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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 3 23:21:02 EST 2011
commit 01cb94fdbdd6879897e8b74ad4c9e56e10a569bb
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 19:38:32 2011 -0800
Making a bunch of new tags out of jbophrase.
Except for the README-tags bit, this was all automated (with sed).
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 28c33ec..9e5663b 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -888,25 +888,25 @@
<jbo>[ke] xamsi calku [ke'e] curnu</jbo>
<gloss>(ocean shell) type-of worm</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>clamshells</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parasitic worms</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and might refer to the parasitic worms that infest clamshells.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo creation</primary><secondary>interaction of KE with NAhE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo creation</primary><secondary>interaction of KE with SE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>misinterpretation</primary></indexterm> Such misinterpretation is more likely than not in a lujvo starting with
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">sel-</jbophrase> (from
+ <rafsi>sel-</rafsi> (from
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>),
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">nal-</jbophrase> (from
+ <rafsi>nal-</rafsi> (from
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>) or
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">tol-</jbophrase> (from
+ <rafsi>tol-</rafsi> (from
<jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase>): the scope of the rafsi will likeliest be presumed to be as narrow as possible, since all of these cmavo normally bind only to the following brivla or
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> group. For that reason, if we want to modify an entire lujvo by putting
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase> before it, it's better to leave the result as two words, or else to insert
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, than to just stick the SE or NAhE rafsi on.</para>
<para>It is all right to replace the phrase
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase> with
<jbophrase>selkla</jbophrase>, and the places of
<jbophrase>selkla</jbophrase> are exactly those of
@@ -971,21 +971,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d1"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>k1 comes/goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>The selbri
<jbophrase>nu klama [kei]</jbophrase> has only one place, the event-of-going, but the full five places exist implicitly between
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>kei</jbophrase>, since a full bridi with all sumti may be placed there. In a lujvo, there is no room for such inside places, and consequently the lujvo
<jbophrase>nunkla</jbophrase> (
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">nun-</jbophrase> is the rafsi for
+ <rafsi>nun-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>), needs to have six places:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-m60H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d2"/>
</title>
<para><place-structure>nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>Here the first place of
<jbophrase>nunklama</jbophrase> is the first and only place of
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase>, and the other five places have been pushed down by one to occupy the second through the sixth places. Full information on
@@ -1033,25 +1033,25 @@
</example>
<para>A
<jbophrase>nunsoidji</jbophrase> might be someone who is about to enlist, whereas a
<jbophrase>soidji</jbophrase> might be a camp-follower.</para>
<para>One use of abstract lujvo is to eliminate the need for explicit
<jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> in tanru:
<jbophrase>nunkalri gasnu</jbophrase> means much the same as
<jbophrase>nu kalri kei gasnu</jbophrase>, but is shorter. In addition, many English words ending in
<jbophrase>-hood</jbophrase> are represented with
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">nun-</jbophrase> lujvo, and other words ending in
+ <rafsi>nun-</rafsi> lujvo, and other words ending in
<quote>-ness</quote> or
<quote>-dom</quote> are often representable with
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">kam-</jbophrase> lujvo (
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">kam-</jbophrase> is the rafsi for
+ <rafsi>kam-</rafsi> lujvo (
+ <rafsi>kam-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
<jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>);
<jbophrase>kambla</jbophrase> is
<quote>blueness</quote>.</para>
<para>Even though the cmavo of NU are long-scope in nature, governing the whole following bridi, the NU rafsi should generally be used as short-scope modifiers, like the SE and NAhE rafsi discussed in
<xref linkend="section-seltau-SE"/>.</para>
<para>There is also a rafsi for the cmavo
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase>, namely
<jbophrase>jax</jbophrase>, which allows sentences like</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jWYr">
<title>
@@ -1068,21 +1068,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wrpr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jaxri'a le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-part-of-the-cause-of the event-of your dying.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In making a lujvo that contains
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">jax-</jbophrase> for a selbri that contains
+ <rafsi>jax-</rafsi> for a selbri that contains
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase>, the rule is to leave the
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> place as a
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> place of the lujvo; it does not participate in the regular lujvo place structure. (The use of
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> is explained in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/> and <xref linkend="section-jai"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-implicit-abstraction">
<title>Implicit-abstraction lujvo</title>
<para>Eliding NU rafsi involves the same restrictions as eliding SE rafsi, plus additional ones. In general, NU rafsi should not be elided from the tertau, since that changes the kind of thing the lujvo is talking about from an abstraction to a concrete sumti. However, they may be elided from the seltau if no reasonable ambiguity would result.</para>
@@ -1141,22 +1141,22 @@
</example>
<para>There is one further step that can be taken. As we have already seen with
<jbophrase>balsoi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical"/>, the interpretation of lujvo is constrained by the semantics of gismu and of their sumti places. Now, any asymmetrical lujvo with
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> as its tertau will involve an event abstraction either implicitly or explicitly, since that is how the g2 place of
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> is defined.</para>
<para>Therefore, if we assume that
<jbophrase>nu</jbophrase> is the type of abstraction one would expect to be a
<jbophrase>se gasnu</jbophrase>, then the rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">nun</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">kez</jbophrase> in
+ <rafsi>nun</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>kez</rafsi> in
<jbophrase>nunctikezgau</jbophrase> are only telling us what we would already have guessed – that the seltau of a
<jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase> lujvo is an event. If we drop these rafsi out, and use instead the shorter lujvo
<jbophrase>ctigau</jbophrase>, rejecting its symmetrical interpretation (
<quote>someone who both does and eats</quote>;
<quote>an eating doer</quote>), we can still deduce that the seltau refers to an event.</para>
<para>(You can't
<quote>do an eater</quote>/
<jbophrase>gasnu lo citka</jbophrase>, with the meaning of
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> as
<quote>bring about an event</quote>; so the seltau must refer to an event,
@@ -1503,23 +1503,23 @@
<gloss>You are-less-young-than me by-years the-number six.</gloss>
<en>You are six years less young than me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In English,
<quote>more</quote> comparatives are easier to make and use than
<quote>less</quote> comparatives, but in Lojban the two forms are equally easy.</para>
<para>Because of their much simpler place structure, lujvo ending in
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-mau</jbophrase> and
+ <rafsi>-mau</rafsi> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-me'a</jbophrase> are in fact used much more frequently than
+ <rafsi>-me'a</rafsi> are in fact used much more frequently than
<jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase> themselves as selbri. It is highly unlikely for such lujvo to be construed as anything other than implicit-abstraction lujvo. But there is another type of ambiguity relevant to these lujvo, and which has to do with what is being compared.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparative lujvo</primary><secondary>potential ambiguity in</secondary></indexterm> For example, does
<jbophrase>nelcymau</jbophrase> mean
<quote>X likes Y more than X likes Z</quote>, or
<quote>X likes Y more than Z likes Y</quote>? Does
<jbophrase>klamau</jbophrase> mean:
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index fff0289..b376fc1 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -68,76 +68,76 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e1d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ianai la djan klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Nonsense!] John is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ue</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.uu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ui</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John is coming</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>word-form for primary</secondary></indexterm> The primary Lojban attitudinals are all the cmavo of the form VV or V'V: one of the few cases where cmavo have been classified solely by their form. There are 39 of these cmavo: all 25 possible vowel pairs of the form V'V, the four standard diphthongs (
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.au</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ei</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.oi</jbophrase>), and the ten more diphthongs that are permitted only in these attitudinal indicators and in names and borrowings (
-
-
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ii</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.io</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.iu</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ua</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ue</jbophrase>,
-
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.uo</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.uu</jbophrase>). Note that each of these cmavo has a period before it, marking the pause that is mandatory before every word beginning with a vowel. Attitudinals, like most of the other kinds of indicators described in this chapter, belong to selma'o UI.</para>
+ <diphthong>.ai</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.au</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.ei</diphthong>, and
+ <diphthong>.oi</diphthong>), and the ten more diphthongs that are permitted only in these attitudinal indicators and in names and borrowings (
+
+
+ <diphthong>.ia</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.ie</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.ii</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.io</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.iu</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.ua</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.ue</diphthong>,
+
+ <diphthong>.ui</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>.uo</diphthong>, and
+ <diphthong>.uu</diphthong>). Note that each of these cmavo has a period before it, marking the pause that is mandatory before every word beginning with a vowel. Attitudinals, like most of the other kinds of indicators described in this chapter, belong to selma'o UI.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> Attitudinals can also be compound cmavo, of the types explained in Sections 4-8;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfgA"/> illustrates one such possibility, the compound attitudinal
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase>. In attitudinals,
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simple attitudinal without the
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>. Thus, as you might suppose,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase> expresses belief, since
+ <diphthong>.ia</diphthong> expresses belief, since
<jbophrase>.ianai</jbophrase> expresses disbelief.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary></indexterm> In addition to the attitudinals, there are other classes of indicators: intensity markers, emotion categories, attitudinal modifiers, observationals, and discursives. All of them are grammatically equivalent, which is why they are treated together in this chapter.</para>
<para>Every indicator behaves in more or less the same way with respect to the grammar of the rest of the language. In general, one or more indicators can be inserted at the beginning of an utterance or after any word. Indicators at the beginning apply to the whole utterance; otherwise, they apply to the word that they follow. More details can be found in
<xref linkend="section-scope"/>.</para>
<para>Throughout this chapter, tables of indicators will be written in four columns. The first column is the cmavo itself. The second column is a corresponding English word, not necessarily a literal translation. The fourth column represents the opposite of the second column, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when suffixed with
<jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase>. The third column, which is sometimes omitted, indicates a neutral point between the second and fourth columns, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when it is suffixed with
<jbophrase>-cu'i</jbophrase>. The cmavo
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o CAI, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="section-intensity-scale"/>.</para>
<para>One flaw that the English glosses are particularly subject to is that in English it is often difficult to distinguish between expressing your feelings and talking about them, particularly with the limited resource of the written word. So the gloss for
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase> should not really be
+ <diphthong>.ui</diphthong> should not really be
<quote>happiness</quote> but some sound or tone that expresses happiness. However, there aren't nearly enough of those that have unambiguous or obvious meanings in English to go around for all the many, many different emotions Lojban speakers can readily express.</para>
<para>Many indicators of CV'V form are loosely derived from specific gismu. The gismu should be thought of as a memory hook, not an equivalent of the cmavo. Such gismu are shown in this chapter between square brackets, thus: [gismu].</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pure-emotions">
<title>Pure emotion indicators</title>
<para>Attitudinals make no claim: they are expressions of attitude, not of facts or alleged facts. As a result, attitudinals themselves have no truth value, nor do they directly affect the truth value of a bridi that they modify. However, since emotional attitudes are carried in your mind, they reflect reactions to that version of the world that the mind is thinking about; this is seldom identical with the real world. At times, we are thinking about our idealized version of the real world; at other times we are thinking about a potential world that might or might not ever exist.</para>
<para>Therefore, there are two groups of attitudinals in Lojban. The
<quote>pure emotion indicators</quote> express the way the speaker is feeling, without direct reference to what else is said. These indicators comprise the attitudinals which begin with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> and many of those beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>u</letteral> or
+ <letteral>o</letteral> and many of those beginning with
+ <letteral>i</letteral>.</para>
<para>The cmavo beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> are simple emotions, which represent the speaker's reaction to the world as it is, or as it is perceived to be.</para>
+ <letteral>u</letteral> are simple emotions, which represent the speaker's reaction to the world as it is, or as it is perceived to be.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ua</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">discovery</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">confusion</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.u'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">gain</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">loss</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -182,21 +182,21 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">cruelty</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.u'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">repentance</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">lack of regret</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">innocence</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Here are some typical uses of the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> attitudinals:</para>
+ <letteral>u</letteral> attitudinals:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFgi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ua mi facki fi le mi mapku</jbo>
<gloss>[Eureka!] I found my hat! [emphasizes the discovery of the hat]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFgv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -242,31 +242,31 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.u'u do cortu</jbo>
<gloss>[Repentance!] You feel-pain. [expresses that speaker feels guilty]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfHA"/>, note that the attitudinal
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.uo</jbophrase> is translated by an English non-attitudinal phrase:
+ <diphthong>.uo</diphthong> is translated by an English non-attitudinal phrase:
<quote>At last!</quote> It is common for the English equivalents of Lojban attitudinals to be short phrases of this sort, with more or less normal grammar, but actually expressions of emotion.</para>
<para>In particular, both
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.uu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.u'u</jbophrase> can be translated into English as
+ <diphthong>.uu</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>.u'u</diphthong> can be translated into English as
<quote>I'm sorry</quote>; the difference between these two attitudes frequently causes confusion among English-speakers who use this phrase, leading to responses like
<quote>Why are you sorry? It's not your fault!</quote></para>
<para>It is important to realize that
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.uu</jbophrase>, and indeed all attitudinals, are meant to be used sincerely, not ironically. In English, the exclamation
+ <diphthong>.uu</diphthong>, and indeed all attitudinals, are meant to be used sincerely, not ironically. In English, the exclamation
<quote>Pity!</quote> is just as likely to be ironically intended, but this usage does not extend to Lojban. Lying with attitudinals is (normally) as inappropriate to Lojban discourse as any other kind of lying: perhaps worse, because misunderstood emotions can cause even greater problems than misunderstood statements.</para>
<para>The following examples display the effects of
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>cu'i</jbophrase> when suffixed to an attitudinal:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFiE" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -294,23 +294,23 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfin"/>, John's coming has been anticipated by the speaker. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFiE"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfiI"/>, no such anticipation has been made, but in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfiI"/> the lack-of-anticipation goes no further – in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFiE"/>, it amounts to actual surprise.</para>
<para>It is not possible to firmly distinguish the pure emotion words beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> from those beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>, but in general they represent more complex, more ambivalent, or more difficult emotions.</para>
+ <letteral>o</letteral> or
+ <letteral>i</letteral> from those beginning with
+ <letteral>u</letteral>, but in general they represent more complex, more ambivalent, or more difficult emotions.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.o'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">pride</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">modesty</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">shame</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.o'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">closeness</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -346,21 +346,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ch2s">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.oi la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Complaint!] John is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the speaker is distressed or discomfited over John's coming. The word
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.oi</jbophrase> is derived from the Yiddish word
+ <diphthong>.oi</diphthong> is derived from the Yiddish word
<quote>oy</quote> of similar meaning. It is the only cmavo with a Yiddish origin.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-V8eD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.o'onai la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Anger!] John is coming!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -394,26 +394,26 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.o'u la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Phew!] John is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfIR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFJf"/>, John's arrival is no problem: in the former example, the speaker feels emotional distance from the situation; in the latter example, John's coming is actually a relief of some kind.</para>
<para>The pure emotion indicators beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> are those which could not be fitted into the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot.
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral> are those which could not be fitted into the
+ <letteral>u</letteral> or
+ <letteral>o</letteral> groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot.
+ <diphthong>.ia</diphthong>,
<jbophrase>.i'a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase>, and
+ <diphthong>.ie</diphthong>, and
<jbophrase>.i'e</jbophrase> do not appear here, as they belong in
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/> instead.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ii</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">fear</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">nervousness</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">security</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -501,41 +501,41 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>internal world</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional</primary><secondary>of attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>placement of</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned at the beginning of
<xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/>, attitudinals may be divided into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, and a contrasting group which may be called the
<quote>propositional attitude indicators</quote>. These indicators establish an internal, hypothetical world which the speaker is reacting to, distinct from the world as it really is. Thus we may be expressing our attitude towards
<quote>what the world would be like if ...</quote>, or more directly stating our attitude towards making the potential world a reality.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>propositional effect on claim</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>propositional contrasted with emotional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>emotional contrasted with propositional</secondary></indexterm> In general, the bridi paraphrases of pure emotions look (in English) something like
<quote>I'm going to the market, and I'm happy about it</quote>. The emotion is present with the subject of the primary claim, but is logically independent of it. Propositional attitudes, though, look more like
<quote>I intend to go to the market</quote>, where the main claim is logically subordinate to the intention: I am not claiming that I am actually going to the market, but merely that I intend to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>i- series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>e- series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>a- series</secondary></indexterm> There is no sharp distinction between attitudinals beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> and those beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>; however, the original intent (not entirely realized due to the need to cram too many attitudes into too little space) was to make the members of the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>-series the purer, more attitudinal realizers of a potential world, while the members of the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>-series were more ambivalent or complex about the speaker's intention with regard to the predication. The relationship between the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>-series and the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>-series is similar to that between the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>-series and the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>-series, respectively. A few propositional attitude indicators overflowed into the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>-series as well.</para>
+ <letteral>a</letteral> and those beginning with
+ <letteral>e</letteral>; however, the original intent (not entirely realized due to the need to cram too many attitudes into too little space) was to make the members of the
+ <letteral>a</letteral>-series the purer, more attitudinal realizers of a potential world, while the members of the
+ <letteral>e</letteral>-series were more ambivalent or complex about the speaker's intention with regard to the predication. The relationship between the
+ <letteral>a</letteral>-series and the
+ <letteral>e</letteral>-series is similar to that between the
+ <letteral>u</letteral>-series and the
+ <letteral>o</letteral>-series, respectively. A few propositional attitude indicators overflowed into the
+ <letteral>i</letteral>-series as well.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>logical language and</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>propositional/emotional caveat</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>emotional/propositional caveat</secondary></indexterm> In fact, the entire distinction between pure emotions and propositional attitudes is itself a bit shaky:
<jbophrase>.u'u</jbophrase> can be seen as a propositional attitude indicator meaning
<quote>I regret that ...</quote>, and
<jbophrase>.a'e</jbophrase> (discussed below) can be seen as a pure emotion meaning
<quote>I'm awake/aware</quote>. The division of the attitudinals into pure-emotion and propositional-attitude classes in this chapter is mostly by way of explanation; it is not intended to permit firm rulings on specific points. Attitudinals are the part of Lojban most distant from the
<quote>logical language</quote> aspect.</para>
<para>Here is the list of propositional attitude indicators grouped by initial letter, starting with those beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <letteral>a</letteral>:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.a'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attentive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">inattentive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">avoiding</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.a'e</cmavo>
@@ -649,24 +649,24 @@
<gloss>[no interest] you complain</gloss>
<en>I have no interest in your complaints.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'ucu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.au</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'enai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'a</primary></indexterm> (In a real-life situation, Examples 3.1-3.7 would also be decorated by various pure emotion indicators, certainly including
<jbophrase>.oicai</jbophrase>, but probably also
<jbophrase>.iucai</jbophrase>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi</secondary></indexterm> Splitting off the attitude into an indicator allows the regular bridi grammar to do what it does best: express the relationships between concepts that are intended, desired, hoped for, or whatever. Rephrasing these examples to express the attitude as the main selbri would make for unacceptably heavyweight grammar.</para>
<para>Here are the propositional attitude indicators beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>, which stand roughly in the relation to those beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> as the pure-emotion indicators beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> do to those beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>- they are more complex or difficult:</para>
+ <letteral>e</letteral>, which stand roughly in the relation to those beginning with
+ <letteral>a</letteral> as the pure-emotion indicators beginning with
+ <letteral>o</letteral> do to those beginning with
+ <letteral>u</letteral>- they are more complex or difficult:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">permission</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">prohibition</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">competence</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">incompetence</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -743,21 +743,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'u do klama le panka</jbo>
<gloss>[suggestion] You go to-the park.</gloss>
<en>I suggest going to the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.e'a</primary></indexterm> Finally, the propositional attitude indicators beginning with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, which are the overflow from the other sets:</para>
+ <letteral>i</letteral>, which are the overflow from the other sets:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ia</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">belief</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">skepticism</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">disbelief</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.i'a</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">acceptance</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -842,22 +842,22 @@
<section xml:id="section-intensity-scale">
<title>Attitudes as scales</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>neutral</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>negative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>positive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>scale of</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, all emotions and attitudes are scales. These scales run from some extreme value (which we'll call
<quote>positive</quote>) to an opposite extreme (which we'll call
<quote>negative</quote>). In the tables above, we have seen three points on the scale:
<quote>positive</quote>, neutral, and
<quote>negative</quote>. The terms
<quote>positive</quote> and
<quote>negative</quote> are put into quotation marks because they are loaded words when applied to emotions, and the attitudinal system reflects this loading, which is a known cultural bias. Only two of the
<quote>positive</quote> words, namely
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ii</jbophrase> (fear) and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.oi</jbophrase> (pain/complaint), represent emotions commonly thought of as less
+ <diphthong>.ii</diphthong> (fear) and
+ <diphthong>.oi</diphthong> (pain/complaint), represent emotions commonly thought of as less
<quote>virtuous</quote> in most cases than their negative counterparts. But these two were felt to be instinctive, distinct, and very powerful emotions that needed to be expressible in a monosyllable when necessary, while their counterparts are less commonly expressed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scales</primary><secondary>rationale for assignment</secondary></indexterm> (Why the overt bias? Because there are a lot of attitudinals and they will be difficult to learn as an entire set. By aligning our scales arbitrarily, we give the monosyllable
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> a useful meaning and make it easier for a novice to recognize at least the positive or negative alignment of an indicator, if not the specific word. Other choices considered were
<quote>random</quote> orientation, which would have unknown biases and be difficult to learn, and orientation based on our guesses as to which scale orientations made the most frequent usages shorter, which would be biased in favor of American perceptions of
<quote>usefulness</quote>. If bias must exist in our indicator set, it might as well be a known bias that eases learning, and in addition might as well favor a harmonious and positive world-view.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>naisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nairu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>seven-position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotional scale</primary></indexterm> In fact, though, each emotional scale has seven positions defined, three
<quote>positive</quote> ones (shown below on the left), three
<quote>negative</quote> ones (shown below on the right), and a neutral one indicating that no particular attitude on this scale is felt. The following chart indicates the seven positions of the scale and the associated cmavo. All of these cmavo, except
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase>, are in selma'o CAI.</para>
@@ -1159,21 +1159,21 @@
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
<xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/> and
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.io</jbophrase>. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for
+ <diphthong>.io</diphthong>. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for
<jbophrase>ga'i</jbophrase>) or above (for
<jbophrase>ga'inai</jbophrase>) the speaker's rank or social position. Note that it is always the referent, not the speaker or listener, who is so marked: in order to mark the listener, the listener must appear in the sentence, as with
<jbophrase>doi ga'inai</jbophrase>, which can be appended to a statement addressed to a social superior.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ercd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d1"/>
</title>
@@ -1250,21 +1250,21 @@
<quote>sinful</quote> in the eyes of most ethical systems. On the other hand, we often feel virtuous about our feelings – what we call righteous indignation might be
<jbophrase>o'onaivu'e</jbophrase>. Note that this is distinct from lack of guilt:
<jbophrase>.u'unai</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'i</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>se'i</jbophrase> expresses the difference between selfishness and generosity, for example (in combination with
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.au</jbophrase>):</para>
+ <diphthong>.au</diphthong>):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFxm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ause'i</jbo>
<gloss>[desire] [self]</gloss>
<en>I want it!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1406,21 +1406,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified level of emotion</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unstated emotion</primary></indexterm> For example,
<jbophrase>.ieru'e</jbophrase> expresses a weak positive value on the scale of agreement: the speaker agrees (presumably with the listener or with something else just stated), but with the least possible degree of intensity. But
<jbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</jbophrase> expresses agreement (at an unspecified level), followed by some other unstated emotion which is felt at a weak level. A rough English equivalent of
<jbophrase>.ie ge'eru'e</jbophrase> might be
<quote>I agree, but ...</quote> where the
<quote>but</quote> is left hanging. (Again, attitudes aren't always expressed in English by English attitudinals.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>placement of scale in</secondary></indexterm> A scale variable similarly modifies the previous emotion word. You put the scale word for a root emotion word before a modifier, since the latter can have its own scale word. This merely maximizes the amount of information expressible. For example,
<jbophrase>.oinaicu'i ro'ucai</jbophrase> expresses a feeling midway between pain (
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.oi</jbophrase>) and pleasure (
+ <diphthong>.oi</diphthong>) and pleasure (
<jbophrase>.oinai</jbophrase>) which is intensely sexual (
<jbophrase>ro'u</jbophrase>) in nature.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>placement in sentences with "nai"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>placement of "nai" in</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is the most tightly bound modifier in the language: it always negates exactly one word – the preceding one. Of all the words used in indicator constructs,
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> is the only one with any meaning outside the indicator system. If you try to put an indicator between a non-indicator cmavo and its
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> negator, the
<jbophrase>nai</jbophrase> will end up negating the last word of the indicator. The result, though unambiguous, is not what you want. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9BBA">
<title>
@@ -2510,21 +2510,21 @@
<jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rXiR"/> could mean
<quote>sad</quote> (as in English) or something completely different.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>literally</primary></indexterm> The negated form,
<jbophrase>pe'anai</jbophrase>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>heartburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>culturally dependent lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure of figurative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
<jbophrase>pe'a</jbophrase> has a rafsi, namely
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">pev</jbophrase>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
+ <rafsi>pev</rafsi>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
<jbophrase>risnyjelca</jbophrase> (heart burn) might have a place structure like:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is the heart of x2, burning in atmosphere x3 at temperature x4
</place-structure>
<para>whereas
<jbophrase>pevrisnyjelca</jbophrase>, explicitly marked as figurative, might have the place structure:</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is indigestion/heartburn suffered by x2
</place-structure>
@@ -2793,24 +2793,24 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vi'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">will comply</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">will not comply</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>je'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with vi'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Wilco, X</quote>,
<quote>I understand and will comply</quote>. Similar to
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> but signals an intention (similar to
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ai</jbophrase>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
+ <diphthong>.ai</diphthong>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
<quote>OK</quote> in Lojban, in the usual sense of
<quote>Agreed!</quote>, although
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
+ <diphthong>.ie</diphthong> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
<quote>No way!</quote>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'o</cmavo>
<gismu>[krefu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">please repeat</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">no repeat needed</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary><secondary>compared to ke'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary><secondary>compared to ki'a</secondary></indexterm>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index 8693c6f..82e78ee 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -326,21 +326,21 @@
<para>we do not intend the uncle's help to be part of the negation. We must thus move the negation into an event clause or use two separate sentences. The event-clause version would look like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NILi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<gloss>The event-of (my [false] being-conscripted-into the Army) was aided by my uncle the Senator.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is possible that someone will want to incorporate bridi negations into lujvo. For this reason, the rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-nar-</jbophrase> has been reserved for
+ <rafsi>-nar-</rafsi> has been reserved for
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase>. However, before using this rafsi, make sure that you intend the contradictory bridi negation, and not the scalar negation described in
<xref linkend="section-scalar-negation"/>, which will be much more common in tanru and lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-scalar-negation">
<title>Scalar Negation</title>
<para>Let us now consider some other types of negation. For example, when we say:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-GJga">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d1"/>
</title>
@@ -678,45 +678,45 @@
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> is very close binding to its brivla. Internal binding of tanru, with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>, is not as tightly bound as
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>.
