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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 3 03:21:01 EST 2011
commit 3456d19b9aff90c33372e5ce8e20119d1527d888
Merge: 53d76a4 b3c220e
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:14:57 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'b3c220e1eb32de09528b4da0ede1eeae92a75686' into gh-pages
commit 53d76a4209add44a9209f7cd157464a3ac1685f8
Merge: 567f200 bb854a5
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Feb 3 00:09:56 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'bb854a5567fb9c2fbb20c71b00957b440a854196' into gh-pages
commit 567f200f5dbba86fe59f583f08a30a526ae3e3df
Merge: 4499796 7204957
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Feb 2 23:56:27 2011 -0800
Merge commit '72049575be537ccaad711c13847c3a8d496976fd' into gh-pages
commit 4499796358c3763e2641a062f5902635914772ee
Merge: 5a70502 a295b27
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Feb 2 23:56:16 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'a295b27569e8fb02a9f76e34b7b8d579049b0385' into gh-pages
commit 5a70502ca93a3baa45efecc44b9007e0f1b0a1bd
Merge: 0a23b05 3943d8f
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Feb 2 23:29:16 2011 -0800
Merge commit '3943d8f859588dbc75bf01e11c21c523470b6aef' into gh-pages
commit 0a23b05ddec980ee18297861ae3267df8a920a8c
Merge: 32a1f4b 7f71f5d
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Feb 2 23:14:41 2011 -0800
Merge commit '7f71f5d52e3da6b06c48038a68bf06ef8758ef03' into gh-pages
commit b3c220e1eb32de09528b4da0ede1eeae92a75686
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 15:46:59 2011 -0500
<long-description> and <math-description> to <description role="long"> and <description role="math">, since that seems more conventional.
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index f526842..018a76f 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -2691,258 +2691,258 @@
<jbophrase>ju'i lobypli</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>(Alternatively,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> can be inserted between the COI cmavo and the name, making a pause unnecessary:
<jbophrase>coi doi djan.</jbophrase>)</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>coi</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">greetings</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Hello, X</quote>;
<quote>Greetings, X</quote>; indicates a greeting to the listener.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">partings</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Good-bye, X</quote>; indicates parting from immediate company by either the speaker or the listener.
<jbophrase>coico'o</jbophrase> means
<quote>greeting in passing</quote>.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'i</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[jundi]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">attention</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">at ease</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ignore me/us</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Attention/Lo/Hark/Behold/Hey!/Listen, X</quote>; indicates an important communication that the listener should listen to.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>nu'e</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[nupre]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">promise</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">release promise</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-promise</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I promise, X</quote>; indicates a promise to the listener. In some contexts,
<jbophrase>nu'e</jbophrase> may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ta'a</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[tavla]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">interruption</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I interrupt, X</quote>,
<quote>I desire the floor, X</quote>; a vocative expression to (possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude interruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate response to an interruption might be
<jbophrase>re'i</jbophrase> (or
<jbophrase>re'inai</jbophrase> to ignore the interruption).
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe'u</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[cpedu]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with pe'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with e'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Please, X</quote>; indicates a request to the listener. It is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of
<jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand,
<jbophrase>.e'o</jbophrase> may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a
<quote>sense of petition floating in the air</quote>, as it were.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'e</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[ckire]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">appreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">gratitude</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">disappreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ingratitude</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Thank you, X</quote>; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, but
<jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
<jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase>.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'i</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[friti]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">welcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">offering</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unwelcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">inhospitality</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>At your service, X</quote>;
<quote>Make yourself at home, X</quote>; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that
<jbophrase>fi'i</jbophrase> is
<emphasis>not</emphasis> the equivalent of American English
<quote>You're welcome</quote> as a mechanical response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>; that is
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase>, as noted below.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be'e</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[benji]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request to send</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>telephone conversation</primary><secondary>hello</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Request to send to X</quote>; indicates that the speaker wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is listening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conversant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is
<quote>Hello? Can I speak to X?</quote>.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>re'i</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[bredi]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">ready to receive</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">not ready</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Ready to receive, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker is attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used instead of
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated
<quote>Hold on!</quote> or
<quote>Just a minute</quote>.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mu'o</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[mulno]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">completion of utterance</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">more to follow</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Over, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker has completed the current utterance and is ready to hear a response from the listener. The negative form signals that the pause or non-linguistic sound which follows does not represent the end of the current utterance: more colloquially,
<quote>I'm not done talking!</quote>
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>je'e</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[jimpe]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">successful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unsuccessful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Roger, X!</quote>,
<quote>I understand</quote>; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by
<jbophrase>ke'o</jbophrase>. The colloquial English equivalents of
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase> are the grunt typically written
<quote>uh-huh</quote> and
<quote>What?/Excuse me?</quote>.
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> is also used to mean
<quote>You're welcome</quote> when that is a response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vi'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">will comply</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">will not comply</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>je'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with vi'o</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Wilco, X</quote>,
<quote>I understand and will comply</quote>. Similar to
<jbophrase>je'e</jbophrase> but signals an intention (similar to
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ai</jbophrase>) to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying
<quote>OK</quote> in Lojban, in the usual sense of
<quote>Agreed!</quote>, although
<jbophrase role="diphthong">.ie</jbophrase> carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is
<quote>No way!</quote>.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'o</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[krefu]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">please repeat</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">no repeat needed</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary><secondary>compared to ke'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'o</primary><secondary>compared to ki'a</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>What did you say, X?</quote>; a request for repetition or clarification due to unsuccessful receipt or understanding. This is the vocative equivalent of
<jbophrase>ki'a</jbophrase>, and is related to
<jbophrase>je'enai</jbophrase>. The negative form may be rendered
<quote>Okay, already; I get the point!</quote>
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'o</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[fanmo]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">end of communication</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">not done</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Over and out, X</quote>; indicates completion of statement(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to terminate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already been identified (as in memos). The negative form means
<quote>Wait, hold it, we're not done!</quote> and differs from
<jbophrase>mu'onai</jbophrase> in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fe'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fe'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with fa'o</secondary></indexterm> Do not confuse
<jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> with
<jbophrase>fa'o</jbophrase> (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say
<jbophrase>fe'o</jbophrase> to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.</para>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'e</cmavo>
<source-gismu>[cmavo: mi]</source-gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-identification</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">non-identification</attitudinal-scale>
- <long-description>
+ <description role="long">
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>explicitly specifying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with other members of COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>introduce oneself</primary></indexterm>
<quote>And I am X</quote>; a generalized self-vocative. Although grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI,
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.
