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Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
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Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
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commit 5fb4e67167139ea9f95b498d19722de8aa521672
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Jan 14 21:33:33 2011 -0500
Chapter 14: <jbophrase>s. Also, last commit I invented <compound>, which replaces <cmavo> for compound cmavo cmavo-entries.
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 0e87b0c..075531e 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -4,27 +4,25 @@
<title>Logical connection and truth tables</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth functions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical language</primary><secondary>truth functions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban is a logical language: the name of the language itself means
<quote>logical language</quote>. The fundamentals of ordinary logic (there are variant logics, which aren't addressed in this book) include the notions of a
<quote>sentence</quote> (sometimes called a
<quote>statement</quote> or
<quote>proposition</quote>), which asserts a truth or falsehood, and a small set of
<quote>truth functions</quote>, which combine two sentences to create a new sentence. The truth functions have the special characteristic that the truth value (that is, the truth or falsehood) of the results depends only on the truth value of the component sentences. For example,</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mJ6y">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-mJ6y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e1d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John is a man or James is a woman.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John is a man or James is a woman.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>man or woman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is true if
<quote>John is a man</quote> is true, or if
<quote>James is a woman</quote> is true. If we know whether John is a man, and we know whether James is a woman, we know whether
<quote>John is a man or James is a woman</quote> is true, provided we know the meaning of
<quote>or</quote>. Here
<quote>John is a man</quote> and
<quote>James is a woman</quote> are the component sentences.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negating a sentence</primary><secondary>and truth value</secondary></indexterm> We will use the phrase
<quote>negating a sentence</quote> to mean changing its truth value. An English sentence may always be negated by prefixing
@@ -196,46 +194,44 @@
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase> with both sentences negated
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth functions</primary><secondary>commutative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commutative truth functions</primary></indexterm> Note that exchanging the sentences is only necessary with
<phrase role="logical-vowel">U</phrase>. The three other basic truth functions are commutative; that is, they mean the same thing regardless of the order of the component sentences. There are other ways of getting some of these truth tables; these just happen to be the methods usually employed.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section3">
<title>The six types of logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>rationale for multiple sets in grammar</secondary></indexterm> In order to remain unambiguous, Lojban cannot have only a single logical connective for each truth function. There are many places in the grammar of the language where logical connection is permitted, and each must have its appropriate set of connectives. If the connective suitable for sumti were used to connect selbri, ambiguity would result.</para>
<para>Consider the English sentence:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ptgf">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-ptgf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e3d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>Mary went to the window and ...</jbo>
+ <para>Mary went to the window and ...</para>
- </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>window</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> where the last word could be followed by
<quote>the door</quote>, a noun phrase, or by
<quote>saw the horses</quote>, a sentence with subject omitted, or by
<quote>John went to the door</quote>, a full sentence, or by one of a variety of other English grammatical constructions. Lojban cannot tolerate such grammatical looseness.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>selma'o</secondary><tertiary>enumerated</tertiary></indexterm> Instead, there are a total of five different selma'o used for logical connection: A, GA, GIhA, GUhA, and JA. Each of these includes four cmavo, one based on each of the four vowels, which is always the last vowel in the cmavo. In selma'o A, the vowel is the entire cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>cmavo</secondary><tertiary>format for each selma'o</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, in selma'o A, the cmavo for the function
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase> is
- <quote>a</quote>. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with
+ <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>, which is a truth function, or
- <quote>a</quote>, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for
+ <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase> in selma'o GIhA is
<jbophrase>gi'e</jbophrase>, and the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">U</phrase> in selma'o GA is
- <quote>gu</quote>. This systematic regularity makes the cmavo easier to learn.</para>
+ <jbophrase>gu</jbophrase>. This systematic regularity makes the cmavo easier to learn.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound logical connectives</primary><secondary>components</secondary></indexterm> Obviously, four cmavo are not enough to express the 14 truth functions explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section1"/>. Therefore, compound cmavo must be used. These compound cmavo follow a systematic pattern: each has one cmavo from the five logical connection selma'o at its heart, and may also contain one or more of the auxiliary cmavo
- <quote>se</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>. Which auxiliaries are used with which logical connection cmavo, and with what grammar and meaning, will be explained in the following sections. The uses of each of these auxiliary cmavo relates to its other uses in other parts of Lojban grammar.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-ek</primary><secondary>in name for logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound logical connectives</primary><secondary>naming convention</secondary></indexterm> For convenience, each of the types of compound cmavo used for logical connection is designated by a Lojban name. The name is derived by changing the final
<quote>-A</quote> of the selma'o name to
<quote>-ek</quote>; the reasons for using
<quote>-ek</quote> are buried deep in the history of the Loglan Project. Thus, compound cmavo based on selma'o A are known as eks, and those based on selma'o JA are known as jeks. (When writing in English, it is conventional to use
<quote>eks</quote> as the plural of
<quote>ek</quote>.) When the term
<quote>logical connective</quote> is used in this chapter, it refers to one or more of these kinds of compound cmavo.</para>
@@ -295,21 +291,21 @@
<gloss>John is-a-man whether-or-not James is-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>logical connection with negation</secondary></indexterm> To obtain the other truth tables listed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section2"/>, we need to know how to negate the two bridi which represent the component sentences. We could negate them directly by inserting
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before the selbri, but Lojban also allows us to place the negation within the connective itself.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> To negate the first or left-hand bridi, prefix
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> to the JA cmavo but after the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. To negate the second or right-hand bridi, suffix
- <quote>-nai</quote> to the JA cmavo. In either case, the negating word is placed on the side of the connective that is closest to the bridi being negated.</para>
+ <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> to the JA cmavo. In either case, the negating word is placed on the side of the connective that is closest to the bridi being negated.</para>
<para>So to express the truth table FTTF, which requires
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase> with either of the two bridi negated (not both), we can say either:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgKB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .inajo la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman.</gloss>
@@ -385,37 +381,37 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .inaja la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man or James is-a-woman.</gloss>
<gloss>John is a man only if James is a woman.</gloss>
<en>If John is a man, then James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>in logical connective to exchange sentences</secondary></indexterm> The following example illustrates the use of
- <quote>se</quote> to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of
- <quote>se</quote> is to (in effect) transpose places of a bridi, as explained in
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> to, in effect, exchange the two sentences. The normal use of
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is to (in effect) transpose places of a bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-z43X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .iseju la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>Whether or not John is a man, James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with se</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with na</secondary></indexterm> If both
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <quote>se</quote> are present, which is legal but never necessary,
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> are present, which is legal but never necessary,
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> would come before
- <quote>se</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijeks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The full syntax of ijeks, therefore, is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.i [na] [se] JA [nai]
</programlisting>
<para>where the cmavo in brackets are optional.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5">
<title>Forethought bridi connection</title>
@@ -451,24 +447,24 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mYeS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>ga</quote> is the cmavo which represents the
+ <jbophrase>ga</jbophrase> is the cmavo which represents the
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase> truth function in selma'o GA. The word
- <quote>gi</quote> does not belong to GA at all, but constitutes its own selma'o: it serves only to separate the two bridi without having any content of its own. The English translation of
- <quote>ga ... gi</quote> is
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> does not belong to GA at all, but constitutes its own selma'o: it serves only to separate the two bridi without having any content of its own. The English translation of
+ <jbophrase>ga ... gi</jbophrase> is
<quote>either ... or</quote>, but in the English form the truth function is specified both by the word
<quote>either</quote> and by the word
<quote>or</quote>: not so in Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>i</primary><secondary>regarding forethought bridi connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought bridi connection</primary><secondary>as grammatically one sentence</secondary></indexterm> Even though two bridi are being connected, geks and giks do not have any
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> in them. The forethought construct binds up the two bridi into a single sentence as far as the grammar is concerned.</para>
<para>Some more examples of forethought bridi connection are:</para>
@@ -486,21 +482,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gu la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>It is true that John is a man, whether or not James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is worth emphasizing that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qgMN"/> does not assert that James is (or is not) a woman. The
- <quote>gu</quote> which indicates that
+ <jbophrase>gu</jbophrase> which indicates that
<jbophrase>la djeimyz. ninmu</jbophrase> may be true or false is unfortunately rather remote from the bridi thus affected.</para>
<para>Perhaps the most important of the truth functions commonly expressed in forethought is TFTT, which can be paraphrased as
<quote>if ... then ...</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Xcg1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
@@ -512,21 +508,21 @@
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Xcg1"/>. When added to afterthought selma'o such as JA, a following
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negates the second bridi, to which it is adjacent. Since GA cmavo precede the first bridi, a following
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negates the first bridi instead.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>negated first sentence as a potential problem for understanding</secondary></indexterm> Why does English insist on forethought in the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Xcg1"/>? Possibly because it would be confusing to seemingly assert a sentence and then make it conditional (which, as the Lojban form shows, involves a negation). Truth functions which involve negating the first sentence may be confusing, even to the Lojbanic understanding, when expressed using afterthought.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>if … then</primary><secondary>logical connectives contrasted with other translations</secondary></indexterm> It must be reiterated here that not every use of English
<quote>if ... then</quote> is properly translated by
<jbophrase>.inaja</jbophrase> or
- <quote>ganai ... gi</quote>; anything with implications of time needs a somewhat different Lojban translation, which will be discussed in
+ <jbophrase>ganai ... gi</jbophrase>; anything with implications of time needs a somewhat different Lojban translation, which will be discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18"/>. Causal sentences like
<quote>If you feed the pig, then it will grow</quote> are not logical connectives of any type, but rather need a translation using
<jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> as the selbri joining two event abstractions, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TQP9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -543,37 +539,37 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman,</gloss>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ginai</primary></indexterm> How can the second bridi be negated? By adding
- <quote>-nai</quote> to the
- <quote>gi</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> to the
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Tiz6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man if-and-only-if James is-not-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A compound cmavo based on
- <quote>gi</quote> is called a gik; the only giks are
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is called a gik; the only giks are
- <quote>gi</quote> itself and
- <quote>ginai</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> itself and
+ <jbophrase>ginai</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Further examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgmv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. nanmu ginai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man and James is-not-a-woman.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -658,36 +654,36 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga la djan. gi la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Either John or Alice (or both) goes-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se writing convention</primary><secondary>in eks</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na writing convention</primary><secondary>in eks</secondary></indexterm> Of course, eks include all the same patterns of compound cmavo that ijeks do. When
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> or
- <quote>se</quote> is part of an ek, a special writing convention is invoked, as in the following example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is part of an ek, a special writing convention is invoked, as in the following example:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na.a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-caoY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. na.a la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John only if Alice goes-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John goes to the market only if Alice does.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the period in
<jbophrase>na.a</jbophrase>. The cmavo of A begin with vowels, and therefore must always be preceded by a pause. It is conventional to write all connective compounds as single words (with no spaces), but this pause must still be marked in writing as in speech; otherwise, the
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
- <quote>a</quote> would tend to run together.</para>
+ <jbophrase>a</jbophrase> would tend to run together.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section7">
<title>More than two propositions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>more than 2 sentences</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen logical connectives used to connect exactly two sentences. How about connecting three or more? Is this possible in Lojban? The answer is yes, subject to some warnings and some restrictions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>associative</secondary></indexterm> Of the four primitive truth functions
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>,
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase>,
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase>, and
<phrase role="logical-vowel">U</phrase>, all but
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase> have the same truth values no matter how their component sentences are associated in pairs. Therefore,</para>
@@ -789,86 +785,86 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is not equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mLo1"/>, but is instead a valid translation into Lojban, using forethought, of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSuT"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8">
<title>Grouping of afterthought connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary><tertiary>precedence</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> There are several ways in Lojban to render
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSuT"/> using afterthought only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo
- <quote>bo</quote> (of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In particular, if
- <quote>bo</quote> is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatically distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Connections marked with
- <quote>bo</quote> are interpreted before connections not so marked.
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In particular, if
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatically distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Connections marked with
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are interpreted before connections not so marked.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Dd2"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uu7D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ijabo mi nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John, and I like Martha or I like Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English translation feebly indicates with a comma what the Lojban marks far more clearly: the
<quote>I like Martha</quote> and
<quote>I like Mary</quote> sentences are joined by
<jbophrase>.ija</jbophrase> first, before the result is joined to
<quote>I like John</quote> by
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Eks can have
- <quote>bo</quote> attached in exactly the same way, so that
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> attached in exactly the same way, so that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/> is equivalent in meaning to Example 8.1:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JVhK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo and forethought connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives and bo</primary></indexterm> Forethought connectives, however, never can be suffixed with
- <quote>bo</quote>, for every use of forethought connectives clearly indicates the intended pattern of grouping.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, for every use of forethought connectives clearly indicates the intended pattern of grouping.</para>
<para>What happens if
- <quote>bo</quote> is used on both connectives, giving them the same high precedence, as in
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is used on both connectives, giving them the same high precedence, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YJeE"/>?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YJeE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ebo la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>right-grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>right-grouping</secondary></indexterm> Does this wind up meaning the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mLo1"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dPcI"/>? Not at all. A second rule relating to
- <quote>bo</quote> is that where several
- <quote>bo</quote>-marked connectives are used in succession, the normal Lojban left-grouping rule is replaced by a right-grouping rule. As a result,
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is that where several
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>-marked connectives are used in succession, the normal Lojban left-grouping rule is replaced by a right-grouping rule. As a result,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YJeE"/> in fact means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/>. This rule may be occasionally exploited for special effects, but is tricky to keep straight; in writing intended to be easy to understand, multiple consecutive connectives marked with
- <quote>bo</quote> should be avoided.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> should be avoided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with parentheses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>grouping strategies for complex cases contrasted</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connection</primary><secondary>grouping strategies contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The use of
- <quote>bo</quote>, therefore, gets tricky in complex connections of more than three sentences. Looking back at the English translations of
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, therefore, gets tricky in complex connections of more than three sentences. Looking back at the English translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-487z"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Dd2"/>, parentheses were used to clarify the grouping. These parentheses have their Lojban equivalents, two sets of them actually.