<jbophrase>co</jbophrase>, the tanru inversion operator has a scope that is longer than all other tanru constructs.</para>
<para>In short,
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>na'eke</jbophrase> define a type of negation, which is shorter in scope than bridi negation, and which affects all or part of a selbri. The result of
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> negation remains an assertion of some specific truth and not merely a denial of another claim.</para>
<para>The similarity becomes striking when it is noticed that the rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-nal-</jbophrase>, representing
+ <rafsi>-nal-</rafsi>, representing
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> when a tanru is condensed into a lujvo, forms an exact parallel to the English usage of
<jbophrase>non-</jbophrase>. Turning a series of related negations into lujvo gives:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2buq"> <!-- FIXME: this "example" should probably just be a simplelist -->
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'e klama becomes nalkla</jbo>
<jbo>na'e cadzu klama becomes naldzukla</jbo>
<jbo>na'e sutra cadzu klama becomes nalsu'adzukla</jbo>
<jbo>nake sutra cadzu ke'e klama becomes nalsu'adzuke'ekla</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note:
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem-</jbophrase> is the rafsi for
+ <rafsi>-kem-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase>, but it is omitted in the final lujvo as superfluous –
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is its own rafsi, and its inclusion in the lujvo implies a
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> after the
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-nal-</jbophrase>, since it needs to close something; only a
+ <rafsi>-nal-</rafsi>, since it needs to close something; only a
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> immediately after the negation would make the
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> meaningful in the tanru expressed in this lujvo.</para>
<para>In a lujvo, it is probably clearest to translate
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-nal-</jbophrase> as
+ <rafsi>-nal-</rafsi> as
<quote>non-</quote>, to match the English combining forms, except when the
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> has single word scope and English uses
<quote>un-</quote> or
<quote>im-</quote> to negate that single word. Translation style should determine the use of
<quote>other than</quote>,
<quote>non-</quote>, or another negator for
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> in tanru; the translator must render the Lojban into English so it is clear in context. Let's go back to our simplest example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qh9c" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d13"/>
@@ -771,21 +771,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu nalkrecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual currently noblest-governor of the French country is-non-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>The current King of France is a non-bald-one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2maY"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wGXL"/> express the predicate negation forms using a negation word (
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase>) or rafsi (
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-nal-</jbophrase>); yet they make positive assertions about the current King of France; ie., that he is other-than-bald or non-bald. This follows from the close binding of
+ <rafsi>-nal-</rafsi>); yet they make positive assertions about the current King of France; ie., that he is other-than-bald or non-bald. This follows from the close binding of
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> to the brivla. The lujvo form makes this overt by absorbing the negative marker into the word.</para>
<para>Since there is no current King of France, it is false to say that he is bald, or non-bald, or to make any other affirmative claim about him. Any sentence about the current King of France containing only a selbri negation is as false as the sentence without the negation. No amount of selbri negations have any effect on the truth value of the sentence, which is invariably
<quote>false</quote>, since no affirmative statement about the current King of France can be true. On the other hand, bridi negation does produce a truth:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bwdy">
<title>
@@ -952,25 +952,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta to'e melbi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-opposite-of beautiful.</gloss>
<en>That is ugly/very ugly/repulsive.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>to'e</jbophrase> has the assigned rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-tol-</jbophrase> and
+ <rafsi>-tol-</rafsi> and
<jbophrase>-to'e-</jbophrase>; the cmavo
<jbophrase>no'e</jbophrase> has the assigned rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-nor-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-no'e-</jbophrase>. The selbri in
+ <rafsi>-nor-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-no'e-</rafsi>. The selbri in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qh9U"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHAV"/> could be replaced by the lujvo
<jbophrase>nalmle</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>normle</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tolmle</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
<para>This large variety of scalar negations is provided because different scales have different properties. Some scales are open-ended in both directions: there is no
<quote>ultimately ugly</quote> or
<quote>ultimately beautiful</quote>. Other scales, like temperature, are open at one end and closed at the other: there is a minimum temperature (so-called
<quote>absolute zero</quote>) but no maximum temperature. Still other scales are closed at both ends.</para>
<para>Correspondingly, some selbri have no obvious
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index a2a48e0..2edf2a3 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -48,118 +48,118 @@
<quote>zee</quote> and
<quote>zed</quote>, depending on the dialect of English in question.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu word</primary><secondary>for "'"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>for consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>for vowels</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>formation rules</secondary></indexterm> All of Lojban's basic lerfu words are made by one of three rules:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>to get a lerfu word for a vowel, add
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>to get a lerfu word for a consonant, add
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>;</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the lerfu word for
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> is
+ <letteral>'</letteral> is
<jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>table of Lojban</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the following table represents the basic Lojban alphabet:</para>
<!-- FIXME: should this list be displayed more like this:
' a b c d e
.y'y. .abu by. cy. dy. .ebu
f g i j k l
fy. gy. .ibu jy. ky. ly.
m n o p r s
my. ny. .obu py. ry. sy.
t u v x y z
ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
-->
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>'</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>a</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>by.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>b</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>by.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>cy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>c</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>cy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>dy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>d</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>dy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>e</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ebu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>f</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>g</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>i</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ibu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>jy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>j</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>jy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ky.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>k</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ky.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ly.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>l</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ly.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>my.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>m</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>my.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ny.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>n</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ny.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>o</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.obu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>py.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>p</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>py.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ry.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>r</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ry.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>sy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>s</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>sy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>t</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>ty.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>u</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ubu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>vy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>v</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>vy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>x</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>xy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ybu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>y</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>.ybu</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
+ <term><letteral>z</letteral></term><listitem><para><jbophrase>zy.</jbophrase></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>effect on preceding word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>composed of compound cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>composed of single cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>vowel words contrasted with consonant words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>consonant words contrasted with vowel words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words for vowels</primary><secondary>pause requirement before</secondary></indexterm> There are several things to note about this table. The consonant lerfu words are a single syllable, whereas the vowel and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> lerfu words are two syllables and must be preceded by pause (since they all begin with a vowel). Another fact, not evident from the table but important nonetheless, is that
+ <letteral>'</letteral> lerfu words are two syllables and must be preceded by pause (since they all begin with a vowel). Another fact, not evident from the table but important nonetheless, is that
<jbophrase>by</jbophrase> and its like are single cmavo of selma'o BY, as is
<jbophrase>.y'y</jbophrase>. The vowel lerfu words, on the other hand, are compound cmavo, made from a single vowel cmavo plus the cmavo
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> (which belongs to its own selma'o, BU). All of the vowel cmavo have other meanings in Lojban (logical connectives, sentence separator, hesitation noise), but those meanings are irrelevant when
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> follows.</para>
<para>Here are some illustrations of common Lojban words spelled out using the alphabet above:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHRb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -189,21 +189,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>effect of systematic formulation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spelling out words</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in usefulness</secondary></indexterm> Spelling out words is less useful in Lojban than in English, for two reasons: Lojban spelling is phonemic, so there can be no real dispute about how a word is spelled; and the Lojban lerfu words sound more alike than the English ones do, since they are made up systematically. The English words
<quote>fail</quote> and
<quote>vale</quote> sound similar, but just hearing the first lerfu word of either, namely
<quote>eff</quote> or
<quote>vee</quote>, is enough to discriminate easily between them – and even if the first lerfu word were somehow confused, neither
<quote>vail</quote> nor
<quote>fale</quote> is a word of ordinary English, so the rest of the spelling determines which word is meant. Still, the capability of spelling out words does exist in Lojban.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words ending with "y"</primary><secondary>pause after</secondary><tertiary>rationale</tertiary></indexterm> Note that the lerfu words ending in
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> were written (in
+ <letteral>y</letteral> were written (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHRb"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qhrx"/>) with pauses after them. It is not strictly necessary to pause after such lerfu words, but failure to do so can in some cases lead to ambiguities:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6dMS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cy. claxu</jbo>
<gloss>I lerfu-
<quote>c</quote> without</gloss>
@@ -217,22 +217,22 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>micyclaxu</jbo>
<gloss>(Observative:) doctor-without</gloss>
<en>Something unspecified is without a doctor.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A safe guideline is to pause after any cmavo ending in
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> unless the next word is also a cmavo ending in
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The safest and easiest guideline is to pause after all of them.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> unless the next word is also a cmavo ending in
+ <letteral>y</letteral>. The safest and easiest guideline is to pause after all of them.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-upper-case">
<title>Upper and lower cases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower case letters</primary><secondary>use in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capital letters</primary><secondary>use in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>irregular marked with upper-case</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower-case letters</primary><secondary>English usage contrasted with Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lower-case letters</primary><secondary>Lojban usage contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>upper-case letters</primary><secondary>English usage contrasted with Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>upper-case letters</primary><secondary>Lojban usage contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> Lojban doesn't use lower-case (small) letters and upper-case (capital) letters in the same way that English does; sentences do not begin with an upper-case letter, nor do names. However, upper-case letters are used in Lojban to mark irregular stress within names, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Fam2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e3d1"/>
@@ -349,39 +349,39 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbophrase>.abubu</jbophrase> is legal, if ugly. (Its meaning is not defined, but it is presumably different from
<jbophrase>.abu</jbophrase>.) It does not matter if the word is a cmavo, a cmene, or a brivla. All such words suffixed by
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> are treated grammatically as if they were cmavo belonging to selma'o BY. However, if the word is a cmene it is always necessary to precede and follow it by a pause, because otherwise the cmene may absorb preceding or following words.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happy face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logograms</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unusual characters</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> The ability to attach
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> to words has been used primarily to make names for various logograms and other unusual characters. For example, the Lojban name for the
<quote>happy face</quote> is
<jbophrase>.uibu</jbophrase>, based on the attitudinal
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase> that means
+ <diphthong>.ui</diphthong> that means
<quote>happiness</quote>. Likewise, the
<quote>smiley face</quote>, written
<quote>:-)</quote> and used on computer networks to indicate humor, is called
<jbophrase>zo'obu</jbophrase> The existence of these names does not mean that you should insert
<jbophrase>.uibu</jbophrase> into running Lojban text to indicate that you are happy, or
<jbophrase>zo'obu</jbophrase> when something is funny; instead, use the appropriate attitudinal directly.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ampersand</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ampersand character</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"&"</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
<jbophrase>joibu</jbophrase> represents the ampersand character,
<quote>&</quote>, based on the cmavo
<jbophrase>joi</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>mixed and</quote>. Many more such lerfu words will probably be invented in future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"</primary><secondary>"</secondary><tertiary>word for</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"."</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>symbol for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>symbol for</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">,</jbophrase> characters used in Lojbanic writing to represent pause and syllable break respectively have been assigned the lerfu words
+ <letteral>.</letteral> and
+ <letteral>,</letteral> characters used in Lojbanic writing to represent pause and syllable break respectively have been assigned the lerfu words
<jbophrase>denpa bu</jbophrase> (literally,
<quote>pause bu</quote>) and
<jbophrase>slaka bu</jbophrase> (literally,
<quote>syllable bu</quote>). The written space is mandatory here, because
<jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>slaka</jbophrase> are normal gismu with normal stress:
<jbophrase glossary="false">denpabu</jbophrase> would be a fu'ivla (word borrowed from another language into Lojban) stressed
<jbophrase glossary="false">denPAbu</jbophrase>. No pause is required between
<jbophrase>denpa</jbophrase> (or
@@ -391,21 +391,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<section xml:id="section-alien-alphabets">
<title>Alien alphabets</title>
<para>As stated in
<xref linkend="section-letterals-introduction"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
<para>There are certainly hundreds of alphabets and other writing systems in use around the world, and it is probably an unachievable goal to create a single system which can express all of them, but if perfection is not demanded, a usable system can be created from the raw material which Lojban provides.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>alpha</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with names</tertiary></indexterm> One possibility would be to use the lerfu word associated with the language itself, Lojbanized and with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> added. Indeed, an isolated Greek
<quote>alpha</quote> in running Lojban text is probably most easily handled by calling it
<jbophrase>.alfas. bu</jbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
+ <letteral>s</letteral> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase>. Note that the pause after
<jbophrase>.alfas.</jbophrase> is still needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu</tertiary></indexterm> Likewise, the easiest way to handle the Latin letters
<quote>h</quote>,
<quote>q</quote>, and
<quote>w</quote> that are not used in Lojban is by a consonant lerfu word with
<jbophrase>bu</jbophrase> attached. The following assignments have been made:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><jbophrase>.y'y.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>h</para></listitem>
@@ -430,21 +430,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>q</quote>
<quote>u</quote>
<quote>a</quote>
<quote>c</quote>
<quote>k</quote>
</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>symbol contrasted with sound for spelling</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>sound contrasted with symbol for spelling</secondary></indexterm> Note that the fact that the letter
<quote>c</quote> in this word has nothing to do with the sound of the Lojban letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase> is irrelevant; we are spelling an English word and English rules control the choice of letters, but we are speaking Lojban and Lojban rules control the pronunciations of those letters.</para>
+ <letteral>c</letteral> is irrelevant; we are spelling an English word and English rules control the choice of letters, but we are speaking Lojban and Lojban rules control the pronunciations of those letters.</para>
<para>A few more possibilities for Latin-alphabet letters used in languages other than English:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><jbophrase>ty.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>þ (thorn)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><jbophrase>dy.bu</jbophrase></term><listitem><para>ð (edh)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
@@ -529,21 +529,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<en>Japanese hiragana syllabary</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Devanagari</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>standardization of</secondary></indexterm> Unlike the cmavo above, these shift words have not been standardized and probably will not be until someone actually has a need for them. (Note the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase> characters marking leading and following pauses.)</para>
+ <letteral>.</letteral> characters marking leading and following pauses.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bold</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>italic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for face</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for font</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>face</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> In addition, there may be multiple visible representations within a single alphabet for a given letter: roman vs. italics, handwriting vs. print, Bodoni vs. Helvetica. These traditional
<quote>font and face</quote> distinctions are also represented by shift words, indicated with the cmavo
<jbophrase>ce'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAU) and a following BY word:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhV0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d5"/>
</title>
@@ -894,21 +894,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>dei vasru vo lerfu po'u me'o .ebu</jbo>
<gloss>this-sentence contains four letterals which-are the-expression <quote>e</quote>.</gloss>
<en>This sentence contains four
<quote>e</quote> s.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the Lojban sentence has only four
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase> lerfu rather than fourteen, the translation is not a literal one – but
+ <letteral>e</letteral> lerfu rather than fourteen, the translation is not a literal one – but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is a Lojban truth just as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tvHm"/> is an English truth. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is also true!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e lu</primary><secondary>compared with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>compared with la'e lu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>representing lerfu</primary><secondary>lu contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with lu…li'u for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with quotation for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>contrasted with me'o for representing lerfu</secondary></indexterm> The reader might be tempted to use quotation with
<jbophrase>lu ... li'u</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase>, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pbDf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d4"/>
</title>
@@ -1081,21 +1081,21 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>NATO</quote>). Some acronyms fluctuate between the two pronunciations:
<quote>SQL</quote> may be
<quote>ess cue ell</quote> or
<quote>sequel</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>as a basis for acronym names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms</primary><secondary>using names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, a name can be almost any sequence of sounds that ends in a consonant and is followed by a pause. The easiest way to Lojbanize acronym names is to glue the lerfu words together, using
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> wherever two vowels would come together (pauses are illegal in names) and adding a final consonant:</para>
+ <letteral>'</letteral> wherever two vowels would come together (pauses are illegal in names) and adding a final consonant:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-736i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dyny'abub. .i la ny'abuty'obub. .i la cy'ibu'abub. .i la sykybulyl. .i la .ibubymym. .i la ny'ybucyc.</jbo>
<en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1112,27 +1112,27 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dyny'am. .i la ny'aty'om. .i la cy'i'am. .i la sykybulym. .i la .ibymym. .i la ny'ybucym.</jbo>
<en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0sin"/>, the final consonant
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase> stands for
+ <letteral>m</letteral> stands for
<jbophrase>merko</jbophrase>, indicating the source culture of these acronyms.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"z" instead of "'"</primary><secondary>in acronyms names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms names based on lerfu words</primary><secondary>using "z" instead of "'" in</secondary></indexterm> Another approach, which some may find easier to say and which is compatible with older versions of the language that did not have a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> character, is to use the consonant
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> instead of
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <letteral>'</letteral> character, is to use the consonant
+ <letteral>z</letteral> instead of
+ <letteral>'</letteral>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Js6m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dynyzaz. .i la nyzatyzoz. .i la cyzizaz. .i la sykybulyz. .i la .ibymyz. .i la nyzybucyz.</jbo>
<en>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 51384c9..51b8c0a 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -129,29 +129,29 @@
<en>one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>123</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>greater than 9</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, there are no separate cmavo for
<quote>ten</quote>,
<quote>hundred</quote>, etc.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number words</primary><secondary>pattern in</secondary></indexterm> There is a pattern to the digit cmavo (except for
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase>, 0) which is worth explaining. The cmavo from 1 to 5 end in the vowels
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
+ <letteral>a</letteral>,
+ <letteral>e</letteral>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral>,
+ <letteral>o</letteral>,
+ <letteral>u</letteral> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
+ <letteral>a</letteral>,
+ <letteral>e</letteral>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>o</letteral> respectively. None of the digit cmavo begin with the same consonant, to make them easy to tell apart in noisy environments.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-signs-punctuation">
<title>Signs and numerical punctuation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ma'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>positive sign</description>
@@ -1829,21 +1829,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi poi pamei cu cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I who am-an-individual express this-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Pen"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to a mass,
<quote>the mass consisting of me</quote>. Personal pronouns are vague between masses, sets, and individuals.</para>
<para>However, when the number expressed before
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-mei</jbophrase> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
+ <rafsi>-mei</rafsi> is an objective indefinite number of the kind explained in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>, a slightly different place structure is required:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals of set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing measurement standard for indefinites</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mei</primary><secondary>place structure formed for objective indefinites</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<place-structure>
x1 is a mass formed from a set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3, measured relative to the set x4.