- </long-description>
+ </description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'imi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'omi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary><secondary>effect of ordering multiple COI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>ordering multiple with mi'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>closings</primary><secondary>letter</secondary></indexterm> This cmavo is often combined with other members of COI:
<jbophrase>fe'omi'e</jbophrase> would be an appropriate closing at the end of a letter;
<jbophrase>re'imi'e</jbophrase> would be a self-vocative used in delayed responses, as when called to the phone, or possibly in a roll-call. As long as the
<jbophrase>mi'e</jbophrase> comes last, the following name is that of the speaker; if another COI cmavo is last, the following name is that of the listener. It is not possible to name both speaker and listener in a single vocative expression, but this fact is of no importance, because wherever one vocative expression is grammatical, any number of consecutive ones may appear.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'enai</primary></indexterm> The negative form denies an identity which someone else has attributed to you;
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 3593a6c..12005da 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -3301,233 +3301,233 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vuhu">
<title>Complete table of VUhU cmavo, with operand structures</title>
<para>The operand structures specify what various operands (labeled a, b, c, ...) mean. The implied context is forethought, since only forethought operators can have a variable number of operands; however, the same rules apply to infix and RP uses of VUhU.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>list of simple</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<!-- FIXME: use actual equations for integral, derivative, etc. -->
<place-structure>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>su'i</selmaho>
<description>plus</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a + b) + c) + ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a + b) + c) + ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>pi'i</selmaho>
<description>times</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a × b) × c) × ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a × b) × c) × ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>vu'u</selmaho>
<description>minus</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a − b) − c) − ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a − b) − c) − ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>fe'i</selmaho>
<description>divided by</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a / b) / c) / ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>(((a / b) / c) / ...)</mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>ju'u</selmaho>
<description>number base</description>
- <math-description>numeral string <varname>a</varname> interpreted in the base <varname>b</varname></math-description>
+ <description role="math">numeral string <varname>a</varname> interpreted in the base <varname>b</varname></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>pa'i</selmaho>
<description>ratio</description>
- <math-description>the ratio of <varname>a</varname> to <varname>b</varname> a:b</math-description>
+ <description role="math">the ratio of <varname>a</varname> to <varname>b</varname> a:b</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>fa'i</selmaho>
<description>reciprocal of/multiplicative inverse</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>1 / a</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>1 / a</mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>gei</selmaho>
<description>scientific notation</description>
- <math-description>b × (c [default 10] to the <varname>a</varname> power)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">b × (c [default 10] to the <varname>a</varname> power)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>ge'a</selmaho>
<description>null operator</description>
- <math-description>(no operands)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">(no operands)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>de'o</selmaho>
<description>logarithm</description>
- <math-description>log <varname>a</varname> to base <varname>b</varname> (default 10 or <varname>e</varname> as appropriate)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">log <varname>a</varname> to base <varname>b</varname> (default 10 or <varname>e</varname> as appropriate)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>te'a</selmaho>
<description>to the power/exponential</description>
- <math-description><varname>a</varname> to the <varname>b</varname> power</math-description>
+ <description role="math"><varname>a</varname> to the <varname>b</varname> power</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>fe'a</selmaho>
<description>nth root of/inverse power</description>
- <math-description>b<superscript>th</superscript> root of a (default square root: b = 2)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">b<superscript>th</superscript> root of a (default square root: b = 2)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>cu'a</selmaho>
<description>absolute value/norm</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>| a |</mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>| a |</mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>ne'o</selmaho>
<description>factorial</description>
- <math-description>a!</math-description>
+ <description role="math">a!</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>pi'a</selmaho>
<description>matrix row vector combiner</description>
- <math-description>(all operands are row vectors)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">(all operands are row vectors)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>sa'i</selmaho>
<description>matrix column vector combiner</description>
- <math-description>(all operands are column vectors)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">(all operands are column vectors)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>ri'o</selmaho>
<description>integral</description>
- <math-description>integral of a with respect to b over range c</math-description> <!-- FIXME: ? -->
+ <description role="math">integral of a with respect to b over range c</description> <!-- FIXME: ? -->
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>sa'o</selmaho>
<description>derivative</description>
- <math-description>derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">derivative of a with respect to b of degree c (default 1)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>fu'u</selmaho>
<description>non-specific operator</description>
- <math-description>(variable)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">(variable)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>si'i</selmaho>
<description>sigma (Σ) summation</description>
- <math-description>summation of a using variable b over range c</math-description>
+ <description role="math">summation of a using variable b over range c</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>va'a</selmaho>
<description>negation of/additive inverse</description>
- <math-description>-a</math-description>
+ <description role="math">-a</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<selmaho>re'a</selmaho>
<description>matrix transpose/dual</description>
- <math-description><inlineequation><mathphrase>a<superscript>*</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation></math-description>
+ <description role="math"><inlineequation><mathphrase>a<superscript>*</superscript></mathphrase></inlineequation></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</place-structure>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pa">
<title>Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of decimal</secondary></indexterm> Decimal digits:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>no</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">non</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>0</math-description>
+ <description role="math">0</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>pa</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">pav</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>1</math-description>
+ <description role="math">1</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>re</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">rel</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>2</math-description>
+ <description role="math">2</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>ci</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">cib</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>3</math-description>
+ <description role="math">3</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>vo</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">von</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>4</math-description>
+ <description role="math">4</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>mu</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">mum</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>5</math-description>
+ <description role="math">5</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>xa</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">xav</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>6</math-description>
+ <description role="math">6</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>ze</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">zel</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>7</math-description>
+ <description role="math">7</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>bi</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">biv</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>8</math-description>
+ <description role="math">8</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>so</jbophrase></cmavo>
<rafsi><jbophrase role="rafsi">soz</jbophrase></rafsi>
- <math-description>9</math-description>
+ <description role="math">9</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits</primary><secondary>list of hexadecimal</secondary></indexterm> Hexadecimal digits:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>dau</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <math-description>A/10</math-description>
+ <description role="math">A/10</description>
</cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>fei</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <math-description>B/11</math-description>
+ <description role="math">B/11</description>
</cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>gai</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <math-description>C/12</math-description>
+ <description role="math">C/12</description>
</cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>jau</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <math-description>D/13</math-description>
+ <description role="math">D/13</description>
</cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>rei</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <math-description>E/14</math-description>
+ <description role="math">E/14</description>
</cmavo-entry><cmavo-entry>
<cmavo><jbophrase>vai</jbophrase></cmavo>
- <math-description>F/15</math-description>
+ <description role="math">F/15</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>list of special</secondary></indexterm> Special numbers:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pai</cmavo>
- <math-description>π</math-description>
+ <description role="math">π</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ka'o</cmavo>
- <math-description>imaginary i</math-description>
+ <description role="math">imaginary i</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>te'o</cmavo>
- <math-description>exponential e</math-description>
+ <description role="math">exponential e</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ci'i</cmavo>
- <math-description>infinity (∞)</math-description>
+ <description role="math">infinity (∞)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>list of numerical</secondary></indexterm> Number punctuation:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pi</cmavo>
<rafsi>piz</rafsi>
<description>decimal point</description>
commit bb854a5567fb9c2fbb20c71b00957b440a854196
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 15:38:58 2011 -0500
Chapter 10: summary <informaltable>s to <cmavo-list>s. Invented
role="direction" and role="movement" for <description>.
The two roles are for the table at the end of chapter 10.
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 67191e2..5c81c50 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -654,24 +654,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>really means:</para>
<place-structure>
- At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as
- well, the event
-<quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
-</place-structure>
+ At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as well, the event <quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>past event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications of completeness</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-naft"/> points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like
<quote>I went to the market</quote> generally signifies that the going-to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete at the time of speaking. Lojban
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> has no such implication.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>aorist</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aorist</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Classical Greek aorist tense</primary><secondary>compared with Lojban tense</secondary></indexterm> This property of a past tense is sometimes called
<quote>aorist</quote>, in reference to a similar concept in the tense system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xQ0w">
@@ -1746,21 +1744,21 @@
<gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-L9GA"/> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-oJQz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d3"/>
</title>
- <para>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</para>
+ <para>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>compared with tense in scope of sticky tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense in scope of sticky tense</primary><secondary>compared with compound tense</secondary></indexterm> and it is equivalent in meaning (when considered in isolation from any other sentences) to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5xa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .i le nanmu pupu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. The man [past] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
@@ -3271,34 +3269,34 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seka'a le briju</jbo>
<gloss>With-destination the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu'e</primary><secondary>combining with other tense cmavo</secondary></indexterm> The only way to combine
<jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase> with other tense cmavo is through logical connection, which makes a question that pre-specifies some information:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when else</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sowed grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when else</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sowed grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QTts">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do puzi je cu'e sombo le gurni</jbo>
<gloss>You [past] [short] and [when?] sow the grain?</gloss>
<en>You sowed the grain a little while ago; when else do you sow it?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Additionally, the logical connective itself can be replaced by a question word:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions</primary><secondary>by using logical connective question</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions</primary><secondary>by using logical connective question</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I6xI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu je'i ba nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>Arthur [past] [which?] [future] is-a-king</gloss>
<en>Was Arthur a king or will he be?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3361,372 +3359,432 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e26d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe fi le lojbo temci selsku ciste</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-summary">
<title>Summary of tense selma'o</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense selma'o</primary><secondary>summary of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>PU</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>temporal direction</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>pu</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>past</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ca</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>present</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ba</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>future</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>ZI</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>temporal distance</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>zi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>za</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>zu</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>ZEhA</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>temporal interval</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>ze'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ze'a</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ze'u</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ze'e</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>infinite</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>ROI</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>objective quantified tense flag</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>noroi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>never</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>paroi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>once</para></listitem>
- <para>...</para>
- <term><jbophrase>roroi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>always</para></listitem>
- <para>etc.</para>
- <term><jbophrase>pare'u</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>the first time</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>rere'u</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>the second time</para></listitem>
- <para>etc.</para>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>TAhE</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>subjective quantified tense</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>di'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>regularly</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>na'o</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>typically</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ru'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>continuously</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ta'e</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>habitually</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>ZAhO</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>event contours</para>
- <para>see <xref linkend="section-event-contours"/></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>FAhA</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>spatial direction</para>
- <para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>VA</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>spatial distance</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>vi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>va</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>vu</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>VEhA</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>spatial interval</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>ve'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ve'a</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ve'u</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ve'e</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>infinite</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>VIhA</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>spatial dimensionality</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>vi'i</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>line</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>vi'a</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>plane</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>vi'u</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>space</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>vi'e</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>space-time</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>FEhE</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>spatial interval modifier flag</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>fe'enoroi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>nowhere</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>fe'eroroi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>everywhere</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>fe'eba'o</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>beyond</para></listitem>