- <quote>tu'e</quote> and
- <quote>tu'u</quote> are used with ijeks, and
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote> with eks and other connectives to be discussed later. (
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote> are also used in other roles in the language, but always as grouping markers). Consider the English sentence:</para>
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> are used with ijeks, and
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> with eks and other connectives to be discussed later. (
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> are also used in other roles in the language, but always as grouping markers). Consider the English sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aqIg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with bo</secondary></indexterm> where the semantics tells us that the instances of
<quote>and</quote> are meant to have higher precedence than that of
@@ -877,42 +873,42 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PSK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cinba do .ije[bo] do cinba mi .ijanai mi prami do .ijebo do prami mi</jbo>
<en>I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>marking two of the ijeks with
- <quote>bo</quote> for high precedence. (The first
- <quote>bo</quote> is not strictly necessary, because of the left-grouping rule, and is shown here in brackets.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> for high precedence. (The first
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is not strictly necessary, because of the left-grouping rule, and is shown here in brackets.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping with parentheses</secondary></indexterm> But it may be clearer to use explicit parenthesis words and say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erTb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'e mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>.ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>( I kiss you and you kiss me )</gloss>
<en>if ( I love you and you love me ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> pairs set off the structure. The cmavo
- <quote>tu'u</quote> is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> pairs set off the structure. The cmavo
+ <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/> is bracketed, because all terminators may be elided at the end of a text.</para>
<para>In addition, parentheses are a general solution: multiple parentheses may be nested inside one another, and additional afterthought material may be added without upsetting the existing structure. Neither of these two advantages apply to
- <quote>bo</quote> grouping. In general, afterthought constructions trade generality for simplicity.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping. In general, afterthought constructions trade generality for simplicity.</para>
<para>Because of the left-grouping rule, the first set of
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> parentheses may actually be left off altogether, producing:</para>
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> parentheses may actually be left off altogether, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QGBz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi</jbo>
<gloss>.ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>I kiss you and you kiss me</gloss>
<en>if ( I love you and you love me ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -922,36 +918,36 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y9CC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I walk to either the market and the house, or the school and the office.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>beginning with "ke"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>restriction on ke</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>grouping with parentheses</tertiary></indexterm> Two pairs of parentheses, analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/>, would seem to be the right approach. However, it is a rule of Lojban grammar that a sumti may not begin with
- <quote>ke</quote>, so the first set of parentheses must be omitted, producing
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, so the first set of parentheses must be omitted, producing
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0mJM"/>, which is instead parallel to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-QGBz"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0mJM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .e le zdani .a ke le ckule .e le briju [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and the house or ( the school and the office ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke in sumti grouping</primary><secondary>where allowed</secondary></indexterm> If sumti were allowed to begin with
- <quote>ke</quote>, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so
- <quote>ke</quote> grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logical connective. This rule does not apply to
- <quote>tu'e</quote> grouping of bridi, as
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logical connective. This rule does not apply to
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> grouping of bridi, as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/> shows.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>German rich man</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now we have enough facilities to handle the problem of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3zE1"/>:
<quote>I am German, rich, and a man - or else none of these.</quote> The following paraphrase has the correct meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KyHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[tu'e] mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu [tu'u]</jbo>
@@ -1047,46 +1043,46 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DYBN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<gloss>I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tails</primary><secondary>eliding vau in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi with more than one sumti in common</primary><secondary>with vau</secondary></indexterm> The
- <quote>vau</quote> (of selma'o VAU) serves to separate the bridi-tail from the tail-terms. Every bridi-tail is terminated by an elidable
- <quote>vau</quote>, but only in connection with compound bridi is it ever necessary to express this
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> (of selma'o VAU) serves to separate the bridi-tail from the tail-terms. Every bridi-tail is terminated by an elidable
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, but only in connection with compound bridi is it ever necessary to express this
- <quote>vau</quote>. Thus:</para>
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L3eN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci [vau]</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has a single elided
- <quote>vau</quote>, and
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9H9e"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RfIR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la djan. [vau] [vau]</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the double
- <quote>vau</quote> at the end of
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> at the end of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-RfIR"/> terminates both the right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>observative sentence connection</secondary></indexterm> A final use of giheks is to combine bridi-tails used as complete sentences, the Lojban observative:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rvUD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama le zarci gi'e dzukla le briju</jbo>
@@ -1125,49 +1121,49 @@
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[na] [se] GIhA [nai]
</programlisting>
<para>which is exactly parallel to the syntax of eks.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10">
<title>Multiple compound bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>multiple with bo</secondary></indexterm> Giheks can be combined with
- <quote>bo</quote> in the same way as eks:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> in the same way as eks:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DpCN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. gi'e nelci la martas. gi'abo nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John and ( like Martha or like Mary ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>multiple with ke…ke'e</secondary></indexterm> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uu7D"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JVhK"/>. Likewise,
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> grouping can be used after giheks:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> grouping can be used after giheks:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rH4n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci gi'e dzukla le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>gi'a ke dzukla le ckule gi'e dzukla le briju [ke'e]</gloss>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and walk-to the house,</gloss>
<gloss>or walk-to the school and walk-to the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of bridi-tails</secondary><tertiary>restriction on ke</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple compound bridi</primary><secondary>restriction on ke</secondary></indexterm> is the gihek version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0mJM"/>. The same rule about using
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> bracketing only just after a connective applies to bridi-tails as to sumti, so the first two bridi-tails in
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> bracketing only just after a connective applies to bridi-tails as to sumti, so the first two bridi-tails in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rH4n"/> cannot be explicitly grouped; implicit left-grouping suffices to associate them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound bridi</primary><secondary>separate tail-terms for bridi-tails</secondary></indexterm> Each of the pairs of bridi-tails joined by multiple giheks can have its own set of tail-terms:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1asY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu la djan. .inaja mi dunda le cukta la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>.ijabo mi lebna le cukta la djan.</gloss>
@@ -1290,24 +1286,24 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I go to the market from the office and to the house from the school.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>termsets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termset</primary><secondary>formation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>term</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-G02C"/> requires two termsets joined by a logical connective. A
<quote>term</quote> is either a sumti or a sumti preceded by a tense or modal tag such as
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>bai</jbophrase>. Afterthought termsets are formed by linking terms together by inserting the cmavo
- <quote>ce'e</quote> (of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermore, the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo
- <quote>pe'e</quote> (of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combination of
+ <jbophrase>ce'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermore, the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo
+ <jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combination of
- <quote>pe'e</quote> and a jek as a
+ <jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase> and a jek as a
<quote>pehejek</quote>, I suppose.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>to the market from the office</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UVPj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci ce'e le briju pe'e je</jbo>
@@ -1367,50 +1363,50 @@
<jbo>mi klama le zarci gi'e dzukla vau le briju</jbo>
<gloss>I ( go to-the market and walk ) to/from-the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I go to the market from the office, and I walk to the office;
<jbophrase>le briju</jbophrase> is the x3 place of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> and the x2 place of
<jbophrase>dzukla</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NUhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought termsets</primary><secondary>logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of forethought termsets</secondary></indexterm> Forethought termsets also exist, and use
- <quote>nu'i</quote> of selma'o NUhI to signal the beginning and
- <quote>nu'u</quote> of selma'o NUhU (an elidable terminator) to signal the end. Nothing is inserted between the individual terms: they simply sit side-by-side. To make a logical connection in a forethought termset, use a gek, with the gek just after the
- <quote>nu'i</quote>, and an extra
- <quote>nu'u</quote> just before the gik:</para>
+ <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> of selma'o NUhI to signal the beginning and
+ <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> of selma'o NUhU (an elidable terminator) to signal the end. Nothing is inserted between the individual terms: they simply sit side-by-side. To make a logical connection in a forethought termset, use a gek, with the gek just after the
+ <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase>, and an extra
+ <jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> just before the gik:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeLv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju</jbo>
<gloss>nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office</gloss>
<gloss>[joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one
- <quote>nu'i</quote> is used.</para>
+ <jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> is used.</para>
<para>The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical connectives are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary></indexterm> As noted at the beginning of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9"/>, there is no logical connective in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is possible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
<jbophrase>blanu bolci</jbophrase>, Lojbanists can say
<jbophrase>blanu je bolci</jbophrase>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11"/> also, but there they were always prefixed by
- <quote>pe'e</quote>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
+ <jbophrase>pe'e</jbophrase>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGoH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-blue type-of house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1481,46 +1477,46 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu blanu prenu .ije la .alis. cu zdani prenu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a blue person, and Alice is-a house person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is probably false, because the blueness is associated with the house, not with Alice, even leaving aside the question of what it means to say
<quote>Alice is a blue person</quote>. (Perhaps she belongs to the Blue team, or is wearing blue clothes.) The semantic ambiguity of tanru make such logical manipulations impossible.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>grouping with bo</tertiary></indexterm> It suffices to note here, then, a few purely grammatical points about tanru logical connection.
- <quote>bo</quote> may be appended to jeks as to eks, with the same rules:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> may be appended to jeks as to eks, with the same rules:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RNMY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi</jbo>
<en>Terry is rich and ( male or female ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>grouping with ke</tertiary></indexterm>
The components of tanru may be grouped with
- <quote>ke</quote> both before and after a logical connective:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> both before and after a logical connective:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JdID">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .teris. cu [ke] ricfu ja pindi [ke'e] je ke nakni ja fetsi [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>Terry is (rich or poor) and (male or female).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the first
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> pair may be omitted altogether by the rule of left-grouping, but is optionally permitted. In any case, the last instance of
- <quote>ke'e</quote> may be elided.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> pair may be omitted altogether by the rule of left-grouping, but is optionally permitted. In any case, the last instance of
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> may be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The syntax of jeks is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[na] [se] JA [nai]
</programlisting>
<para>parallel to eks and giheks.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guhek</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought tanru connection</primary></indexterm> Forethought tanru connection does not use geks, but uses guheks instead. Guheks have exactly the same form as geks:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guheks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
@@ -1722,22 +1718,22 @@
<selmaho>JA</selmaho>
<description>tanru connective question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ji</cmavo>
<selmaho>A</selmaho>
<description>sumti connective question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective question cmavo</primary><secondary>departure from regularity of</secondary></indexterm> (This list unfortunately departs from the pretty regularity of the other cmavo for logical connection. The two-syllable selma'o, GIhA and GUhA, make use of the cmavo ending in
- <quote>-i</quote> which is not used for a truth function, but
- <quote>gi</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>-i</jbophrase> which is not used for a truth function, but
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> were not available, and different cmavo had to be chosen. This table must simply be memorized, like most other non-connective cmavo assignments.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective questions</primary><secondary>answering</secondary></indexterm> One correct translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mftC"/> employs a question gihek:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-G1Xs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis gerku gi'i mlatu</jbo>
@@ -1797,23 +1793,23 @@
<gloss>ji loi tcati</gloss>
<gloss>You desire something-about a-mass-of coffee</gloss>
<gloss>[truth function?] a-mass-of tea?</gloss>
<en>Do you want coffee or tea?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee or tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> the answer
<jbophrase>.e</jbophrase>, meaning that I want both, is perfectly plausible, if not necessarily polite.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with forethought for grammatical utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with afterthought for grammatical utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives</primary><secondary>as ungrammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connectives</primary><secondary>as ungrammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> The forethought questions
- <quote>ge'i</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>ge'i</jbophrase> and
- <quote>gu'i</quote> are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids the use of isolated forethought connectives as answers - they sound like the start of forethought-connected bridi. So although
+ <jbophrase>gu'i</jbophrase> are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids the use of isolated forethought connectives as answers - they sound like the start of forethought-connected bridi. So although
<xref linkend="example-random-id-286J"/> is the forethought version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xtIf"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-286J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djica tu'a</jbo>
@@ -1925,25 +1921,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NN93">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ku joi le ninmu [ku] cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The man massed-with the woman go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <quote>ku</quote> is the elidable terminator for
- <quote>le</quote>, which can almost always be elided, but not in this case. If the first
- <quote>ku</quote> were elided here, Lojban's parsing rules would see
- <quote>le nanmu joi</quote> and assume that another tanru component is to follow; since the second
- <quote>le</quote> cannot be part of a tanru, a parsing error results. No such problem can occur with logical connectives, because an ek signals a following sumti and a jek a following tanru component unambiguously.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> is the elidable terminator for
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, which can almost always be elided, but not in this case. If the first
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> were elided here, Lojban's parsing rules would see
+ <jbophrase>le nanmu joi</jbophrase> and assume that another tanru component is to follow; since the second
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> cannot be part of a tanru, a parsing error results. No such problem can occur with logical connectives, because an ek signals a following sumti and a jek a following tanru component unambiguously.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Single or compound cmavo involving members of selma'o JOI are called joiks, by analogy with the names for logical connectives. It is not grammatical to use joiks to connect bridi-tails.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue and red</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mixed with</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru connection</primary><secondary>connotation of non-logical</secondary></indexterm> In tanru,
<jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> has the connotation
<quote>mixed with</quote>, as in the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Xxp2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1978,21 +1974,21 @@
A pi'u B the cross product of sets A and B
A sepi'u B the cross product of sets B and A
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sepi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sefa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sece'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>joi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joiks</primary><secondary>use of "se" in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>as grammatical in JOI compounds</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>se</quote> is grammatical before any JOI cmavo, but only useful with those that have inherent order. Here are some examples of joiks:</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is grammatical before any JOI cmavo, but only useful with those that have inherent order. Here are some examples of joiks:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cwG8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cuxna la .alis. la frank. ce la .alis. ce la djeimyz.</jbo>
<gloss>I choose Alice from Frank and-member Alice and-member James.</gloss>
<en>I choose Alice from among Frank, Alice, and James.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2220,22 +2216,22 @@
<gloss>cu prami se remei</gloss>
<gloss>James and-set George cross-product Mary and-set Martha</gloss>
<gloss>are-lover type-of-pairs.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>and</primary><secondary>contrasted with cross-product</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross-product</primary><secondary>contrasted with and</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e</primary><secondary>contrasted with pi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with .e</secondary></indexterm> means that each of the pairs James/Mary, George/Mary, James/Martha, and George/Martha love each other. Therefore it is similar in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7bv3"/>; however, that example speaks only of the men loving the women, not vice versa.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joiks</primary><secondary>grouping</secondary></indexterm> Joiks may be combined with
- <quote>bo</quote> or with
- <quote>ke</quote> in the same way as eks and jeks; this allows grouping of non-logical connections between sumti and tanru units, in complete parallelism with logical connections:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or with
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> in the same way as eks and jeks; this allows grouping of non-logical connections between sumti and tanru units, in complete parallelism with logical connections:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mwpo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi joibo do ce la djan. joibo la djein.</jbo>
<gloss>cu gunma se remei</gloss>
<gloss>(I massed-with you) and (John massed-with Jane)</gloss>
<gloss>are-a-mass type-of-two-set</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2313,22 +2309,22 @@
<gloss>And-then wash the car.</gloss>
<gloss>And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. )</gloss>
<gloss>List of things to do:</gloss>
<gloss>Figure taxes.</gloss>
<gloss>Wash car.</gloss>
<en>Walk dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list of things to do</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to-do list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>use in lists</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>effect on di'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'e</primary><secondary>effect of tu'e/tu'u on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lists</primary><secondary>use of tu'e/tu'u in</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-27xU"/> represents a list of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of
- <quote>tu'e</quote> and
- <quote>tu'u</quote> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8"/>, because there is no logical connective between the introductory phrase
<jbophrase>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e</jbophrase> and the rest. The brackets effectively show how large an utterance the word
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>, which means
<quote>the following utterance</quote>, refers to.</para>
<para>Similarly,
<jbophrase>.ijoi</jbophrase> is used to connect sentences that represent the components of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of
<quote>Fran hit her head and fell out of the boat, so that she drowned</quote> would join the events
<quote>Fran hit her head</quote> and
<quote>Fran fell out of the boat</quote> with
@@ -2401,21 +2397,21 @@
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>un-ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sHhA"/>, it is all the same whether I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt or between Frankfurt and Dresden, so
<jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> is the appropriate interval connective. The sumti
- <quote>la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</quote> falls into the x2 place of
+ <jbophrase>la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</jbophrase> falls into the x2 place of