</place-structure>
<para>An example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GJsg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d3"/>
</title>
@@ -3107,24 +3107,24 @@
<jbophrase>frinu</jbophrase> to indicate a fraction slash.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>conventional meaning for cu'o</secondary></indexterm> A similar convention is used for the cmavo
<jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase> of selma'o MOI, which is closely related to
<jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase> (probability); use a rafsi for
<jbophrase>cunso</jbophrase> in order to create lujvo based on
<jbophrase>cu'o</jbophrase>. The cmavo
<jbophrase>mei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>moi</jbophrase> of MOI have their own rafsi, two each in fact:
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mem</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mei</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mom</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">moi</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
+ <rafsi>mem</rafsi>/
+ <rafsi>mei</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>mom</rafsi>/
+ <rafsi>moi</rafsi> respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'enu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting from operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting into operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operator into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>algebra of functions</primary><secondary>operator and operand distinction in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lambda calculus</primary><secondary>operator and operand distinction in</secondary></indexterm> The grammar of mekso as described so far imposes a rigid distinction between operators and operands. Some flavors of mathematics (lambda calculus, algebra of functions) blur this distinction, and Lojban must have a method of doing the same. An operator can be changed into an operand with
<jbophrase>ni'enu'a</jbophrase>, which transforms the operator into a matching selbri and then the selbri into an operand.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting from operand</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting into operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of operand into operator</primary></indexterm> To change an operand into an operator, we use the cmavo
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase>, already introduced as a means of changing a lerfu string such as
<jbophrase>fy.</jbophrase> into an operator. In fact,
<jbophrase>ma'o</jbophrase> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> if necessary.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 070c0eb..960de5b 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -1198,21 +1198,21 @@
<para>It should be noted particularly that
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Eeya">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zoi ry. sku .ry. cu rafsi zo cusku</jbo>
<en>
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">sku</jbophrase> is a rafsi of
+ <rafsi>sku</rafsi> is a rafsi of
<jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(A minor note on interaction between
<jbophrase>lo'u ... le'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>: The text between
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> should consist of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form of a
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> quotation may also appear. However, if the word
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase> is used either as the delimiting word for the
@@ -1505,21 +1505,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei la frank. gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (Frank is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using the happiness attitudinal,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase>, would imply that the speaker was happy. Instead, the speaker attributes happiness to Frank. It would probably be safe to elide the one who is happy, and say:</para>
+ <diphthong>.ui</diphthong>, would imply that the speaker was happy. Instead, the speaker attributes happiness to Frank. It would probably be safe to elide the one who is happy, and say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vago">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki la djein.</jbo>
<en>Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1706,21 +1706,21 @@
<jbo>mi cusku zoi fy. gy. .fy. si si si si zo .djan</jbo>
<gloss>I express [foreign] [quote]
<jbophrase>gy</jbophrase> [unquote], er, er, er, er,
<quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zoWF"/>, the first
<jbophrase>fy</jbophrase> is taken to be the delimiting word. The next word must be different from the delimiting word, and
<jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the Lojban name for the letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of
+ <letteral>g</letteral>, was chosen arbitrarily. Then the delimiting word must be repeated. For purposes of
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> erasure, the entire quoted text is taken to be a word, so four words have been uttered, and four more
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo are needed to erase them altogether. Similarly, a stray
<jbophrase>lo'u</jbophrase> quotation mark must be erased with
<jbophrase>fy. le'u si si si</jbophrase>, by completing the quotation and then erasing it all with three
<jbophrase>si</jbophrase> cmavo.</para>
<para>What if less than the entire
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase> construct is erased? The result is something which has a loose
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> or
@@ -1817,21 +1817,21 @@
<selmaho>Y</selmaho>
<description>hesitation noise</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>Y selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.y</primary></indexterm> Speakers often need to hesitate to think of what to say next or for some extra-linguistic reason. There are two ways to hesitate in Lojban: to pause between words (that is, to say nothing) or to use the cmavo
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> (of selma'o Y). This resembles in sound the English hesitation noise written
<quote>uh</quote> (or
<quote>er</quote>), but differs from it in the requirement for pauses before and after. Unlike a long pause, it cannot be mistaken for having nothing more to say: it holds the floor for the speaker. Since vowel length is not significant in Lojban, the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> sound can be dragged out for as long as necessary. Furthermore, the sound can be repeated, provided the required pauses are respected.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> sound can be dragged out for as long as necessary. Furthermore, the sound can be repeated, provided the required pauses are respected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hesitation sound</primary></indexterm> Since the hesitation sound in English is outside the formal language, English-speakers may question the need for a formal cmavo. Speakers of other languages, however, often hesitate by saying (or, if necessary, repeating) a word (
<quote>este</quote> in some dialects of Spanish, roughly meaning
<quote>that is</quote>), and Lojban's audio-visual isomorphism requires a written representation of all meaningful spoken behavior. Of course,
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> has no grammatical significance: it can appear anywhere at all in a Lojban sentence except in the middle of a word.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 70209f0..36a5d31 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -93,98 +93,98 @@
<jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>underlines</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double underscore notation convention for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>underscore notation for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>notation conventions</primary><secondary>for Quick Tour chapter</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pronunciation">
<title>Pronunciation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Detailed pronunciation and spelling rules are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-phonology"/>, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Lojban has six recognized vowels:
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The first five are roughly pronounced as
+ <letteral>a</letteral>,
+ <letteral>e</letteral>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral>,
+ <letteral>o</letteral>,
+ <letteral>u</letteral> and
+ <letteral>y</letteral>. The first five are roughly pronounced as
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>father</quote>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase> as in
+ <letteral>e</letteral> as in
<quote>let</quote>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> as in
+ <letteral>i</letteral> as in
<quote>machine</quote>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> as in
+ <letteral>o</letteral> as in
<quote>dome</quote> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> as in
+ <letteral>u</letteral> as in
<quote>flute</quote>.
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is pronounced as the sound called
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is pronounced as the sound called
<quote>schwa</quote>, that is, as the unstressed
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>about</quote> or
<quote>around</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Twelve consonants in Lojban are pronounced more or less as their counterparts are in English:
- <jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. The letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
+ <letteral>b</letteral>,
+ <letteral>d</letteral>,
+ <letteral>f</letteral>,
+ <letteral>k</letteral>,
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>,
+ <letteral>p</letteral>,
+ <letteral>r</letteral>,
+ <letteral>t</letteral>,
+ <letteral>v</letteral> and
+ <letteral>z</letteral>. The letter
+ <letteral>c</letteral>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
<quote>sh</quote> in
<quote>hush</quote>, while
- <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
+ <letteral>j</letteral> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
<quote>s</quote> in
<quote>pleasure</quote>.
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase> is always pronounced as it is in
+ <letteral>g</letteral> is always pronounced as it is in
<quote>gift</quote>, never as in
<quote>giant</quote>.
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> is as in
+ <letteral>s</letteral> is as in
<quote>sell</quote>, never as in
<quote>rose</quote>. The sound of
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
+ <letteral>x</letteral> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
<quote xml:lang="sco">ch</quote> in Scottish
<quote xml:lang="sco">loch</quote>, as
<quote xml:lang="es">j</quote> in Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">junta</quote>, and as
<quote xml:lang="de">ch</quote> in German
<quote xml:lang="de">Bach</quote>; it also appears in the English interjection
<quote>yecchh!</quote>. It gets easier to say as you practice it. The letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> can be trilled, but doesn't have to be.</para>
+ <letteral>r</letteral> can be trilled, but doesn't have to be.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The Lojban diphthongs
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase> are pronounced much as in the English words
+ <diphthong>ai</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>ei</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>oi</diphthong>, and
+ <diphthong>au</diphthong> are pronounced much as in the English words
<quote>sigh</quote>,
<quote>say</quote>,
<quote>boy</quote>, and
<quote>how</quote>. Other Lojban diphthongs begin with an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> pronounced like English
+ <letteral>i</letteral> pronounced like English
<quote>y</quote> (for example,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">io</jbophrase> is pronounced
+ <diphthong>io</diphthong> is pronounced
<quote>yo</quote>) or else with a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> pronounced like English
+ <letteral>u</letteral> pronounced like English
<quote>w</quote> (for example,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase> is pronounced
+ <diphthong>ua</diphthong> is pronounced
<quote>wa</quote>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Lojban also has three
<quote>semi-letters</quote>: the period, the comma and the apostrophe. The period represents a glottal stop or a pause; it is a required stoppage of the flow of air in the speech stream. The apostrophe sounds just like the English letter
<quote>h</quote>. Unlike a regular consonant, it is not found at the beginning or end of a word, nor is it found adjacent to a consonant; it is only found between two vowels. The comma has no sound associated with it, and is used to separate syllables that might ordinarily run together. It is not used in this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Stress falls on the next to the last syllable of all words, unless that vowel is
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
<para>All Lojban words are pronounced as they are spelled: there are no silent letters.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-cmavo">
<title>Words that can act as sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a short table of single words used as sumti. This table provides examples only, not the entire set of such words, which may be found in
<xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/>.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi</cmavo>
<description>I/me, we/us</description>
diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml
index 0b58101..7da5b2c 100644
--- a/todocbook/21.xml
+++ b/todocbook/21.xml
@@ -1920,21 +1920,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<anchor xml:id="y434"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #434" xml:id="cll_yacc-434"/> ZOI_quote_434 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-627"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>
/*pause*/
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/> /*pause*/
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>
;
-/* <quote>pause</quote> is morphemic, represented by <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase> The lexer assembles
+/* <quote>pause</quote> is morphemic, represented by <letteral>.</letteral> The lexer assembles
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699"/> */
<anchor xml:id="y435"/>
<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #435" xml:id="cll_yacc-435"/> ZO_quote_435 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-626"/>
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698"/>
;
/* <quote>word</quote> may not be a compound; but it can be any valid Lojban selma'o value,
including ZO, ZOI, SI, SA, SU. The preparser will not lex the word per its
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 5e8a4e0..23497ba 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -39,253 +39,253 @@
<quote>w</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabetic order</primary></indexterm> The alphabetic order given above is that of the ASCII coded character set, widely used in computers. By making Lojban alphabetical order the same as ASCII, computerized sorting and searching of Lojban text is facilitated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>showing non-standard</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capital letters</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> Capital letters are used only to represent non-standard stress, which can appear only in the representation of Lojbanized names. Thus the English name
<quote>Josephine</quote>, as normally pronounced, is Lojbanized as
<jbophrase>DJOsefin.</jbophrase>, pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">['dʒosɛfinʔ]</phrase>. (See
<xref linkend="section-basic-phonetics"/> for an explanation of the symbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize the vowel letter, in this case
- <jbophrase role="letteral">O</jbophrase>, but it is easier on the reader to capitalize the whole syllable.</para>
+ <letteral>O</letteral>, but it is easier on the reader to capitalize the whole syllable.</para>
<para>Without the capitalization, the ordinary rules of Lojban stress would cause the
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> syllable to be stressed. Lojbanized names are meant to represent the pronunciation of names from other languages with as little distortion as may be; as such, they are exempt from many of the regular rules of Lojban phonology, as will appear in the rest of this chapter.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-phonetics">
<title>Basic Phonetics</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brackets</primary><secondary>use in IPA notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>phonetic alphabet</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IPA</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>International Phonetic Alphabet (see also IPA)</primary></indexterm> Lojban pronunciations are defined using the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, a standard method of transcribing pronunciations. By convention, IPA transcriptions are always within square brackets: for example, the word
<quote>cat</quote> is pronounced (in General American pronunciation)
<phrase role="IPA">[kæt]</phrase>.
<xref linkend="section-anglophone-phonetics"/> contains a brief explanation of the IPA characters used in this chapter, with their nearest analogues in English, and will be especially useful to those not familiar with the technical terms used in describing speech sounds.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>standard pronunciation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>standard</secondary></indexterm> The standard pronunciations and permitted variants of the Lojban letters are listed in the table below. The descriptions have deliberately been made a bit ambiguous to cover variations in pronunciation by speakers of different native languages and dialects. In all cases except
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> the first IPA symbol shown represents the preferred pronunciation; for
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, all of the variations (and any other rhotic sound) are equally acceptable.</para>
+ <letteral>r</letteral> the first IPA symbol shown represents the preferred pronunciation; for
+ <letteral>r</letteral>, all of the variations (and any other rhotic sound) are equally acceptable.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Letter</entry>
<entry>IPA</entry>
<entry>X-SAMPA</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>'</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[h]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced glottal spirant</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">,</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>,</letteral></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry>the syllable separator</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>.</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[?]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a glottal stop or a pause</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>a</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[a]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[A]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>an open vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>b</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[b]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced bilabial stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>c</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[S]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[s`]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>an unvoiced coronal sibilant</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>d</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[d]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced dental/alveolar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>e</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɛ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[E]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[e]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>f</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɸ]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[f]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[p\]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>an unvoiced labial fricative</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>g</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɡ]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[g]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced velar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>i</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[i]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front close vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>j</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʐ]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[Z]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[z`]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced coronal sibilant</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>k</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[k]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced velar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>l</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[l̩]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[l]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[l=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>m</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[m̩]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[m]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[m=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>n</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[n̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ŋ̍]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ŋ̩]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[n]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[n=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[N]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[N=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>o</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɔ]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[o]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[O]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a back mid vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>p</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[p]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced bilabial stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>r</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɹ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʀ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʀ̩]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r\]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[4]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[R\]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r\=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[4=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[R\=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a rhotic sound</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>s</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[s]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced alveolar sibilant</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>t</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[t]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[t]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>u</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[u]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[u]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back close vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>v</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[β]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[v]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[B]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced labial fricative</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>x</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[x]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced velar fricative</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>y</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[@]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a central mid vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>z</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[z]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced alveolar sibilant</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sounds</primary><secondary>clarity of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>clarity of sounds</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojban letters</primary><secondary>list with IPA pronunciation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojban letters</primary><secondary>IPA for pronouncing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>IPA for Lojban</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban sounds must be clearly pronounced so that they are not mistaken for each other. Voicing and placement of the tongue are the key factors in correct pronunciation, but other subtle differences will develop between consonants in a Lojban-speaking community. At this point these are the only mandatory rules on the range of sounds.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rounded/unrounded vowels</primary></indexterm> Note in particular that Lojban vowels can be pronounced with either rounded or unrounded lips; typically
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> are rounded and the others are not, as in English, but this is not a requirement; some people round
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> as well. Lojban consonants can be aspirated or unaspirated. Palatalizing of consonants, as found in Russian and other languages, is not generally acceptable in pronunciation, though a following
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> may cause it.</para>
+ <letteral>o</letteral> and
+ <letteral>u</letteral> are rounded and the others are not, as in English, but this is not a requirement; some people round
+ <letteral>y</letteral> as well. Lojban consonants can be aspirated or unaspirated. Palatalizing of consonants, as found in Russian and other languages, is not generally acceptable in pronunciation, though a following
+ <letteral>i</letteral> may cause it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sounds for letters</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sounds</primary><secondary>difficult</secondary></indexterm> The sounds represented by the letters
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> require special attention for speakers of English, either because they are ambiguous in the orthography of English (
-
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>), or because they are strikingly different in Lojban (
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase>). The English
+ <letteral>c</letteral>,
+ <letteral>g</letteral>,
+ <letteral>j</letteral>,
+ <letteral>s</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>x</letteral> require special attention for speakers of English, either because they are ambiguous in the orthography of English (
+
+ <letteral>c</letteral>,
+ <letteral>g</letteral>,
+ <letteral>s</letteral>), or because they are strikingly different in Lojban (
+ <letteral>c</letteral>,
+ <letteral>j</letteral>,
+ <letteral>x</letteral>). The English
<quote>c</quote> represents three different sounds,
<phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase> in
<quote>cat</quote> and
<phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase> in
<quote>cent</quote>, as well as the
<phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase> of
<quote>ocean</quote>. Similarly, English
<jbophrase>g</jbophrase> can represent
<phrase role="IPA">[ɡ]</phrase> as in
<quote>go</quote>,
@@ -295,29 +295,29 @@
<quote>garage</quote> (in some pronunciations). English
<quote>s</quote> can be either
<phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase> as in
<quote>cats</quote>,
<phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase> as in
<quote>cards</quote>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase> as in
<quote>tension</quote>, or
<phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase> as in
<quote>measure</quote>. The sound of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> doesn't appear in most English dialects at all.</para>
+ <letteral>x</letteral> doesn't appear in most English dialects at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>j-sound in English</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ch-sound in English</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ts-sound in Russian</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sounds</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm> There are two common English sounds that are found in Lojban but are not Lojban consonants: the
<quote>ch</quote> of
<quote>church</quote> and the
<quote>j</quote> of
<quote>judge</quote>. In Lojban, these are considered two consonant sounds spoken together without an intervening vowel sound, and so are represented in Lojban by the two separate consonants:
- <jbophrase role="morphology">tc</jbophrase> (IPA
+ <morphology>tc</morphology> (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[tʃ]</phrase>) and
- <jbophrase role="morphology">dj</jbophrase> (IPA
+ <morphology>dj</morphology> (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[dʒ]</phrase>). In general, whether a complex sound is considered one sound or two depends on the language: Russian views
<quote>ts</quote> as a single sound, whereas English, French, and Lojban consider it to be a consonant cluster.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lojban-characters">
<title>The Special Lojban Characters</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>characters</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> The apostrophe, period, and comma need special attention. They are all used as indicators of a division between syllables, but each has a different pronunciation, and each is used for different reasons:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>type of letter in word-formation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>' symbol</primary><secondary>definition (see also apostrophe)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The apostrophe represents a phoneme similar to a short, breathy English
<quote>h</quote>, (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>). The letter
<quote>h</quote> is not used to represent this sound for two reasons: primarily in order to simplify explanations of the morphology, but also because the sound is very common, and the apostrophe is a visually lightweight representation of it. The apostrophe sound is a consonant in nature, but is not treated as either a consonant or a vowel for purposes of Lojban morphology (word-formation), which is explained in
@@ -332,24 +332,24 @@
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase>) is considered a pause of shortest length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and in certain cases – explained in detail in
<xref linkend="section-pauses"/> – must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> Technically, the period is an optional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing period can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as an aid to the reader.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>within a word</secondary></indexterm> A period also may be found apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is not one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a space between words if a period appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>contrasted with syllable break</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>contrasted with pause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The comma is used to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obvious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indicates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necessary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words. It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>) sound in pronouncing a comma. However, a comma cannot be pronounced as a pause or glottal stop between the two letters separated by the comma, because that pronunciation would split the word into two words.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>main use of</secondary></indexterm> Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabic
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> (discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.</para>
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>r</letteral> (discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>example of</secondary></indexterm> Here is a somewhat artificial example of the difference in pronunciation between periods, commas and apostrophes. In the English song about Old MacDonald's Farm, the vowel string which is written as
<quote>ee-i-ee-i-o</quote> in English could be Lojbanized with periods as:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2B4">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Old McDonald</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.i.ai.i.ai.o</jbo>
<ipa>[ʔi ʔaj ʔi ʔaj ʔo]</ipa>
@@ -394,160 +394,160 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>example of</secondary></indexterm> which preserves the rhythm and length, if not the exact sounds, of the original English.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-diphthongs">
<title>Diphthongs and Syllabic Consonants</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> There exist 16 diphthongs in the Lojban language. A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements, a short vowel sound and a glide, either a labial (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase>) or palatal (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase>) glide, that either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>contrasted with consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with vowels</secondary></indexterm> For Lojban purposes, a vowel sound is a relatively long speech-sound that forms the nucleus of a syllable. Consonant sounds are relatively brief and normally require an accompanying vowel sound in order to be audible. Consonants may occur at the beginning or end of a syllable, around the vowel, and there may be several consonants in a cluster in either position. Each separate vowel sound constitutes a distinct syllable; consonant sounds do not affect the determination of syllables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The six Lojban vowels are
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The first five vowels appear freely in all kinds of Lojban words. The vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> has a limited distribution: it appears only in Lojbanized names, in the Lojban names of the letters of the alphabet, as a glue vowel in compound words, and standing alone as a space-filler word (like English
+ <letteral>a</letteral>,
+ <letteral>e</letteral>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral>,
+ <letteral>o</letteral>,
+ <letteral>u</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>y</letteral>. The first five vowels appear freely in all kinds of Lojban words. The vowel
+ <letteral>y</letteral> has a limited distribution: it appears only in Lojbanized names, in the Lojban names of the letters of the alphabet, as a glue vowel in compound words, and standing alone as a space-filler word (like English
<quote>uh</quote> or
<quote>er</quote>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>IPA for</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban diphthongs are shown in the table below. (Variant pronunciations have been omitted, but are much as one would expect based on the variant pronunciations of the separate vowel letters:
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase> may be pronounced
+ <diphthong>ai</diphthong> may be pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[ɑj]</phrase>, for example.)</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Letters</entry>
<entry>IPA</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<!-- found the first row of the very first table pasted here for some reason; if you find anything funny going on that may have to do with it -->
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ai</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[aj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an open vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ei</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɛj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>oi</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[oj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back mid vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>au</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[aw]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an open vowel with labial off-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ia</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ia</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ja]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an open vowel with palatal on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ie</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ie</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[jɛ]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel with palatal on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ii</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ii</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ji]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front close vowel with palatal on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">io</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>io</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[jo]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back mid vowel with palatal on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">iu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>iu</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ju]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back close vowel with palatal on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ua</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wa]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an open vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ue</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ue</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wɛ]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ui</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ui</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wi]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front close vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>uo</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wo]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back mid vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>uu</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wu]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back close vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>iy</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[jə]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a central mid vowel with palatal on-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>uy</diphthong></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wə]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a central mid vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>(Approximate English equivalents of most of these diphthongs exist: see
<xref linkend="section-anglophone-diphthongs"/> for examples.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>classification of</secondary></indexterm> The first four diphthongs above (
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase>, the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most types of Lojban words; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone words and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and the last two (
+ <diphthong>ai</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>ei</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>oi</diphthong>, and
+ <diphthong>au</diphthong>, the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most types of Lojban words; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone words and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and the last two (
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase>) are used only in Lojbanized names.</para>
+ <diphthong>iy</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>uy</diphthong>) are used only in Lojbanized names.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>syllabic</secondary></indexterm> The syllabic consonants of Lojban,
<phrase role="IPA">[l̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[m̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[n̩]</phrase>, and
<phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>, are variants of the non-syllabic
<phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase>, and
<phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase> respectively. They normally have only a limited distribution, appearing in Lojban names and borrowings, although in principle any
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consonant appears next to a
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>r</letteral> may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consonant appears next to a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is which:</para>
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>r</letteral> that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is which:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2CE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e4d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>brlgan.</jbo>
<ipa>[br̩l gan]</ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa>[brl̩ gan]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
@@ -614,49 +614,49 @@
<member><jbophrase>u'y</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'a</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'e</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'i</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'o</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'u</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>y'y</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>involving y</secondary></indexterm> Vowel pairs involving
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> appear only in Lojbanized names. They could appear in cmavo (structure words), but only
+ <letteral>y</letteral> appear only in Lojbanized names. They could appear in cmavo (structure words), but only
<jbophrase>.y'y.</jbophrase> is so used – it is the Lojban name of the apostrophe letter (see
<xref linkend="section-lerfu-liste"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel pairs</primary><secondary>grouping of</secondary></indexterm> When more than two vowels occur together in Lojban, the normal pronunciation pairs vowels from the left into syllables, as in the Lojbanized name:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RxtI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>meiin.</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">mei,in.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-RxtI"/> contains the diphthong
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase> followed by the vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>. In order to indicate a different grouping, the comma must always be used, leading to:</para>
+ <diphthong>ei</diphthong> followed by the vowel
+ <letteral>i</letteral>. In order to indicate a different grouping, the comma must always be used, leading to:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d2"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo role="pronunciation">me,iin.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>which contains the vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase> followed by the diphthong
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ii</jbophrase>. In rough English representation,
+ <letteral>e</letteral> followed by the diphthong
+ <diphthong>ii</diphthong>. In rough English representation,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-RxtI"/> is
<quote>May Een</quote>, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-H0wB"/> is
<quote>Meh Yeen</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-clusters">
<title>Consonant Clusters</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant</primary><secondary>effect on syllable count</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A consonant sound is a relatively brief speech-sound that precedes or follows a vowel sound in a syllable; its presence either preceding or following does not add to the count of syllables, nor is a consonant required in either position for any syllable. Lojban has seventeen consonants: for the purposes of this section, the apostrophe is not counted as a consonant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>voicing of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>voiced/unvoiced equivalents</secondary></indexterm> An important distinction dividing Lojban consonants is that of voicing. The following table shows the unvoiced consonants and the corresponding voiced ones:</para>
@@ -665,108 +665,108 @@
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>UNVOICED</entry>
<entry>VOICED</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>p</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>b</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>t</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>d</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>k</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>g</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>f</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>v</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>c</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>j</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>s</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>z</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>x</letteral></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The consonant
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> has no voiced counterpart in Lojban. The remaining consonants,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, are typically pronounced with voice, but can be pronounced unvoiced.</para>
+ <letteral>x</letteral> has no voiced counterpart in Lojban. The remaining consonants,
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>r</letteral>, are typically pronounced with voice, but can be pronounced unvoiced.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>contrasted with single consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>contrasted with doubled consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doubled consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with consonant clusters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doubled consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with single consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with consonant clusters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with doubled consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> Consonant sounds occur in languages as single consonants, or as doubled, or as clustered combinations. Single consonant sounds are isolated by word boundaries or by intervening vowel sounds from other consonant sounds. Doubled consonant sounds are either lengthened like
<phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase> in English
<quote>hiss</quote>, or repeated like
<phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase> in English
<quote>backcourt</quote>. Consonant clusters consist of two or more single or doubled consonant sounds in a group, each of which is different from its immediate neighbor. In Lojban, doubled consonants are excluded altogether, and clusters are limited to two or three members, except in Lojbanized names.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>position of</secondary></indexterm> Consonants can occur in three positions in words: initial (at the beginning), medial (in the middle), and final (at the end). In many languages, the sound of a consonant varies depending upon its position in the word. In Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its position. In particular, the common American English trait of changing a
<quote>t</quote> between vowels into a
<quote>d</quote> or even an alveolar tap (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase>) is unacceptable in Lojban.