- <para>etc.</para>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>MOhI</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>spatial movement flag</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term>mo'i</term>
- <listitem><para>motion</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- <para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>KI</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>set or reset sticky tense</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term>tense+<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>set</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> alone</term>
- <listitem><para>reset</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>CUhE</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>tense question, reference point</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>asks for a tense or aspect</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>nau</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>use speaker's reference point</para></listitem>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>JAI</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>tense conversion</para>
- <variablelist>
- <term><jbophrase>jaica</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>the time of</para></listitem>
- <term><jbophrase>jaivi</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>the place of</para></listitem>
- <para>etc.</para>
- </variablelist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>PU</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>temporal direction</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pu</cmavo>
+ <description>past</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ca</cmavo>
+ <description>present</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ba</cmavo>
+ <description>future</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ZI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>temporal distance</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zi</cmavo>
+ <description>short</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>za</cmavo>
+ <description>medium</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu</cmavo>
+ <description>long</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ZEhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>temporal interval</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ze'i</cmavo>
+ <description>short</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ze'a</cmavo>
+ <description>medium</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ze'u</cmavo>
+ <description>long</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ze'e</cmavo>
+ <description>infinite</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ROI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>objective quantified tense flag</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>noroi</cmavo>
+ <description>never</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>paroi</cmavo>
+ <description>once</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <para>...</para>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>roroi</cmavo>
+ <description>always</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pare'u</cmavo>
+ <description>the first time</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>rere'u</cmavo>
+ <description>the second time</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>TAhE</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>subjective quantified tense</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'i</cmavo>
+ <description>regularly</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>na'o</cmavo>
+ <description>typically</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru'i</cmavo>
+ <description>continuously</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'e</cmavo>
+ <description>habitually</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ZAhO</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>event contours</para>
+ <para>see <xref linkend="section-event-contours"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>FAhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial direction</para>
+ <para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>VA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial distance</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vi</cmavo>
+ <description>short</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>va</cmavo>
+ <description>medium</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vu</cmavo>
+ <description>long</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>VEhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial interval</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ve'i</cmavo>
+ <description>short</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ve'a</cmavo>
+ <description>medium</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ve'u</cmavo>
+ <description>long</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ve'e</cmavo>
+ <description>infinite</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>VIhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial dimensionality</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vi'i</cmavo>
+ <description>line</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vi'a</cmavo>
+ <description>plane</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vi'u</cmavo>
+ <description>space</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vi'e</cmavo>
+ <description>space-time</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>FEhE</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial interval modifier flag</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fe'enoroi</cmavo>
+ <description>nowhere</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fe'eroroi</cmavo>
+ <description>everywhere</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fe'eba'o</cmavo>
+ <description>beyond</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>MOhI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial movement flag</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <term>mo'i</term>
+ <listitem><para>motion</para></listitem>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>KI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>set or reset sticky tense</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <term>tense+<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>set</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> alone</term>
+ <listitem><para>reset</para></listitem>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>CUhE</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>tense question, reference point</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cu'e</cmavo>
+ <description>asks for a tense or aspect</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>nau</cmavo>
+ <description>use speaker's reference point</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>JAI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>tense conversion</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>jaica</cmavo>
+ <description>the time of</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>jaivi</cmavo>
+ <description>the place of</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-direction-cmavo">
<title>List of spatial directions and direction-like relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial directions</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> The following list of FAhA cmavo gives rough English glosses for the cmavo, first when used without
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> to express a direction, and then when used with
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> to express movement in the direction. When possible, the gismu from which the cmavo is derived is also listed.</para>
- <informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>cmavo</entry>
- <entry>gismu</entry>
- <entry>without <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>with <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ca'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>crane</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>in front (of)</entry>
- <entry>forward</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ti'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>trixe</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>behind</entry>
- <entry>backward</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>on the left (of)</entry>
- <entry>leftward</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ga'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>above</entry>
- <entry>upward(ly)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ni'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>cnita</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>below</entry>
- <entry>downward(ly)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ne'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>nenri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>within</entry>
- <entry>into</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ru'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>sruri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>surrounding</entry>
- <entry>orbiting</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pa'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pagre</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>transfixing</entry>
- <entry>passing through</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ne'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>next to</entry>
- <entry>moving while next to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>te'e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>bordering</entry>
- <entry>moving along the border (of)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>re'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>adjacent (to)</entry>
- <entry>along</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>farna</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>towards</entry>
- <entry>arriving at</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>away from</entry>
- <entry>departing from</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>inward (from)</entry>
- <entry>approaching</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>outward (from)</entry>
- <entry>receding from</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zo'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>tangential (to)</entry>
- <entry>passing (by)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>be'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>berti</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>north (of)</entry>
- <entry>northward(ly)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>ne'u</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>snanu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>south (of)</entry>
- <entry>southward(ly)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>du'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>stuna</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>east (of)</entry>
- <entry>eastward(ly)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>vu'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry><para/></entry>
- <entry>west (of)</entry>
- <entry>westward(ly)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ca'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>crane</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">in front (of)</description>
+ <description role="movement">forward</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>trixe</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">behind</description>
+ <description role="movement">backward</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>zunle</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">on the left (of)</description>
+ <description role="movement">leftward</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ga'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>gapru</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">above</description>
+ <description role="movement">upward(ly)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ni'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>cnita</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">below</description>
+ <description role="movement">downward(ly)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ne'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu>nenri</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">within</description>
+ <description role="movement">into</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>sruri</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">surrounding</description>
+ <description role="movement">orbiting</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>pa'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu>pagre</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">transfixing</description>
+ <description role="movement">passing through</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ne'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">next to</description>
+ <description role="movement">moving while next to </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>te'e</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">bordering</description>
+ <description role="movement">moving along the border (of)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>re'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">adjacent (to)</description>
+ <description role="movement">along</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fa'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>farna</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">towards</description>
+ <description role="movement">arriving at</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>to'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">away from</description>
+ <description role="movement">departing from</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zo'i</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">inward (from)</description>
+ <description role="movement">approaching</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ze'o</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">outward (from)</description>
+ <description role="movement">receding from</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zo'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">tangential (to)</description>
+ <description role="movement">passing (by)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>be'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>berti</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">north (of)</description>
+ <description role="movement">northward(ly)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ne'u</cmavo>
+ <gismu>snanu</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">south (of)</description>
+ <description role="movement">southward(ly)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>du'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu>stuna</gismu>
+ <description role="direction">east (of)</description>
+ <description role="movement">eastward(ly)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vu'a</cmavo>
+ <gismu/>
+ <description role="direction">west (of)</description>
+ <description role="movement">westward(ly)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'o</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'i</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>to'o</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'a</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> Special note on
<jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase>:</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase> refer to direction towards or away from the speaker's location, or whatever the origin is.</para>
<para>
- <jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase> refer to direction towards or away from some other point.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
commit 72049575be537ccaad711c13847c3a8d496976fd
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 15:11:29 2011 -0500
Chapter 2: <example>s. Invented several tags and attributes.
<sumti>, <selbri>, <cmavo>, <elidable> for the interlinear
glosses. <elidable> can have elidable="false", which means it's
wrapping an elidable terminator that cannot be elided, or
delineated="false", which means it's wrapping an elidable terminator
that can be elided but for some reason wasn't surrounded with []
(there's only of these). <cmavo> is for UI and such.
Also, <place-structure> now has to be wrapped in <para> (i.e. it is no
longer a child of the same parents that <para> can be a child of)
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 6d0622c..c2e99df 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -46,20 +46,21 @@
<imagedata fileref="file:///epicuser/AISolutions/graphics/AIWorkbench/diagram.png" width="291px"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<mediaobject>
<alt>[svg version]</alt>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="diagram.svg"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<!--fallback for text-based browsers w/o css:-->
+ <!-- FIXME -->
<cmavo-list>John is the father of Sam| | |
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sumti</cmavo>
<selmaho>selbri</selmaho>
<description>sumti (argument)</description>
</cmavo-entry></cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In a relationship, there are a definite number of things being related. In English, for example,
<quote>give</quote> has three places: the donor, the recipient and the gift. For example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-DE08">
<title>
@@ -313,21 +314,21 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-simple-bridi">
<title>Some simple Lojban bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the gismu
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase> is</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-5Lis">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d1"/>
</title>
- <para>x1 talks to x2 about x3 in language x4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>x1 talks to x2 about x3 in language x4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>where the
<quote>x</quote> es with following numbers represent the various arguments that could be inserted at the given positions in the English sentence. For example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-3bc3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d2"/>
</title>
<para>John talks to Sam about engineering in Lojban.</para>
</example>
@@ -343,192 +344,267 @@
</title>
<para>Talking is going on, with speaker John and listener Sam and subject matter engineering and language Lojban.</para>
</example>
<para>The Lojban bridi corresponding to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5Lis"/> will have the form</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k01t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x1</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x2</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x3</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x4</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti glossary="false">x1</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti glossary="false">x2</sumti>
+ <sumti glossary="false">x3</sumti>
+ <sumti glossary="false">x4</sumti>
+ </jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tavla</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>use of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The word
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> serves as a separator between any preceding sumti and the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>I talk to you about something in some language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>You talk to me about that thing in a language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k03n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">tu</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ <sumti>tu</sumti>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is a bit unusual, as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of this book, and hope the meaning gets across!)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ellipsis</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When there are one or more occurrences of the cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a process called
<quote>ellipsis</quote>.
-
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02C"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02u"/> may be expressed thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k04J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>I talk to you (about something in some language).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k05i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>You talk to me about that thing (in some language).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is not subject to ellipsis by this direct method, as the
-
+
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> in it is not at the end of the bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-variant-bridi-structure">
<title>Variant bridi structure</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti placement</primary><secondary>variant</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k068">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- seller-x1 sells goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 price-x4
- I sell this to that for some price.