<jbophrase>sanli</jbophrase>, which is the surface I stand on; the interval specifies that surface by its limits. (Obviously, I am not standing on the whole of the interval; the x2 place of
<jbophrase>sanli</jbophrase> specifies a surface which is typically larger in extent than just the size of the stander's feet.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rYv4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu ca la pacac. bi'o la recac.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk simultaneous-with First-hour [ordered-interval] Second-hour.</gloss>
<en>I walk from one o'clock to two o'clock.</en>
@@ -2452,24 +2448,24 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jbama pu daspo la .uacintyn. mi'i lo minli be li muno</jbo>
<gloss>The bomb [past] destroys Washington [center] what-is measured-in-miles by 50.</gloss>
<en>The bomb destroyed Washington and fifty miles around.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here we have an interval whose center is Washington and whose distance, or radius, is fifty miles.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>endpoints</primary><secondary>inclusion in interval</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>inclusion of endpoints</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>open</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>closed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>open interval</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closed interval</primary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sHhA"/>, is it possible that I am standing in Dresden (or Frankfurt) itself? Yes. The connectives of selma'o BIhI are ambiguous about whether the endpoints themselves are included in or excluded from the interval. Two auxiliary cmavo
- <quote>ga'o</quote> and
- <quote>ke'i</quote> (of cmavo GAhO) are used to indicate the status of the endpoints:
- <quote>ga'o</quote> means that the endpoint is included,
- <quote>ke'i</quote> that it is excluded:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> (of cmavo GAhO) are used to indicate the status of the endpoints:
+ <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> means that the endpoint is included,
+ <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> that it is excluded:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGTc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2500,30 +2496,30 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. ke'i bi'i ke'i la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand Dresden [exclusive] [interval] [exclusive] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, exclusive of both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> As these examples should make clear, the GAhO cmavo that applies to a given endpoint is the one that stands physically adjacent to it: the left-hand endpoint is referred to by the first GAhO, and the right-hand endpoint by the second GAhO. It is ungrammatical to have just one GAhO.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'i</primary><secondary>etymology of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ga'o</primary><secondary>etymology of</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically,
- <quote>ga'o</quote> is derived from
+ <jbophrase>ga'o</jbophrase> is derived from
<jbophrase>ganlo</jbophrase>, which means
<quote>closed</quote>, and
- <quote>ke'i</quote> from
+ <jbophrase>ke'i</jbophrase> from
<jbophrase>kalri</jbophrase>, which means
<quote>open</quote>. In mathematics, inclusive intervals are referred to as closed intervals, and exclusive intervals as open ones.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> BIhI joiks are grammatical anywhere that other joiks are, including in tanru connection and (as ijoiks) between sentences. No meanings have been found for these uses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>effect of nai on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nai</primary><secondary>effect on intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negated intervals</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Negated intervals, marked with a
- <quote>-nai</quote> following the BIhI cmavo, indicate an interval that includes everything but what is between the endpoints (with respect to some understood scale):</para>
+ <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> following the BIhI cmavo, indicate an interval that includes everything but what is between the endpoints (with respect to some understood scale):</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>except from 10 to 12</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-39EI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do dicra .e'a mi ca la daucac. bi'onai la gaicac.</jbo>
<gloss>You disturb (allowed) me at 10 not-from ... to 12</gloss>
<en>You can contact me except from 10 to 12.</en>
@@ -2538,21 +2534,21 @@
GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> Notice that the colloquial English translations of
<jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase> have forethought form:
<quote>between ... and</quote> for
<jbophrase>bi'i</jbophrase>, and
<quote>from ... to</quote> for
<jbophrase>bi'o</jbophrase>. In Lojban too, non-logical connectives can be expressed in forethought. Rather than using a separate selma'o, the forethought logical connectives are constructed from the afterthought ones by suffixing
- <quote>gi</quote>. Such a compound cmavo is not unnaturally called a
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>. Such a compound cmavo is not unnaturally called a
<jbophrase>joigik</jbophrase>; the syntax of joigiks is any of:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigiks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[se] JOI [nai] GI
[se] BIhI [nai] GI
GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO GI
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigiks</primary><secondary>connection types</secondary></indexterm> Joigiks may be used to non-logically connect bridi, sumti, and bridi-tails; and also in termsets.</para>
@@ -2563,23 +2559,23 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joigi la djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>[Together] John and Alice carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first
- <quote>gi</quote> is part of the joigik; the second
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is part of the joigik; the second
- <quote>gi</quote> is the regular gik that separates the two things being connected in all forethought forms.</para>
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is the regular gik that separates the two things being connected in all forethought forms.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGtv"/> can be expressed in forethought as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u51K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli ke'i bi'i ga'o gi la drezdn. gi la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand [exclusive] between [inclusive] Dresden and Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclusive).</en>
@@ -2590,25 +2586,25 @@
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section17">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>connectives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has a separate grammar embedded within the main grammar for representing mathematical expressions (or mekso in Lojban) such as
<quote>2 + 2</quote>. Mathematical expressions are explained fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. The basic components of mekso are operands, like
<quote>2</quote>, and operators, like
<quote>+</quote>. Both of these may be either logically or non-logically connected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in joiks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in jeks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guheks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>geks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>eks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> Operands are connected in afterthought with eks and in forethought with geks, just like sumti. Operators, on the other hand, are connected in afterthought with jeks and in forethought with guheks, just like tanru components. (However, jeks and joiks with
- <quote>bo</quote> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>analogue of tanru in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with ke in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operands</primary><secondary>with ke in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operands</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> In addition, eks with
- <quote>bo</quote> and with
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and with
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be given. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connective scheme of things. These examples are drawn from
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gMU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -2624,23 +2620,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'o</primary></indexterm> Note that the mekso in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ftNY"/> are being used as quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be enclosed in
- <quote>vei</quote> and
- <quote>ve'o</quote> parentheses when used as a quantifier. The right parenthesis mark,
- <quote>ve'o</quote>, is an elidable terminator.</para>
+ <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> parentheses when used as a quantifier. The right parenthesis mark,
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, is an elidable terminator.</para>
<para>Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard to come by. A contrived example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dCxf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus and times 2 equals the-number 4.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 x 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2685,31 +2681,31 @@
<jbo>xy. boi xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
<gloss>
<quote>x</quote> sub (
<quote>b</quote> sequence
<quote>d</quote>)</gloss>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x{b</primary><secondary>d}</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> Note that the
- <quote>boi</quote> in
+ <jbophrase>boi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8rEL"/> is not elidable, because the
- <quote>xi</quote> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
+ <jbophrase>xi</jbophrase> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18">
<title>Tenses, modals, and logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a
- <quote>le nu</quote> abstraction; see
+ <jbophrase>le nu</jbophrase> abstraction; see
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logically connected tenses</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>interaction with tenses</secondary></indexterm> The two types of interaction between tenses and logical connectives are logically connected tenses and tensed logical connections. The former are fairly simple. Jeks may be used between tense cmavo to specify two connected bridi that differ only in tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-g6iT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu nolraitru</jbo>
@@ -2772,145 +2768,145 @@
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .ije mi pu tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. And I [past] buy items-of food.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>fails to fully represent a feature of the English, namely that the buying came after the going. (It also fails to represent that the buying was a consequence of the going, which can be expressed by a modal that is discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>.) However, the tense information - that the event of my going to the market preceded the event of my buying food - can be added to the logical connective as follows. The
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase> is replaced by
<jbophrase>.ijebo</jbophrase>, and the tense cmavo
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> is inserted between
<jbophrase>.ije</jbophrase> and
- <quote>bo</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ijebabo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPG1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .ijebabo mi pu tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. And [later] I [past] buy items-of food.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> cmavo in the two bridi-tails express the time of both actions with respect to the speaker: in the past. The
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> relates the two items to one another: the second item is later than the first item. The grammar does not permit omitting the
- <quote>bo</quote>; if it were omitted, the
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>; if it were omitted, the
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> and the second
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> would run together to form a compound tense
<jbophrase>bapu</jbophrase> applying to the second bridi-tail only.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Adding tense or modal information to a logical connective is permitted only in the following situations:</para>
<para>Between an ek (or joik) and
- <quote>bo</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-129L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .djan .ecabo la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John and [simultaneous] Alice go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John and Alice go to the market simultaneously.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…ke</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ek…ke</secondary></indexterm> Between an ek (or joik) and
- <quote>ke</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nydK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .epuke le zdani .a le ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and [earlier] ( the house or the school ).</gloss>
<en>I walk to the market and, before that, to the house or the school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in gihek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between a gihek and
- <quote>bo</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-APPE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta gi'ebabo lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<gloss>I give the book and [later] take some currency-units from/to you.</gloss>
<en>I give you the book and then take some dollars (pounds, yen) from you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in gihek…ke</secondary></indexterm> Between a gihek and
- <quote>ke</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-A0yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci gi'ecake cusku zo'e la djan. [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and [simultaneous] express something to-John.</gloss>
<en>I walk to the market and at the same time talk to John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
- <quote>bo</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AhnP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .ijebabo mi viska pa ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>I see a man. And [later] I see a woman.</gloss>
<en>I see a man, and then I see a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
- <quote>tu'e</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GBgP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .ijebatu'e mi viska pa ninmu [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I see a man. And [later] I see a woman.</gloss>
<en>I see a man, and then I see a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in jek…bo</secondary></indexterm> And finally, between a jek (or joik) and
- <quote>bo</quote>, as in:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ce09">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mikce jebabo ricfu</jbo>
<gloss>I-am-a doctor and [later] rich</gloss>
<en>I am a doctor and future rich person.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doctor and then rich</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with tu'e for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> As can be seen from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AhnP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GBgP"/>, the choice between
- <quote>bo</quote> and
- <quote>ke</quote> (or
- <quote>tu'e</quote>) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neither would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following
- <quote>bo</quote>,
- <quote>ke</quote>, or
- <quote>tu'e</quote> that requires the use of one of these grouping cmavo in
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> (or
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase>) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neither would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, or
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> that requires the use of one of these grouping cmavo in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-129L"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-APPE"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ce09"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>tensed connection in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed connectives</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives</primary><secondary>with tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed non-logical connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>including tense</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connectives with
- <quote>bo</quote> and
- <quote>ke</quote> can include tense information in exactly the same way as logical connectives. Forethought connectives, however (except as noted below) are unable to do so, as are termsets or tense connectives. Mathematical operands and operators can also include tense information in their logical connectives as a result of their close parallelism with sumti and tanru components respectively:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> can include tense information in exactly the same way as logical connectives. Forethought connectives, however (except as noted below) are unable to do so, as are termsets or tense connectives. Mathematical operands and operators can also include tense information in their logical connectives as a result of their close parallelism with sumti and tanru components respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sgUo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .ebabo vo [ve'o] tadni cu zvati le kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>( 3 and [future] 4 ) students are-at the room.</gloss>
<en>Three and, later, four students were in the room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3070,21 +3066,21 @@
<entry>-</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section21">
<title>Truth functions and corresponding logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>table by truth function value</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth functions</primary><secondary>table of logical connectives</secondary></indexterm> The following table specifies, for each truth function, the most-often used cmavo or compound cmavo which expresses it for each of the six types of logical connective. (Other compound cmavo are often possible: for example,
<jbophrase>se.a</jbophrase> means the same as
- <quote>a</quote>, and could be used instead.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>, and could be used instead.)</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<thead>
<row>
@@ -3212,69 +3208,69 @@
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Note: Ijeks are exactly the same as the corresponding jeks, except for the prefixed
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section22">
<title>Rules for making logical and non-logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>syntax rules summary</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>syntax rules summary</secondary></indexterm> The full set of rules for inserting
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>,
- <quote>se</quote>, and
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> into any connective is:</para>
<para>Afterthought logical connectives (eks, jeks, giheks, ijeks):</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Negate first construct: Place
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo (but after the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> of an ijek).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Negate second construct: Place
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
- <quote>se</quote> before the connective cmavo (after
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo (after
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> if any).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Forethought logical connectives (geks, guheks):</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Negate first construct: Place
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Negate second construct: Place
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the
- <quote>gi</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
- <quote>se</quote> before the connective cmavo.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Non-logical connectives (joiks, joigiks):</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Negate connection: Place
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> after the connective cmavo (but before the
- <quote>gi</quote> of a joigik).</para>
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> of a joigik).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Exchange constructs: Place
- <quote>se</quote> before the connective cmavo.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> before the connective cmavo.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section23">
<title>Locations of other tables</title>
<para>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section1"/>: a table explaining the meaning of each truth function in English.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section2"/>: a table relating the truth functions to the four basic vowels.</para>
<para>
commit cc218deb8bbe027ad82b248076f967a4dbac3ff1
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Jan 14 19:55:48 2011 -0500
Chapter 13: example tags and section titles.
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index 2fbf9f7..569b2da 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-attitudinals">
<title>Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>What are attitudinal indicators?</title>
<para>This chapter explains the various words that Lojban provides for expressing attitude and related notions. In natural languages, attitudes are usually expressed by the tone of voice when speaking, and (very imperfectly) by punctuation when writing. For example, the bare words</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-EWHQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>John is coming.</para>
</example>
@@ -97,37 +97,37 @@
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase>. In attitudinals,
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simple attitudinal without the
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>. Thus, as you might suppose,
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase> expresses belief, since
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> expresses disbelief.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary></indexterm> In addition to the attitudinals, there are other classes of indicators: intensity markers, emotion categories, attitudinal modifiers, observationals, and discursives. All of them are grammatically equivalent, which is why they are treated together in this chapter.</para>
<para>Every indicator behaves in more or less the same way with respect to the grammar of the rest of the language. In general, one or more indicators can be inserted at the beginning of an utterance or after any word. Indicators at the beginning apply to the whole utterance; otherwise, they apply to the word that they follow. More details can be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section9"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-scope"/>.</para>
<para>Throughout this chapter, tables of indicators will be written in four columns. The first column is the cmavo itself. The second column is a corresponding English word, not necessarily a literal translation. The fourth column represents the opposite of the second column, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when suffixed with
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>. The third column, which is sometimes omitted, indicates a neutral point between the second and fourth columns, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when it is suffixed with
<jbophrase>-cu'i</jbophrase>. The cmavo
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o CAI, and is explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section4"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-intensity-scale"/>.</para>
<para>One flaw that the English glosses are particularly subject to is that in English it is often difficult to distinguish between expressing your feelings and talking about them, particularly with the limited resource of the written word. So the gloss for
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase> should not really be
<quote>happiness</quote> but some sound or tone that expresses happiness. However, there aren't nearly enough of those that have unambiguous or obvious meanings in English to go around for all the many, many different emotions Lojban speakers can readily express.</para>
<para>Many indicators of CV'V form are loosely derived from specific gismu. The gismu should be thought of as a memory hook, not an equivalent of the cmavo. Such gismu are shown in this chapter between square brackets, thus: [gismu].</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-pure-emotions">
<title>Pure emotion indicators</title>
<para>Attitudinals make no claim: they are expressions of attitude, not of facts or alleged facts. As a result, attitudinals themselves have no truth value, nor do they directly affect the truth value of a bridi that they modify. However, since emotional attitudes are carried in your mind, they reflect reactions to that version of the world that the mind is thinking about; this is seldom identical with the real world. At times, we are thinking about our idealized version of the real world; at other times we are thinking about a potential world that might or might not ever exist.</para>
<para>Therefore, there are two groups of attitudinals in Lojban. The
<quote>pure emotion indicators</quote> express the way the speaker is feeling, without direct reference to what else is said. These indicators comprise the attitudinals which begin with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> and many of those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The cmavo beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> are simple emotions, which represent the speaker's reaction to the world as it is, or as it is perceived to be.</para>
@@ -402,21 +402,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJf"/>, John's arrival is no problem: in the former example, the speaker feels emotional distance from the situation; in the latter example, John's coming is actually a relief of some kind.</para>
<para>The pure emotion indicators beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> are those which could not be fitted into the
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot.