</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>final</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> Lojban imposes no restrictions on the appearance of single consonants in any valid consonant position; however, no consonant (including syllabic consonants) occurs final in a word except in Lojbanized names.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> Pairs of consonants can also appear freely, with the following restrictions:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>It is forbidden for both consonants to be the same, as this would violate the rule against double consonants.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>voiced/unvoiced consonants</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> It is forbidden for one consonant to be voiced and the other unvoiced. The consonants
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> are exempt from this restriction. As a result,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">bf</jbophrase> is forbidden, and so is
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">sd</jbophrase>, but both
- <jbophrase role="morphology">fl</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="morphology">vl</jbophrase>, and both
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ls</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="morphology">lz</jbophrase>, are permitted.
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>r</letteral> are exempt from this restriction. As a result,
+ <morphology>bf</morphology> is forbidden, and so is
+ <morphology>sd</morphology>, but both
+ <morphology>fl</morphology> and
+ <morphology>vl</morphology>, and both
+ <morphology>ls</morphology> and
+ <morphology>lz</morphology>, are permitted.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>It is forbidden for both consonants to be drawn from the set
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>.
+ <letteral>c</letteral>,
+ <letteral>j</letteral>,
+ <letteral>s</letteral>,
+ <letteral>z</letteral>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The specific pairs
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">cx</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">kx</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">xc</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">xk</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase> are forbidden.
+ <morphology>cx</morphology>,
+ <morphology>kx</morphology>,
+ <morphology>xc</morphology>,
+ <morphology>xk</morphology>, and
+ <morphology>mz</morphology> are forbidden.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>use in avoiding forbidden consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> These rules apply to all kinds of words, even Lojbanized names. If a name would normally contain a forbidden consonant pair, a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> can be inserted to break up the pair:
+ <letteral>y</letteral> can be inserted to break up the pair:
</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2cK">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>James</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e6d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>djeimyz.</jbo>
<ipa>[dʒɛj məzʔ]</ipa>
<en>James</en>
@@ -788,94 +788,94 @@
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
<colspec colnum="8" colname="col8"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">bl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">br</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>bl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>br</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cf</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ck</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cm</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cn</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cp</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cr</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ct</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cf</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ck</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cm</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cn</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cp</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cr</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ct</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">dj</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">dr</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">dz</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>dj</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>dr</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>dz</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">fl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">fr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>fl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>fr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">gl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">gr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>gl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>gr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jb</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jd</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jg</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jm</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jv</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jb</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jd</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jg</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jm</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jv</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">kl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">kr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>kl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>kr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ml</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">mr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ml</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>mr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">pl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">pr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>pl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>pr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sf</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sk</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sm</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sn</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sp</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sr</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">st</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sf</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sk</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sm</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sn</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sp</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sr</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>st</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">tc</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">tr</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ts</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>tc</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>tr</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ts</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">vl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">vr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>vl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>vr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">xl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">xr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>xl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>xr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zb</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zd</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zg</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zm</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zv</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zb</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zd</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zg</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zm</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zv</morphology></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>Lest this list seem almost random, a pairing of voiced and unvoiced equivalent vowels will show significant patterns which may help in learning:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="12">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
@@ -883,127 +883,127 @@
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
<colspec colnum="8" colname="col8"/>
<colspec colnum="9" colname="col9"/>
<colspec colnum="10" colname="col10"/>
<colspec colnum="11" colname="col11"/>
<colspec colnum="12" colname="col12"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">pl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">pr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>pl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>pr</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">fl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">fr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>fl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>fr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">bl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">br</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>bl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>br</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">vl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">vr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>vl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>vr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row><entry><para/></entry></row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cp</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cf</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cp</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cf</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col4"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ct</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ck</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cm</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cn</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ct</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ck</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cm</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cn</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">cr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>cr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jb</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jv</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jb</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jv</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col4"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jd</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jg</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">jm</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jd</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jg</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>jm</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sp</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sf</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sp</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sf</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col4"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">st</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sk</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sm</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sn</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>st</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sk</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sm</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sn</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">sr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>sr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zb</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zv</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zb</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zv</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col4"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zd</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zg</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">zm</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zd</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zg</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>zm</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row><entry><para/></entry></row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">tc</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">tr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>tc</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>tr</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col4"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ts</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ts</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">kl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">kr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>kl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>kr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">dj</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">dr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>dj</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>dr</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col4"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">dz</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>dz</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">gl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">gr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>gl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>gr</morphology></entry>
</row>
<row><entry><para/></entry></row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">ml</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">mr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>ml</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>mr</morphology></entry>
<entry nameend="col10"/>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">xl</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="morphology">xr</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>xl</morphology></entry>
+ <entry><morphology>xr</morphology></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unvoiced consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with voiced in allowable consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>voiced consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with unvoiced in allowable consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> Note that if both consonants of an initial pair are voiced, the unvoiced equivalent is also permissible, and the voiced pair can be pronounced simply by voicing the unvoiced pair. (The converse is not true:
- <jbophrase role="morphology">cn</jbophrase> is a permissible initial pair, but
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">jn</jbophrase> is not.)</para>
+ <morphology>cn</morphology> is a permissible initial pair, but
+ <morphology>jn</morphology> is not.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant triples</primary></indexterm> Consonant triples can occur medially in Lojban words. They are subject to the following rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant triples</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonant pair;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The triples
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">ndj</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">ndz</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">ntc</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">nts</jbophrase> are forbidden.</para>
+ <morphology>ndj</morphology>,
+ <morphology>ndz</morphology>,
+ <morphology>ntc</morphology>, and
+ <morphology>nts</morphology> are forbidden.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>more than three consonants in</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, not just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonant triples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are permissible. In addition, names can contain consonant clusters with more than three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is valid.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-buffer-vowels">
@@ -1056,51 +1056,51 @@
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>xapcke</jbo>
<ipa>[ˈxap ʃkɛ]</ipa>
<ipa>[ˈxa pɪ ʃkɛ]</ipa>
<ipa>[ˈxa pɪ ʃɪ kɛ]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2Gg"/>, we see that buffering vowels can be used in just some, rather than all, of the possible places: the second pronunciation buffers the
- <jbophrase role="morphology">pc</jbophrase> consonant pair but not the
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ck</jbophrase>. The third pronunciation buffers both.</para>
+ <morphology>pc</morphology> consonant pair but not the
+ <morphology>ck</morphology>. The third pronunciation buffers both.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2hN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d5"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>ponyni'u</jbo>
<ipa>[po nə 'ni hu]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y sound</primary><secondary>contrasted with vowel buffer</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel buffer</primary><secondary>contrasted with y sound</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2hN"/> cannot contain any buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is pronounced
+ <letteral>y</letteral>, which is pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, with the buffer, which has a variety of possible pronunciations and is never written. Consider the contrast between</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2jU">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bone bread</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bongynanba</jbo>
<ipa>[boŋ gə ˈnan ba]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>an unlikely Lojban compound word meaning
<quote>bone bread</quote> (note the use of
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase> as a representative of
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> before
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>) and</para>
+ <letteral>n</letteral> before
+ <letteral>g</letteral>) and</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2jv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d7"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bongnanba</jbo>
<ipa>[boŋ ˈgnan ba]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>a possible borrowing from another language (Lojban borrowings can only take a limited form). If
@@ -1110,21 +1110,21 @@
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2Kb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d8"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<ipa>[boŋ gɪ ˈnan ba]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>it would be very similar to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2jU"/>. Only a clear distinction between
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> and any buffering vowel would keep the two words distinct.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> and any buffering vowel would keep the two words distinct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>buffer vowel</primary><secondary>shortening of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>length of</secondary></indexterm> Since buffering is done for the benefit of the speaker in order to aid pronounceability, there is no guarantee that the listener will not mistake a buffer vowel for one of the six regular Lojban vowels. The buffer vowel should be as laxly pronounced as possible, as central as possible, and as short as possible. Furthermore, it is worthwhile for speakers who use buffers to pronounce their regular vowels a bit longer than usual, to avoid confusion with buffer vowels. The speakers of many languages will have trouble correctly hearing any of the suggested buffer vowels otherwise. By this guideline,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2Kb"/> would be pronounced</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2oF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d9"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<ipa>[boːŋ gɪ ˈnaːn baː]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
@@ -1179,100 +1179,100 @@
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d4"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>sairgoi</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">sair,goi</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">sai,r,goi</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This word contains the consonant pair
- <jbophrase role="morphology">rg</jbophrase>; the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> may be pronounced syllabically or not.</para>
+ <morphology>rg</morphology>; the
+ <letteral>r</letteral> may be pronounced syllabically or not.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nK5r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d5"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>klezba</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">klez,ba</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kle,zba</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This word contains the permissible initial pair
- <jbophrase role="morphology">zb</jbophrase>, and so may be syllabicated either between
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase> or before
- <jbophrase role="morphology">zb</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <morphology>zb</morphology>, and so may be syllabicated either between
+ <letteral>z</letteral> and
+ <letteral>b</letteral> or before
+ <morphology>zb</morphology>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stressed vowel</primary><secondary>compared with stressed syllable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stressed syllable</primary><secondary>compared with stressed vowel</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> Stress is a relatively louder pronunciation of one syllable in a word or group of words. Since every syllable has a vowel sound (or diphthong or syllabic consonant) as its nucleus, and the stress is on the vowel sound itself, the terms
<quote>stressed syllable</quote> and
<quote>stressed vowel</quote> are largely interchangeable concepts.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Most Lojban words are stressed on the next-to-the-last, or penultimate, syllable. In counting syllables, however, syllables whose vowel is
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> or which contain a syllabic consonant (
+ <letteral>y</letteral> or which contain a syllabic consonant (
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>) are never counted. (The Lojban term for penultimate stress is
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>m</letteral>,
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>r</letteral>) are never counted. (The Lojban term for penultimate stress is
<jbophrase>da'amoi terbasna</jbophrase>.) Similarly, syllables created solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as
<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase>, are not counted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>levels of</secondary></indexterm> There are actually three levels of stress – primary, secondary, and weak. Weak stress is the lowest level, so it really means no stress at all. Weak stress is required for syllables containing
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, a syllabic consonant, or a buffer vowel.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>, a syllabic consonant, or a buffer vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>primary</secondary></indexterm> Primary stress is required on the penultimate syllable of Lojban content words (called
<jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>). Lojbanized names may be stressed on any syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the syllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban structural words (called
<jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase>) may be stressed on any syllable or none at all. However, primary stress may not be used in a syllable just preceding a brivla, unless a pause divides them; otherwise, the two words may run together.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>secondary</secondary></indexterm> Secondary stress is the optional and non-distinctive emphasis used for other syllables besides those required to have either weak or primary stress. There are few rules governing secondary stress, which typically will follow a speaker's native language habits or preferences. Secondary stress can be used for contrast, or for emphasis of a point. Secondary stress can be emphasized at any level up to primary stress, although the speaker must not allow a false primary stress in brivla, since errors in word resolution could result.</para>
<para> The following are Lojban words with stress explicitly shown:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cxzt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>dikyjvo</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">DI,ky,jvo</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>(In a fully-buffered dialect, the pronunciation would be:
<phrase role="IPA">['di kə ʒɪ vo]</phrase>.) Note that the syllable
<jbophrase>ky</jbophrase> is not counted in determining stress. The vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is never stressed in a normal Lojban context.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is never stressed in a normal Lojban context.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sz52">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Armstrong</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d7"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.armstrong.</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">.ARM,strong.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This is a Lojbanized version of the name
<quote>Armstrong</quote>. The final
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase> must be explicitly pronounced. With full buffering, the name would be pronounced:</para>
+ <letteral>g</letteral> must be explicitly pronounced. With full buffering, the name would be pronounced:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2PA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d8"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<ipa>[ˈʔa rɪ mɪ sɪ tɪ ro nɪ gɪʔ]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>However, there is no need to insert a buffer in every possible place just because it is inserted in one place: partial buffering is also acceptable. In every case, however, the stress remains in the same place: on the first syllable.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-ng</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> The English pronunciation of
<quote>Armstrong</quote>, as spelled in English, is not correct by Lojban standards; the letters
<quote>ng</quote> in English represent a velar nasal (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase>) which is a single consonant. In Lojban,
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ng</jbophrase> represents two separate consonants that must both be pronounced; you may not use
+ <morphology>ng</morphology> represents two separate consonants that must both be pronounced; you may not use
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase> to pronounce Lojban
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ng</jbophrase>, although
+ <morphology>ng</morphology>, although
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋg]</phrase> is acceptable. English speakers are likely to have to pronounce the ending with a buffer, as one of the following:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2T5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d9"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<ipa>[ˈʔarm stron gɪʔ]</ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa>[ˈʔarm stroŋ gɪʔ]</ipa>
or even <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
@@ -1284,41 +1284,41 @@
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vY2y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d10"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo role="pronunciation">.ARMstron.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>since Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> is allowed to be pronounced as the velar nasal
+ <letteral>n</letteral> is allowed to be pronounced as the velar nasal
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase>.</para>
<para>Here is another example showing the use of
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hNb7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d11"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bisydja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">BI,sy,dja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">BI,syd,ja</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This word is a compound word, or lujvo, built from the two affixes
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">bis</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">dja</jbophrase>. When they are joined, an impermissible consonant pair results:
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">sd</jbophrase>. In accordance with the algorithm for making lujvo, explained in
+ <rafsi>bis</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>dja</rafsi>. When they are joined, an impermissible consonant pair results:
+ <morphology>sd</morphology>. In accordance with the algorithm for making lujvo, explained in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-making"/>, a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is inserted to separate the impermissible consonant pair; the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is not counted as a syllable for purposes of stress determination.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is inserted to separate the impermissible consonant pair; the
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is not counted as a syllable for purposes of stress determination.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5g4j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d12"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>da'udja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">da'UD,ja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">da'U,dja</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
@@ -1374,48 +1374,48 @@
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ˈ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An IPA indicator of primary stress; the syllable which follows
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈ]</phrase> receives primary stress.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase>. This sound is not usually considered part of English. It is the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel. In some dialects, like Cockney and some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of
+ <letteral>.</letteral>. This sound is not usually considered part of English. It is the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel. In some dialects, like Cockney and some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of
<quote>t</quote>:
<quote>bottle</quote>
<phrase role="IPA">[boʔl̩]</phrase>. The English interjection
<quote>uh-oh!</quote> almost always has it between the syllables.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ː]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A symbol indicating that the previous vowel is to be spoken for a longer time than usual. Lojban vowels can be pronounced long in order to make a greater contrast with buffer vowels.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>. This sound doesn't occur in GA, but sounds somewhat like the
+ <letteral>a</letteral>. This sound doesn't occur in GA, but sounds somewhat like the
<quote>ar</quote> of
<quote>park</quote>, as spoken in RP or New England American. It is pronounced further forward in the mouth than
<phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>. The
+ <letteral>a</letteral>. The
<quote>a</quote> of GA
<quote>father</quote>. The sound
<phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase> is preferred because GA speakers often relax an unstressed
<phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase> into a schwa
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, as in the usual pronunciations of
<quote>about</quote> and
<quote>sofa</quote>. Because schwa is a distinct vowel in Lojban, English speakers must either learn to avoid this shift or to use
<phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase> instead: the Lojban word for
<quote>sofa</quote> is
<jbophrase>sfofa</jbophrase>, pronounced
@@ -1430,116 +1430,116 @@
<listitem>
<para>Not a Lojban sound. The
<quote>a</quote> of English
<quote>cat</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>b</letteral>. As in English
<quote>boy</quote>,
<quote>sober</quote>, or
<quote>job</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[β]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase>. Not an English sound; the Spanish
+ <letteral>v</letteral>. Not an English sound; the Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">b</quote> or
<quote xml:lang="es">v</quote> between vowels. This sound should not be used for Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>b</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>d</letteral>. As in English
<quote>dog</quote>,
<quote>soda</quote>, or
<quote>mad</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɛ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>. The
+ <letteral>e</letteral>. The
<quote>e</quote> of English
<quote>met</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>. This sound is not found in English, but is the Spanish
+ <letteral>e</letteral>. This sound is not found in English, but is the Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">e</quote>, or the tense
<quote xml:lang="it">e</quote> of Italian. The vowel of English
<quote>say</quote> is similar except for the off-glide: you can learn to make this sound by holding your tongue steady while saying the first part of the English vowel.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. As in the
+ <letteral>y</letteral>. As in the
<quote>a</quote> of English
<quote>sofa</quote> or
<quote>about</quote>. Schwa is generally unstressed in Lojban, as it is in English. It is a totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase>. As in
+ <letteral>f</letteral>. As in
<quote>fee</quote>,
<quote>loafer</quote>, or
<quote>chef</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɸ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase>. Not an English sound; the Japanese
+ <letteral>f</letteral>. Not an English sound; the Japanese
<quote xml:lang="ja">f</quote> sound.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[g]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>g</letteral>. As in English
<quote>go</quote>,
<quote>eagle</quote>, or
<quote>dog</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of the Lojban apostrophe sound. As in English
<quote>aha</quote> or the second "h" in
<quote>oh, hello</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>. Essentially like the English vowel of
+ <letteral>i</letteral>. Essentially like the English vowel of
<quote>pizza</quote> or
<quote>machine</quote>, although the English vowel is sometimes pronounced with an off-glide, which should not be present in Lojban.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. The
<jbophrase>i</jbophrase> of English
@@ -1556,186 +1556,186 @@
<quote>jist</quote>. Also Russian
<quote xml:lang="ru">y</quote> as in
<quote xml:lang="ru">byt'</quote> (to be); like a schwa
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, but higher in the mouth.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>. Like the
+ <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the
<quote>y</quote> in English
<quote>yard</quote> or
<quote>say</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>k</letteral>. As in English
<quote>kill</quote>,
<quote>token</quote>, or
<quote>flak</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>l</letteral>. As in English
<quote>low</quote>,
<quote>nylon</quote>, or
<quote>excel</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[l̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>, as in English
+ <letteral>l</letteral>, as in English
<quote>bottle</quote> or
<quote>middle</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>m</letteral>. As in English
<quote>me</quote>,
<quote>humor</quote>, or
<quote>ham</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[m̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>m</letteral>. As in English
<quote>catch 'em</quote> or
<quote>bottom</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>n</letteral>. As in English
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase>,
<quote>honor</quote>, or
<quote>son</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[n̩]</term>
<listitem>
<para>The syllabic version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>n</letteral>. As in English
<quote>button</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, especially in Lojbanized names and before
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, especially in Lojbanized names and before
+ <letteral>g</letteral> or
+ <letteral>k</letteral>. As in English
<quote>sing</quote> or
<quote>singer</quote> (but not
<quote>finger</quote> or
<quote>danger</quote>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[ŋ̍]</term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban syllabic
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, especially in Lojbanized names.</para>
+ <letteral>n</letteral>, especially in Lojbanized names.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>. As in the French
+ <letteral>o</letteral>. As in the French
<quote xml:lang="fr">haute (cuisine)</quote> or Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">como</quote>. There is no exact English equivalent of this sound. The nearest GA equivalent is the
<quote>o</quote> of
<quote>dough</quote> or
<quote>joke</quote>, but it is essential that the off-glide (a
<phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase>-like sound) at the end of the vowel is not pronounced when speaking Lojban. The RP sound in these words is
<phrase role="IPA">[əw]</phrase> in IPA terms, and has no
<phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase> in it at all; unless you can speak with a Scots, Irish, or American accent, you may have trouble with this sound.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɔ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, especially before
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. This sound is a shortened form of the
+ <letteral>o</letteral>, especially before
+ <letteral>r</letteral>. This sound is a shortened form of the
<quote>aw</quote> in GA
<quote>dawn</quote> (for those people who don't pronounce
<quote>dawn</quote> and
<quote>Don</quote> alike; if you do, you may have trouble with this sound). In RP, but not GA, it is the
<quote>o</quote> of
<quote>hot</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>p</letteral>. As in English
<quote>pay</quote>,
<quote>super</quote>, or
<quote>up</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The Spanish
+ <letteral>r</letteral>. Not an English sound. The Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">rr</quote> and the Scots
<quote>r</quote>, a tongue-tip trill.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɹ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. As in GA
+ <letteral>r</letteral>. As in GA
<quote>right</quote>,
<quote>baron</quote>, or
<quote>car</quote>. Not found in RP.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. In GA, appears as a variant of
+ <letteral>r</letteral>. In GA, appears as a variant of
<quote>t</quote> or
<quote>d</quote> in the words
<quote>metal</quote> and
<quote>medal</quote> respectively. A tongue-tip flap.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ʀ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The French or German
+ <letteral>r</letteral>. Not an English sound. The French or German
<phrase xml:lang="de"><quote xml:lang="fr">r</quote></phrase> in <!--not sure how else to designate two languages at once-->
<quote xml:lang="fr">reine</quote> or
<quote xml:lang="de">rot</quote> respectively. A uvular trill.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase>,
@@ -1743,96 +1743,96 @@
<listitem>
<para>are syllabic versions of the above.
