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple letters</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritic marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accent marks</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for multiple letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for diacritic marks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for accent marks</secondary></indexterm> This list is intended to be suggestive, not complete: there are lerfu such as Polish
<quote>dark</quote> l and Maltese h-bar that do not yet have symbols.</para>
- <xxx>
- acute .akut. bu
- or .pritygal. bu [pritu galtu]
- grave .grav. bu
- or .zulgal. bu [zunle galtu]
- circumflex .cirkumfleks. bu
-
- or .midgal. bu [midju galtu]
- tilde .tildes. bu
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>acute</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.akut. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.pritygal. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>pritu</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>grave</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.grav. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.zulgal. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>circumflex</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.cirkumfleks. bu</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.midgal. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>midju</jbophrase> <jbophrase>galtu</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>tilde</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.tildes. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- macron .makron. bu
+ <row>
+ <entry>macron</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.makron. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- breve .brevis. bu
- over-dot .gapmoc. bu [gapru mokca]
+ <row>
+ <entry>breve</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.brevis. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>over-dot</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.gapmoc. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ </row>
- umlaut/trema .relmoc. bu [re mokca]
+ <row>
+ <entry>umlaut/trema</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.relmoc. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> <jbophrase>mokca</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ </row>
- over-ring .gapyjin. bu [gapru djine]
+ <row>
+ <entry>over-ring</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.gapyjin. bu</jbophrase>[<jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase> <jbophrase>djine</jbophrase>]</entry>
+ </row>
- cedilla .seDIlys. bu
+ <row>
+ <entry>cedilla</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.seDIlys. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- double-acute .re'akut. bu [re akut.]
- ogonek .ogoniek. bu
- hacek .xatcek. bu
- ligatured fi tei fy. ibu foi
+ <row>
+ <entry>double-acute</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.re'akut. bu [re akut.]</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ogonek</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.ogoniek. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>hacek</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.xatcek. bu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>ligatured fi fi</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tei fy. ibu foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- Danish/Latin ae tei .abu .ebu foi
- Dutch ij tei .ibu jy. foi
+ <row>
+ <entry>Danish/Latin ae ae</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tei .abu .ebu foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Dutch ij ij</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tei .ibu jy. foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- German es-zed tei sy. zy. foi
- </xxx>
+ <row>
+ <entry>German es-zed es-zed</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tei sy. zy. foi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section20">
<title>Proposed lerfu words for radio communication</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Phonetic Alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ICAO Phonetic Alphabet</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>noisy environments</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>radio communication</primary><secondary>proposed lerfu words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for radio communication</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>proposed for noisy environments</secondary></indexterm> There is a set of English words which are used, by international agreement, as lerfu words (for the English alphabet) over the radio, or in noisy situations where the utmost clarity is required. Formally they are known as the
<quote>ICAO Phonetic Alphabet</quote>, and are used even in non-English-speaking countries.</para>
<para>This table presents the standard English spellings and proposed Lojban versions. The Lojbanizations are not straightforward renderings of the English sounds, but make some concessions both to the English spellings of the words and to the Lojban pronunciations of the lerfu (thus
<jbophrase>carlis. bu</jbophrase>, not
<jbophrase>tcarlis. bu</jbophrase>).</para>
- <xxx>
- Alfa .alfas. bu
- Bravo .bravos. bu
- Charlie .carlis. bu
- Delta .deltas. bu
- Echo .ekos. bu
- Foxtrot .fokstrot. bu
- Golf .golf. bu
- Hotel .xoTEL. bu
- India .indias. bu
- Juliet .juliet. bu
- Kilo .kilos. bu
- Lima .limas. bu
- Mike .maik. bu
- November .novembr. bu
- Oscar .oskar. bu
- Papa .paPAS. bu
- Quebec .keBEK. bu
- Romeo .romios. bu
- Sierra .sieras. bu
- Tango .tangos. bu
- Uniform .Uniform. bu
- Victor .viktas. bu
- Whiskey .uiskis. bu
- X-ray .eksreis. bu
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Alfa</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Bravo</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.bravos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Charlie</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.carlis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Delta</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.deltas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Echo</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.ekos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Foxtrot</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.fokstrot. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Golf</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.golf. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Hotel</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.xoTEL. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>India</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.indias. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Juliet</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.juliet. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Kilo</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.kilos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Lima</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.limas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Mike</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.maik. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>November</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.novembr. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Oscar</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.oskar. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Papa</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.paPAS. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Quebec</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.keBEK. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Romeo</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.romios. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Sierra</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.sieras. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Tango</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.tangos. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Uniform</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.Uniform. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Victor</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.viktas. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Whiskey</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.uiskis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>X-ray</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.eksreis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- Yankee .iankis. bu
- Zulu .zulus. bu
- </xxx>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Yankee</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.iankis. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Zulu</term>
+ <listitem><para><jbophrase>.zulus. bu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
</section>
</chapter>
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