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>.i'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>.i'e</jbophrase> do not appear here, as they belong in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3"/> instead.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/> instead.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ii</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">fear</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">nervousness</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">security</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.i'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">togetherness</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -489,24 +489,24 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama .iu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-coming [love!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where it is specifically the coming of John that inspires the feeling.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfKX"/> is a compact way of swearing at John: you could translate it as
<quote>That good-for-nothing John is coming.</quote></para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-propositional-emotions">
<title>Propositional attitude indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>internal world</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional</primary><secondary>of attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>placement of</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned at the beginning of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2"/>, attitudinals may be divided into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, and a contrasting group which may be called the
+ <xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/>, attitudinals may be divided into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, and a contrasting group which may be called the
<quote>propositional attitude indicators</quote>. These indicators establish an internal, hypothetical world which the speaker is reacting to, distinct from the world as it really is. Thus we may be expressing our attitude towards
<quote>what the world would be like if ...</quote>, or more directly stating our attitude towards making the potential world a reality.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>propositional effect on claim</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>propositional contrasted with emotional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>emotional contrasted with propositional</secondary></indexterm> In general, the bridi paraphrases of pure emotions look (in English) something like
<quote>I'm going to the market, and I'm happy about it</quote>. The emotion is present with the subject of the primary claim, but is logically independent of it. Propositional attitudes, though, look more like
<quote>I intend to go to the market</quote>, where the main claim is logically subordinate to the intention: I am not claiming that I am actually going to the market, but merely that I intend to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>i- series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>e- series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>a- series</secondary></indexterm> There is no sharp distinction between attitudinals beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> and those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>; however, the original intent (not entirely realized due to the need to cram too many attitudes into too little space) was to make the members of the
@@ -799,24 +799,22 @@
<gloss>You [blame] did-not return you to-the house</gloss>
<en>I blame you for not coming home.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qftC" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>.ie mi na cusku lu'e le tcika</jbo>
- <gloss>be le nu xruti</gloss>
- <gloss>[agreement] I did-not express a-symbol-for the time-of-day</gloss>
- <gloss>of the event-of (you return)</gloss>
+ <jbo>.ie mi na cusku lu'e le tcika be le nu xruti</jbo>
+ <gloss>[agreement] I did-not express a-symbol-for the time-of-day of the event-of (you return)</gloss>
<en>It's true I didn't tell you when to come back.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFU7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i'enai do .i'e zukte</jbo>
@@ -837,21 +835,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do sazri le karce .i .e'a</jbo>
<gloss>You drive the car. [Permission].</gloss>
<en>You're driving (or will drive) the car, and that's fine.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-intensity-scale">
<title>Attitudes as scales</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>neutral</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>negative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>positive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>scale of</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, all emotions and attitudes are scales. These scales run from some extreme value (which we'll call
<quote>positive</quote>) to an opposite extreme (which we'll call
<quote>negative</quote>). In the tables above, we have seen three points on the scale:
<quote>positive</quote>, neutral, and
<quote>negative</quote>. The terms
<quote>positive</quote> and
<quote>negative</quote> are put into quotation marks because they are loaded words when applied to emotions, and the attitudinal system reflects this loading, which is a known cultural bias. Only two of the
<quote>positive</quote> words, namely
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ii</jbophrase> (fear) and
@@ -898,119 +896,113 @@
<quote>negative</quote> emotions take the extra syllable
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to indicate their negative position on the axis, and thus require a bit more effort to express.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>usage</secondary></indexterm> Much of this system is optional. You can express an attitude without a scale indicator, if you don't want to stop and think about how strongly you feel. Indeed, for most attitudinals, we've found that either no scalar value is used, or
<jbophrase>cai</jbophrase> is used to indicate especially high intensity. Less often,
<jbophrase>ru'e</jbophrase> is used for a recognizably weak intensity, and
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> is used in response to the attitudinal question
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10"/>) to indicate that the emotion is not felt.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-questions-empathy-contours"/>) to indicate that the emotion is not felt.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal</primary><secondary>example of scale effect</secondary></indexterm> The following shows the variations resulting from intensity variation:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfUc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ei</jbo>
- <gloss>I ought to</gloss>
- <gloss>(a non-specific obligation)</gloss>
+ <en>I ought to (a non-specific obligation)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFUR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.eicai</jbo>
- <gloss>I shall/must</gloss>
- <en>(an intense obligation or requirement, possibly a formal one)</en>
+ <en>I shall/must (an intense obligation or requirement, possibly a formal one)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfuy" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.eisai</jbo>
- <gloss>I should</gloss>
- <en>(a strong obligation or necessity, possibly an implied but not formal requirement)</en>
+ <en>I should (a strong obligation or necessity, possibly an implied but not formal requirement)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfvL" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.eiru'e</jbo>
- <gloss>I might</gloss>
- <gloss>(a weak obligation - in English often mixed with permission and desire)</gloss>
+ <en>I might (a weak obligation - in English often mixed with permission and desire)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfvn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.eicu'i</jbo>
- <gloss>No matter</gloss>
- <en>(no particular obligation)</en>
+ <en>No matter (no particular obligation)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFw3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.einai</jbo>
- <gloss>I need not</gloss>
- <gloss>(a non-obligation)</gloss>
+ <en>I need not (a non-obligation)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.einai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eiru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>formal requirement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>stand-alone usage</secondary></indexterm> You can also utter a scale indicator without a specific emotion. This is often used in the language: in order to emphasize a point about which you feel strongly, you mark what you are saying with the scale indicator
<jbophrase>cai</jbophrase>. You could also indicate that you don't care using
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> by itself.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-attitudinal-space">
<title>The space of emotions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>as axis in emotion-space</secondary></indexterm> Each of the attitude scales constitutes an axis in a multi-dimensional space. In effect, given our total so far of 39 scales, we have a 39-dimensional space. At any given time, our emotions and attitudes are represented by a point in this 39-dimensional space, with the intensity indicators serving as coordinates along each dimension. A complete attitudinal inventory, should one decide to express it, would consist of reading off each of the scale values for each of the emotions, with the vector sum serving as a distinct single point, which is our attitude.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>when expressed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>insights</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound emotions</primary></indexterm> Now no one is going to ever utter a string of 100-odd attitudinals to express their emotions. If asked, we normally do not recognize more than one or two emotions at a time - usually the ones that are strongest or which most recently changed in some significant way. But the scale system provides some useful insights into a possible theory of emotion (which might be testable using Lojban), and incidentally explains how Lojbanists express compound emotions when they do recognize them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>neutral compared with positive + negative</secondary></indexterm> The existence of 39 scales highlights the complexity of emotion. We also aren't bound to the 39. There are modifiers described in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section6"/> that multiply the set of scales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale, which might be expressed by
+ <xref linkend="section-categories"/> that multiply the set of scales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale, which might be expressed by
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase>, but could also be expressed by using both the
<quote>positive</quote> and
<quote>negative</quote> scale emotions at once. One expression of
<quote>fortitude</quote> might be
<jbophrase>.ii.iinai</jbophrase>- fear coupled with security.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with rationalizations of emotion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>order of</secondary></indexterm> Uttering one or more attitudinals to express an emotion reflects several things. We will tend to utter emotions in their immediate order of importance to us. We feel several emotions at once, and our expression reflects these emotions simultaneously, although their order of importance to us is also revealing - of our attitude towards our attitude, so to speak. There is little analysis necessary; for those emotions you feel, you express them; the
<quote>vector sum</quote> naturally expresses the result. This is vital to their nature as attitudinals - if you had to stop and think about them, or to worry about grammar, they wouldn't be emotions but rationalizations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi</secondary></indexterm> People have proposed that attitudinals be expressed as bridi just like everything else; but emotions aren't logical or analytical - saying
<quote>I'm awed</quote> is not the same as saying
<quote>Wow!!!</quote>. The Lojban system is intended to give the effects of an analytical system without the thought involved. Thus, you can simply feel in Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>design benefit</secondary></indexterm> A nice feature of this design is that you can be simple or complex, and the system works the same way. The most immediate benefit is in learning. You only need to learn a couple of the scale words and a couple of attitude words, and you're ready to express your emotions Lojbanically. As you learn more, you can express your emotions more thoroughly and more precisely, but even a limited vocabulary offers a broad range of expression.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-categories">
<title>Emotional categories</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional categories</primary></indexterm> The Lojban attitudinal system was designed by starting with a long list of English emotion words, far too many to fit into the 39 available VV-form cmavo. To keep the number of cmavo limited, the emotion words in the list were grouped together by common features: each group was then assigned a separate cmavo. This was like making tanru in reverse, and the result is a collection of indicators that can be combined, like tanru, to express very complex emotions. Some examples in a moment.</para>
<para>The most significant
<quote>common feature</quote> we identified was that the emotional words on the list could easily be broken down into six major groups, each of which was assigned its own cmavo:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">social</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">asocial</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">antisocial</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -1113,21 +1105,21 @@
<cmavo>re'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands moving around</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The implicit metaphors
<quote>heart</quote> for emotional and
<quote>belly</quote> for physical are not really Lojbanic, but they work fine for English-speakers.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-modifiers">
<title>Attitudinal modifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ga'i</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[galtu]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">hauteur</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">rank</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">equal rank</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">meekness</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -1179,22 +1171,22 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">satiation</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'a</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[sevzi]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-sufficiency</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">dependency</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2"/> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.io</jbophrase>. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for
<jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase>) or above (for
<jbophrase>ga'inai</jbophrase>) the speaker's rank or social position. Note that it is always the referent, not the speaker or listener, who is so marked: in order to mark the listener, the listener must appear in the sentence, as with
@@ -1327,21 +1319,21 @@
<gloss>[anger] [control]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>On the other hand,
<jbophrase>ri'e</jbophrase> can be used by itself to signal an emotional outburst.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fu'i</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>fu'i</jbophrase> may express a reason for feeling the way we do, as opposed to a feeling in itself; but it is a reason that is more emotionally determined than most. For example, it could show the difference between the mental discomfort mentioned in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section6"/> when it is felt on an easy test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, you could use
+ <xref linkend="section-categories"/> when it is felt on an easy test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, you could use
<jbophrase>.o'ufu'i</jbophrase> to show appreciation for the assistance in your comfort.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'u</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>be'u</jbophrase> expresses, roughly speaking, whether the emotion it modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, something you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more or less the attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo
<jbophrase>mo'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>rau</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>du'e</jbophrase> (these belong to selma'o PA, and are discussed in
@@ -1417,21 +1409,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'enaise'anai</jbo>
<gloss>[I can't!] [dependent]</gloss>
<en>I can't do it by myself!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>complexity</secondary></indexterm> Some of the emotional expressions may seem too complicated to use. They might be for most circumstances. It is likely that most combinations will never get used. But if one person uses one of these expressions, another person can understand (as unambiguously as the expresser intends) what emotion is being expressed. Most probably as the system becomes well-known and internalized by Lojban-speakers, particular attitudinal combinations will come to be standard expressions (if not cliches) of emotion.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-compound-attitudinals">
<title>Compound indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>meaning when compounded</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>grammar for compounding</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of indicators is quite simple; almost all facets are optional. You can combine indicators in any order, and they are still grammatical. The presumed denotation is additive; thus the whole is the sum of the parts regardless of the order expressed, although the first expressed is presumed most important to the speaker. Every possible string of UI cmavo has some meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicator</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>conventions of interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified emotion</primary></indexterm> Within a string of indicators, there will be conventions of interpretation which amount to a kind of second-order grammar. Each of the modifier words is presumed to modify an indicator to the left, if there is one. (There is an
<quote>unspecified emotion</quote> word,
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, reserved to ensure that if you want to express a modifier without a root emotion, it doesn't attach to and modify a previous but distinct emotional expression.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified level of emotion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unstated emotion</primary></indexterm> For example,
<jbophrase>.ieru'e</jbophrase> expresses a weak positive value on the scale of agreement: the speaker agrees (presumably with the listener or with something else just stated), but with the least possible degree of intensity. But
<jbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</jbophrase> expresses agreement (at an unspecified level), followed by some other unstated emotion which is felt at a weak level. A rough English equivalent of
@@ -1487,21 +1479,21 @@
<member>intensity-word</member>
<member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
<member>(possiblyrepeated)</member>
</simplelist>
<para>
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, the non-specific emotion word, functions as an attitudinal. If multiple attitudes are being expressed at once, then in the 2nd or greater position, either
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> or a VV word must be used to prevent any modifiers from modifying the previous attitudinal.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-scope">
<title>The uses of indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>external grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of placement in bridi</secondary></indexterm> The behavior of indicators in the
<quote>outside grammar</quote> is nearly as simple as their internal structure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metalinguistic erasers
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>su</jbophrase> and some, though not all, kinds of quotations. The details of such interactions are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> A group of indicators may appear anywhere that a single indicator may, except in those few situations (as in
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> quotation, explained in
@@ -1522,21 +1514,21 @@
<gloss>I [past] talk-to you [Grrr!] [Oy!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>can be interpreted as expressing complaint about the anger, in which case it means
<quote>Damn, I snapped at you</quote>; or as expressing both anger and complaint about the listener, in which case it means
<quote>I told you, you pest!</quote></para>
<para>Similarly, an indicator after the final brivla of a tanru may be taken to express an attitude about the particular brivla placed there - as the rules have it - or about the entire bridi which hinges on that brivla. Remembering that indicators are supposedly direct expressions of emotion, this ambiguity is acceptable.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>benefit in written expression</secondary></indexterm> Even if the scope rules given for indicators turn out to be impractical or unintuitive for use in conversation, they are still useful in written expression. There, where you can go back and put in markers or move words around, the scope rules can be used in lieu of elaborate nuances of body language and intonation to convey the writer's intent.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-questions-empathy-contours">
<title>Attitude questions; empathy; attitude contours</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pei</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attitude question</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>dai</cmavo>
@@ -1739,21 +1731,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca ba'o prami do ja'e le nu mi badri</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] [cessitive] love you with-result the event-of (I am-sad).</gloss>
<en>I no longer love you; therefore, I am sad.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is a straightforward bridi claim.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6EiY"/> states that you have (or have had) certain emotions;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qg0p"/> expresses those emotions directly.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-evidentials">
<title>Evidentials</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ja'o</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[jalge]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I conclude</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ca'e</cmavo>
@@ -1812,26 +1804,20 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'a</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[jufra]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">I state</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>inspiration for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Láadan evidentials</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>American Indian languages and evidentials</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Elgin</primary><secondary>Suzette Haden and evidentials</secondary></indexterm> Now we proceed from the attitudinal indicators and their relatives to the other, semantically unrelated, categories of indicators. The indicators known as
<quote>evidentials</quote> show how the speaker came to say the utterance; i.e. the source of the information or the idea. Lojban's list of evidentials was derived from lists describing several American Indian languages. Evidentials are also essential to the constructed language Láadan, designed by the linguist and novelist Suzette Haden Elgin. Láadan's set of indicators was drawn on extensively in developing the Lojban indicator system.</para>