- I sell this-thing/these-things to that-buyer/those-buyers.
- (The price is obvious or unimportant.)
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>vecnu</selbri>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>seller-x1</sumti>
+ <selbri>sells</selbri>
+ <sumti>goods-sold-x2</sumti>
+ <sumti>buyer-x3</sumti>
+ <sumti>price-x4</sumti>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>sell</selbri>
+ <sumti>this</sumti>
+ <sumti>to that</sumti>
+ <sumti>for some price.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>sell</selbri>
+ <sumti>this-thing/these-things</sumti>
+ <sumti>to that-buyer/those-buyers.</sumti>
+ <comment>The price is obvious or unimportant.</comment>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k068"/> has one sumti (the x1) before the selbri. It is also possible to put more than one sumti before the selbri, without changing the order of sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0aR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 sells buyer-x3
- I this sell to that.
- (translates as stilted or poetic English)
- I this thing do sell to that buyer.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>vecnu</selbri>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>seller-x1</sumti>
+ <sumti>goods-sold-x2</sumti>
+ <selbri>sells</selbri>
+ <sumti>buyer-x3</sumti>
-
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <sumti>this</sumti>
+ <sumti>sell</sumti>
+ <sumti>to that.</sumti>
+ <comment>translates as stilted or poetic English</comment>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>I this thing do sell to that buyer.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Bm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
- seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 sells
- I this to that sell.
- (translates as stilted or poetic English)
- I this thing to that buyer do sell.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>vecnu</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>seller-x1</sumti>
+ <sumti>goods-sold-x2</sumti>
+ <sumti>buyer-x3</sumti>
+ <selbri>sells</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <sumti>this</sumti>
+ <sumti>to that</sumti>
+ <sumti>sell.</sumti>
+ <comment>translates as stilted or poetic English</comment>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>I this thing to that buyer do sell.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k068"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Bm"/> mean the same thing. Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal position. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such orders.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> If there are no sumti before the selbri, then it is understood that the x1 sumti value is equivalent to
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; i.e. unimportant or obvious, and therefore not given. Any sumti after the selbri start counting from x2.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0br">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- object/idea-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
- That/Those is/are beautiful.
- That is beautiful.
- Those are beautiful.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>object/idea-x1</sumti>
+ <selbri>is-beautiful</selbri>
+ <comment>to someone by some standard</comment>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>That/Those</sumti>
+ <selbri>is/are beautiful.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>That is beautiful.</en>
+ <en>Those are beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>when the x1 is omitted, becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Ch">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">________</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- unspecified-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
- Beautiful!
- It's beautiful!
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti glossary="false">________</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>unspecified-x1</sumti>
+ <selbri>is-beautiful</selbri>
+ <comment>to someone by some standard</comment>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>Beautiful!</en>
+ <en>It's beautiful!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Omitting the x1 adds emphasis to the selbri relation, which has become first in the sentence. This kind of sentence is termed an observative, because it is often used when someone first observes or takes note of the relationship, and wishes to quickly communicate it to someone else. Commonly understood English observatives include
<quote>Smoke!</quote> upon seeing smoke or smelling the odor, or
<quote>Car!</quote> to a person crossing the street who might be in danger. Any Lojban selbri can be used as an observative if no sumti appear before the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> does not occur in an observative;
@@ -541,64 +617,72 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-order-of-sumti">
<title>Varying the order of sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti reordering</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> For one reason or another you may want to change the order, placing one particular sumti at the front of the bridi. The cmavo
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0dU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>I talk to you about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0eV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>se tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>You are talked to by me about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>I talk to you about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0fo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">te tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <selbri>te tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>This is talked about to you by me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that only the first and third sumti have switched places; the second sumti has remained in the second place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ve</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
<quote>conversions</quote>, and the
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
@@ -646,38 +730,38 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ANfh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d2"/>
</title>
- <para>x1 is a fast type-of talker to x2 about x3 in language x4</para>
- <para>x1 talks fast to x2 about x3 in language x4</para>
+ <para><place-structure>x1 is a fast type-of talker to x2 about x3 in language x4</place-structure></para>
+ <para><place-structure>x1 talks fast to x2 about x3 in language x4</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru default grouping</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When three or more gismu are in a row, the first modifies the second, and that combined meaning modifies the third, and that combined meaning modifies the fourth, and so on. For example</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzS9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla cutci</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast-talker shoe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7KPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d4"/>
</title>
- <para>s1 is a fast-talker type of shoe worn by s2 of material s3</para>
+ <para><place-structure>s1 is a fast-talker type of shoe worn by s2 of material s3</place-structure></para>
</example>
<para>That is, it is a shoe that is worn by a fast talker rather than a shoe that is fast and is also worn by a talker.</para>
<para>Note especially the use of
<quote>type-of</quote> as a mechanism for connecting the English translations of the two or more gismu; this convention helps the learner understand each tanru in its context. Creative interpretations are also possible, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jE94">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -712,218 +796,293 @@
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lepidoptera</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butterfly</primary><secondary>social</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>social butterfly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of the family
<emphasis>Lepidoptera</emphasis>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final component of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- <gloss>I quickly-go to Mary.</gloss>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>sutra klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>la meris.</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>quickly-go</selbri>
+ <sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru conversion</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> With the conversion
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase> as the final component of the tanru, the place structure of the entire selbri is that of
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 place is the one who goes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0J1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra se klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- <gloss>I quickly am-gone-to by Mary.</gloss>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>sutra se klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>la meris.</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+
+ <selbri>quickly</selbri>
+ <sumti>am-gone-to</sumti>
+ <sumti>by Mary.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and conversion</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The following example shows that there is more to conversion than merely switching places, though:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0LW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- <gloss>Tom beautifully-talks to Mary.</gloss>
- Tom is a beautiful-talker to Mary.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la tam.</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>la meris.</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Tom</sumti>
+ <selbri>beautifully-talks</selbri>
+ <sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Tom</sumti>
+ <selbri>is a beautiful-talker</selbri>
+ <sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure of
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>, but note the two distinct interpretations.</para>
<para>Now, using conversion, we can modify the place structure order:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0mh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi se tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase>
- <gloss>Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom.</gloss>
- Mary is a beautiful-audience for Tom.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la meris.</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi se tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>la tam.</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Mary</sumti>
+ <selbri>is beautifully-talked-to</selbri>
+ <sumti>by Tom.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Mary</sumti>
+ <selbri>is a beautiful-audience</selbri>
+ <sumti>for Tom.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the modification has been changed so as to focus on Mary's role in the bridi relationship, leading to a different set of possible interpretations.</para>
<para>Note that there is no place structure change if the modifying term is converted, and so less drastic variation in possible meanings:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qIv0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla melbi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- <gloss>Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary.</gloss>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la tam.</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla melbi</selbri>
+ <sumti>la meris.</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Tom</sumti>
+ <selbri>is talkerly-beautiful</selbri>
+ <sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qIVa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla melbi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- <gloss>Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary.</gloss>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la tam.</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>se tavla melbi</selbri>
+ <sumti>la meris.</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Tom</sumti>
+ <selbri>is audiencely-beautiful</selbri>
+ <sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, the observer of beauty.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-description-sumti">
<title>Description sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
<quote>description sumti</quote>. The description sumti
<jbophrase>le tavla ku</jbophrase> means
<quote>the talker</quote>, and may be used wherever any sumti may be used.</para>
<para>For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Pj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla ku</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>le tavla</sumti>
+ <elidable delineated="false">ku</elidable>
+ </jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oH9T">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-oH9T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I talk to you about the talker</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>I talk to you about the talker</para>
</example>
<para>where
<quote>the talker</quote> is presumably someone other than me, though not necessarily.</para>
<para>Similarly
<jbophrase>le sutra tavla ku</jbophrase> is
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and
<jbophrase>le sutra te tavla ku</jbophrase> is
<quote>the fast subject of talk</quote> or
<quote>the subject of fast talk</quote>. Which of these related meanings is understood will depend on the context in which the expression is used. The most plausible interpretation within the context will generally be assumed by a listener to be the intended one.</para>
<para>In many cases the word
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Q2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase>
- <gloss>I talk-to you about-the talker</gloss>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>le tavla</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>talk-to</selbri>
+ <sumti>you</sumti>
+ <sumti>about-the talker</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Pj"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>need for</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> There is a problem when we want to say
<quote>The fast one is talking.</quote> The
<quote>obvious</quote> translation
<jbophrase>le sutra tavla</jbophrase> turns out to mean
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and has no selbri at all. To solve this problem we can use the word
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, which so far has always been optional, in front of the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0QA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra tavla</jbophrase>
- <en>The fast talker</en>
-
-
-
+ <jbo> <sumti>le sutra tavla</sumti> </jbo>
+ <gloss> <sumti>The fast talker</sumti> </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0qb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <en>The fast one is talking.</en>
-
-
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le sutra</sumti>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>The fast one</sumti>
+ <selbri>is talking.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Qf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra se tavla</jbophrase>
- <gloss>The fast talked-to one</gloss>
-
-
+ <jbo><sumti>le sutra se tavla</sumti></jbo>
+ <gloss><sumti>The fast talked-to one</sumti> </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0ru">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
- <en>The fast one is talked to.</en>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le sutra</sumti>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>se tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>The fast one</sumti>
+ <selbri>is talked to.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>KU selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Consider the following more complex example, with two description sumti.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0S1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le vecnu [ku]</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le blari'o [ku]</jbophrase>
- I talk-to the seller about the blue-green-thing.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>le vecnu</sumti>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ <sumti>le blari'o</sumti>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>talk-to</selbri>
+ <sumti>the seller</sumti>
+ <sumti>about the blue-green-thing.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The sumti
<jbophrase>le vecnu</jbophrase> contains the selbri
<jbophrase>vecnu</jbophrase>, which has the
<quote>seller</quote> in the x1 place, and uses it in this sentence to describe a particular
<quote>seller</quote> that the speaker has in mind (one that he or she probably expects the listener will also know about). Similarly, the speaker has a particular blue-green thing in mind, which is described using
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> to mark
<jbophrase>blari'o</jbophrase>, a selbri whose first sumti is something blue-green.</para>
<para>It is safe to omit both occurrences of
@@ -935,123 +1094,172 @@
<title>Examples of brivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>types of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The simplest form of selbri is an individual word. A word which may by itself express a selbri relation is called a
<jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>. The three types of brivla are gismu (root words), lujvo (compounds), and fu'ivla (borrowings from other languages). All have identical grammatical uses. So far, most of our selbri have been gismu or tanru built from gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> gismu:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- Go-er goes destination origin route means.