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase> appears in the GA (but not RP) pronunciation of
<jbophrase>bird</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>s</letteral>. As in English
<quote>so</quote>,
<quote>basin</quote>, or
<quote>yes</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>. The
+ <letteral>c</letteral>. The
<quote>sh</quote> of English
<quote>ship</quote>,
<quote>ashen</quote>, or
<quote>dish</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The Hindi retroflex
+ <letteral>s</letteral>. Not an English sound. The Hindi retroflex
<quote xml:lang="hi">s</quote> with dot below, or Klingon
<quote xml:lang="tlh">S</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[t]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>t</letteral>. As in English
<quote>tea</quote>,
<quote>later</quote>, or
<quote>not</quote>. It is important to avoid the GA habit of pronouncing the
<quote>t</quote> between vowels as
<phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase> or
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[θ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Not normally a Lojban sound, but a possible variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>. The
+ <letteral>'</letteral>. The
<quote>th</quote> of English
<quote>thin</quote> (but not
<quote>then</quote>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>v</letteral>. As in English
<quote>voice</quote>,
<quote>savor</quote>, or
<quote>live</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>Used in Lojban diphthongs beginning or ending with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>. Like the
+ <letteral>u</letteral>. Like the
<quote>w</quote> in English
<quote>wet</quote>
<phrase role="IPA">[wɛt]</phrase> or
<quote>cow</quote>
<phrase role="IPA">[kɑw]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase>. Not normally an English sound, but used in some pronunciations of
+ <letteral>x</letteral>. Not normally an English sound, but used in some pronunciations of
<quote>loch</quote> and
<quote>Bach</quote>;
<quote>gh</quote> in Scots
<quote>might</quote> and
<quote>night</quote>. The German
<quote xml:lang="de">Ach-Laut</quote>. To pronounce
<phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase>, force air through your throat without vibrating your vocal chords; there should be lots of scrape.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
@@ -1841,156 +1841,156 @@
<para>A possible Lojban buffer vowel. Not an English sound: the
<quote xml:lang="de">ü</quote> of German
<quote xml:lang="de">hübsch</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. As in English
+ <letteral>z</letteral>. As in English
<quote>zoo</quote>,
<quote>hazard</quote>, or
<quote>fizz</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>The preferred pronunciation of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>. The
+ <letteral>j</letteral>. The
<quote>si</quote> of English
<quote>vision</quote>, or the consonant at the end of GA
<quote>garage</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><phrase role="IPA">[ʐ]</phrase></term>
<listitem>
<para>An allowed variant of Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The voiced version of
+ <letteral>z</letteral>. Not an English sound. The voiced version of
<phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anglophone-diphthongs">
<title>English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>English analogues of</secondary></indexterm> Here is a list of English words that contain diphthongs that are similar to the Lojban diphthongs. This list does not constitute an official pronunciation guide; it is intended as a help to English-speakers.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Lojban</entry>
<entry>English</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ai</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>pie</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ei</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>pay</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>oi</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>boy</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>au</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>cow</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ia</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ia</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>yard</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ie</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ie</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>yes</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ii</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ii</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>ye</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">io</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>io</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>yodel</quote> (in GA only)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">iu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>iu</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>unicorn</quote> or <quote>few</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ua</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>suave</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ue</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ue</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>wet</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ui</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>ui</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>we</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>uo</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>woe</quote> (in GA only)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>uu</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>woo</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>iy</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>million</quote> (the <quote>io</quote> part, that is)</entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>uy</diphthong></entry>
<entry><quote>was</quote> (when unstressed)</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-oddball-orthographies">
<title>Oddball Orthographies</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>orthography</primary><secondary>non-standard</secondary></indexterm> The following notes describe ways in which Lojban has been written or could be written that differ from the standard orthography explained in the rest of this chapter. Nobody needs to read this section except people with an interest in the obscure. Technicalities are used without explanation or further apology.</para>
<para>There exists an alternative orthography for Lojban, which is designed to be as compatible as possible (but no more so) with the orthography used in pre-Lojban versions of Loglan. The consonants undergo no change, except that
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> is replaced by
- <jbophrase role="letteral">h</jbophrase>. The individual vowels likewise remain unchanged. However, the vowel pairs and diphthongs are changed as follows:</para>
+ <letteral>x</letteral> is replaced by
+ <letteral>h</letteral>. The individual vowels likewise remain unchanged. However, the vowel pairs and diphthongs are changed as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase> become
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">ao</jbophrase>.
+ <diphthong>ai</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>ei</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>oi</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>au</diphthong> become
+ <diphthong>ai</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>ei</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>oi</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>ao</diphthong>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ia</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">iu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">uu</jbophrase> remain unchanged.
+ <diphthong>ia</diphthong> through
+ <diphthong>iu</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>ua</diphthong> through
+ <diphthong>uu</diphthong> remain unchanged.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>e'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>o'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase> become
@@ -2001,28 +2001,28 @@
<jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,o</jbophrase>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>i'a</jbophrase> through
<jbophrase>i'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>u'a</jbophrase> through
<jbophrase>u'u</jbophrase> are changed to
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ia</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">iu</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">uu</jbophrase> in lujvo and cmavo other than attitudinals, but become
- <jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">i,a</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">i,u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">u,a</jbophrase> through
- <jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">u,u</jbophrase> in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
+ <diphthong>ia</diphthong> through
+ <diphthong>iu</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>ua</diphthong> through
+ <diphthong>uu</diphthong> in lujvo and cmavo other than attitudinals, but become
+ <diphthong>i,a</diphthong> through
+ <diphthong>i,u</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>u,a</diphthong> through
+ <diphthong>u,u</diphthong> in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All other vowel pairs simply drop the apostrophe.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altogether, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. In addition, names and the cmavo
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> are capitalized, and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stressed syllable.</para>
@@ -2070,131 +2070,131 @@
<citetitle pubwork="book">The Lord Of The Rings</citetitle>, has been devised for Lojban. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, will be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, the tincotéma and parmatéma are used in the conventional ways; the calmatéma represents palatal consonants, and the quessetéma represents velar consonants.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>t</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">tinco</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">calma</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>d</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">ando</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">anga</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">thule</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>c</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">harma</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">anto</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>j</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">anca</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>n</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">numen</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">noldo</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>r</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">ore</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>i</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">anna</phrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>p</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">parma</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>k</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">quesse</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>b</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">umbar</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>g</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">ungwe</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>f</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">formen</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>x</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">hwesta</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>v</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">ampa</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">unque</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>m</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">malta</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">nwalme</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>u</letteral></entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">vala</phrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>-</entry>
<entry><phrase xml:lang="qya">vilya</phrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The letters
<quote xml:lang="qya">vala</quote> and
<quote xml:lang="qya">anna</quote> are used for
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> only when those letters are used to represent glides. Of the additional letters,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> are written with
+ <letteral>u</letteral> and
+ <letteral>i</letteral> only when those letters are used to represent glides. Of the additional letters,
+ <letteral>r</letteral>,
+ <letteral>l</letteral>,
+ <letteral>s</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>z</letteral> are written with
<quote xml:lang="qya">rómen</quote>,
<quote xml:lang="qya">lambe</quote>,
<quote xml:lang="qya">silme</quote>, and
<quote xml:lang="qya">áre</quote>/
<quote xml:lang="qya">esse</quote> respectively; the inverted forms are used as free variants.</para>
- <para>Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by <quote xml:lang="qya">halla</quote>. There is no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.</para>
+ <para>Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for <letteral>y</letteral>. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by <quote xml:lang="qya">halla</quote>. There is no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 0d12d15..5b26e8a 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-morphology">
<title>The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology</title>
<section xml:id="section-morphology-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
- <para><jbophrase role="letteral">,</jbophrase> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word forms</primary><secondary>in Lojban (see also morphology)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>simplicity of</secondary></indexterm> Morphology is the part of grammar that deals with the form of words. Lojban's morphology is fairly simple compared to that of many languages, because Lojban words don't change form depending on how they are used. English has only a small number of such changes compared to languages like Russian, but it does have changes like
+ <para><letteral>,</letteral> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word forms</primary><secondary>in Lojban (see also morphology)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>simplicity of</secondary></indexterm> Morphology is the part of grammar that deals with the form of words. Lojban's morphology is fairly simple compared to that of many languages, because Lojban words don't change form depending on how they are used. English has only a small number of such changes compared to languages like Russian, but it does have changes like
<quote>boys</quote> as the plural of
<quote>boy</quote>, or
<quote>walked</quote> as the past-tense form of
<quote>walk</quote>. To make plurals or past tenses in Lojban, you add separate words to the sentence that express the number of boys, or the time when the walking was going on.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word forms</primary><secondary>as related to grammatical uses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>derivational morphology</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>derivational</secondary></indexterm> However, Lojban does have what is called
<quote>derivational morphology</quote>: the capability of building new words from old words. In addition, the form of words tells us something about their grammatical uses, and sometimes about the means by which they entered the language. Lojban has very orderly rules for the formation of words of various types, both the words that already exist and new words yet to be created by speakers and writers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>conventions for</secondary></indexterm> A stream of Lojban sounds can be uniquely broken up into its component words according to specific rules. These so-called
<quote>morphology rules</quote> are summarized in this chapter. (However, a detailed algorithm for breaking sounds into words has not yet been fully debugged, and so is not presented in this book.) First, here are some conventions used to talk about groups of Lojban letters, including vowels and consonants.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>considered not to be a vowel for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>V</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a single vowel</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>morphology</primary><secondary>symbolic conventions for discussing</secondary></indexterm> V represents any single Lojban vowel except
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>; that is, it represents
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>; that is, it represents
+ <letteral>a</letteral>,
+ <letteral>e</letteral>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral>,
+ <letteral>o</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>u</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VV string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a double vowel</secondary></indexterm> VV represents either a diphthong, one of the following:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="4">
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><diphthong>ai</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>ei</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>oi</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>au</diphthong></member>
</simplelist>
or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostrophe separating the vowels, one of the following:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="5">
<member><jbophrase>a'a</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'e</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'u</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>e'a</jbophrase></member>
@@ -63,39 +63,39 @@
<member><jbophrase>u'e</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>u'i</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>u'o</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>u'u</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>as not a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic r</primary><secondary>as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic n</primary><secondary>as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic m</primary><secondary>as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic l</primary><secondary>considered as a consonant for morphological discussions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a single consonant</secondary></indexterm> C represents a single Lojban consonant, not including the apostrophe, one of
<simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></member>
- <member> or <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><letteral>b</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>c</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>d</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>f</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>g</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>j</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>k</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>l</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>m</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>n</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>p</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>r</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>s</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>t</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>v</letteral></member>
+ <member><letteral>x</letteral></member>
+ <member> or <letteral>z</letteral></member>
</simplelist>
- . Syllabic <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, and <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> always count as consonants for the purposes of this chapter.
+ . Syllabic <letteral>l</letteral>, <letteral>m</letteral>, <letteral>n</letteral>, and <letteral>r</letteral> always count as consonants for the purposes of this chapter.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>CC string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a permissible initial consonant pair</secondary></indexterm> CC represents two adjacent consonants of type C which constitute one of the 48 permissible initial consonant pairs:
<!-- FIXME: There's a table of the permissible initial pairs in chapter 3, too; however, the pairs are grouped differently in that table. Can we copy that or must we use this specific grouping here? Also, in draft CLL it's not even a table, just a straight inline list. -->
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
bl br
cf ck cl cm cn cp cr ct
dj dr dz
fl fr
@@ -105,21 +105,21 @@
ml mr
pl pr
sf sk sl sm sn sp sr st
tc tr ts
vl vr
xl xr
zb zd zg zm zv
</programlisting></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C/C string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a permissible consonant pair</secondary></indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial consonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in <xref linkend="section-clusters"/>. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs.
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C/C string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a permissible consonant pair</secondary></indexterm> C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial consonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in <xref linkend="section-clusters"/>. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding <letteral>r</letteral>, <letteral>l</letteral>, <letteral>m</letteral>, <letteral>n</letteral>) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>C/CC string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a consonant triple</secondary></indexterm> C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonant pair.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>as one of the 3 basic word classes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>parts of speech</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word classes</primary></indexterm> Lojban has three basic word classes – parts of speech – in contrast to the eight that are traditional in English. These three classes are called cmavo, brivla, and cmene. Each of these classes has uniquely identifying properties – an arrangement of letters that allows the word to be uniquely and unambiguously recognized as a separate word in a string of Lojban, upon either reading or hearing, and as belonging to a specific word-class.</para>
<para>They are also functionally different: cmavo are the structure words, corresponding to English words like
@@ -147,84 +147,84 @@
<tgroup cols="6">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
<colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>V-form</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>.a</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>.e</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>.i</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>.o</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>.u</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CV-form</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>ba</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>ce</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>di</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>fo</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>gu</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>VV-form</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">.au</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ei</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>.au</diphthong></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>.ei</diphthong></entry>
+ <entry><diphthong>.ia</diphthong></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.o'u</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>.u'e</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV-form</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>pei</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>coi</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In addition, there is the cmavo
<jbophrase>.y.</jbophrase> (remember that
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is not a V), which must have pauses before and after it.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is not a V), which must have pauses before and after it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>lack of relation of form to grammatical use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experimental cmavo</primary><secondary>forms for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>for experimental use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>simple</secondary></indexterm> A simple cmavo thus has the property of having only one or two vowels, or of having a single consonant followed by one or two vowels. Words consisting of three or more vowels in a row, or a single consonant followed by three or more vowels, are also of cmavo form, but are reserved for experimental use: a few examples are
<!-- FIXME: is this valid="false"? probably not, but just checking -->
<jbophrase>ku'a'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sau'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bai'ai</jbophrase>. All CVV cmavo beginning with the letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> are also reserved for experimental use. In general, though, the form of a cmavo tells you little or nothing about its grammatical use.</para>
+ <letteral>x</letteral> are also reserved for experimental use. In general, though, the form of a cmavo tells you little or nothing about its grammatical use.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experimental cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>experimental</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Experimental use</quote> means that the language designers will not assign any standard meaning or usage to these words, and words and usages coined by Lojban speakers will not appear in official dictionaries for the indefinite future. Experimental-use words provide an escape hatch for adding grammatical mechanisms (as opposed to semantic concepts) the need for which was not foreseen.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>diphthongs in</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of VV-form include not only the diphthongs and vowel pairs listed in
<xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>, but also the following ten additional diphthongs:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="5">
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ia</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ii</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.io</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.iu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.ia</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.ie</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.ii</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.io</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.iu</diphthong></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ua</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ue</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.ui</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.uo</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">.uu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.ua</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.ue</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.ui</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.uo</diphthong></member>
+ <member><diphthong>.uu</diphthong></member>
</simplelist>
<para>In addition, cmavo can have the form
- <jbophrase role="morphology">Cy</jbophrase>, a consonant followed by the letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. These cmavo represent letters of the Lojban alphabet, and are discussed in detail in
+ <morphology>Cy</morphology>, a consonant followed by the letter
+ <letteral>y</letteral>. These cmavo represent letters of the Lojban alphabet, and are discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-letterals"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound cmavo</primary><secondary>compared with sequence of simple cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> Compound cmavo are sequences of cmavo attached together to form a single written word. A compound cmavo is always identical in meaning and in grammatical use to the separated sequence of simple cmavo from which it is composed. These words are written in compound form merely to save visual space, and to ease the reader's burden in identifying when the component cmavo are acting together.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound cmavo</primary><secondary>recognition of</secondary></indexterm> Compound cmavo, while not visually short like their components, can be readily identified by two characteristics:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>They have no consonant pairs or clusters, and</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>They end in a vowel.</para>
@@ -253,21 +253,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d3"/>
</title>
<compound-cmavo>
<jbo>ki'e.u'e</jbo>
<jbo>ki'e .u'e</jbo>
</compound-cmavo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pauses</primary><secondary>before vowels</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>.u'e</jbophrase> begins with a vowel, and like all words beginning with a vowel, requires a pause (represented by
- <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase>) before it. This pause cannot be omitted simply because the cmavo is incorporated into a compound cmavo. On the other hand,</para>
+ <letteral>.</letteral>) before it. This pause cannot be omitted simply because the cmavo is incorporated into a compound cmavo. On the other hand,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FDhH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ki'e'u'e</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a single cmavo reserved for experimental purposes: it has four vowels.</para>
<example role="compound-cmavo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CtnR">
@@ -358,38 +358,38 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>flexible vocabulary</primary></indexterm> The same principle allows you, when speaking or writing, to invent new brivla for new concepts
<quote>on the fly</quote>; yet it offers people that you are trying to communicate with a good chance to figure out your meaning. In this way, Lojban has a flexible vocabulary which can be expanded indefinitely.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> All brivla have the following properties:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>always end in a vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain a consonant pair in the first five letters, where
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> and apostrophe are not counted as letters for this purpose (see
+ <letteral>y</letteral> and apostrophe are not counted as letters for this purpose (see
<xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always are stressed on the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable; this implies that they have two or more syllables.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene form</primary><secondary>contrasted with brivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo form</primary><secondary>contrasted with brivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla form</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmene form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla form</primary><secondary>contrasted with cmavo form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>recognition of</secondary></indexterm> The presence of a consonant pair distinguishes brivla from cmavo and their compounds. The final vowel distinguishes brivla from cmene, which always end in a consonant. Thus
<jbophrase>da'amei</jbophrase> must be a compound cmavo because it lacks a consonant pair;
<jbophrase>lojban.</jbophrase> must be a name because it lacks a final vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>letter y within</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>letter</secondary><tertiary>between letters of consonant pair</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>in brivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>consonant pairs in</secondary></indexterm> Thus,
<jbophrase>bisycla</jbophrase> has the consonant pair
- <jbophrase role="morphology">sc</jbophrase> in the first five non-
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> letters even though the
- <jbophrase role="morphology">sc</jbophrase> actually appears in the form of
+ <morphology>sc</morphology> in the first five non-
+ <letteral>y</letteral> letters even though the
+ <morphology>sc</morphology> actually appears in the form of
<jbophrase>syc</jbophrase>. Similarly, the word
<jbophrase>ro'inre'o</jbophrase> contains
- <jbophrase role="morphology">nr</jbophrase> in the first five letters because the apostrophes are not counted for this purpose.</para>
+ <morphology>nr</morphology> in the first five letters because the apostrophes are not counted for this purpose.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>subtypes of</secondary></indexterm> The three subtypes of brivla are:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>as a subtype of brivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>primitive roots</primary><secondary>gismu as</secondary></indexterm> gismu, the Lojban primitive roots from which all other brivla are built;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound of gismu</primary><secondary>lujvo as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>as a subtype of brivla</secondary></indexterm> lujvo, the compounds of two or more gismu; and</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -419,21 +419,21 @@
<para>always start with a consonant and end with a single vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain exactly one consonant pair, which is a permissible initial pair (CC) if it's at the beginning of the gismu, but otherwise only has to be a permissible pair (C/C);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>are always stressed on the first syllable (since that is penultimate).</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>length of</secondary></indexterm> The five letter length distinguishes gismu from lujvo and fu'ivla. In addition, no gismu contains
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>'</letteral>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>conflicts between</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> With the exception of five special brivla variables,
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>brode</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>brodo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>brodu</jbophrase>, no two gismu differ only in the final vowel. Furthermore, the set of gismu was specifically designed to reduce the likelihood that two similar sounding gismu could be confused. For example, because
<jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase> is in the set of gismu,
<jbophrase>kismu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>xismu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>gicmu</jbophrase>,
@@ -621,62 +621,62 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d7"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>mampa'u</jbo>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para>which refers specifically to the concept