-
-
-
-
-
-
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>in English</secondary></indexterm> It is important to realize, however, that evidentials are not some odd system used by some strange people who live at the other end of nowhere: although their English equivalents aren't single words, English-speakers have vivid notions of what constitutes evidence, and of the different kinds of evidence.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Like the attitudinal indicators, the evidentials belong to selma'o UI, and may be treated identically for grammatical purposes. Most of them are not usually considered scalar in nature, but a few have associated scales.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>rhetorical flavor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>indisputable bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indisputable bridi</primary></indexterm> A bridi with an evidential in it becomes
<quote>indisputable</quote>, in the sense that the speaker is saying
<quote>how it is with him or her</quote>, which is beyond argument. Claims about one's own mental states may be true or false, but are hardly subject to other people's examination. If you say that you think, or perceive, or postulate such-and-such a predication, who can contradict you? Discourse that uses evidentials has therefore a different rhetorical flavor than discourse that does not; arguments tend to become what can be called dialogues or alternating monologues, depending on your prejudices.</para>
@@ -1893,21 +1879,21 @@
<jbophrase>ja'o</jbophrase> is that
<jbophrase>ja'o</jbophrase> suggests some sort of reasoning or deduction (not necessarily rigorous), whereas
<jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> suggests some sort of induction or pattern recognition from existing examples (not necessarily rigorous).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>abduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The opposite point of the scale,
<jbophrase>su'anai</jbophrase>, indicates abduction, or drawing specific conclusions from general premises or patterns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>su'a as</secondary></indexterm> This cmavo can also function as a discursive (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section12"/>), in which case
+ <xref linkend="section-discursives"/>), in which case
<jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> means
<quote>abstractly</quote> or
<quote>in general</quote>, and
<jbophrase>su'anai</jbophrase> means
<quote>concretely</quote> or
<quote>in particular</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hearsay</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<jbophrase>ti'e</jbophrase> is relayed information from some source other than the speaker. There is no necessary implication that the information was relayed via the speaker's ears; what we read in a newspaper is an equally good example of
@@ -1998,21 +1984,21 @@
<jbophrase>ju'a</jbophrase> is used to avoid stating a specific basis for a statement. It can also be used when the basis for the speaker's statement is not covered by any other evidential. For the most part, using
<jbophrase>ju'a</jbophrase> is equivalent to using no evidential at all, but in question form it can be useful:
<jbophrase>ju'apei</jbophrase> means
<quote>What is the basis for your statement?</quote> and serves as an evidential, as distinct from emotional, question.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-discursives">
<title>Discursives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>expressing utterance relation to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance</primary><secondary>expressing relation to discourse</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The term
<quote>discursive</quote> is used for those members of selma'o UI that provide structure to the discourse, and which show how a given word or utterance relates to the whole discourse. To express these concepts in regular bridi would involve extra layers of nesting: rather than asserting that
<quote>I also came</quote>, we would have to say
<quote>I came; furthermore, the event of my coming is an additional instance of the relationship expressed by the previous sentence</quote>, which is intolerably clumsy. Typical English equivalents of discursives are words or phrases like
<quote>however</quote>,
<quote>summarizing</quote>,
<quote>in conclusion</quote>, and
<quote>for example</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>as metalinguistic claims</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>contrasted with attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are not attitudinals: they express no particular emotion. Rather, they are abbreviations for metalinguistic claims that reference the sentence or text they are found in.</para>
@@ -2259,21 +2245,21 @@
<jbophrase>je'unai</jbophrase> can be used to express one kind of sarcasm or irony, where the speaker pretends to believe what he/she says, but actually wishes the listener to infer a contrary opinion. Other forms of irony can be marked with
<jbophrase>zo'o</jbophrase> (humor) or
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> (disbelief).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm> When used as a discursive,
<jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section11"/>) belongs to this group.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-evidentials"/>) belongs to this group.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>knowledge</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'o</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[djuno]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">certainly</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">uncertain</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">certainly not</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -2282,21 +2268,21 @@
<cmavo>la'a</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[lakne]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">probably</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">improbably</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary><secondary>compared with propositional attitudes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary><secondary>compared with knowledge discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker's state of knowledge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>knowledge</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary></indexterm> These two discursives describe the speaker's state of knowledge about the claim of the associated bridi. They are similar to the propositional attitudes of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3"/>, as they create a hypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and label our bridi with
+ <xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, as they create a hypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and label our bridi with
<jbophrase>ju'o</jbophrase>; but it may be false all the same.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>discourse management</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'o</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[tanjo]</source-gismu>
@@ -2390,59 +2376,52 @@
<quote>In fact</quote>,
<quote>In truth</quote>,
<quote>According to the facts</quote>). A common use of
<jbophrase>da'i</jbophrase> is to distinguish between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6BU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ganai da'i do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno</jbo>
-
-
- <gloss>le du'u ri pazvau</gloss>
- <gloss>If you [hypothetical] see my young sister, then [certain] you know that</gloss>
- <gloss>she is-pregnant.</gloss>
+ <jbo>ganai da'i do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno le du'u ri pazvau</jbo>
+ <gloss>If you [hypothetical] see my young sister, then [certain] you know that she is-pregnant.</gloss>
<en>If you were to see my younger sister, you would certainly know she is pregnant.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pregnant sister</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sister pregnant</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world</primary><secondary>contrasted with real world</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>real world</primary><secondary>contrasted with hypothetical world</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> and:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sach">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ganai da'inai do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno</jbo>
-
- <gloss>le du'u ri pazvau</gloss>
- <gloss>If you [factual] see my young sister, then [certainty] you know that</gloss>
- <gloss>she is-pregnant.</gloss>
+ <jbo>ganai da'inai do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno le du'u ri pazvau</jbo>
+ <gloss>If you [factual] see my young sister, then [certainty] you know that she is-pregnant.</gloss>
<en>If you saw my younger sister, you would certainly know she is pregnant.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is also perfectly correct to omit the discursive altogether, and leave the context to indicate which significance is meant. (Chinese always leaves this distinction to the context: the Chinese sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rxfh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ru</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the equivalent of either
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v6BU"/> or
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Sach"/>.)</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-miscellanious">
<title>Miscellaneous indicators</title>
<para>Some indicators do not fall neatly into the categories of attitudinal, evidential, or discursive. This section discusses the following miscellaneous indicators:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic confusion</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>na'i</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic negator</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -2495,22 +2474,22 @@
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase> is one of the most common of the miscellaneous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion about what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (which is
<jbophrase>.uanai</jbophrase>). The confusion may be about the meaning of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti. One of the uses of English
<quote>which</quote> corresponds to
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gWFX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le ctuca</jbo>
- <gloss>.i le ki'a ctuca</gloss>
- <gloss>I like the teacher</gloss>
+ <jbo>.i le ki'a ctuca</jbo>
+ <en>I like the teacher</en>
<en>Which teacher?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, the second speaker does not understand the referent of the sumti
<jbophrase>le ctuca</jbophrase>, and so echoes back the sumti with the confusion marker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invalid speech</primary><secondary>marking as error with na'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>error marking</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The metalinguistic negation cmavo
<jbophrase>na'i</jbophrase> and its opposite
<jbophrase>jo'a</jbophrase> are explained in full in
@@ -2555,21 +2534,21 @@
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> is attached to a specific word or construct, it directs the focus of the question to that word or construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>marking in advance</secondary></indexterm> Lojban question words, unlike those of English, frequently do not stand at the beginning of the question. Placing the cmavo
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> at the beginning of a bridi helps the listener realize that the bridi is a question, like the symbol at the beginning of written Spanish questions that looks like an upside-down question mark. The listener is then warned to watch for the actual question word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>paunai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>rhetorical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rhetorical question</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pau</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Although
<jbophrase>pau</jbophrase> is grammatical in any location (like all indicators), it is not really useful except at or near the beginning of a bridi. Its scalar opposite,
<jbophrase>paunai</jbophrase>, signals that a bridi is not really a question despite its form. This is what we call in English a rhetorical question: an example appears in the English text near the beginning of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section11"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-evidentials"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue</primary><secondary>as sad</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative speech</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> is the indicator of figurative speech, indicating that the previous word should be taken figuratively rather than literally:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rXiR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu pe'a zdani</jbo>
@@ -2586,29 +2565,29 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rXiR"/> could mean
<quote>sad</quote> (as in English) or something completely different.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>literally</primary></indexterm> The negated form,
<jbophrase>pe'anai</jbophrase>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>heartburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>culturally dependent lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure of figurative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
<jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> has a rafsi, namely
<jbophrase role="rafsi">pev</jbophrase>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
<jbophrase>risnyjelca</jbophrase> (heart burn) might have a place structure like:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <place-structure>
x1 is the heart of x2, burning in atmosphere x3 at temperature x4
- </programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para>whereas
<jbophrase>pevrisnyjelca</jbophrase>, explicitly marked as figurative, might have the place structure:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
+ <place-structure>
x1 is indigestion/heartburn suffered by x2
- </programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para>which obviously has nothing to do with the places of either
<jbophrase>risna</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>jelca</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>an</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>a</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>a/an</primary><secondary>contrasted with the</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>contrasted with a/an</secondary></indexterm> The uses of
<jbophrase>bi'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bi'unai</jbophrase> correspond to one of the uses of the English articles
<quote>the</quote> and
@@ -2626,22 +2605,22 @@
<para>Most of the time, the distinction between
<jbophrase>bi'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bi'unai</jbophrase> need not be made, as the listener can infer the right referent. However, if a different man were referred to still later in the story,
<jbophrase>le bi'u nanmu</jbophrase> would clearly show that this man was different from the previous one.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitude</primary><secondary>avoidance of expression</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the indicator
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> has been discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section8"/> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10"/>. It is used to express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing any attitude.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-compound-attitudinals"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-questions-empathy-contours"/>. It is used to express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing any attitude.</para>
<para>Another use for
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:
<jbophrase>.iige'e</jbophrase> means roughly
<quote>I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">indirect question</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -2657,21 +2636,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the statement-that somebody [indirect ?] goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>I know who goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-vocatives">
<title>Vocative scales</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direct address</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"la"</primary><secondary>contrasted with vocatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>contrasted with "la"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Vocatives</quote> are words used to address someone directly; they precede and mark a name used in direct address, just as
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> (and the other members of selma'o LA) mark a name used to refer to someone. The vocatives actually are indicators - in fact, discursives - but the need to tie them to names and other descriptions of listeners requires them to be separated from selma'o UI. But like the cmavo of UI, the members of selma'o COI can be
<quote>negated</quote> with
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to get the opposite part of the scale.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>rationale for redundancy</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>redundancy</primary><secondary>effect on vocative design</secondary></indexterm> Because of the need for redundancy in noisy environments, the Lojban design does not compress the vocatives into a minimum number of scales. Doing so would make a non-redundant
@@ -2972,21 +2951,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'apei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>protocol</primary><secondary>using vocatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>protocol</primary><secondary>computer communications using COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>protocol</primary><secondary>parliamentary using COI</secondary></indexterm> Many of the vocatives have been listed with translations which are drawn from radio use:
<quote>roger</quote>,
<quote>wilco</quote>,
<quote>over and out</quote>. This form of translation does not mean that Lojban is a language of CB enthusiasts, but rather that in most natural languages these forms are so well handled by the context that only in specific domains (like speaking on the radio) do they need special words. In Lojban, dependence on the context can be dangerous, as speaker and listener may not share the right context, and so the vocatives provide a formal protocol for use when it is appropriate. Other appropriate contexts include computer communications and parliamentary procedure: in the latter context, the protocol question
<jbophrase>ta'apei</jbophrase> would mean
<quote>Will the speaker yield?</quote></para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-sample-dialogue">
<title>A sample dialogue</title>
<para>The following dialogue in Lojban illustrates the uses of attitudinals and protocol vocatives in conversation. The phrases enclosed in
<jbophrase>sei ... se'u</jbophrase> indicate the speaker of each sentence.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qg4j" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la rik. .e la .alis. nerkla le kafybarja</jbo>
@@ -3247,21 +3226,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d23"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i la djordj. cliva</jbo>
<gloss>George leaves.</gloss>
<en>George left.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-conclusion">
<title>Tentative conclusion</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>ramifications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aliens</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Kzinti</primary><secondary>communication with</secondary></indexterm> The exact ramifications of the indicator system in actual usage are unknown. There has never been anything like it in natural language before. The system provides great potential for emotional expression and transcription, from which significant Sapir-Whorf effects can be anticipated. When communicating across cultural boundaries, where different indicators are often used for the same emotion, accidental offense can be avoided. If we ever ran into an alien race, a culturally neutral language of emotion could be vital. (A classic example, taken from the science fiction of Larry Niven, is to imagine speaking Lojban to the carnivorous warriors called Kzinti, noting that a human smile bares the teeth, and could be seen as an intent to attack.) And for communicating emotions to computers, when we cannot identify all of the signals involved in subliminal human communication (things like body language are also cultural), a system like this is needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> We have tried to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this system that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more neutral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the current indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo
<jbophrase>sei</jbophrase>, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>evolutionary development of</secondary></indexterm> We envision an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more than a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with various combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they express and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expression for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. Why not, if it helps you express your feelings?</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index ee526a0..1ed6a84 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -131,21 +131,21 @@
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu tavla .by le la .ibymym. skami
A talks-to B about-the of-IBM computers.
A talks to B about IBM computers.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CAI"/> selma'o CAI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section4"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-intensity-scale"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the intensity of an emotion: maximum, strong, weak, or not at all. Typically follows another particle which specifies the emotion.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ei cai mi klama le zarci
[Obligation!] [Intense!] I go-to the market.
I must go to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CAhA"/> selma'o CAhA (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-caha"/>)</bridgehead>
@@ -188,21 +188,21 @@
<para>When inserted between the components of a tanru, inverts it, so that the following tanru unit modifies the previous one.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani
I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).
I try to go to the market from the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="COI"/> selma'o COI (
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-vocatives"/>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewell, and radio communication. Terminated by
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="DOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi .djan.
Greetings, John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CU"/> selma'o CU (
@@ -227,33 +227,33 @@
When are you going to the store?
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-daho"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="KOhA"/>) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>).</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DOI"/> selma'o DOI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without
<xref linkend="COI"/>. No pause is required between “doi” and a following name. See
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi frank. mi tavla do
O Frank, I speak-to you.
Frank, I’m talking to you.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DOhU"/> selma'o DOhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-vocatives"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="COI"/> or
<xref linkend="DOI"/>. Signals the end of a vocative.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi do'u
Greetings [terminator]
Greetings, O unspecified one!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -1075,21 +1075,21 @@
Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old.