- I go here (to this) using that means (from somewhere via some route).
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Go-er</sumti>
+ <selbri>goes</selbri>
+ <sumti>destination</sumti>
+ <sumti>origin</sumti>
+ <sumti>route</sumti>
+ <sumti>means.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go</selbri>
+ <sumti>here</sumti>
+ <sumti>(to this)</sumti>
+ <sumti>using that means</sumti>
+ <sumti>(from somewhere</sumti>
+ <sumti>via some route).</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> lujvo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0SR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">blari'o</jbophrase>
- That is-blue-green.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>blari'o</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>That</sumti>
+ <selbri>is-blue-green.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> fu'ivla:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Tj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">djarspageti</jbophrase>
- This is-spaghetti.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>djarspageti</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>This</sumti>
+ <selbri>is-spaghetti.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo as selbri</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Some cmavo may also serve as selbri, acting as variables that stand for another selbri. The most commonly used of these is
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, which represents the main bridi of the previous Lojban sentence, with any new sumti or other sentence features being expressed replacing the previously expressed ones. Thus, in this context:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0UC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
- That too/same-as-last selbri.
- That (is spaghetti), too.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ta</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>go'i</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>That</sumti>
+ <selbri>too/same-as-last selbri.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>That (is spaghetti), too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-dihu-and-lahe-dihu">
<title>The sumti
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la'e di'u</jbophrase></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In English, I might say
<quote>The dog is beautiful</quote>, and you might reply
<quote>This pleases me.</quote> How do you know what
<quote>this</quote> refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to convey the possible meanings of the English:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le gerku [ku]</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le gerku</sumti>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi</selbri>
+ </jbo>
<en>The dog is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The following three sentences all might translate as
<quote>This pleases me.</quote></para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ti</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>pluka</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>This (the dog) pleases me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>di'u</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>pluka</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammatical or sounds nice).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0YS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la'e di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la'e di'u</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>pluka</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ </jbo>
<en>This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0YS"/> uses one sumti to point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write
<jbophrase>la'edi'u</jbophrase> as a single word; it is used more often than
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> by itself.</para>
</section>
@@ -1059,24 +1267,30 @@
<title>Possession</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Possession</quote> refers to the concept of specifying an object by saying who it belongs to (or with). A full explanation of Lojban possession is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. A simple means of expressing possession, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, between the
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> and the selbri of the description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le mi gerku</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
- The of-me dog is fast.
- My dog is fast.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le mi gerku</sumti>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>sutra</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>The of-me dog</sumti>
+ <selbri>is fast.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>My dog is fast.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession not ownership</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, possession doesn't necessarily mean ownership: one may
<quote>possess</quote> a chair simply by sitting on it, even though it actually belongs to someone else. English uses possession casually in the same way, but also uses it to refer to actual ownership or even more intimate relationships:
<quote>my arm</quote> doesn't mean
<quote>some arm I own</quote> but rather
<quote>the arm that is part of my body</quote>. Lojban has methods of specifying all these different kinds of possession precisely and easily.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vocatives-and-commands">
<title>Vocatives and commands</title>
@@ -1124,86 +1338,101 @@
<jbo>co'o. djan.</jbo>
<en>Good-bye, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commands</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Commands are expressed in Lojban by a simple variation of the main bridi structure. If you say</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k11I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- You are-talking.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>are-talking.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you are simply making a statement of fact. In order to issue a command in Lojban, substitute the word
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> for
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>. The bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Talk!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k11I"/> true; it means
<quote>Talk!</quote> Other examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k13h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ <selbri>sutra</selbri>
+ </jbo>
<en>Be fast!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur anywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are very unlike English commands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- Be talked to by me
- Let me talk to you.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <en>Be talked to by me.</en>
+ <en>Let me talk to you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> can fill any appropriate sumti place, and can be used as often as is appropriate for the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ <selbri>kurji</selbri>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ </jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k15M">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ <sumti>ko</sumti>
+ <selbri>kurji</selbri>
+ </jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Take care!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> both mean
<quote>You take care of you</quote> and
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-questions">
<title>Questions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
@@ -1216,104 +1445,137 @@
<quote>Who?</quote> or
<quote>What?</quote> in most cases, but also serves for
<quote>When?</quote>,
<quote>Where?</quote>, and
<quote>Why?</quote> when used in sumti places that express time, location, or cause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k161">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- Who? talks to-you about-me.
- Who is talking to you about me?
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ma</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>Who?</sumti>
+ <selbri>talks</selbri>
+ <sumti>to-you</sumti>
+ <sumti>about-me.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>Who is talking to you about me?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The listener can reply by simply stating a sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Aa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
- John (is talking to you about me).
+ <jbo> <sumti>la djan.</sumti> </jbo>
+ <en>John (is talking to you about me).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Like
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> can occur in any position where a sumti is allowed, not just in the first position:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
- You talk to what/whom?
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>ma</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>talk</selbri>
+ <sumti>to what/whom?</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> can also appear in multiple sumti positions in one sentence, in effect asking several questions at once.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1dc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
- What/Who talks to what/whom?
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>ma</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>ma</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>What/Who</sumti>
+ <selbri>talks</selbri>
+ <sumti>to what/whom?</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>separate questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The two separate
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> positions ask two separate questions, and can therefore be answered with different values in each sumti place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is the selbri analogue of
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>. It asks the respondent to provide a selbri that would be a true relation if inserted in place of the
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">mo</jbophrase>
- You are-what/do-what?
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>mo</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>are-what/do-what?</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might. Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is a very non-specific question. The response to the question in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1DE"/> could be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi</selbri>
+ </jbo>
<en>I am beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
<en>I talk.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-listener cooperation</primary></indexterm> Clearly,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
<xref linkend="section-tanru"/>).</para>
<para>It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other unspecified places in responding to a
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question. Thus, the respondent in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1gh"/> could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered
@@ -1333,241 +1595,330 @@
</title>
<para>Is it true that you are talking to me?</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban we have a word that asks precisely that question in precisely the same way. The cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that bridi is true as stated. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- xu
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- Is-it-true-that you are-talking to-me?
+ <jbo>
+ <cmavo>xu</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <cmavo>Is-it-true-that</cmavo>
+ <sumti>you</sumti>
+ <selbri>are-talking</selbri>
+ <sumti>to-me?</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fVMN"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>affirmative answer</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i with xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The answer
<quote>Yes</quote> may be given by simply restating the bridi without the
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question word. Lojban has a shorthand for doing this with the word
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-some-brivla"/>. Instead of a negative answer, the bridi may be restated in such a way as to make it true. If this can be done by substituting sumti, it may be done with
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> as well. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- xu
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
- Are you healthy?
-
+ <jbo>
+ <cmavo>xu</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>kanro</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <en>Are you healthy?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>healthy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be answered with</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1iE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
- I am healthy.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <selbri>kanro</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <en>I am healthy.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1JT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
- I am healthy.
+ <jbo>
+ <selbri>go'i</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <en>I am healthy.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
(Note that
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> to the questioner is
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> to the respondent.)
</para>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1jY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
- The talker is healthy.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le tavla</sumti>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>kanro</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <en>The talker is healthy.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1LE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
- The talker is healthy.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le tavla</sumti>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>go'i</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <en>The talker is healthy.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nago'i</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative answer</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> A general negative answer may be given by
<jbophrase>na go'i</jbophrase>.