<quote>maternal grandfather</quote>. The two gismu that constitute the tanru are represented in
<jbophrase>mampa'u</jbophrase> by the rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mam-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-pa'u</jbophrase>, respectively; these two rafsi are then concatenated together to form
+ <rafsi>mam-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-pa'u</rafsi>, respectively; these two rafsi are then concatenated together to form
<jbophrase>mampa'u</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>long rafsi form</primary><secondary>compared with short form in effect on lujvo meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>short rafsi form</primary><secondary>compared with long form in effect on lujvo meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi form</primary><secondary>effect of choice on meaning of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>multiple forms of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Like gismu, lujvo have only one meaning. When a lujvo is formally entered into a dictionary of the language, a specific definition will be assigned based on one particular interrelationship between the terms. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word
<jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>, built from the tanru
<jbophrase>bridi valsi</jbophrase>, is the same lujvo as
<jbophrase>brivalsi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>bridyvla</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bridyvalsi</jbophrase>, each of which uses a different combination of rafsi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>and consonant cluster determination in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>' symbol</primary><secondary>and consonant cluster determination in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>and consonant cluster determination</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>rules for combining to form lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>rules for formation of</secondary></indexterm> When assembling rafsi together into lujvo, the rules for valid brivla must be followed: a consonant cluster must occur in the first five letters (excluding
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>), and the lujvo must end in a vowel.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> and
+ <letteral>'</letteral>), and the lujvo must end in a vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>y-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>and stress determination</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> A
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> (which is ignored in determining stress or consonant clusters) is inserted in the middle of the consonant cluster to glue the word together when the resulting cluster is either not permissible or the word is likely to break up. There are specific rules describing these conditions, detailed in
+ <letteral>y</letteral> (which is ignored in determining stress or consonant clusters) is inserted in the middle of the consonant cluster to glue the word together when the resulting cluster is either not permissible or the word is likely to break up. There are specific rules describing these conditions, detailed in
<xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>n-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>r-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> An
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> (in some cases, an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>) is inserted when a CVV-form rafsi attaches to the beginning of a lujvo in such a way that there is no consonant cluster. For example, in the lujvo</para>
+ <letteral>r</letteral> (in some cases, an
+ <letteral>n</letteral>) is inserted when a CVV-form rafsi attaches to the beginning of a lujvo in such a way that there is no consonant cluster. For example, in the lujvo</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3Qtv">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>field rations</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d8"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>soirsai</jbo>
<veljvo>sonci sanmi</veljvo>
<gloss>soldier meal</gloss>
<en>field rations</en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>contrasted with same-form rafsi in meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>contrasted with same-form cmavo in meaning</secondary></indexterm> the rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">soi-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-sai</jbophrase> are joined, with the additional
+ <rafsi>soi-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-sai</rafsi> are joined, with the additional
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> making up the
- <jbophrase role="morphology">rs</jbophrase> consonant pair needed to make the word a brivla. Without the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, the word would break up into
+ <letteral>r</letteral> making up the
+ <morphology>rs</morphology> consonant pair needed to make the word a brivla. Without the
+ <letteral>r</letteral>, the word would break up into
<jbophrase>soi sai</jbophrase>, two cmavo. The pair of cmavo have no relation to their rafsi lookalikes; they will either be ungrammatical (as in this case), or will express a different meaning from what was intended.</para>
<para>Learning rafsi and the rules for assembling them into lujvo is clearly seen to be necessary for fully using the potential Lojban vocabulary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>invention of</secondary></indexterm> Most important, it is possible to invent new lujvo while you speak or write in order to represent a new or unfamiliar concept, one for which you do not know any existing Lojban word. As long as you follow the rules for building these compounds, there is a good chance that you will be understood without explanation.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-rafsi">
<title>rafsi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>selection considerations in making lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>level of uniqueness of rafsi relating to</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>level of uniqueness of relation to gismu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>multiplicity of for single gismu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>uniqueness in gismu referent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> Every gismu has from two to five rafsi, each of a different form, but each such rafsi represents only one gismu. It is valid to use any of the rafsi forms in building lujvo – whichever the reader or listener will most easily understand, or whichever is most pleasing – subject to the rules of lujvo making. There is a scoring algorithm which is intended to determine which of the possible and legal lujvo forms will be the standard dictionary form (see
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-scoring"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced lujvo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>long rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>4-letter rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>5-letter rafsi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>basic rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>unreduced</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>long</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>forms of</secondary></indexterm> Each gismu always has at least two rafsi forms; one is the gismu itself (used only at the end of a lujvo), and one is the gismu without its final vowel (used only at the beginning or middle of a lujvo). These forms are represented as CVC/CV or CCVCV (called
@@ -743,24 +743,24 @@
<veljvo>vanci sanmi</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>evening meal</quote></gloss>
<en>or <quote>supper</quote></en>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>short rafsi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>short</secondary></indexterm> In addition to these two forms, each gismu may have up to three additional short rafsi, three letters long. All short rafsi have one of the forms CVC, CCV, or CVV. The total number of rafsi forms that are assigned to a gismu depends on how useful the gismu is, or is presumed to be, in making lujvo, when compared to other gismu that could be assigned the rafsi.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>-er</primary><secondary>use of zmadu in forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparatives</primary><secondary>use of zmadu in forming</secondary></indexterm> For example,
<jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> (
<quote>more than</quote>) has the two short rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">zma</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mau</jbophrase> (in addition to its unreduced rafsi
+ <rafsi>zma</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>mau</rafsi> (in addition to its unreduced rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">zmad</jbophrase> and
+ <rafsi>zmad</rafsi> and
<jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>), because a vast number of lujvo have been created based on
<jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>, corresponding in general to English comparative adjectives ending in
<quote>-er</quote> such as
<quote>whiter</quote> (Lojban
<jbophrase>labmau</jbophrase>). On the other hand,
<jbophrase>bakri</jbophrase> (
<quote>chalk</quote>) has no short rafsi and few lujvo.</para>
<para>There are at most one CVC-form, one CCV-form, and one CVV-form rafsi per gismu. In fact, only a tiny handful of gismu have both a CCV-form and a CVV-form rafsi assigned, and still fewer have all three forms of short rafsi. However, gismu with both a CVC-form and another short rafsi are fairly common, partly because more possible CVC-form rafsi exist. Yet CVC-form rafsi, even though they are fairly easy to remember, cannot be used at the end of a lujvo (because lujvo must end in vowels), so justifying the assignment of an additional short rafsi to many gismu.</para>
@@ -772,116 +772,116 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>possible forms for construction of</secondary></indexterm> Here are the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist for gismu of the form CVC/CV, like <jbophrase>sakli</jbophrase>. The digits in the second column represent the gismu letters used to form the rafsi.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
<entry>123</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">sak-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>sak-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
<entry>124</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="rafsi">-sal-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><rafsi>-sal-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV</entry>
<entry>12'5</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">sa'i-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>sa'i-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV</entry>
<entry>125</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">sai-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>sai-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCV</entry>
<entry>345</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">kli-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>kli-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCV</entry>
<entry>132</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">ska-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>ska-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>(The only actual short rafsi for
<jbophrase>sakli</jbophrase> is
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-sal-</jbophrase>.)</para>
+ <rafsi>-sal-</rafsi>.)</para>
<para>For gismu of the form CCVCV, like
<jbophrase>blaci</jbophrase>, the only short rafsi forms that can exist are:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
<entry>134</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">bac-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>bac-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
<entry>234</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">lac</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>lac</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV</entry>
<entry>13'5</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">ba'i-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>ba'i-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV</entry>
<entry>135</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">bai-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>bai-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV</entry>
<entry>23'5</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">la'i-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>la'i-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV</entry>
<entry>235</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">lai-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>lai-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCV</entry>
<entry>123</entry>
- <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">bla-</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-<rafsi>bla-</rafsi></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi assignments</primary><secondary>non-reassignability of</secondary></indexterm> (In fact,
<jbophrase>blaci</jbophrase> has none of these short rafsi; they are all assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>considerations restricting construction of</secondary></indexterm> There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase>; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see
+ <diphthong>ai</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>ei</diphthong>,
+ <diphthong>oi</diphthong>, or
+ <diphthong>au</diphthong>; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see
<xref linkend="section-morphology-introduction"/>). Thus
<jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>, which has the same form as
<jbophrase>salci</jbophrase>, can only have
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mam</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">mat</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">ma'a</jbophrase> as possible rafsi: in fact, only
+ <rafsi>mam</rafsi>,
+ <rafsi>mat</rafsi>, and
+ <rafsi>ma'a</rafsi> as possible rafsi: in fact, only
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">mam</jbophrase> is assigned to it.</para>
+ <rafsi>mam</rafsi> is assigned to it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi for numbers</primary></indexterm> Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fully reduced lujvo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>fully reduced</secondary></indexterm> The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is
<quote>fully reduced lujvo</quote>. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJc2" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d6"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>cumfri</jbo>
@@ -938,64 +938,64 @@
<lujvo>
<jbo>lerste</jbo>
<veljvo>lerfu liste</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>letter list</quote> or a <quote>list of letters</quote></gloss>
</lujvo>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>recognizing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>number of letters in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>consonant cluster requirement in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>final letter of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>summary of form characteristics</secondary></indexterm> As noted above, CVC-form rafsi cannot appear as the final rafsi in a lujvo, because all lujvo must end with one or two vowels. As a brivla, a lujvo must also contain a consonant cluster within the first five letters – this ensures that they cannot be mistaken for compound cmavo. Of course, all lujvo have at least six letters since they have two or more rafsi, each at least three letters long; hence they cannot be confused with gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphen letter</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphens</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> When attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen letter. In Lojban, the term
<quote>hyphen</quote> always refers to a letter, either the vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> or one of the consonants
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>. (The letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase> can also be a hyphen, but is not used as one in lujvo.)</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> or one of the consonants
+ <letteral>r</letteral> and
+ <letteral>n</letteral>. (The letter
+ <letteral>l</letteral> can also be a hyphen, but is not used as one in lujvo.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for y-hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen is used after a CVC-form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impermissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into two or more words (either cmavo or gismu).</para>
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen is used after a CVC-form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impermissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into two or more words (either cmavo or gismu).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>and consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> Thus, the tanru
<jbophrase>pante tavla</jbophrase> (
<quote>protest talk</quote>) cannot produce the lujvo
<jbophrase valid="false">patta'a</jbophrase>, because
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">tt</jbophrase> is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be
+ <morphology>tt</morphology> is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be
<jbophrase>patyta'a</jbophrase>. Similarly, the tanru
<jbophrase>mudri siclu</jbophrase> (
<quote>wooden whistle</quote>) cannot form the lujvo
<jbophrase valid="false">mudsiclu</jbophrase>; instead,
<jbophrase>mudysiclu</jbophrase> must be used. (Remember that
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is not counted in determining whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.)</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is not counted in determining whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>four-letter</secondary><tertiary>requirement for y-hyphen</tertiary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qj84"/> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjbP"/>.)</para>
<para>The lujvo forms
<jbophrase>zunlyjamfu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zunlyjma</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zuljamfu</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>zuljma</jbophrase> are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from the tanru
<jbophrase>zunle jamfu</jbophrase> (
<quote>left foot</quote>). Of these,
<jbophrase>zuljma</jbophrase> is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for n-hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>requirements for r-hyphen insertion in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen and its close relative, the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen, are used in lujvo only after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo of the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster.</para>
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen and its close relative, the
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen, are used in lujvo only after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo of the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster.</para>
<para>An
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen is also required after the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV since it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any lujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position must always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the supposed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of the word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>contrasted with <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen in requirements for use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>contrasted with <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen in requirements for use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> An
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen is only used in place of an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen when the following rafsi begins with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. For example, the tanru
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen or
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen is also required after the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV since it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any lujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position must always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the supposed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of the word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>contrasted with <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen in requirements for use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>contrasted with <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen in requirements for use</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> An
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen is only used in place of an
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen when the following rafsi begins with
+ <letteral>r</letteral>. For example, the tanru
<jbophrase>rokci renro</jbophrase> (
<quote>rock throw</quote>) cannot be expressed as
<jbophrase valid="false">ro'ire'o</jbophrase> (which breaks up into two cmavo), nor can it be
<jbophrase valid="false">ro'irre'o</jbophrase> (which has an impermissible double consonant); the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen is required, and the correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen is required, and the correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is
<jbophrase>ro'inre'o</jbophrase>. The same lujvo could also be expressed without hyphenation as
<jbophrase>rokre'o</jbophrase>.</para>
<para><!-- FIXME: what to do with this indexterm? --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZEI selma'o</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>with zei</secondary></indexterm> There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to lujvo. You can make a phrase containing any desired words, joining each pair of them with the special cmavo
<jbophrase>zei</jbophrase>. Thus,</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VeGL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d12"/>
</title>
<lujvo>
<jbo>bridi zei valsi</jbo>
@@ -1135,56 +1135,56 @@
<listitem>
<para>must end in one or more vowels;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>slinku'i test</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> must not be gismu or lujvo, or any combination of cmavo, gismu, and lujvo; furthermore, a fu'ivla with a CV cmavo joined to the front of it must not have the form of a lujvo (the so-called
<quote>slinku'i test</quote>, not discussed further in this book);</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm fits with five different examples (further down); should it go in all five or just the first? --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>syllabic pronunciations of consonants</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>letter</secondary><tertiary>prohibition from fu'ivla</tertiary></indexterm> cannot contain
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, although they may contain syllabic pronunciations of Lojban consonants;</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>, although they may contain syllabic pronunciations of Lojban consonants;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> like other brivla, are stressed on the penultimate syllable.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>consonant clusters in</secondary></indexterm> Note that consonant triples or larger clusters that are not at the beginning of a fu'ivla can be quite flexible, as long as all consonant pairs are permissible. There is no need to restrict fu'ivla clusters to permissible initial pairs except at the beginning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 3 contrasted with Stage 4 in ease of construction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>categorized contrasted with uncategorized in ease of construction</secondary></indexterm> This is a fairly liberal definition and allows quite a lot of possibilities within
<jbophrase>fu'ivla space</jbophrase>. Stage 3 fu'ivla can be made easily on the fly, as lujvo can, because the procedure for forming them always guarantees a word that cannot violate any of the rules. Stage 4 fu'ivla require running tests that are not simple to characterize or perform, and should be made only after deliberation and by someone knowledgeable about all the considerations that apply.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>algorithm for constructing</secondary></indexterm> Here is a simple and reliable procedure for making a non-Lojban word into a valid Stage 3 fu'ivla:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Eliminate all double consonants and silent letters.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Convert all sounds to their closest Lojban equivalents. Lojban
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, however, may not be used in any fu'ivla.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral>, however, may not be used in any fu'ivla.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the last letter is not a vowel, modify the ending so that the word ends in a vowel, either by removing a final consonant or by adding a suggestively chosen final vowel.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the first letter is not a consonant, modify the beginning so that the word begins with a consonant, either by removing an initial vowel or adding a suggestively chosen initial consonant.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>selection consideration for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>l-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> Prefix the result of steps 1-5 with a 4-letter rafsi that categorizes the fu'ivla into a
<quote>topic area</quote>. It is only safe to use a 4-letter rafsi; short rafsi sometimes produce invalid fu'ivla. Hyphenate the rafsi to the rest of the fu'ivla with an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen; if that would produce a double
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, use an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen instead; if the rafsi ends in
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> (or vice versa), or if the rafsi ends in "r" and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with "tc", "ts", "dj", or "dz" (using "n" would result in a phonotactically impermissible cluster), use an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l-</jbophrase>hyphen. (This is the only use of
- <jbophrase role="letteral">l-</jbophrase>hyphen in Lojban.)</para>
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen; if that would produce a double
+ <letteral>r</letteral>, use an
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen instead; if the rafsi ends in
+ <letteral>r</letteral> and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with
+ <letteral>n</letteral> (or vice versa), or if the rafsi ends in "r" and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with "tc", "ts", "dj", or "dz" (using "n" would result in a phonotactically impermissible cluster), use an
+ <letteral>l-</letteral>hyphen. (This is the only use of
+ <letteral>l-</letteral>hyphen in Lojban.)</para>
<para>Alternatively, if a CVC-form short rafsi is available it can be used instead of the long rafsi.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Remember that the stress necessarily appears on the penultimate (next-to-the-last) syllable.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the examples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not be pronounced as a separate syllable.</para>
<para>Here are a few examples:</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ufin">
@@ -1196,21 +1196,21 @@
<lojbanization>
<jbo>spaghetti <comment>from English or Italian</comment></jbo>
<jbo>spageti <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>cidj,r,spageti <comment>prefix long rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>dja,r,spageti <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">cidj-</jbophrase> is the 4-letter rafsi for
+ <rafsi>cidj-</rafsi> is the 4-letter rafsi for
<jbophrase>cidja</jbophrase>, the Lojban gismu for
<quote>food</quote>, thus categorizing
<jbophrase>cidjrspageti</jbophrase> as a kind of food. The form with the short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: in any event, it means the same thing.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzXe">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d4"/>
</title>
@@ -1218,22 +1218,22 @@
<jbo>Acer <comment>the scientific name of maple trees</comment></jbo>
<jbo>acer <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>xaceru <comment>add initial consonant and final vowel</comment></jbo>
<jbo>tric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>ric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>where
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">tric-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">ric-</jbophrase> are rafsi for
+ <rafsi>tric-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>ric-</rafsi> are rafsi for
<jbophrase>tricu</jbophrase>, the gismu for
<quote>tree</quote>. Note that by the same principles,
<quote>maple sugar</quote> could get the fu'ivla
<jbophrase>saktrxaceru</jbophrase>, or could be represented by the tanru
<jbophrase>tricrxaceru sakta</jbophrase>. Technically,
<jbophrase>ricrxaceru</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>tricrxaceru</jbophrase> are distinct fu'ivla, but they would surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-C0YS">
<title>
@@ -1241,95 +1241,95 @@
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d5"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>brie <comment>from French</comment></jbo>
<jbo>bri <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>cirl,r,bri <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">cirl-</jbophrase> represents
+ <rafsi>cirl-</rafsi> represents
<jbophrase>cirla</jbophrase> (
<quote>cheese</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DQju">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d6"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>cobra</jbo>
<jbo>kobra <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>sinc,r,kobra <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">sinc-</jbophrase> represents
+ <rafsi>sinc-</rafsi> represents
<jbophrase>since</jbophrase> (
<quote>snake</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TFzH">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>quark</jbo>
<jbo>kuark <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>kuarka <comment>add final vowel</comment></jbo>
<jbo>sask,r,kuarka <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>allowable diphthongs</primary><secondary>in gismu and lujvo contrasted with in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>allowable diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla contrasted with in gismu and lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>diphthongs in</secondary></indexterm> where
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">sask-</jbophrase> represents
+ <rafsi>sask-</rafsi> represents
<jbophrase>saske</jbophrase> (
<quote>science</quote>). Note the extra vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> added to the end of the word, and the diphthong
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase>, which never appears in gismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla.</para>
+ <letteral>a</letteral> added to the end of the word, and the diphthong
+ <diphthong>ua</diphthong>, which never appears in gismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FTfQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d8"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<foreign xml:lang="ko">자모 <comment>from Korean</comment></foreign>
<jbo>djamo <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>lerf,r,djamo <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>ler,l,djamo <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>where
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">ler-</jbophrase> represents
+ <rafsi>ler-</rafsi> represents
<jbophrase>lerfu</jbophrase> (
<quote>letter</quote>). Note the l-hyphen in "lerldjamo", since "lerndjamo" contains the forbidden cluster "ndj".</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing fu'ivla form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>disambiguation of</secondary></indexterm> The use of the prefix helps distinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending on the field. As it happens,
<jbophrase>spageti</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>kuarka</jbophrase> are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but
<jbophrase valid="false">xaceru</jbophrase> looks like a compound cmavo, and
<jbophrase valid="false">kobra</jbophrase> like a gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla categorizer</primary><secondary>for distinguishing specialized meanings</secondary></indexterm> For another example,
<quote>integral</quote> has a specific meaning to a mathematician. But the Lojban fu'ivla
<jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase>, which is a valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, does not convey that mathematical sense to a non-mathematical listener, even one with an English-speaking background; its source – the English word
<quote>integral</quote> – has various other specialized meanings in other fields.</para>
<para>Left uncontrolled,
<jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase> almost certainly would eventually come to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English associates with
<quote>integral</quote>, with only the context to indicate (possibly) that the mathematical term is meant.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>integral</primary><secondary>architectural concept</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>integral</primary><secondary>mathematical concept</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as
<jbophrase>cmacrntegrale</jbophrase>, if the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> of
+ <letteral>i</letteral> of
<jbophrase>integrale</jbophrase> is removed, or something like
<jbophrase>cmacrnintegrale</jbophrase>, if a new consonant is added to the beginning;
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">cmac-</jbophrase> is the rafsi for
+ <rafsi>cmac-</rafsi> is the rafsi for
<jbophrase>cmaci</jbophrase> (
<quote>mathematics</quote>). The architectural sense of
<quote>integral</quote> might be conveyed with
<jbophrase>djinrnintegrale</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>tarmrnintegrale</jbophrase>, where
<jbophrase>dinju</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> mean
<quote>building</quote> and
<quote>form</quote> respectively.</para>
@@ -1381,21 +1381,21 @@
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kuln,r,kore,a</jbo>
<en>Korean <comment>the culture</comment></en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Navajo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>considerations for choosing basis word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>with invalid diphthongs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invalid diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> Note the commas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJGv"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjh0"/>, used because
- <jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">ea</jbophrase> is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name