As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old [is best].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="TUhU"/> selma'o TUhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TUhE"/>. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="UI"/> selma'o UI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-introduction"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Particles which indicate the speaker’s emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ui la djan. klama
[Happiness!] John is-coming.
Hurrah! John is coming!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="VA"/> selma'o VA (
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses-section-spatial-tenses"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).</para>
commit b4d0588e0fb58a746cfae761de9aae9c9f8f5e32
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Jan 14 19:12:08 2011 -0500
Chapter 13: <cmavo-list>s. Invented some tags and an attribute.
* <source-gismu>
** Part of <cmavo-entry>s, wrapping the pnemonic gismu corresponding
to the <cmavo> cmavo
* <attitudinal-scale>
** Part of <cmavo-entry>s, wrapping the glosses for the different
points on the cnima'o scale. Has attribute "point", with value
"sai", "cu'i", or "nai". A <cmavo-entry> can have more than one
<attiduinal-scale> of the same point.
* <long-description>
** Part of <cmavo-entry>s. Like <description> but longer, with full
sentences; this tag might well only apply to chapter 13 section 14,
the list of vocatives.
* Attribute "orient"
** Specific to <cmavo-list>. Has value "land". Like <informaltable>'s
"orient" attribute. Might well only apply to the "cai sai ru'e ..."
cmavo list.
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index cff6a71..2fbf9f7 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
<title>Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section1">
<title>What are attitudinal indicators?</title>
<para>This chapter explains the various words that Lojban provides for expressing attitude and related notions. In natural languages, attitudes are usually expressed by the tone of voice when speaking, and (very imperfectly) by punctuation when writing. For example, the bare words</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-EWHQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e1d1"/>
</title>
- <para>John is coming.</para>
+ <para>John is coming.</para>
</example>
<para>can be made, through tone of voice, to express the speaker's feeling of happiness, pity, hope, surprise, or disbelief. These fine points of tone cannot be expressed in writing. Attitudes are also expressed with various sounds which show up in print as oddly spelled words, such as the
<quote>Oooh!</quote>,
<quote>Arrgh!</quote>,
<quote>Ugh!</quote>, and
<quote>Yecch!</quote> in the title. These are part of the English language; people born to other languages use a different set; yet you won't find any of these words in a dictionary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary></indexterm> In Lojban, everything that can be spoken can also be written. Therefore, these tones of voice must be represented by explicit words known as
<quote>attitudinal indicators</quote>, or just
@@ -124,36 +124,77 @@
<title>Pure emotion indicators</title>
<para>Attitudinals make no claim: they are expressions of attitude, not of facts or alleged facts. As a result, attitudinals themselves have no truth value, nor do they directly affect the truth value of a bridi that they modify. However, since emotional attitudes are carried in your mind, they reflect reactions to that version of the world that the mind is thinking about; this is seldom identical with the real world. At times, we are thinking about our idealized version of the real world; at other times we are thinking about a potential world that might or might not ever exist.</para>
<para>Therefore, there are two groups of attitudinals in Lojban. The
<quote>pure emotion indicators</quote> express the way the speaker is feeling, without direct reference to what else is said. These indicators comprise the attitudinals which begin with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> and many of those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The cmavo beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> are simple emotions, which represent the speaker's reaction to the world as it is, or as it is perceived to be.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- .ua discovery confusion
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- .u'a gain loss
- .ue surprise no surprise expectation
-
- .u'e wonder commonplace
- .ui happiness unhappiness
-
- .u'i amusement weariness
- .uo completion incompleteness
- .u'o courage timidity cowardice
- .uu pity cruelty
- .u'u repentance lack of regret innocence
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ua</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">discovery</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">confusion</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.u'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">gain</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">loss</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ue</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">surprise</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no surprise</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">expectation</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.u'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">wonder</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">commonplace</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ui</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">happiness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">unhappiness</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.u'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">amusement</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">weariness</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.uo</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">completion</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">incompleteness</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.u'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">courage</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">timidity</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">cowardice</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.uu</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">pity</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">cruelty</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.u'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">repentance</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">lack of regret</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">innocence</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>Here are some typical uses of the
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> attitudinals:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFgi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ua mi facki fi le mi mapku</jbo>
<gloss>[Eureka!] I found my hat! [emphasizes the discovery of the hat]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -256,31 +297,58 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfin"/>, John's coming has been anticipated by the speaker. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFiE"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfiI"/>, no such anticipation has been made, but in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfiI"/> the lack-of-anticipation goes no further - in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFiE"/>, it amounts to actual surprise.</para>
<para>It is not possible to firmly distinguish the pure emotion words beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> from those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>, but in general they represent more complex, more ambivalent, or more difficult emotions.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- .o'a pride modesty shame
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- .o'e closeness detachment distance
- .oi complaint/pain doing OK pleasure
- .o'i caution boldness rashness
-
- .o'o patience mere tolerance anger
- .o'u relaxation composure stress
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.o'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">pride</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">modesty</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">shame</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.o'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">closeness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">detachment</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">distance</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.oi</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">complaint/pain</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">doing OK</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">pleasure</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.o'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">caution</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">boldness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">rashness</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.o'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">patience</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">mere tolerance</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">anger</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.o'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">relaxation</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">composure</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">stress</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ch2s">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.oi la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Complaint!] John is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -335,29 +403,54 @@
<para>The pure emotion indicators beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> are those which could not be fitted into the
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot.
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>.i'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>.i'e</jbophrase> do not appear here, as they belong in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3"/> instead.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- .ii fear nervousness security
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- .i'i togetherness privacy
- .io respect disrespect
- .i'o appreciation envy
- .iu love no love lost hatred
- .i'u familiarity mystery
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ii</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">fear</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">nervousness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">security</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.i'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">togetherness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">privacy</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.io</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">respect</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">disrespect</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.i'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">appreciation</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">envy</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.iu</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">love</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no love lost</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">hatred</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.i'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">familiarity</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">mystery</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFJV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ii smacu</jbo>
<gloss>[Fear!] [Observative:] a-mouse</gloss>
<en>Eek! A mouse!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -375,39 +468,39 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. .ionai klama</jbo>
<gloss>John [disrespect!] is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJV"/> shows an attitude-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaking toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like
-
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJV"/> shows an attitude-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaking toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJV"/> a lot.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qfK3"/> and
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qfKX"/> use attitudinals that follow
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qfK3"/> and
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qfKX"/> use attitudinals that follow
<jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase> rather than being at the beginning of the sentence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. Compare:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-09oC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama .iu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-coming [love!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where it is specifically the coming of John that inspires the feeling.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qfKX"/> is a compact way of swearing at John: you could translate it as
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qfKX"/> is a compact way of swearing at John: you could translate it as
<quote>That good-for-nothing John is coming.</quote></para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section3">
<title>Propositional attitude indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>internal world</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional</primary><secondary>of attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>placement of</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned at the beginning of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2"/>, attitudinals may be divided into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, and a contrasting group which may be called the
<quote>propositional attitude indicators</quote>. These indicators establish an internal, hypothetical world which the speaker is reacting to, distinct from the world as it really is. Thus we may be expressing our attitude towards
<quote>what the world would be like if ...</quote>, or more directly stating our attitude towards making the potential world a reality.</para>
@@ -429,33 +522,63 @@
<jbophrase>.u'u</jbophrase> can be seen as a propositional attitude indicator meaning
<quote>I regret that ...</quote>, and
<jbophrase>.a'e</jbophrase> (discussed below) can be seen as a pure emotion meaning
<quote>I'm awake/aware</quote>. The division of the attitudinals into pure-emotion and propositional-attitude classes in this chapter is mostly by way of explanation; it is not intended to permit firm rulings on specific points. Attitudinals are the part of Lojban most distant from the
<quote>logical language</quote> aspect.</para>
<para>Here is the list of propositional attitude indicators grouped by initial letter, starting with those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- .a'a attentive inattentive avoiding
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- .a'e alertness exhaustion
- .ai intent indecision refusal
- .a'i effort no real effort repose
-
- .a'o hope despair
-
- .au desire indifference reluctance
- .a'u interest no interest repulsion
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.a'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">attentive</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">inattentive</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">avoiding</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.a'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">alertness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">exhaustion</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ai</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">intent</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">indecision</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">refusal</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.a'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">effort</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no real effort</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">repose</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.a'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hope</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">despair</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.au</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">desire</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">indifference</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">reluctance</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.a'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">interest</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no interest</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">repulsion</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>Some examples (of a parental kind):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfLc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.a'a do zgana le veltivni</jbo>
<gloss>[attentive] you observe the television-receiver.</gloss>
@@ -530,32 +653,57 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'ucu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.au</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'enai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'a</primary></indexterm> (In a real-life situation, Examples 3.1-3.7 would also be decorated by various pure emotion indicators, certainly including
<jbophrase>.oicai</jbophrase>, but probably also
<jbophrase>.iucai</jbophrase>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi</secondary></indexterm> Splitting off the attitude into an indicator allows the regular bridi grammar to do what it does best: express the relationships between concepts that are intended, desired, hoped for, or whatever. Rephrasing these examples to express the attitude as the main selbri would make for unacceptably heavyweight grammar.</para>
<para>Here are the propositional attitude indicators beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>, which stand roughly in the relation to those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> as the pure-emotion indicators beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> do to those beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>- they are more complex or difficult:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- .e'a permission prohibition
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- .e'e competence incompetence
-
- .ei obligation freedom
- .e'i constraint independence resistance to constraint
- .e'o request negative request
-
- .e'u suggestion no suggestion warning
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.e'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">permission</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">prohibition</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.e'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">competence</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">incompetence</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ei</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">obligation</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">freedom</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.e'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">constraint</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">independence</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">resistance to constraint</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.e'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">negative request</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.e'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">suggestion</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no suggestion</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">warning</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>after sleep</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> More examples (after a good night's sleep):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFQ7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'a do sazri le karce</jbo>
<gloss>[permission] You drive the car.</gloss>
<en>Sure, you can drive the car.</en>
@@ -599,28 +747,44 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'u do klama le panka</jbo>
<gloss>[suggestion] You go to-the park.</gloss>
<en>I suggest going to the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'a</primary></indexterm> Finally, the propositional attitude indicators beginning with
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, which are the overflow from the other sets:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- .ia belief skepticism disbelief
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- .i'a acceptance blame
- .ie agreement disagreement
- .i'e approval non-approval disapproval
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ia</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">belief</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">skepticism</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">disbelief</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.i'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">acceptance</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">blame</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.ie</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">agreement</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">disagreement</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>.i'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">approval</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">non-approval</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">disapproval</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>Still more examples (much, much later):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfSU" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ianai do pu pensi le nu tcica mi</jbo>
<gloss>[disbelief] You [past] think the event-of deceiving me.</gloss>
<en>I can't believe you thought you could fool me.</en>
@@ -695,32 +859,47 @@
<quote>virtuous</quote> in most cases than their negative counterparts. But these two were felt to be instinctive, distinct, and very powerful emotions that needed to be expressible in a monosyllable when necessary, while their counterparts are less commonly expressed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scales</primary><secondary>rationale for assignment</secondary></indexterm> (Why the overt bias? Because there are a lot of attitudinals and they will be difficult to learn as an entire set. By aligning our scales arbitrarily, we give the monosyllable
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> a useful meaning and make it easier for a novice to recognize at least the positive or negative alignment of an indicator, if not the specific word. Other choices considered were
<quote>random</quote> orientation, which would have unknown biases and be difficult to learn, and orientation based on our guesses as to which scale orientations made the most frequent usages shorter, which would be biased in favor of American perceptions of
<quote>usefulness</quote>. If bias must exist in our indicator set, it might as well be a known bias that eases learning, and in addition might as well favor a harmonious and positive world-view.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nairu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>seven-position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional scale</primary></indexterm> In fact, though, each emotional scale has seven positions defined, three
<quote>positive</quote> ones (shown below on the left), three
<quote>negative</quote> ones (shown below on the right), and a neutral one indicating that no particular attitude on this scale is felt. The following chart indicates the seven positions of the scale and the associated cmavo. All of these cmavo, except
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, are in selma'o CAI.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- cai sai ru'e cu'i nairu'e naisai naicai
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- [carmi] [tsali] [ruble] [cumki]
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list orient="land">
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cai</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>carmi</source-gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>sai</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>tsali</source-gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>ruble</source-gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cu'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>cumki</source-gismu>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <compound>nairu'e</compound>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <compound>naisai</compound>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <compound>naicai</compound>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitude</primary><secondary>scalar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar attitude</primary></indexterm> A scalar attitude is expressed by using the attitudinal word, and then following it by the desired scalar intensity. The bias creeps in because the
<quote>negative</quote> emotions take the extra syllable
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> to indicate their negative position on the axis, and thus require a bit more effort to express.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>usage</secondary></indexterm> Much of this system is optional. You can express an attitude without a scale indicator, if you don't want to stop and think about how strongly you feel. Indeed, for most attitudinals, we've found that either no scalar value is used, or
<jbophrase>cai</jbophrase> is used to indicate especially high intensity. Less often,
<jbophrase>ru'e</jbophrase> is used for a recognizably weak intensity, and
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> is used in response to the attitudinal question
@@ -822,35 +1001,63 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi</secondary></indexterm> People have proposed that attitudinals be expressed as bridi just like everything else; but emotions aren't logical or analytical - saying
<quote>I'm awed</quote> is not the same as saying
<quote>Wow!!!</quote>. The Lojban system is intended to give the effects of an analytical system without the thought involved. Thus, you can simply feel in Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>design benefit</secondary></indexterm> A nice feature of this design is that you can be simple or complex, and the system works the same way. The most immediate benefit is in learning. You only need to learn a couple of the scale words and a couple of attitude words, and you're ready to express your emotions Lojbanically. As you learn more, you can express your emotions more thoroughly and more precisely, but even a limited vocabulary offers a broad range of expression.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section6">
<title>Emotional categories</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional categories</primary></indexterm> The Lojban attitudinal system was designed by starting with a long list of English emotion words, far too many to fit into the 39 available VV-form cmavo. To keep the number of cmavo limited, the emotion words in the list were grouped together by common features: each group was then assigned a separate cmavo. This was like making tanru in reverse, and the result is a collection of indicators that can be combined, like tanru, to express very complex emotions. Some examples in a moment.</para>
<para>The most significant
<quote>common feature</quote> we identified was that the emotional words on the list could easily be broken down into six major groups, each of which was assigned its own cmavo:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ro'a social asocial antisocial
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ro'e mental mindless
-
- ro'i emotional denying emotion
-
- ro'o physical denying physical
-
- ro'u sexual sexual abstinence
-
- re'e spiritual secular sacrilegious
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">social</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">asocial</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">antisocial</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">mental</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">mindless</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">emotional</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">denying</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">emotion</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">denying</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">abstinence</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>re'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">secular</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">sacrilegious</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'a</primary></indexterm> Using these, we were able to assign
<jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase> to mark a scale of what we might call
<quote>generalized comfort</quote>. When you are comfortable, relaxed, satisfied, you express comfort with
<jbophrase>o'u</jbophrase>, possibly followed by a scale indicator to indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to turn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mental discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>physical distress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>embarrassment</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spiritual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>example of effect</secondary></indexterm> For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as
<jbophrase>.o'unairo'a</jbophrase>. Some emotions that we label
<quote>stress</quote> in English are expressed in Lojban with
@@ -864,73 +1071,127 @@
<jbophrase>.eiro'u</jbophrase>, for example - look it up).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ro'anai</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>stand-alone categories</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with nai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with scale markers</secondary></indexterm> You can use scale markers and
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on these six category words, and you can also use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus,
<quote>I'm trying to concentrate</quote> could be expressed simply as
<jbophrase>ro'e</jbophrase>, and if you are feeling anti-social in some non-specific way,
<jbophrase>ro'anai</jbophrase> will express it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>mnemonic for</secondary></indexterm> There is a mnemonic device for the six emotion categories, based on moving your arms about. In the following table, your hands begin above your head and move down your body in sequence.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ro'a hands above head social
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ro'e hands on head intellectual
-
- ro'i hands on heart emotional
-
- ro'o hands on belly physical
-
- ro'u hands on groin sexual
-
- re'e hands moving around spiritual
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands above head</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">social</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on head</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">intellectual</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on heart</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">emotional</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on belly</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">physical</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands on groin</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">sexual</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>re'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hands moving around</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">spiritual</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>The implicit metaphors
<quote>heart</quote> for emotional and
<quote>belly</quote> for physical are not really Lojbanic, but they work fine for English-speakers.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section7">
<title>Attitudinal modifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ga'i [galtu] hauteur equal rank meekness
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- rank lack of rank
-
- le'o aggressive passive defensive
-
-
- vu'e [vrude] virtue (zabna) sin (mabla)
-
-
-
- se'i [sevzi] self-orientation other-orientation
-
-
-
- ri'e [zifre] release restraint control
-
-
- fu'i [frili] with help without help with opposition
-
- easily with difficulty
-
- be'u lack/need presence satiation
-
- need satisfaction
-
- se'a [sevzi] self-sufficiency dependency