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> may be placed before any selbri (but after the
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>). It is equivalent to stating
<quote>It is not true that ...</quote> before the bridi. It does not imply that anything else is true or untrue, only that that specific bridi is not true. More details on negative statements are available in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinals">
<title>Indicators</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interjections</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written language. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. Aha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to culture.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interjections</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written language. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. Aha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to culture.</para> <!-- FIXME: put <quote>s around the interjections? -->
<para>Lojban has a group of cmavo known as
<quote>attitudinal indicators</quote> which specifically covers this type of commentary on spoken statements. They are both written and spoken, but require no specific intonation or gestures. Grammatically they are very simple: one or more attitudinals at the beginning of a bridi apply to the entire bridi; anywhere else in the bridi they apply to the word immediately to the left. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1LH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- .ie
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- Agreement! I go.
- Yep! I'll go.
+ <jbo>
+ <cmavo>.ie</cmavo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <cmavo>Agreement!</cmavo>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>Yep! I'll go.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- .ei
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- Obligation! I go.
- I should go.
+ <jbo>
+ <cmavo>.ei</cmavo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <cmavo>Obligation!</cmavo>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>I should go.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1pF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le melbi .ui [ku]</jbophrase>
- I go to the beautiful-thing (and I am happy because it is the beautiful
- thing I'm going to).
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>le melbi</sumti>
+ <cmavo>.ui</cmavo>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go</selbri>
+ <sumti>to the beautiful-thing</sumti>
+ <comment>and I am happy because it is the beautiful thing I'm going to).</comment>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>but/and equivalence</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic words</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Not all indicators indicate attitudes. Discursives, another group of cmavo with the same grammatical rules as attitudinal indicators, allow free expression of certain kinds of commentary about the main utterances. Using discursives allows a clear separation of these so-called
<quote>metalinguistic</quote> features from the underlying statements and logical structure. By comparison, the English words
<quote>but</quote> and
<quote>also</quote>, which discursively indicate contrast or an added weight of example, are logically equivalent to
<quote>and</quote>, which does not have a discursive content. The average English-speaker does not think about, and may not even realize, the paradoxical idea that
<quote>but</quote> basically means
<quote>and</quote>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Rd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
- I go. You stay.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ <cmavo>.i</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>stali</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go.</selbri>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>stay.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Rv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ji'a
-
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
- I go. In addition, you stay. (added weight)
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ <cmavo>.i</cmavo>
+ <cmavo>ji'a</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>stali</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go.</selbri>
+ <cmavo>In addition,</cmavo>
+ <sumti>you</sumti>
+ <selbri>stay.</selbri>
+ <comment>added weight</comment>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1sb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ku'i
-
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
- I go. However, you stay. (contrast)
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>mi</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ <cmavo>.i</cmavo>
+ <cmavo>ku'i</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>stali</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>I</sumti>
+ <selbri>go.</selbri>
+ <cmavo>However,</cmavo>
+ <sumti>you</sumti>
+ <selbri>stay.</selbri>
+ <comment>contrast</comment>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Another group of indicators are called
<quote>evidentials</quote>. Evidentials show the speaker's relationship to the statement, specifically how the speaker came to make the statement. These include
<jbophrase>za'a</jbophrase> (I directly observe the relationship),
<jbophrase>pe'i</jbophrase> (I believe that the relationship holds),
<jbophrase>ru'a</jbophrase> (I postulate the relationship), and others. Many American Indian languages use this kind of words.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1uT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- pe'i
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- I opine! You are beautiful.
+ <jbo>
+ <cmavo>pe'i</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <cmavo>I opine!</cmavo>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>are beautiful.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Xs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- za'a
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- I directly observe! You are beautiful.
+ <jbo>
+ <cmavo>za'a</cmavo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>melbi</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <cmavo>I directly observe!</cmavo>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>are beautiful.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tenses">
<title>Tenses</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In English, every verb is tagged for the grammatical category called tense: past, present, or future. The sentence</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-xIVa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d1"/>
</title>
@@ -1580,119 +1931,161 @@
</title>
<para>John is going to the store</para>
</example>
<para>is necessarily happening right now.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>tenseless</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The Lojban sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1xz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase> [cu]
- <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
- John goes/went/will-go to-the store
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la djan.</sumti>
+ <elidable>cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>le zarci</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>John</sumti>
+ <selbri>goes/went/will-go</selbri>
+ <sumti>to-the store</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>serves as a translation of either
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIVa"/> or
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Acu"/>, and of many other possible English sentences as well. It is not marked for tense, and can refer to an event in the past, the present or the future. This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of representing the time of an event. A close translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIVa"/> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Y5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">pu klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
- John [past] goes to-the store
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la djan.</sumti>
+ <selbri>pu klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>le zarci</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <sumti>John</sumti>
+ <selbri>[past] goes to-the store</selbri>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the tag
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> forces the sentence to refer to a time in the past. Similarly,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Y8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">ca klama</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
- John [present] goes to-the store
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>la djan.</sumti>
+ <selbri>ca klama</selbri>
+ <sumti>le zarci</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>John</sumti>
+ <selbri>[present] goes to-the store</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>necessarily refers to the present, because of the tag
<jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>. Tags used in this way always appear at the very beginning of the selbri, just after the
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, and they may make a
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanru. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojban, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriate tense is picked up from context.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Lojban also extends the notion of
<quote>tense</quote> to refer not only to time but to space. The following example uses the tag
<jbophrase>vu</jbophrase> to specify that the event it describes happens far away from the speaker:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k20b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="selbri">vu vecnu</jbophrase>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- You yonder sell something-unspecified.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>do</sumti>
+ <selbri>vu vecnu</selbri>
+ <sumti>zo'e</sumti>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>You</sumti>
+ <selbri>yonder sell</selbri>
+ <sumti>something-unspecified.</sumti>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In addition, tense tags (either for time or space) can be prefixed to the selbri of a description, producing a tensed sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k26N">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le pu bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- The earlier/former/past runner talked/talks.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le pu bajra </sumti>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>The earlier/former/past runner</sumti>
+ <selbri>talked/talks.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Since Lojban tense is optional, we don't know when he or she talks.)</para>
<para>Tensed sumti with space tags correspond roughly to the English use of
<quote>this</quote> or
<quote>that</quote> as adjectives, as in the following example, which uses the tag
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>nearby</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k28N">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le vi bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- The nearby runner talks.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le vi bajra </sumti>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>tavla</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>The nearby runner</sumti>
+ <selbri>talks.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
<en>This runner talks.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Do not confuse the use of
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k28N"/> with the cmavo
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, which also means
<quote>this</quote>, but in the sense of
<quote>this thing</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore, a tense tag can appear both on the selbri and within a description, as in the following example (where
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> is the tag for future time):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k29L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbophrase role="sumti">le vi tavla [ku]</jbophrase> cu
- <jbophrase role="selbri">ba klama</jbophrase>
- The here talker [future] goes.
- The talker who is here will go.
+ <jbo>
+ <sumti>le vi tavla </sumti>
+ <elidable>ku</elidable>
+ <elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
+ <selbri>ba klama</selbri>
+ </jbo>
+ <gloss>
+ <sumti>The here talker</sumti>
+ <selbri>[future] goes.</selbri>
+ </gloss>
+ <en>The talker who is here will go.</en>
<en>This talker will go.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-terms">
<title>Lojban grammatical terms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grammatical terms</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a review of the Lojban grammatical terms used in this chapter, plus some others used throughout this book. Only terms that are themselves Lojban words are included: there are of course many expressions like
<quote>indicator</quote> in
commit a295b27569e8fb02a9f76e34b7b8d579049b0385
Merge: 3943d8f d3fdace
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 12:10:37 2011 -0500
Merge remote branch 'upstream/gh-pages' into gh-pages
commit 3943d8f859588dbc75bf01e11c21c523470b6aef
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 29 12:09:23 2011 -0500
Chapter 2: cmavo-list, table, jbophrases, some example tags.
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 5a8fd73..6d0622c 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -92,150 +92,226 @@
<jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>underlines</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double underscore notation convention for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>underscore notation for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>notation conventions</primary><secondary>for Quick Tour chapter</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pronunciation">
<title>Pronunciation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Detailed pronunciation and spelling rules are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-phonology"/>, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Lojban has six recognized vowels:
- <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>e</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>o</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>u</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>y</jbophrase>. The first five are roughly pronounced as
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The first five are roughly pronounced as
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>father</quote>,
- <jbophrase>e</jbophrase> as in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase> as in
<quote>let</quote>,
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase> as in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> as in
<quote>machine</quote>,
- <jbophrase>o</jbophrase> as in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase> as in
<quote>dome</quote> and
- <jbophrase>u</jbophrase> as in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> as in
<quote>flute</quote>.