+ <diphthong>ea</diphthong> is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name
<quote>Chosen</quote> should have been used instead of the internationally known
<quote>Korea</quote>; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. In general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severely impede understanding:
<quote>Navajo</quote> is far more widely known than
<quote>Dine'e</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cmene">
<title>cmene</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names in Lojban (see also cmene)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names, called
@@ -1460,21 +1460,21 @@
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Catherine</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d6"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>kat,r,in.</jbo>
<en>Catherine</en>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonant</primary><secondary>effect on stress determination</secondary></indexterm> (Note that syllabic
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> is skipped in determining the stressed syllable, so
+ <letteral>r</letteral> is skipped in determining the stressed syllable, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjIq"/> is stressed on the
<jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJiv" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Cathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
@@ -1519,72 +1519,72 @@
<para>are both valid Lojbanizations of
<quote>John Smith</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>authority for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>authority for</secondary></indexterm> The final arbiter of the correct form of a name is the person doing the naming, although most cultures grant people the right to determine how they want their own name to be spelled and pronounced. The English name
<quote>Mary</quote> can thus be Lojbanized as
<jbophrase glossay="false">meris.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossay="false">maris.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossay="false">meiris.</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossay="false">merix.</jbophrase>, or even
<jbophrase glossay="false">marys.</jbophrase>. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>; there must, however, be some Lojban consonant at the end.</para>
+ <letteral>s</letteral>; there must, however, be some Lojban consonant at the end.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> Names are not permitted to have the sequences
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> embedded in them, unless the sequence is immediately preceded by a consonant. These minor restrictions are due to the fact that all Lojban cmene embedded in a speech stream will be preceded by one of these words or by a pause. With one of these words embedded, the cmene might break up into valid Lojban words followed by a shorter cmene. However, break-up cannot happen after a consonant, because that would imply that the word before the
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, or whatever, ended in a consonant without pause, which is impossible.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nederlands</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Laplace</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> For example, the invalid name
<jbophrase glossay="false">laplas.</jbophrase> would look like the Lojban words
<jbophrase>la plas.</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase glossay="false">ilanas.</jbophrase> would be misunderstood as
<jbophrase>.i la nas.</jbophrase>. However,
- <jbophrase role="pronunciation">NEderlants.</jbophrase> cannot be misheard as
- <jbophrase role="pronunciation">NEder lants.</jbophrase>, because
- <jbophrase role="pronunciation">NEder</jbophrase> with no following pause is not a possible Lojban word.</para>
+ <pronunciation><jbo>NEderlants.</jbo></pronunciation> cannot be misheard as
+ <pronunciation><jbo>NEder lants.</jbo></pronunciation>, because
+ <pronunciation><jbo>NEder</jbo></pronunciation> with no following pause is not a possible Lojban word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>alternatives for restricted sequences in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>alternatives for restricted sequences in</secondary></indexterm> There are close alternatives to these forbidden sequences that can be used in Lojbanizing names, such as
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>dai</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, that do not cause these problems.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Lojban cmene are identifiable as word forms by the following characteristics:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>consonant clusters permitted in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>final letter in</secondary></indexterm> They must end in one or more consonants. There are no rules about how many consonants may appear in a cluster in cmene, provided that each consonant pair (whether standing by itself, or as part of a larger cluster) is a permissible pair.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>specific to cmene</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>specific to names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>uy diphthong</primary><secondary>in cmene</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>iy diphthong</primary><secondary>in cmene</secondary></indexterm> They may contain the letter y as a normal, non-hyphenating vowel. They are the only kind of Lojban word that may contain the two diphthongs
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <diphthong>iy</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>uy</diphthong>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>requirement for pause after</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>requirement for pause after</secondary></indexterm> They are always followed in speech by a pause after the final consonant, written as
- <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>.</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capitalization</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capitalization</primary><secondary>for unusual stress in names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>capitalization</primary><secondary>use in names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> They may be stressed on any syllable; if this syllable is not the penultimate one, it must be capitalized when writing. Neither names nor words that begin sentences are capitalized in Lojban, so this is the only use of capital letters.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>from Lojban words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>from Lojban words</secondary></indexterm> Names meeting these criteria may be invented, Lojbanized from names in other languages, or formed by appending a consonant onto a cmavo, a gismu, a fu'ivla or a lujvo. Some cmene built from Lojban words are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjj1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>One</primary><secondary>the</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pav.</jbo>
<en>the One</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>from the cmavo <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase>, with rafsi <jbophrase role="rafsi">pav</jbophrase>, meaning <quote>one</quote></para>
+ <para>from the cmavo <jbophrase>pa</jbophrase>, with rafsi <rafsi>pav</rafsi>, meaning <quote>one</quote></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjjN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Sun</primary><secondary>the</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sol.</jbo>
<en>the Sun</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1604,42 +1604,42 @@
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nol.</jbo>
<en>Lord/Lady</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>from the gismu <jbophrase>nobli</jbophrase>, with rafsi <jbophrase role="rafsi">nol</jbophrase>, meaning <quote>noble</quote>.</para>
+ <para>from the gismu <jbophrase>nobli</jbophrase>, with rafsi <rafsi>nol</rafsi>, meaning <quote>noble</quote>.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> To Lojbanize a name from the various natural languages, apply the following rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Eliminate double consonants and silent letters.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add a final
- <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> (or some other consonant that sounds good) if the name ends in a vowel.</para>
+ <letteral>s</letteral> or
+ <letteral>n</letteral> (or some other consonant that sounds good) if the name ends in a vowel.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Convert all sounds to their closest Lojban equivalents.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If possible and acceptable, shift the stress to the penultimate (next-to-the-last) syllable. Use commas and capitalization in written Lojban when it is necessary to preserve non-standard syllabication or stress. Do not capitalize names otherwise.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>avoiding impermissible consonant clusters in</secondary></indexterm> If the name contains an impermissible consonant pair, insert a vowel between the consonants:
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is recommended.</para>
+ <letteral>y</letteral> is recommended.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>proscribed syllables in</secondary></indexterm> No cmene may have the syllables
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> in them, unless immediately preceded by a consonant. If these combinations are present, they must be converted to something else. Possible substitutions include
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>dai</jbophrase> or
@@ -1650,67 +1650,67 @@
<quote>Linnaean binomials</quote> after their inventor) which are internationally applied to each species of animal or plant. Where precision is essential, these names need not be Lojbanized, but can be directly inserted into Lojban text using the cmavo
<jbophrase>la'o</jbophrase>, explained in
<xref linkend="section-more-quotations"/>. Using this cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term
<quote>back vowel</quote> in the following list refers to any of the letters
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>; the term
+ <letteral>a</letteral>,
+ <letteral>o</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>u</letteral>; the term
<quote>front vowel</quote> correspondingly refers to any of the letters
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>, or
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>e</letteral>,
+ <letteral>i</letteral>, or
+ <letteral>y</letteral>.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Change double consonants other than
<jbophrase>cc</jbophrase> to single consonants.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">cc</jbophrase> before a front vowel to
- <jbophrase role="morphology">kc</jbophrase>, but otherwise to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <morphology>cc</morphology> before a front vowel to
+ <morphology>kc</morphology>, but otherwise to
+ <letteral>k</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase> before a back vowel and final
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>c</letteral> before a back vowel and final
+ <letteral>c</letteral> to
+ <letteral>k</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ng</jbophrase> before a consonant (other than
- <jbophrase role="letteral">h</jbophrase>) and final
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ng</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <morphology>ng</morphology> before a consonant (other than
+ <letteral>h</letteral>) and final
+ <morphology>ng</morphology> to
+ <letteral>n</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> initially, but otherwise to
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ks</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <letteral>x</letteral> to
+ <letteral>z</letteral> initially, but otherwise to
+ <morphology>ks</morphology>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
- <jbophrase role="morphology">pn</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> initially.</para>
+ <morphology>pn</morphology> to
+ <letteral>n</letteral> initially.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change final
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ie</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="diphthong">ii</jbophrase> to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <diphthong>ie</diphthong> and
+ <diphthong>ii</diphthong> to
+ <letteral>i</letteral>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Make the following idiosyncratic substitutions:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>aa</entry><entry>a</entry>
@@ -1758,26 +1758,26 @@
<entry>y</entry><entry>i</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>However, the diphthong substitutions should not be done if the two vowels are in two different syllables.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change
<quote>h</quote> between two vowels to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase>, but otherwise remove it completely. If preservation of the
+ <letteral>'</letteral>, but otherwise remove it completely. If preservation of the
<quote>h</quote> seems essential, change it to
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> instead.</para>
+ <letteral>x</letteral> instead.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Place <jbophrase role="letteral">'</jbophrase> between any remaining vowel pairs that do not form Lojban diphthongs.</para>
+ <para>Place <letteral>'</letteral> between any remaining vowel pairs that do not form Lojban diphthongs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Some further examples of Lojbanized names are:</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
@@ -1972,56 +1972,56 @@
<para>Choose a 3-letter (CVV-form or CCV-form) or 5-letter rafsi for the final gismu in the tanru.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Join the resulting string of rafsi, initially without hyphens.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hyphens in lujvo</primary><secondary>proscribed where not required</secondary></indexterm> Add hyphen letters where necessary. It is illegal to add a hyphen at a place that is not required by this algorithm. Right-to-left tests are recommended, for reasons discussed below.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If there are more than two words in the tanru, put an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen (or an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen) after the first rafsi if it is CVV-form. If there are exactly two words, then put an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen (or an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen) between the two rafsi if the first rafsi is CVV-form, unless the second rafsi is CCV-form (for example,
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen (or an
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen) after the first rafsi if it is CVV-form. If there are exactly two words, then put an
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen (or an
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen) between the two rafsi if the first rafsi is CVV-form, unless the second rafsi is CCV-form (for example,
<jbophrase>saicli</jbophrase> requires no hyphen). Use an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen unless the letter after the hyphen is
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, in which case use an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen. Never use an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphen unless it is required.</para>
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen unless the letter after the hyphen is
+ <letteral>r</letteral>, in which case use an
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen. Never use an
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphen unless it is required.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Put a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen between the consonants of any impermissible consonant pair. This will always appear between rafsi.</para>
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen between the consonants of any impermissible consonant pair. This will always appear between rafsi.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tosmabru test</primary></indexterm> Put a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen after any 4-letter rafsi form.</para>
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen after any 4-letter rafsi form.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Test all forms with one or more initial CVC-form rafsi – with the pattern
<quote>CVC ... CVC + X</quote> – for
<jbophrase>tosmabru failure</jbophrase>. X must either be a CVCCV long rafsi that happens to have a permissible initial pair as the consonant cluster, or is something which has caused a
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen to be installed between the previous CVC and itself by one of the above rules.</para>
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen to be installed between the previous CVC and itself by one of the above rules.</para>
<para>The test is as follows:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphens.</para>
+ <para>Examine all the C/C consonant pairs up to the first <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen, or up to the end of the word in case there are no <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphens.</para>
<para>These consonant pairs are called "joints”.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If all of those joints are permissible initials, then the trial word will break up into a cmavo and a shorter brivla. If not, the word will not break up, and no further hyphens are needed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Install a <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphen at the first such joint.</para>
+ <para>Install a <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphen at the first such joint.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>selection of best form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>scoring of</secondary></indexterm> Note that the
<quote>tosmabru test</quote> implies that the algorithm will be more efficient if rafsi junctures are tested for required hyphens from right to left, instead of from left to right; when the test is required, it cannot be completed until hyphenation to the right has been determined.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lujvo-scoring">
@@ -2031,83 +2031,83 @@
<listitem>
<para>Count the total number of letters, including hyphens and apostrophes; call it
<varname>L</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Count the number of apostrophes; call it
<varname>A</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Count the number of
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="letteral">n-</jbophrase>hyphens; call it
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>,
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>, and
+ <letteral>n-</letteral>hyphens; call it
<varname>H</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>For each rafsi, find the value in the following table. Sum this value over all rafsi; call it
<varname>R</varname>:
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>CVC/CV (final)</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-sarji-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-sarji-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>1</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVC/C</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-sarj-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-sarj-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCVCV (final)</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-zbasu-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-zbasu-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>3</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCVC</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-zbas-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-zbas-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>4</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVC</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-nun-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-nun-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>5</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV with an apostrophe</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-ta'u-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-ta'u-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>6</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CCV</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-zba-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-zba-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>7</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>CVV with no apostrophe</entry>
- <entry>(<jbophrase role="rafsi">-sai-</jbophrase>)</entry>
+ <entry>(<rafsi>-sai-</rafsi>)</entry>
<entry>8</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Count the number of vowels, not including
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>; call it
+ <letteral>y</letteral>; call it
<varname>V</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>hierarchy of priorities for selection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hierarchy of priorities for selecting lujvo form</primary></indexterm> The score is then:
<informalequation><mathphrase>(1000 * L) - (500 * A) + (100 * H) - (10 * R) - V</mathphrase></informalequation>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>scored examples of</secondary></indexterm> In case of ties, there is no preference. This should be rare. Note that the algorithm essentially encodes a hierarchy of priorities: short words are preferred (counting apostrophes as half a letter), then words with fewer hyphens, words with more pleasing rafsi (this judgment is subjective), and finally words with more vowels are chosen. Each decision principle is applied in turn if the ones before it have failed to choose; it is possible that a lower-ranked principle might dominate a higher-ranked one if it is ten times better than the alternative.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>examples of making</secondary></indexterm> Here are some lujvo with their scores (not necessarily the lowest scoring forms for these lujvo, nor even necessarily sensible lujvo):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJKu" role="lujvo-making-example">
<title>
@@ -2155,81 +2155,81 @@
<para>This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. First, we will start with the tanru
<jbophrase>gerku zdani</jbophrase> (
<quote>dog house</quote>) and construct a lujvo meaning
<quote>doghouse</quote>, that is, a house where a dog lives. We will use a brute-force application of the algorithm in
<xref linkend="section-lujvo-scoring"/>, using every possible rafsi.</para>
<para>The rafsi for
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="4">
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ger-</jbophrase>, </member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ge'u-</jbophrase>, </member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gerk-</jbophrase>, </member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gerku</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>-ger-</rafsi>, </member>
+ <member><rafsi>-ge'u-</rafsi>, </member>
+ <member><rafsi>-gerk-</rafsi>, </member>
+ <member><rafsi>-gerku</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>The rafsi for
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda-</jbophrase>, </member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zdan-</jbophrase>, </member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zdani</jbophrase>.</member>
+ <member><rafsi>-zda-</rafsi>, </member>
+ <member><rafsi>-zdan-</rafsi>, </member>
+ <member><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi>.</member>
</simplelist>
<para>Step 1 of the algorithm directs us to use
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-ger-</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-ge'u-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-gerk-</jbophrase> as possible rafsi for
+ <rafsi>-ger-</rafsi>,
+ <rafsi>-ge'u-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-gerk-</rafsi> as possible rafsi for
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase>; Step 2 directs us to use
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-zdani</jbophrase> as possible rafsi for
+ <rafsi>-zda-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-zdani</rafsi> as possible rafsi for
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. The six possible forms of the lujvo are then:</para>
<simplelist type="vert" columns="1">
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">ger</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">ger</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zdani</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">ge'u</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">ge'u</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zdani</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">gerk</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">gerk</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zdani</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>ger</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>ger</rafsi><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>ge'u</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>ge'u</rafsi><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>gerk</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>gerk</rafsi><rafsi>-zdani</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>We must then insert appropriate hyphens in each case. The first two forms need no hyphenation:
<jbophrase>ge</jbophrase> cannot fall off the front, because the following word would begin with
- <jbophrase role="morphology">rz</jbophrase>, which is not a permissible initial consonant pair. So the lujvo forms are
+ <morphology>rz</morphology>, which is not a permissible initial consonant pair. So the lujvo forms are
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gerzdani</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The third form,
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">ge'u</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda</jbophrase>, needs no hyphen, because even though the first rafsi is CVV, the second one is CCV, so there is a consonant cluster in the first five letters. So
+ <rafsi>ge'u</rafsi><rafsi>-zda</rafsi>, needs no hyphen, because even though the first rafsi is CVV, the second one is CCV, so there is a consonant cluster in the first five letters. So
<jbophrase>ge'uzda</jbophrase> is this form of the lujvo.</para>
<para>The fourth form,
<jbophrase valid="false">ge'u-zdani</jbophrase>, however, requires an
- <jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen; otherwise, the
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">ge'u-</jbophrase> part would fall off as a cmavo. So this form of the lujvo is
+ <letteral>r-</letteral>hyphen; otherwise, the
+ <rafsi>ge'u-</rafsi> part would fall off as a cmavo. So this form of the lujvo is
<jbophrase>ge'urzdani</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The last two forms require
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y-</jbophrase>hyphens, as all 4-letter rafsi do, and so are
+ <letteral>y-</letteral>hyphens, as all 4-letter rafsi do, and so are
<jbophrase>gerkyzda</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>gerkyzdani</jbophrase> respectively.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>boat class</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The scoring algorithm is heavily weighted in favor of short lujvo, so we might expect that
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase> would win. Its <varname>L</varname> score is 6, its <varname>A</varname> score is 0, its <varname>H</varname> score is 0, its <varname>R</varname> score is 12, and its <varname>V</varname> score is 3, for a final score of 5878. The other forms have scores of 7917, 6367, 9506, 8008, and 10047 respectively. Consequently, this lujvo would probably appear in the dictionary in the form
<jbophrase>gerzda</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>For the next example, we will use the tanru
<jbophrase>bloti klesi</jbophrase> (
<quote>boat class</quote>) presumably referring to the category (rowboat, motorboat, cruise liner) into which a boat falls. We will omit the long rafsi from the process, since lujvo containing long rafsi are almost never preferred by the scoring algorithm when there are short rafsi available.</para>
<para>The rafsi for
<jbophrase>bloti</jbophrase> are
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-lot-</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-blo-</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-lo'i-</jbophrase>; for
+ <rafsi>-lot-</rafsi>,
+ <rafsi>-blo-</rafsi>, and
+ <rafsi>-lo'i-</rafsi>; for
<jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase> they are
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-kle-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-lei-</jbophrase>. Both these gismu are among the handful which have both CVV-form and CCV-form rafsi, so there is an unusual number of possibilities available for a two-part tanru:</para>
+ <rafsi>-kle-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-lei-</rafsi>. Both these gismu are among the handful which have both CVV-form and CCV-form rafsi, so there is an unusual number of possibilities available for a two-part tanru:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
<member><jbophrase>lotkle</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>blokle</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>lo'ikle</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>lotlei</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>blolei</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>lo'irlei</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para>Only
@@ -2270,63 +2270,63 @@
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Logical Language Group</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> So the form
<jbophrase>blolei</jbophrase> is preferred, but only by a tiny margin over
<jbophrase>blokle</jbophrase>; "lotlei" and "lotkle" are only slightly worse;
<jbophrase>lo'ikle</jbophrase> suffers because of its apostrophe, and
<jbophrase>lo'irlei</jbophrase> because of having both apostrophe and hyphen.</para>
<para>Our third example will result in forming both a lujvo and a name from the tanru
<jbophrase>logji bangu girzu</jbophrase>, or
<quote>logical-language group</quote> in English. (
<quote>The Logical Language Group</quote> is the name of the publisher of this book and the organization for the promotion of Lojban.)</para>
<para>The available rafsi are
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-loj-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-logj-</jbophrase>;
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban-</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau-</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang-</jbophrase>; and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase>, and (for name purposes only)
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir-</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz-</jbophrase>. The resulting 12 lujvo possibilities are:</para>
+ <rafsi>-loj-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-logj-</rafsi>;
+ <rafsi>-ban-</rafsi>,
+ <rafsi>-bau-</rafsi>, and
+ <rafsi>-bang-</rafsi>; and
+ <rafsi>-gri-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-girzu</rafsi>, and (for name purposes only)
+ <rafsi>-gir-</rafsi> and
+ <rafsi>-girz-</rafsi>. The resulting 12 lujvo possibilities are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-gri</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-gri</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-gri</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gri</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-gri</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-gri</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-gri</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-girzu</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-girzu</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-girzu</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girzu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-girzu</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-girzu</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-girzu</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>and the 12 name possibilities are:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-gir</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-gir</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-gir</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-gir</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-gir</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-gir</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-gir</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>loj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ban</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bau</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-ban</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bau</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
+ <member><rafsi>logj</rafsi><rafsi>-bang</rafsi><rafsi>-girz</rafsi></member>
</simplelist>
<para>After hyphenation, we have:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="3">
<member><jbophrase>lojbangri</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>lojbaugri</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>lojbangygri</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>logjybangri</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>logjybaugri</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>logjybangygri</jbophrase></member>
@@ -2362,63 +2362,63 @@
<jbophrase>girzu</jbophrase>, producing
<jbophrase glossay="false">lojbangirz.</jbophrase></para>
<para>Finally, here is a four-part lujvo with a cmavo in it, based on the tanru
<jbophrase>nakni ke cinse ctuca</jbophrase> or
<quote>male (sexual teacher)</quote>. The
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> cmavo ensures the interpretation
<quote>teacher of sexuality who is male</quote>, rather than
<quote>teacher of male sexuality</quote>. Here are the possible forms of the lujvo, both before and after hyphenation:</para>
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="2">
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nak</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cin</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>nakykemcinctu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nak</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cin</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>nakykemcinctuca</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nak</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cins</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>nakykemcinsyctu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nak</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cins</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nak</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>nakykemcinsyctuca</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nakn</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cin</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>naknykemcinctu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nakn</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cin</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cin</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>naknykemcinctuca</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nakn</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cins</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctu</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctu</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>naknykemcinsyctu</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">nakn</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-kem</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-cins</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-ctuca</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><rafsi>nakn</rafsi><rafsi>-kem</rafsi><rafsi>-cins</rafsi><rafsi>-ctuca</rafsi></member>