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ga'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[galtu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hauteur</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">rank</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">equal rank</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">meekness</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">lack of rank</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>le'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">aggressive</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">passive</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">defensive</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vu'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[vrude]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">virtue (<jbophrase>zabna</jbophrase>)</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">sin (<jbophrase>mabla</jbophrase>)</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>se'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[sevzi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-orientation</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">other-orientation</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ri'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[zifre]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">release</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">restraint</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">control</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fu'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[frili]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">with help</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">easily</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">without help</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">with opposition</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">with difficulty</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>be'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">lack/need</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">presence/satisfaction</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">satiation</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>se'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[sevzi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-sufficiency</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">dependency</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2"/> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.io</jbophrase>. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for
@@ -1209,31 +1470,34 @@
<gloss>I and [Not!] [Yay!] you</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
<quote>I but (fortunately) not you</quote>. Attitudinal
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> expresses a
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, a concept explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> on each should be obvious.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of internal compounding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>internal grammar</secondary><tertiary>complete</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, the complete internal grammar of UI is as follows, with each listed part optionally present or absent without affecting grammaticality, though it obviously would affect meaning.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- attitudinal
-<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> intensity-word
-<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> modifier
-<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> intensity-word
-<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>
- (possibly repeated)
-</programlisting>
+ <simplelist type="horiz" columns="9">
+ <member>attitudinal</member>
+ <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member>intensity-word</member>
+ <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member>modifier</member>
+ <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member>intensity-word</member>
+ <member><jbophrase>nai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member>(possiblyrepeated)</member>
+ </simplelist>
<para>
- <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, the non-specific emotion word, functions as an attitudinal. If multiple attitudes are being expressed at once, then in the 2nd or greater position, either
-
+ <jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase>, the non-specific emotion word, functions as an attitudinal. If multiple attitudes are being expressed at once, then in the 2nd or greater position, either
+
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> or a VV word must be used to prevent any modifiers from modifying the previous attitudinal.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section9">
<title>The uses of indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>external grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>grammar of placement in bridi</secondary></indexterm> The behavior of indicators in the
<quote>outside grammar</quote> is nearly as simple as their internal structure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metalinguistic erasers
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sa</jbophrase>, and
@@ -1262,29 +1526,39 @@
<para>can be interpreted as expressing complaint about the anger, in which case it means
<quote>Damn, I snapped at you</quote>; or as expressing both anger and complaint about the listener, in which case it means
<quote>I told you, you pest!</quote></para>
<para>Similarly, an indicator after the final brivla of a tanru may be taken to express an attitude about the particular brivla placed there - as the rules have it - or about the entire bridi which hinges on that brivla. Remembering that indicators are supposedly direct expressions of emotion, this ambiguity is acceptable.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>benefit in written expression</secondary></indexterm> Even if the scope rules given for indicators turn out to be impractical or unintuitive for use in conversation, they are still useful in written expression. There, where you can go back and put in markers or move words around, the scope rules can be used in lieu of elaborate nuances of body language and intonation to convey the writer's intent.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section10">
<title>Attitude questions; empathy; attitude contours</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- pei attitude question
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- dai empathy
-
-
- bu'o start emotion continue emotion end emotion
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pei</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">attitude question</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>dai</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">empathy</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">start emotion</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">continue emotion</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">end emotion</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>You can ask someone how they are feeling with a normal bridi sentence, but you will get a normal bridi answer in response, one which may be true or false. Since the response to a question about emotions is no more logical than the emotion itself, this isn't appropriate.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal questions</primary></indexterm> The word
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> is therefore reserved for attitude questions. Asked by itself, it captures all of the denotation of English
<quote>How are you?</quote> coupled with
<quote>How do you feel?</quote> (which has a slightly different range of usage).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal answers</primary><secondary>plausibility</secondary></indexterm> When asked in the context of discourse,
<jbophrase>pei</jbophrase> acts like other Lojban question words - it requests the respondent to
<quote>fill in the blank</quote>, in this case with an appropriate attitudinal describing the respondent's feeling about the referent expression. As with other questions, plausibility is polite; if you answer with an irrelevant UI cmavo, such as a discursive, you are probably making fun of the questioner. (A
@@ -1468,42 +1742,87 @@
<en>I no longer love you; therefore, I am sad.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is a straightforward bridi claim.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6EiY"/> states that you have (or have had) certain emotions;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qg0p"/> expresses those emotions directly.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section11">
<title>Evidentials</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ja'o [jalge] I conclude
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ca'e I define
-
- ba'a [balvi] I expect I experience I remember
-
- su'a [sucta] I generalize I particularize
- ti'e [tirna] I hear (hearsay)
-
-
- ka'u [kulnu] I know by cultural means
- se'o [senva] I know by internal experience
- za'a [zgana] I observe
-
- pe'i [pensi] I opine
-
- ru'a [sruma] I postulate
-
- ju'a [jufra] I state
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ja'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[jalge]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I conclude</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ca'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I define</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ba'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[balvi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I expect</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">I experience</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">I remember</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>su'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[sucta]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I generalize</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">I particularize</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[tirna]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I hear (hearsay)</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ka'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[kulnu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I know by cultural means</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>se'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[senva]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I know by internal experience</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>za'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[zgana]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I observe</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pe'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[pensi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I opine</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[sruma]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I postulate</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ju'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[jufra]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">I state</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>inspiration for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Láadan evidentials</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>American Indian languages and evidentials</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Elgin</primary><secondary>Suzette Haden and evidentials</secondary></indexterm> Now we proceed from the attitudinal indicators and their relatives to the other, semantically unrelated, categories of indicators. The indicators known as
<quote>evidentials</quote> show how the speaker came to say the utterance; i.e. the source of the information or the idea. Lojban's list of evidentials was derived from lists describing several American Indian languages. Evidentials are also essential to the constructed language Láadan, designed by the linguist and novelist Suzette Haden Elgin. Láadan's set of indicators was drawn on extensively in developing the Lojban indicator system.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>in English</secondary></indexterm> It is important to realize, however, that evidentials are not some odd system used by some strange people who live at the other end of nowhere: although their English equivalents aren't single words, English-speakers have vivid notions of what constitutes evidence, and of the different kinds of evidence.</para>
@@ -1694,35 +2013,53 @@
<quote>I came; furthermore, the event of my coming is an additional instance of the relationship expressed by the previous sentence</quote>, which is intolerably clumsy. Typical English equivalents of discursives are words or phrases like
<quote>however</quote>,
<quote>summarizing</quote>,
<quote>in conclusion</quote>, and
<quote>for example</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>as metalinguistic claims</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>contrasted with attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are not attitudinals: they express no particular emotion. Rather, they are abbreviations for metalinguistic claims that reference the sentence or text they are found in.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Discursives are most often used at the beginning of sentences, often attached to the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> that separates sentences in running discourse, but can (like all other indicators) be attached to single words when it seems necessary or useful.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary></indexterm> The discursives discussed in this section are given in groups, roughly organized by function. First, the
<quote>consecutive discourse</quote> group:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ku'i [karbi] however/but/in contrast
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ji'a [jmina] additionally
-
- si'a [simsa] similarly
-
- mi'u [mintu] ditto
-
-
-
- po'o the only relevant case
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ku'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[karbi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">however/but/in contrast</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ji'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[jmina]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">additionally</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>si'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[simsa]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">similarly</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[mintu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">ditto</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>po'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">the only relevant case</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>po'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ditto</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with mi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary><secondary>contrasted</secondary></indexterm> These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,
<jbophrase>ku'i</jbophrase>, makes an exception to the previous argument. The second,
<jbophrase>ji'a</jbophrase>, adds weight to the previous argument. The third,
<jbophrase>si'a</jbophrase>, adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth,
<jbophrase>mi'u</jbophrase>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in
@@ -1776,26 +2113,35 @@
<gloss>I hit my cousin at-locus the nose [only].</gloss>
<en>I hit my cousin only on his nose (nowhere else).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit cousin</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'o</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<quote>only</quote> can go before or after what it modifies in English, but
<jbophrase>po'o</jbophrase>, as an indicator, always comes afterward.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on words</quote> group:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- va'i [valsi] in other words in the same words
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ta'u [tanru] expanding a tanru making a tanru
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[valsi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">in other words</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">in the same words</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[tanru]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">expanding a tanru</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">making a tanru</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>expressing how things are said</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>word-level</secondary></indexterm> The discursives
<jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> operate at the level of words, rather than discourse proper, or if you like, they deal with how things are said. An alternative English expression for
<jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> is
<quote>rephrasing</quote>; for
<jbophrase>va'inai</jbophrase>,
<quote>repeating</quote>. Also compare
<jbophrase>va'i</jbophrase> with
@@ -1803,41 +2149,86 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>explicitly defining</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>explicating</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>expanding</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> is a discursive unique to Lojban; it expresses the particularly Lojbanic device of tanru. Since tanru are semantically ambiguous, they are subject to misunderstanding. This ambiguity can be removed by expanding the tanru into some semantically unambiguous structure, often involving relative clauses or the introduction of additional brivla. The discursive
<jbophrase>ta'u</jbophrase> marks the transition from the use of a brief but possibly confusing tanru to its fuller, clearer expansion; the discursive
<jbophrase>ta'unai</jbophrase> marks a transition in the reverse direction.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on discourse</quote> group:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- li'a [klina] clearly obscurely
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- obviously
- ba'u [banli] exaggeration accuracy understatement
-
- zo'o humorously dully seriously
-
- sa'e [satci] precisely speaking loosely speaking
-
- to'u [tordu] in brief in detail
-
- do'a [dunda] generously parsimoniously
-
- sa'u [sampu] simply elaborating
-
- pa'e [pajni] justice prejudice
-
- je'u [jetnu] truly falsely
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>li'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[klina]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">clearly</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">obscurely</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ obviously
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ba'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[banli]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">exaggeration</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">accuracy</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">understatement</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zo'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">humorously</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">dully</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">seriously</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>sa'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[satci]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">precisely speaking</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">loosely speaking</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>to'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[tordu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">in brief</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">in detail</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[dunda]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">generously</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">parsimoniously</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>sa'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[sampu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">simply</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">elaborating</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pa'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[pajni]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">justice</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">prejudice</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>je'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[jetnu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">truly</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">falsely</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>to'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>gesture markers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>tone of voice markers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discourse</primary><secondary>commentary on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>discourse commentary</secondary></indexterm> This group is used by the speaker to characterize the nature of the discourse, so as to prevent misunderstanding. It is well-known that listeners often fail to recognize a humorous statement and take it seriously, or miss an exaggeration, or try to read more into a statement than the speaker intends to put there. In speech, the tone of voice often provides the necessary cue, but the reader of ironic or understated or imprecise discourse is often simply clueless. As with the attitudinals, the use of these cmavo may seem fussy to new Lojbanists, but it is important to remember that
<jbophrase>zo'o</jbophrase>, for example, is the equivalent of smiling while you speak, not the equivalent of a flat declaration like
<quote>What I'm about to say is supposed to be funny.</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'enai</primary></indexterm> A few additional English equivalents: for
<jbophrase>sa'enai</jbophrase>,
<quote>roughly speaking</quote> or
<quote>approximately speaking</quote>; for
@@ -1871,53 +2262,90 @@
<jbophrase>zo'o</jbophrase> (humor) or
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> (disbelief).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm> When used as a discursive,
<jbophrase>su'a</jbophrase> (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section11"/>) belongs to this group.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>knowledge</quote> group:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ju'o [djuno] certainly uncertain certainly not
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- la'a [lakne] probably improbably
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ju'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[djuno]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">certainly</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">uncertain</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">certainly not</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>la'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[lakne]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">probably</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">improbably</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary><secondary>compared with propositional attitudes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary><secondary>compared with knowledge discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker's state of knowledge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>knowledge</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>knowledge discursives</primary></indexterm> These two discursives describe the speaker's state of knowledge about the claim of the associated bridi. They are similar to the propositional attitudes of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3"/>, as they create a hypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and label our bridi with
<jbophrase>ju'o</jbophrase>; but it may be false all the same.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>discourse management</quote> group:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ta'o [tanjo] by the way returning to point
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ra'u [ralju] chiefly equally incidentally
-
- mu'a [mupli] for example omitting end examples
-
- examples
- zu'u on the one hand on the other hand
-
- ke'u [krefu] repeating continuing
-
- da'i supposing in fact
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[tanjo]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">by the way</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">returning to point</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[ralju]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">chiefly</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">equally</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">incidentally</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mu'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[mupli]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">for example</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">omitting ex.</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">end examples</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">on the one hand</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">on the other hand</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ke'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[krefu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">repeating</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">continuing</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">supposing</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">in fact</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ra'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flow of discourse</primary><secondary>managing with discursives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for managing discourse flow</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>discourse management</secondary></indexterm> This final group is used to perform what may be called
<quote>managing the discourse</quote>: providing reference points to help the listener understand the flow from one sentence to the next.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'onao</primary></indexterm> Other English equivalents of
<jbophrase>ta'onai</jbophrase> are
<quote>anyway</quote>,
<quote>anyhow</quote>,
<quote>in any case</quote>,
<quote>in any event</quote>,
<quote>as I was saying</quote>, and
<quote>continuing</quote>.</para>
@@ -2003,41 +2431,73 @@
<jbo>ru</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the equivalent of either
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v6BU"/> or
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Sach"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section13">
<title>Miscellaneous indicators</title>
<para>Some indicators do not fall neatly into the categories of attitudinal, evidential, or discursive. This section discusses the following miscellaneous indicators:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ki'a metalinguistic confusion
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- na'i metalinguistic negator
- jo'a metalinguistic affirmer
-
- li'o omitted text (quoted material)
-
- sa'a material inserted by editor/narrator
-
- xu true-false question
- pau question premarker rhetorical question
-
-
- pe'a figurative language literal language
-
- bi'u new information old information
-
- ge'e non-specific indicator
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic confusion</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>na'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic negator</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>jo'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">metalinguistic affirmer</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>li'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">omitted text (quoted material)</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>sa'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">material inserted by editor/narrator</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>xu</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">true-false question</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pau</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">question premarker</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">rhetorical question</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pe'a</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">figurative language</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">literal language</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bi'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">new information</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">old information</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ge'e</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">non-specific indicator</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>huh?</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion about what was said</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase> is one of the most common of the miscellaneous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion about what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (which is
<jbophrase>.uanai</jbophrase>). The confusion may be about the meaning of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti. One of the uses of English
<quote>which</quote> corresponds to
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gWFX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2127,28 +2587,28 @@
<quote>sad</quote> (as in English) or something completely different.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>literally</primary></indexterm> The negated form,
<jbophrase>pe'anai</jbophrase>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>heartburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>culturally dependent lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure of figurative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
<jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> has a rafsi, namely
<jbophrase role="rafsi">pev</jbophrase>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
<jbophrase>risnyjelca</jbophrase> (heart burn) might have a place structure like:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the heart of x2, burning in atmosphere x3 at temperature x4
-</programlisting>
+ x1 is the heart of x2, burning in atmosphere x3 at temperature x4
+ </programlisting>
<para>whereas
<jbophrase>pevrisnyjelca</jbophrase>, explicitly marked as figurative, might have the place structure:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is indigestion/heartburn suffered by x2
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para>which obviously has nothing to do with the places of either
<jbophrase>risna</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>jelca</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>an</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>a</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>a/an</primary><secondary>contrasted with the</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>contrasted with a/an</secondary></indexterm> The uses of
<jbophrase>bi'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bi'unai</jbophrase> correspond to one of the uses of the English articles
<quote>the</quote> and
@@ -2173,26 +2633,29 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitude</primary><secondary>avoidance of expression</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the indicator
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> has been discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section8"/> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10"/>. It is used to express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing any attitude.</para>
<para>Another use for
<jbophrase>ge'e</jbophrase> is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:
<jbophrase>.iige'e</jbophrase> means roughly
<quote>I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not.</quote></para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- kau indirect question
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>kau</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">indirect question</attitudinal-scale>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-</programlisting>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>This cmavo is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-umCQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I know the statement-that somebody [indirect ?] goes to-the store.</gloss>
@@ -2244,194 +2707,265 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on pause before name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause before name</primary><secondary>effect of vocatives of COI</secondary></indexterm> All members of selma'o COI require a pause when used immediately before a name, in order to prevent the name from absorbing the COI word. This is unlike selma'o DOI and LA, which do not require pauses because the syllables of these cmavo are not permitted to be embedded in a Lojban name. When calling out to someone, this is fairly natural, anyway.