- <jbophrase>y</jbophrase> is pronounced as the sound called
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is pronounced as the sound called
<quote>schwa</quote>, that is, as the unstressed
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>about</quote> or
<quote>around</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Twelve consonants in Lojban are pronounced more or less as their counterparts are in English:
- <jbophrase>b</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>d</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>f</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>k</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>l</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>m</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>n</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>p</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>r</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>t</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>v</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase>z</jbophrase>. The letter
- <jbophrase>c</jbophrase>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>. The letter
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
<quote>sh</quote> in
<quote>hush</quote>, while
- <jbophrase>j</jbophrase> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
<quote>s</quote> in
<quote>pleasure</quote>.
- <jbophrase>g</jbophrase> is always pronounced as it is in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase> is always pronounced as it is in
<quote>gift</quote>, never as in
<jbophrase>giant</jbophrase>.
- <jbophrase>s</jbophrase> is as in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> is as in
<quote>sell</quote>, never as in
<quote>rose</quote>. The sound of
- <jbophrase>x</jbophrase> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
- <quote>ch</quote> in Scottish
- <quote>loch</quote>, as
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
+ <quote xml:lang="sco">ch</quote> in Scottish
+ <quote xml:lang="sco">loch</quote>, as
<quote xml:lang="es">j</quote> in Spanish
- <jbophrase>junta</jbophrase>, and as
- <quote>ch</quote> in German
- <quote>Bach</quote>; it also appears in the English interjection
+ <quote xml:lang="es">junta</quote>, and as
+ <quote xml:lang="de">ch</quote> in German
+ <quote xml:lang="de">Bach</quote>; it also appears in the English interjection
<quote>yecchh!</quote>. It gets easier to say as you practice it. The letter
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> can be trilled, but doesn't have to be.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The Lojban diphthongs
- <jbophrase>ai</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>ei</jbophrase>,
- <jbophrase>oi</jbophrase>, and
- <jbophrase>au</jbophrase> are pronounced much as in the English words
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase> are pronounced much as in the English words
<quote>sigh</quote>,
<quote>say</quote>,
<quote>boy</quote>, and
<quote>how</quote>. Other Lojban diphthongs begin with an
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> pronounced like English
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> (for example,
- <jbophrase>io</jbophrase> is pronounced
+ <quote>y</quote> (for example,
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">io</jbophrase> is pronounced
<quote>yo</quote>) or else with a
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> pronounced like English
<quote>w</quote> (for example,
- <jbophrase>ua</jbophrase> is pronounced
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase> is pronounced
<quote>wa</quote>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Lojban also has three
<quote>semi-letters</quote>: the period, the comma and the apostrophe. The period represents a glottal stop or a pause; it is a required stoppage of the flow of air in the speech stream. The apostrophe sounds just like the English letter
<quote>h</quote>. Unlike a regular consonant, it is not found at the beginning or end of a word, nor is it found adjacent to a consonant; it is only found between two vowels. The comma has no sound associated with it, and is used to separate syllables that might ordinarily run together. It is not used in this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Stress falls on the next to the last syllable of all words, unless that vowel is
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
<para>All Lojban words are pronounced as they are spelled: there are no silent letters.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-cmavo">
<title>Words that can act as sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a short table of single words used as sumti. This table provides examples only, not the entire set of such words, which may be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-summary"/>.</para>
- <xxx>
- mi I/me, we/us
- do you
- ti this, these
- ta that, those
- tu that far away, those far away
- zo'e unspecified value (used when a sumti is
- unimportant or obvious)
- </xxx>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi</cmavo>
+ <description>I/me, we/us</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do</cmavo>
+ <description>you</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti</cmavo>
+ <description>this, these</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta</cmavo>
+ <description>that, those</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tu</cmavo>
+ <description>that far away, those far away</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zo'e</cmavo>
+ <description>unspecified value (used when a sumti is unimportant or obvious)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>Lojban sumti are not specific as to number (singular or plural), nor gender (masculine/feminine/neutral). Such distinctions can be optionally added by methods that are beyond the scope of this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pointing cmavo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and should not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Names may also be used as sumti, provided they are preceded with the word
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>:</para>
- <xxx>
- la meris. the one/ones named Mary
- la djan. the one/ones named John
- </xxx>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="2">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la meris.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>the one/ones named Mary</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la djan.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>the one/ones named John</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para>Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojban names: see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-names"/> for more information.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-selbri">
<title>Some words used to indicate selbri relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri list for quick tour</primary></indexterm> Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in this chapter:</para>
- <xxx>
- vecnu x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)
- tavla x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4
- sutra x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)
- blari'o x1 (object/light source) is blue-green
- melbi x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3
- cutci x1 is a shoe/boot for x2 (foot) made of x3 (material)
- bajra x1 runs on x2 (surface) using x3 (limbs) in manner x4 (gait)
- klama x1 goes/comes to x2 (destination) from x3 (origin point) via x4 (route) using
- x5 (means of transportation)
- pluka x1 pleases/is pleasing to x2 (experiencer) under conditions x3
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="2">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vecnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>blari'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 (object/light source) is blue-green</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cutci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 is a shoe/boot for x2 (foot) made of x3 (material)</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bajra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 runs on x2 (surface) using x3 (limbs) in manner x4 (gait)</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 goes/comes to x2 (destination) from x3 (origin point) via x4 (route) using x5 (means of transportation)</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pluka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 pleases/is pleasing to x2 (experiencer) under conditions x3</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
- gerku x1 is a dog of breed x2
- kurji x1 takes care of x2
- kanro x1 is healthy by standard x2
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 is a dog of breed x2</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>kurji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 takes care of x2</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>kanro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 is healthy by standard x2</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
- stali x1 stays/remains with x2
- zarci x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)
- </xxx>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>stali</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 stays/remains with x2</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zarci</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><place-structure>x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)</place-structure></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>notation convention</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Each selbri (relation) has a specific rule that defines the role of each sumti in the bridi, based on its position. In the table above, that order was expressed by labeling the sumti positions as x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>words not in the dictionary</primary></indexterm> Like the table in
<xref linkend="section-sumti-cmavo"/>, this table is far from complete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new words to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference between Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and English; in English, most people are very leery of using words that
<quote>aren't in the dictionary</quote>. Lojbanists are encouraged to invent new words; doing so is a major way of participating in the development of the language.
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/> explains how to make new words, and
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-some-simple-bridi">
<title>Some simple Lojban bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the gismu
@@ -286,84 +362,84 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- I talk to you about something in some language.
+ <en>I talk to you about something in some language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- You talk to me about that thing in a language.
+ <en>You talk to me about that thing in a language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k03n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">tu</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.
+ <en>I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is a bit unusual, as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of this book, and hope the meaning gets across!)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ellipsis</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When there are one or more occurrences of the cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a process called
<quote>ellipsis</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02C"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02u"/> may be expressed thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k04J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- I talk to you (about something in some language).
+ <en>I talk to you (about something in some language).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k05i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- You talk to me about that thing (in some language).
+ <en>You talk to me about that thing (in some language).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is not subject to ellipsis by this direct method, as the
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> in it is not at the end of the bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-variant-bridi-structure">
<title>Variant bridi structure</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti placement</primary><secondary>variant</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
@@ -469,61 +545,61 @@
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0dU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- I talk to you about this.
+ <en>I talk to you about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0eV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- You are talked to by me about this.
+ <en>You are talked to by me about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- I talk to you about this.
+ <en>I talk to you about this.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0fo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">te tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This is talked about to you by me.
+ <en>This is talked about to you by me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that only the first and third sumti have switched places; the second sumti has remained in the second place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ve</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
<quote>conversions</quote>, and the
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and
@@ -639,90 +715,90 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final component of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- I quickly-go to Mary.
+ <gloss>I quickly-go to Mary.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru conversion</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> With the conversion
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase> as the final component of the tanru, the place structure of the entire selbri is that of
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 place is the one who goes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0J1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra se klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- I quickly am-gone-to by Mary.
+ <gloss>I quickly am-gone-to by Mary.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and conversion</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The following example shows that there is more to conversion than merely switching places, though:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0LW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- Tom beautifully-talks to Mary.
+ <gloss>Tom beautifully-talks to Mary.</gloss>
Tom is a beautiful-talker to Mary.
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure of
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>, but note the two distinct interpretations.</para>
<para>Now, using conversion, we can modify the place structure order:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0mh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi se tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase>
- Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom.
+ <gloss>Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom.</gloss>
Mary is a beautiful-audience for Tom.
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the modification has been changed so as to focus on Mary's role in the bridi relationship, leading to a different set of possible interpretations.</para>
<para>Note that there is no place structure change if the modifying term is converted, and so less drastic variation in possible meanings:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qIv0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla melbi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary.
+ <gloss>Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qIVa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla melbi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary.
+ <gloss>Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, the observer of beauty.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-description-sumti">
<title>Description sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
<quote>description sumti</quote>. The description sumti
@@ -762,21 +838,21 @@
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Q2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase>
- I talk-to you about-the talker
+ <gloss>I talk-to you about-the talker</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Pj"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>need for</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> There is a problem when we want to say
<quote>The fast one is talking.</quote> The
<quote>obvious</quote> translation
<jbophrase>le sutra tavla</jbophrase> turns out to mean
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and has no selbri at all. To solve this problem we can use the word
@@ -784,57 +860,57 @@
<para>The word
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>te</jbophrase>. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0QA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast talker
+ <en>The fast talker</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0qb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast one is talking.