<member><jbophrase>naknykemcinsyctuca</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> Of these forms,
<jbophrase>nakykemcinctu</jbophrase> is the shortest and is preferred by the scoring algorithm. On the whole, however, it might be better to just make a lujvo for
<jbophrase>cinse ctuca</jbophrase> (which would be
<jbophrase>cinctu</jbophrase>) since the sex of the teacher is rarely important. If there was a reason to specify
<quote>male</quote>, then the simpler tanru
<jbophrase>nakni cinctu</jbophrase> (
<quote>male sexual-teacher</quote>) would be appropriate. This tanru is actually shorter than the four-part lujvo, since the
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> required for grouping need not be expressed.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-gismu-making">
<title>The gismu creation algorithm</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>source languages</primary><secondary>use in creating gismu</secondary></indexterm> The gismu were created through the following process:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>creation</secondary><tertiary>scoring rules</tertiary></indexterm> At least one word was found in each of the six source languages (Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Arabic) corresponding to the proposed gismu. This word was rendered into Lojban phonetics rather liberally: consonant clusters consisting of a stop and the corresponding fricative were simplified to just the fricative (
- <jbophrase role="morphology">tc</jbophrase> became
- <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase role="morphology">dj</jbophrase> became
- <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>) and non-Lojban vowels were mapped onto Lojban ones. Furthermore, morphological endings were dropped. The same mapping rules were applied to all six languages for the sake of consistency.</para>
+ <morphology>tc</morphology> became
+ <letteral>c</letteral>,
+ <morphology>dj</morphology> became
+ <letteral>j</letteral>) and non-Lojban vowels were mapped onto Lojban ones. Furthermore, morphological endings were dropped. The same mapping rules were applied to all six languages for the sake of consistency.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All possible gismu forms were matched against the six source-language forms. The matches were scored as follows:
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If three or more letters were the same in the proposed gismu and the source-language word, and appeared in the same order, the score was equal to the number of letters that were the same. Intervening letters, if any, did not matter.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If exactly two letters were the same in the proposed gismu and the source-language word, and either the two letters were consecutive in both words, or were separated by a single letter in both words, the score was 2. Letters in reversed order got no score.</para>
</listitem>
@@ -2438,86 +2438,86 @@
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>proposed gismu</entry>
<entry>existing gismu</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>b</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>p</letteral>, <letteral>v</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>c</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>j</letteral>, <letteral>s</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>d</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>t</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>f</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>p</letteral>, <letteral>v</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>g</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>k</letteral>, <letteral>x</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>j</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>c</letteral>, <letteral>z</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>k</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>g</letteral>, <letteral>x</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>l</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>r</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>m</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>n</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>n</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>m</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>p</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>b</letteral>, <letteral>f</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>r</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>l</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>s</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>c</letteral>, <letteral>z</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>t</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>d</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>v</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>b</letteral>, <letteral>f</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>x</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>g</letteral>, <letteral>k</letteral></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>, <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>z</letteral></entry>
+ <entry><letteral>j</letteral>, <letteral>s</letteral></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>source-language weights for</secondary></indexterm> See <xref linkend="section-gismu"/> for an example.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The gismu form with the highest score usually became the actual gismu. Sometimes a lower-scoring form was used to provide a better rafsi. A few gismu were changed in error as a result of transcription blunders (for example, the gismu
<jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase> should have been
<jbophrase>gicmu</jbophrase>, but it's too late to fix it now).</para>
@@ -2582,22 +2582,22 @@
<jbophrase>bradi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>bredi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>brodi</jbophrase> (but fortunately not
<jbophrase>brudi</jbophrase>) are all existing gismu.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cultural-gismu">
<title>Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu</title>
<para>The following gismu were not made by the gismu creation algorithm. They are, in effect, coined words similar to fu'ivla. They are exceptions to the otherwise mandatory gismu creation algorithm where there was sufficient justification for such exceptions. Except for the small metric prefixes and the assignable predicates beginning with
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">brod-</jbophrase>, they all end in the letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, which is otherwise a rare letter in Lojban gismu.</para>
+ <rafsi>brod-</rafsi>, they all end in the letter
+ <letteral>o</letteral>, which is otherwise a rare letter in Lojban gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>scientific-mathematical</secondary></indexterm> The following gismu represent concepts that are sufficiently unique to Lojban that they were either coined from combining forms of other gismu, or else made up out of whole cloth. These gismu are thus conceptually similar to lujvo even though they are only five letters long; however, unlike lujvo, they have rafsi assigned to them for use in building more complex lujvo. Assigning gismu to these concepts helps to keep the resulting lujvo reasonably short.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><jbophrase>broda</jbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>1st assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><jbophrase>brode</jbophrase></term>
<listitem><para>2nd assignable predicate</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index e16c8ea..d26b414 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -1715,21 +1715,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>permissible consonant combinations</secondary></indexterm> A name may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban words generally: the
<quote>impermissible consonant clusters</quote> of Lojban morphology (explained in
<xref linkend="section-clusters"/>). Thus
<jbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</jbophrase> is not a valid version of
<quote>James</quote> (because
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase> is invalid):
+ <morphology>mz</morphology> is invalid):
<jbophrase>djeimyz</jbophrase> will suffice. Similarly,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> may be replaced by
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>. Here are a few examples:</para>
<informaltable>
@@ -1751,37 +1751,37 @@
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase>Lottie</jbophrase> (American pronunciation)</entry>
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*latis</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>LYtis.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>lotis.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">loj-</jbophrase> for
+ <rafsi>loj-</rafsi> for
<jbophrase>logji</jbophrase> (logical) and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">ban-</jbophrase> for
+ <rafsi>ban-</rafsi> for
<jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase> (language) unite to form the name of this language:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uXAY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lojban.</jbo>
<en>Lojban</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names from vowel-final base</primary><secondary>commonly used consonant endings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>borrowing from other languages</secondary></indexterm> When borrowing names from another language which end in a vowel, or when turning a Lojban brivla (all of which end in vowels) into a name, the vowel may be removed or an arbitrary consonant added. It is common (but not required) to use the consonants
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">s</jbophrase> or
- <jbophrase role="rafsi">n</jbophrase> when borrowing vowel-final names from English; speakers of other languages may wish to use other consonant endings.</para>
+ <rafsi>s</rafsi> or
+ <rafsi>n</rafsi> when borrowing vowel-final names from English; speakers of other languages may wish to use other consonant endings.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names with la</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for name sumti of the form
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a name is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, just as for
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a selbri.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pro-sumti">
<title>Pro-sumti summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>classes of</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban pro-sumti are the cmavo of selma'o KOhA. They fall into several classes: personal, definable, quantificational, reflexive, back-counting, indefinite, demonstrative, metalinguistic, relative, question. More details are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 34d180a..85a3d14 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -412,27 +412,27 @@
<gloss>You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-false-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ta</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u</secondary></indexterm> Using
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary></indexterm> As with
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
+ <letteral>i</letteral>/
+ <letteral>a</letteral>/
+ <letteral>u</letteral> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
<xref linkend="section-ti-series"/> without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
- <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
+ <letteral>i</letteral>/
+ <letteral>e</letteral>/
+ <letteral>a</letteral> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been said), so
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>de'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>da'e</jbophrase> are not very useful when speaking. In writing, they are frequently handy:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erEL">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
@@ -773,23 +773,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le gerku .i gy. cusku zo arf.</jbo>
<gloss>I see the dog. D expresses the-word
<quote>Arf!</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning lerfu as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit assignment of antecedent</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban word
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> begins with
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, so the antecedent of
+ <letteral>g</letteral>, so the antecedent of
<jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the cmavo for the letter
- <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, must be
+ <letteral>g</letteral>, must be
<jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>. In the English translation, we use the same principle to refer to the dog as
<quote>D</quote>. Of course, in case of ambiguity,
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can be used to make an explicit assignment.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning name</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore,
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can even be used to assign a name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rbPr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1979,25 +1979,25 @@
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase> also have rafsi, which can be used just as if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for
<jbophrase>du-</jbophrase>based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-koha-summary">
<title>KOhA cmavo by series</title>
<para>mi-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi</cmavo>
- <description>I (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">mib</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>I (rafsi: <rafsi>mib</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>do</cmavo>
- <description>you (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">don</jbophrase> and <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>you (rafsi: <rafsi>don</rafsi> and <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'o</cmavo>
<description>you and I</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'a</cmavo>
<description>I and others, we but not you</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2011,29 +2011,29 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ko</cmavo>
<description>you-imperative</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>ti-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ti</cmavo>
- <description>this here; something nearby (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">tif</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>this here; something nearby (rafsi: <rafsi>tif</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta</cmavo>
- <description>that there; something distant (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">taz</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>that there; something distant (rafsi: <rafsi>taz</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu</cmavo>
- <description>that yonder; something far distant (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">tuf</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>that yonder; something far distant (rafsi: <rafsi>tuf</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>di'u-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>di'u</cmavo>
<description>the previous utterance</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2164,21 +2164,21 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vo'u</cmavo>
<description>x5 of this bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>da-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da</cmavo>
- <description>something-1 (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">dav</jbophrase>/<jbophrase role="rafsi">dza</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>something-1 (rafsi: <rafsi>dav</rafsi>/<rafsi>dza</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>de</cmavo>
<description>something-2</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>di</cmavo>
<description>something-3</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
@@ -2257,46 +2257,46 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>no'a</cmavo>
<description>(repeats the next outer bridi)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>bu'a-series</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu'a</cmavo>
- <description>some-predicate-1 (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">bul</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>some-predicate-1 (rafsi: <rafsi>bul</rafsi>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu'e</cmavo>
<description>some-predicate-2</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bu'i</cmavo>
<description>some-predicate-3</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>others:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co'e</cmavo>
- <description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">com</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)</description>
+ <description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <rafsi>com</rafsi>/<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo</cmavo>
<description>bridi question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
<description role="place-structure">identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ...</description>
- <!-- (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>) -->
+ <!-- (rafsi: <rafsi>dub</rafsi>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>) -->
<rafsi>dub</rafsi>
<rafsi>du'o</rafsi>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-summary">
<title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>goi</cmavo>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index e10064e..df6eb58 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -2171,21 +2171,21 @@
<description>uses 3rd consonant of gismu</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tai</cmavo>
<gismu>tamsmi</gismu>
<description>based on lujvo, not gismu</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>va'u</cmavo>
<gismu>xamgu</gismu>
- <description>CV'V cmavo can't begin with <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></description>
+ <description>CV'V cmavo can't begin with <letteral>x</letteral></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-all-BAI">
<title>Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo table</primary><secondary>format of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>table with English equivalents</secondary></indexterm> The following table shows all the cmavo belonging to selma'o BAI, and has five columns. The first column is the cmavo itself; the second column is the gismu linked to it. The third column gives an English phrase which indicates the meaning of the cmavo; and the fourth column indicates its meaning when preceded by
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>For those cmavo with meaningful
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
diff --git a/todocbook/README-tags b/todocbook/README-tags
index a000907..d9b903a 100644
--- a/todocbook/README-tags
+++ b/todocbook/README-tags
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
+
We have a variety of local-use-only tags and roles that get converted into
docbook XML as part of the processing.
<example> roles
<interlinear-gloss>
This is to only be used for
<jbophrase>
@@ -53,10 +54,21 @@ not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false') and ( not(@role) or ( @role !=
'letteral' ) ) ]" priority="2">
generate_glossary.xsl: <xsl:template name="make_slug">
generate_glossary.xsl: <xsl:template match="//jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and ( not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false')
generate_glossary.xsl: <xsl:template match="//text()">
<xsl:template match="//jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and (
not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false') and ( not(@role) or ( @role !=
'morphology' and @role != 'rafsi' and @role != 'diphthong' and @role !=
'letteral' ) ) ]">
+
+
+ ;<rafsi>\1</rafsi>;g' [0-9]*
+ ;<letteral>\1</letteral>;g' [0-9]*
+ ;<diphthong>\1</diphthong>;g' [0-9]*
+ ;<morphology>\1</morphology>;g' [0-9]*
+
+<pronunciation>
+ <jbo>.i,ai,i,ai,on.</jbo>
+ <ipa>[ʔi jaj ji jaj jonʔ]</ipa>
+</pronunciation>
commit b7ab1224e6c59b07695eef1610ef70575fb5d4cc
Merge: 4d6165c 9df314f
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 19:27:52 2011 -0800
Merge branch 'gh-pages' of github.com:dag/cll into gh-pages
commit 4d6165cbed8fcf934c3fb7ecfb06c4cdae083bd2
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 19:26:43 2011 -0800
Various readme changes.
diff --git a/todocbook/README-tags b/todocbook/README-tags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a000907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/todocbook/README-tags
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+We have a variety of local-use-only tags and roles that get converted into
+docbook XML as part of the processing.
+
+ <example> roles
+
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+
+This is to only be used for
+
+ <jbophrase>
+
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bo</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BO</selmaho>
+ <description>closest scope grouping</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+
+
+ <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-do-mamta-mi">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c5e1d1"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>do mamta mi</jbo>
+ <gloss>You are-a-mother-of me</gloss>
+ <en>You are my mother</en>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+
+ <example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2B4">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c3e3d1"/>
+ </title>
+ <pronunciation>
+ <jbo>.i.ai.i.ai.o</jbo>
+ <ipa><phrase role="IPA">[ʔi ʔaj ʔi ʔaj ʔo]</phrase></ipa>
+ <en>Ee! Eye! Ee! Eye! Oh!</en>
+ </pronunciation>
+ </example>
+
+<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>,
+
+docbook2html_preprocess.xsl: <xsl:template match="compound-cmavo">
+docbook2html_preprocess.xsl: <xsl:template match="jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and ( not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false')
+docbook2html_preprocess.xsl: <xsl:template match="jbophrase"
+
+ <xsl:template match="jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and (
+not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false') and ( not(@role) or ( @role !=
+'morphology' and @role != 'rafsi' and @role != 'diphthong' and @role !=
+'letteral' ) ) ]" priority="2">
+
+generate_glossary.xsl: <xsl:template name="make_slug">
+generate_glossary.xsl: <xsl:template match="//jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and ( not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false')
+generate_glossary.xsl: <xsl:template match="//text()">
+
+ <xsl:template match="//jbophrase[count(str:tokenize(text())) = 1 and (
+not(@glossary) or @glossary != 'false') and ( not(@role) or ( @role !=
+'morphology' and @role != 'rafsi' and @role != 'diphthong' and @role !=
+'letteral' ) ) ]">
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index 200363d..5264132 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -1,11 +1,383 @@
+All the imported/manual indexterm entries for single words or selma'o need
+removing. Might be nice to re-apply * cb87291250fa978bcb67f965bfb880601ce9f367
+Chapter 6 lojban-word-importeds. for this.
+
+How about we split <jbophrase> into <jboword>, <jbophrase>, and
+<jbofragment>? (is fragment quite right? pseudojbo? For things
+that are lojbanic in structure, but not actual words; ktraile or
+rafsi or similar). Basically all are Lojbanic to some extent;
+<jbophrase> are valid unless marked otherwise but have no
+definition because phrasal; <jboword> are valid unless marked
+otherwise and have a definition unless marked otherwise; <pseudojbo>
+is never valid nor has a definition.
+
+ There should, however, be a way to mark that morphology fragments
+ are valid or not; consider <jbophrase role="morphology"
+ valid="false">cc</jbophrase>
+
+ What about cmevla? Maybe do <cmene>, <valsi>, ... ?
+
+<!-- FIXME: non-lojban-non-english component of example <jbo>자모
+(from Korean)</jbo> ; how do we mark this? <nonen>? <foreign>? -->
+(from 4.xml): make <en> into <natlang>
+
+zort-: So for things like "<jbo>spageti (Lojbanize)</jbo>", what do you think of <jbo>spageti
+<comment>(Lojbanize)</comment></jbo> or something?
+I was thinking <commentary>, but that seems a bit pointlessly bulky.
+Oh, actually, without the parens at that point; they can get added back in later if we want them.
+By the code.
+
+Replace ’ with '
+
+Replace – with —
+
+WRT rafsi: <rafsi type="prefix">man</rafsi> seems best
+
+ Will that suck for <member><jbophrase role="rafsi">ger</jbophrase><jbophrase role="rafsi">-zda</jbophrase></member> ?
+
+ Let alone <member><jbophrase
+ role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase
+ role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase
+ role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
+
+<jbophrase role="letteral">r-</jbophrase>hyphen -- just wrong
+
+Drop all the damned gismu definition tables in favour of cross references
+
+Handling chapter 2: why don't we just require that the number of sub-entries matches?
+ Also: maybe rename jbo/gloss for this purpose, or introduce roles.
+
+2.xml:
+
+
+6.xml:
+ remove "This stuff was here before, not sure what it means - zort"
+
+3.xml:
+ <phrase xml:lang="art"> becomes
+ <phrase xml:lang="qya"> (an actual ISO code:
+ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:q ), as do most (all?) of the
+ <quote xml:lang="art">
+
+4.xml:
+
+ <jbophrase>'</jbophrase> and friends: look for any single letter
+ that does't have a letteral role
+
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>- hyphen or -- lose
+ the space after -
+
+ <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">ska-<
+ BUNCH MORE LIKE THIS
+ <entry>-<jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">kli-< -- move the
+ first hyphen, or something
+
+ <jbophrase>cc</jbophrase> needs a role
+
+ First para starts with <para><jbophrase role="letteral">,</jbophrase> for no apparent reason?
+
+ <entry>(-<jbophrase role="rafsi">sarji</jbophrase>-)</entry>
+ <entry>(-<jbophrase role="rafsi">zbasu</jbophrase>-)</entry>
+ -- extraneous trailing -
+
+ Turn the metric prefix lists into 3 column tables; split on the /
+
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>).</para> <!-- erratum: no such list anywhere --> -- FIXME
+
+ <jbo>djan. smif.</jbo> -- smif? *Really*?
+
+5.xml:
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Preem Palver</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ is in the wrong place
+
+ Karaitpic should be Karaitic
+
+ <entry>Skt = emperor</entry>
+ ... a number of others; search on ' = '
+ <entry>Qab = group of people</entry> -- should split into fourth
+ column on the =, like others? Or not, but should be consistent.
+ Especially given <entry>dog for working sheep</entry>, which is
+ curretnly in the languages column. -_- Maybe name tho columns,
+ too?
+
+ <!-- these sentences should be broken up to make them easier to read, or at least less intimidating --> -- FIXME
+
+6.xml:
+ <jbophrase>James</jbophrase>
+
+ <en>I say <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase>.</en> -- needs a quote?
+
+ Why <jbophrase>pi</jbophrase>? -- needs a - after the pi to match the red book
+
+7.xml:
+
+ <jbo>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta</jbo> -- needs to be 2
+
+ <en>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa.</en| <en>I run to this from that and vice versa.</en>
+ -- that's a change; not on the errata list
+
+ <place-structure>t1 talks to you about subject t3 in langua
+ ge t4</place-structure>
+ <para>since <varname>t2</varname> (the addressee) is alread
+ y known to be
+
+ <place-structure>c1 is a second person pronoun in language
+ c4</place-structure>
+ <para>since both the <varname>c2</varname> place (the gramm
+ atical class) and the <varname>c3</varname> place (the meaning)
+ are obvious from the context
+
+ -- used to be examples! That's bad!
+
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions-"/> -- bad
+
+8.xml
+
+ <jbophrase>ko'e</jbophrase> (explained in Chapter
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-s
+ eries"/>).</para>
+
+ -- double chapter
+
+9.xml
+
+ <gloss>the-number = the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) theref ore 4.</gloss> -- needs an "n" before the =
+
+ Do we want to auto-generate the BAI list at the end of Chapter 9
+ from jbovlaste? Probably not for v1.1; for v2 maybe just say
+ "read the dict"?
+
+ <entry>with</entry>
+ <entry>property</entry>
+
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>standard for</entry>
+
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>part of</entry>
+
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>limit of</entry>
+
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>method for</entry>
+
+ <entry>on the same date</entry>
+ <entry>as</entry> -- one entry
+
+ <entry>from source as an origin of</entry>
+ <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry> -- should almost
+ certainly be two entries; check and add to errata
+
+ <gloss>For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-onl y-if is-a-walker-on the field.</gloss>
+ -- should be: "For-every X: X is-a-goer-to the store if-and-only-if it is-a-walker-on the field." (but check errata page)
+
+@@ -1463,7 +1463,7 @@
+ <anchor xml:id="c9e10d1"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+- <jbo>la .apasionatas. poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
++ <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@
+ <anchor xml:id="c9e10d2"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+- <jbo>la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
++ <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
+
+
+@@ -1502,7 +1502,7 @@
+ <anchor xml:id="c9e10d3"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+- <jbo>la .apasionatas pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
++ <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@
+ <anchor xml:id="c9e10d4"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+- <jbo>la .apasionatas ne la betovn. se nelci mi</jbo>
++ <jbo>la .apasionatas. ku ne la betovn. se nelci mi</jbo>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
+
+-- and others
+
+10.xml
+
+ <jbo>mi cu pu klama le zarci mi pu klama le zarci</jbo> --
+ doubled up
+
+ <place-structure>
+ Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
+ </place-structure>
+ [snip others]
+ <place-structure>
+ To my left, the man bites the dog.
+ </place-structure>
+ -- not really, no.
+
+ <jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo [whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places] </jbo>
+ -- needs a gloss section
+
+ <listitem><para>once</para></listitem>
+ <para>...</para>
+ <term><jbophrase>roroi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>always</para></listitem>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ <term><jbophrase>pare'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>the first time</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>rere'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>the second time</para></listitem>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ -- disconnected para, that were seperated by commas inside the
+ text
+
+12.xml
+
+ <para>kl1 goes to car kl2=ka1 which carries ka2 propell
+ ed by ka3 from origin kl3</para>
+ <para>via route kl4 by means of kl5</para>
+
+ <para>kl1 goes to destination kl2 from origin kl3 via r
+ oute kl4</para>
+ <para>by means of car kl5=ka1 carrying ka2
+ propelled by
+ ka3.</para>
+
+
+ <jbophrase>dzukla</jbophrase>: c1=k1 walks to k2 from k
+ 3 via route k4 using limbs k5=c3</gloss>
+ <para>on surface c2</para>
+
+ -- needs merge
+
+13.xml
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'i</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">emotional</attitudinal-s cale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">denying</attitudinal-sc ale>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">emotion</attitudinal-sca le>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'o</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">physical</attitudinal-sc
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">denying</attitudinal-sc
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">physical</attitudinal-sc
+
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ro'u</cmavo>
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">sexual</attitudinal-scal
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">sexual</attitudinal-sca
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="nai">abstinence</attitudinal-
+ </cmavo-entry>
+
+ -- needs merge
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">hauteur</attitudinal-sca
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="sai">rank</attitudinal-scale>
+ -- hwat the hell is hauteur rank? and theoretically needs merge
+
+ STuff under <source-gismu>[frili]</source-gismu> needs merge
+
+ obviously -- needs to go in li'a
+
+ <attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">omitting ex.</attitudin -- shouldn't be abbreviated
+
+14.xml:
+ <foreign xml:lang="zh">ni<superscript>3</superscript> z
+ ou<superscript>3</superscript> hai<superscript>2</superscript>s
+ hi pao</foreign> -- needs a 3 for the last
+
+ [se] JOI [nai] GI [se] BIhI [nai] GI GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO GI
+ [se] JOI [nai] [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO -- need splitting
+
+ <jbo gloss="iffy">
+
+15.xml
+
+ <para>(inaccurate quantity; the difference from the pre
+ vious example is that</para>
+ <para>someone who has held four jobs has also held thre
+ e jobs)</para>
+
+ <para>(undue quantity negation indicating that the valu
+ e on a</para>
+ <para>scale for measuring the predicate is incorrect)</
+ para>
+
+ -- bad break
+
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>), the <!-- also see chapter-modals? --> -- FIXME
+
+17.xml:
+
+ <entry>ligatured fi fi</entry> -- and several followig -- doubled
+
+ <quote>h</quote>
+ <quote>a</quote>
+ <quote>n</quote>
+ <superscript>4</superscript>
+ -- should not be superscript
+
+18.xml:
+
+ <math>123 ignore</math> <!-- okely dokely --> -- heh
+
+ <math>300,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
+ <math>10</math>
+ <math>.1010</math>
+ <math>30,000,000 = 3 × 10</math>
+ <math>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n</math> -- misisng bits
+
+ <quote>the function whose value is always <quote>f</quote> -- needs varname
+
+19.xml:
+
+ <gloss>As for this news, I knew it.</gloss> -- en
+
+20.xml:
+
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals-section-intensity-scale -- and friends do not agree with the chapter
+
+ <xref linkend="chapter-vuho"/> -- should be chapter-relative-clauses-section-vuho
+
+21.xml:
+
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase> -- should be <quote>
+
+TODO
+
+ move all commenst about jbophrase and such into README-tags, have
+ README and TODO reference README-tags
+
+All
+
+ At least one TAG SPOT para is stil there but not in use.
+
==================
Instructions For Helpers
==================
Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a
particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it
actually is; you'll get used to it.
SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed
(like index work).
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