<quote>Hey! John!</quote> is thus a better translation of
<jbophrase>ju'i .djan.</jbophrase> than
<quote>Hey John!</quote>. No pause is needed if the vocative reference is something other than a name, as in the title of the Lojban journal,
<jbophrase>ju'i lobypli</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>(Alternatively,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> can be inserted between the COI cmavo and the name, making a pause unnecessary:
<jbophrase>coi doi djan.</jbophrase>)</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- coi greetings
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>Hello, X</quote>;
- <quote>Greetings, X</quote>; indicates a greeting to the listener.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- co'o partings
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'o</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>Good-bye, X</quote>; indicates parting from immediate company by either the speaker or the listener.
- <jbophrase>coico'o</jbophrase> means
- <quote>greeting in passing</quote>.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ju'i [jundi] attention at ease ignore me/us
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'i</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>Attention/Lo/Hark/Behold/Hey!/Listen, X</quote>; indicates an important communication that the listener should listen to.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- nu'e [nupre] promise release promise non-promise
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'e</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>I promise, X</quote>; indicates a promise to the listener. In some contexts,
- <jbophrase>nu'e</jbophrase> may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.</para>
-
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ta'a [tavla] interruption
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>I interrupt, X</quote>,
- <quote>I desire the floor, X</quote>; a vocative expression to (possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude interruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate response to an interruption might be
- <jbophrase>re'i</jbophrase> (or
-
- <jbophrase>re'inai</jbophrase> to ignore the interruption).</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- pe'u [cpedu] request
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with pe'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with e'o</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>Please, X</quote>; indicates a request to the listener. It is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of
- <jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand,
-
- <jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a
-
- <quote>sense of petition floating in the air</quote>, as it were.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ki'e [ckire] appreciation disappreciation
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- gratitude ingratitude
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>Thank you, X</quote>; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, but
-
- <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
-
- <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase>.</para>
-
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- fi'i [friti] welcome, unwelcome,
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- offering inhospitality
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>At your service, X</quote>;
- <quote>Make yourself at home, X</quote>; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that
-
- <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is
-
- <emphasis>not</emphasis> the equivalent of American English
- <quote>You're welcome</quote> as a mechanical response to
- <quote>Thank you</quote>; that is
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, as noted below.</para>
-
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- be'e [benji] request to send
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>telephone conversation</primary><secondary>hello</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>Request to send to X</quote>; indicates that the speaker wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is listening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conversant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is
-
- <quote>Hello? Can I speak to X?</quote>.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- re'i [bredi] ready to receive not ready
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'i</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>Ready to receive, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker is attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used instead of
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated
- <quote>Hold on!</quote> or
- <quote>Just a minute</quote>.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- mu'o [mulno] completion of utterance more to follow
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'o</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>Over, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker has completed the current utterance and is ready to hear a response from the listener. The negative form signals that the pause or non-linguistic sound which follows does not represent the end of the current utterance: more colloquially,
- <quote>I'm not done talking!</quote></para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- je'e [jimpe] successful receipt unsuccessful receipt
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>Roger, X!</quote>,
- <quote>I understand</quote>; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by
- <jbophrase>ke'o</jbophrase>. The colloquial English equivalents of
-
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> and
-
- <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> are the grunt typically written
- <quote>uh-huh</quote> and
- <quote>What?/Excuse me?</quote>.
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> is also used to mean
-
- <quote>You're welcome</quote> when that is a response to
- <quote>Thank you</quote>.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- vi'o will comply will not comply
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>je'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with vi'o</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>Wilco, X</quote>,
- <quote>I understand and will comply</quote>. Similar to
- <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> but signals an intention (similar to
-
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ai</jbophrase>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
- <quote>OK</quote> in Lojban, in the usual sense of
- <quote>Agreed!</quote>, although
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
- <quote>No way!</quote>.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ke'o [krefu] please repeat no repeat needed
-
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary><secondary>compared to ke'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary><secondary>compared to ki'a</secondary></indexterm>
- <quote>What did you say, X?</quote>; a request for repetition or clarification due to unsuccessful receipt or understanding. This is the vocative equivalent of
- <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, and is related to
- <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase>. The negative form may be rendered
- <quote>Okay, already; I get the point!</quote></para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- fe'o [fanmo] end of communication not done
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>Over and out, X</quote>; indicates completion of statement(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to terminate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already been identified (as in memos). The negative form means
- <quote>Wait, hold it, we're not done!</quote> and differs from
- <jbophrase>mu'onai</jbophrase> in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fe'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fa'o</secondary></indexterm> Do not confuse
- <jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> with
- <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say
-
- <jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- mi'e [cmavo: mi] self-identification non-identification
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>explicitly specifying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with other members of COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>introduce oneself</primary></indexterm>
- <quote>And I am X</quote>; a generalized self-vocative. Although grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI,
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using
- <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti
- <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>coi</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">greetings</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Hello, X</quote>;
+ <quote>Greetings, X</quote>; indicates a greeting to the listener.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>co'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">partings</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'o</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Good-bye, X</quote>; indicates parting from immediate company by either the speaker or the listener.
+ <jbophrase>coico'o</jbophrase> means
+ <quote>greeting in passing</quote>.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ju'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[jundi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">attention</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">at ease</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">ignore me/us</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'i</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Attention/Lo/Hark/Behold/Hey!/Listen, X</quote>; indicates an important communication that the listener should listen to.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>nu'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[nupre]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">promise</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">release promise</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-promise</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'e</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>I promise, X</quote>; indicates a promise to the listener. In some contexts,
+ <jbophrase>nu'e</jbophrase> may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'a</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[tavla]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">interruption</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>I interrupt, X</quote>,
+ <quote>I desire the floor, X</quote>; a vocative expression to (possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude interruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate response to an interruption might be
+ <jbophrase>re'i</jbophrase> (or
+
+ <jbophrase>re'inai</jbophrase> to ignore the interruption).
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pe'u</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[cpedu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with pe'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with e'o</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Please, X</quote>; indicates a request to the listener. It is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of
+ <jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand,
+
+ <jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a
+
+ <quote>sense of petition floating in the air</quote>, as it were.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ki'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[ckire]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">appreciation</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">gratitude</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">disappreciation</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">ingratitude</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Thank you, X</quote>; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is
+ <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, but
+
+ <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
+
+ <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase>.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fi'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[friti]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">welcome</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">offering</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">unwelcome</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">inhospitality</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>At your service, X</quote>;
+ <quote>Make yourself at home, X</quote>; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that
+
+ <jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is
+
+ <emphasis>not</emphasis> the equivalent of American English
+ <quote>You're welcome</quote> as a mechanical response to
+ <quote>Thank you</quote>; that is
+ <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, as noted below.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>be'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[benji]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">request to send</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>telephone conversation</primary><secondary>hello</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Request to send to X</quote>; indicates that the speaker wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is listening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conversant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is
+
+ <quote>Hello? Can I speak to X?</quote>.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>re'i</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[bredi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">ready to receive</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">not ready</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'i</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Ready to receive, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker is attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used instead of
+ <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated
+ <quote>Hold on!</quote> or
+ <quote>Just a minute</quote>.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mu'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[mulno]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">completion of utterance</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">more to follow</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'o</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Over, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker has completed the current utterance and is ready to hear a response from the listener. The negative form signals that the pause or non-linguistic sound which follows does not represent the end of the current utterance: more colloquially,
+ <quote>I'm not done talking!</quote>
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>je'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[jimpe]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">successful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">unsuccessful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Roger, X!</quote>,
+ <quote>I understand</quote>; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by
+ <jbophrase>ke'o</jbophrase>. The colloquial English equivalents of
+
+ <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> and
+
+ <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> are the grunt typically written
+ <quote>uh-huh</quote> and
+ <quote>What?/Excuse me?</quote>.
+ <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> is also used to mean
+
+ <quote>You're welcome</quote> when that is a response to
+ <quote>Thank you</quote>.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vi'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">will comply</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">will not comply</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>je'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with vi'o</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Wilco, X</quote>,
+ <quote>I understand and will comply</quote>. Similar to
+ <jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> but signals an intention (similar to
+
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ai</jbophrase>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
+ <quote>OK</quote> in Lojban, in the usual sense of
+ <quote>Agreed!</quote>, although
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
+ <quote>No way!</quote>.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ke'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[krefu]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">please repeat</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">no repeat needed</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary><secondary>compared to ke'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary><secondary>compared to ki'a</secondary></indexterm>
+ <quote>What did you say, X?</quote>; a request for repetition or clarification due to unsuccessful receipt or understanding. This is the vocative equivalent of
+ <jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, and is related to
+ <jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase>. The negative form may be rendered
+ <quote>Okay, already; I get the point!</quote>
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fe'o</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[fanmo]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">end of communication</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">not done</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>Over and out, X</quote>; indicates completion of statement(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to terminate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already been identified (as in memos). The negative form means
+ <quote>Wait, hold it, we're not done!</quote> and differs from
+ <jbophrase>mu'onai</jbophrase> in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fe'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fa'o</secondary></indexterm> Do not confuse
+ <jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> with
+ <jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say
+
+ <jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.</para>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi'e</cmavo>
+ <source-gismu>[cmavo: mi]</source-gismu>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-identification</attitudinal-scale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-identification</attitudinal-scale>
+
+ <long-description>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>explicitly specifying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with other members of COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>introduce oneself</primary></indexterm>
+ <quote>And I am X</quote>; a generalized self-vocative. Although grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI,
+ <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows
+ <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using
+ <jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti
+ <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.
+ </long-description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'imi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'omi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>effect of ordering multiple COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>ordering multiple with mi'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closings</primary><secondary>letter</secondary></indexterm> This cmavo is often combined with other members of COI:
<jbophrase>fe'omi'e</jbophrase> would be an appropriate closing at the end of a letter;
<jbophrase>re'imi'e</jbophrase> would be a self-vocative used in delayed responses, as when called to the phone, or possibly in a roll-call. As long as the
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> comes last, the following name is that of the speaker; if another COI cmavo is last, the following name is that of the listener. It is not possible to name both speaker and listener in a single vocative expression, but this fact is of no importance, because wherever one vocative expression is grammatical, any number of consecutive ones may appear.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'enai</primary></indexterm> The negative form denies an identity which someone else has attributed to you;
<jbophrase>mi'enai .djan.</jbophrase> means that you are saying you are not John.</para>
@@ -2531,21 +3065,21 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGad" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i sei la fred. cusku se'u .uinaicairo'i mi ji'a prami la .alis. fe'o .rik.</jbo>
<gloss>[Comment] Fred says, [end-comment] [Happy] [not] [emphatic] [emotional] I [additionally] love Alice. [Over and out to] Rick.</gloss>
<en>
- <quote>I love Alice too,</quote> said Fred miserably.
+ <quote>I love Alice too,</quote> said Fred miserably.
<quote>Have a nice life, Rick.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGBG" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i la fred. cliva</jbo>
<gloss>Fred leaves.</gloss>
@@ -2662,21 +3196,21 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGGv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d19"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i sei la pam. cusku se'u ju'i .djordj. .e'unai le kabri bazi farlu</jbo>
<gloss>[Comment] Pam says, [end-comment] [Attention] George, [Warning] the cup [future] [short] falls</gloss>
<en>
- <quote>George, watch out!</quote> said Pam.
+ <quote>George, watch out!</quote> said Pam.
<quote>The cup's falling!</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGgW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d20"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i le kabri cu je'a farlu</jbo>
<gloss>The cup indeed falls.</gloss>
@@ -2698,21 +3232,21 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGHC" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d22"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i sei la djordj. cusku se'u co'o ro zvati pe secau la djan. ga'i</jbo>
<gloss>[Comment] George says, [end-comment] [Partings] all at-place without John [superiority]</gloss>
<en>
- <quote>Goodbye to all of you,</quote> said George sneeringly,
+ <quote>Goodbye to all of you,</quote> said George sneeringly,
<quote>except John.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qGhw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e15d23"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i la djordj. cliva</jbo>
<gloss>George leaves.</gloss>
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