+ <en>The fast one is talking.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Qf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra se tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast talked-to one
+ <gloss>The fast talked-to one</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0ru">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast one is talked to.
+ <en>The fast one is talked to.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>KU selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Consider the following more complex example, with two description sumti.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0S1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
@@ -924,59 +1000,59 @@
<quote>this</quote> refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to convey the possible meanings of the English:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le gerku [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- The dog is beautiful.
+ <en>The dog is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The following three sentences all might translate as
<quote>This pleases me.</quote></para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This (the dog) pleases me.
+ <en>This (the dog) pleases me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammatical or sounds nice).
+ <en>This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammatical or sounds nice).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0YS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la'e di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.
+ <en>This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0YS"/> uses one sumti to point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write
<jbophrase>la'edi'u</jbophrase> as a single word; it is used more often than
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> by itself.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-possession">
@@ -1075,21 +1151,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Talk!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k11I"/> true; it means
<quote>Talk!</quote> Other examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k13h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
- Be fast!
+ <en>Be fast!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur anywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are very unlike English commands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1213,60 +1289,56 @@
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might. Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is a very non-specific question. The response to the question in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1DE"/> could be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- I am beautiful.
+ <en>I am beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- I talk.
+ <en>I talk.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-listener cooperation</primary></indexterm> Clearly,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
<xref linkend="section-tanru"/>).</para>
<para>It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other unspecified places in responding to a
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question. Thus, the respondent in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1gh"/> could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>, such as</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fVMN">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-fVMN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d8"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>Are you talking to me?</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>Are you talking to me?</para>
</example>
<para>Like all yes-or-no questions in English,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fVMN"/> may be reformulated as</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-648w">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-648w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d9"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>Is it true that you are talking to me?</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>Is it true that you are talking to me?</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban we have a word that asks precisely that question in precisely the same way. The cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that bridi is true as stated. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
xu
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
@@ -1587,41 +1659,41 @@
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>nearby</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k28N">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le vi bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
The nearby runner talks.
- This runner talks.
+ <en>This runner talks.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Do not confuse the use of
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k28N"/> with the cmavo
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, which also means
<quote>this</quote>, but in the sense of
<quote>this thing</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore, a tense tag can appear both on the selbri and within a description, as in the following example (where
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> is the tag for future time):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k29L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le vi tavla [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">ba klama</jbophrase>
The here talker [future] goes.
The talker who is here will go.
- This talker will go.
+ <en>This talker will go.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-terms">
<title>Lojban grammatical terms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grammatical terms</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a review of the Lojban grammatical terms used in this chapter, plus some others used throughout this book. Only terms that are themselves Lojban words are included: there are of course many expressions like
<quote>indicator</quote> in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/> that are not explained here. See the Index for further help with these.</para>
commit 7f71f5d52e3da6b06c48038a68bf06ef8758ef03
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Thu Jan 27 18:48:09 2011 -0500
Chapter 2: section IDs, <jbophrase>s, partial <example>s.
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index d4e80ba..36d37aa 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -478,23 +478,23 @@
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .iseju la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>Whether or not John is a man, James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with se</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>order in logical connectives with na</secondary></indexterm> If both
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase> are present, which is legal but never necessary,
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> would come before
<jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ijeks</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The full syntax of ijeks, therefore, is:</para>
- <place-structure>
+ <compound-syntax>
.i [na] [se] JA [nai]
- </place-structure>
+ </compound-syntax>
<para>where the cmavo in brackets are optional.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-forethought-bridi-connection">
<title>Forethought bridi connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives</primary><secondary>contrasted with afterthought connectives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connectives</primary><secondary>contrasted with forethought connectives</secondary></indexterm> Many concepts in Lojban are expressible in two different ways, generally referred to as
<quote>afterthought</quote> and
<quote>forethought</quote>.
<xref linkend="section-bridi-connection"/> discussed what is called
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 6e266cf..3593a6c 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -2591,52 +2591,26 @@
<jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number two both plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<math>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a classic example of operand logical connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k36J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6"/>
</title>
- <place-structure>
-
- 17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
- su'i cy. du li no
- gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u
- fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o
- fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu
- If-and-only-if the-number
- <quote>a</quote>-times-(
- <quote>x</quote> power two ) plus
- <quote>b</quote>-times-
- <quote>x</quote>
- plus
- <quote>c</quote> equals the-number zero
- then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus
- the-root-of (
- <quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times-
- <quote>a</quote>-times-
- <quote>c</quote> ) ]
- divided-by two-times-
- <quote>a</quote>.
- Iff ax
- <superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0,
- then x = -b ±
- √
- <!--sqrt-->(b
- <superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac)
-
- <!-- fraction bar -->
- 2a
- </place-structure>
+ <jbo>go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy. su'i cy. du li no gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu</jbo>
+ <gloss>If-and-only-if the-number <quote>a</quote>-times-(<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus <quote>b</quote>-times- <quote>x</quote> plus <quote>c</quote> equals the-number zero then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus the-root-of (<quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times- <quote>a</quote>-times- <quote>c</quote> ) ] divided-by two-times- <quote>a</quote>.</gloss>
+ <en>Iff ax <superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0, then x = -b ± √ <!--sqrt-->(b <superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac) <!-- fraction bar --> 2a</en>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/>: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
<jbophrase>fe'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ku'e</jbophrase> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
<jbophrase>bi'e</jbophrase> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
@@ -2732,31 +2706,28 @@
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'u</primary><secondary>terminator for</secondary></indexterm> One of the mekso design goals requires the ability to make use of Lojban's vocabulary resources within mekso to extend the built-in cmavo for operands and operators. There are three relevant constructs: all three share the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>te'u</jbophrase> (which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
<jbophrase>jo'i</jbophrase>)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator derived from selbri</primary><secondary>effect of selbri place structure on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri place structure</primary><secondary>effect on operator formed by</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operator</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operator</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k38f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d1"/>
</title>
- <place-structure>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
- 18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
+ <jbo>li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i</jbo>
- The-number the-operator tangent (
- π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
+ <gloss>The-number the-operator tangent (π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.</gloss>
- tan(
- π/2) =
- ∞
- </place-structure>
+ <math>tan(π/2) = ∞</math>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<jbophrase>tanjo</jbophrase> is the gismu for
<quote>x1 is the tangent of x2</quote>, and the
<jbophrase>na'u</jbophrase> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>formulae</primary><secondary>expressing based on pure dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'e</jbophrase> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstraction, since
<jbophrase>ni</jbophrase> abstractions represent numbers. The
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index bb10196..5a8fd73 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -1,43 +1,37 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-tour">
<title>A Quick Tour of Lojban Grammar, With Diagrams</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-bridi">
<title>The concept of the bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>concept of</secondary></indexterm> This chapter gives diagrammed examples of basic Lojban sentence structures. The most general pattern is covered first, followed by successive variations on the basic components of the Lojban sentence. There are many more capabilities not covered in this chapter, but covered in detail in later chapters, so this chapter is a
<quote>quick tour</quote> of the material later covered more slowly throughout the book. It also introduces most of the Lojban words used to discuss Lojban grammar.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>taller</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>father</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John and Sam</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Let us consider John and Sam and three statements about them:</para>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John is the father of Sam.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John is the father of Sam.</para>
</example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qiuQ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qiuQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John hits Sam.</jbo>
-
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John hits Sam.</para>
+
</example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuS" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d3"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John is taller than Sam.</jbo>
-
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John is taller than Sam.</para>
+
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>relation with bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>relation to bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>predication</primary><secondary>compared with bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>compared with predication</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>predication</primary><secondary>as a relationship</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>active/static/attributive compared</secondary></indexterm> These examples all describe relationships between John and Sam. However, in English, we use the noun
<quote>father</quote> to describe a static relationship in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIuj"/>, the verb
<quote>hits</quote> to describe an active relationship in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiuQ"/>, and the adjective
<quote>taller</quote> to describe an attributive relationship in
@@ -60,605 +54,554 @@
</mediaobject>
<!--fallback for text-based browsers w/o css:-->
<cmavo-list>John is the father of Sam| | |
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sumti</cmavo>
<selmaho>selbri</selmaho>
<description>sumti (argument)</description>
</cmavo-entry></cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In a relationship, there are a definite number of things being related. In English, for example,
<quote>give</quote> has three places: the donor, the recipient and the gift. For example:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DE08">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-DE08">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d4"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John gives Sam the book.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John gives Sam the book.</para>
</example>
<para>and</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IBBE">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-IBBE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d5"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>Sam gives John the book.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>Sam gives John the book.</para>
</example>
<para>mean two different things because the relative positions of
<quote>John</quote> and
<quote>Sam</quote> have been switched. Further,</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DxbA">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-DxbA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d6"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>The book gives John Sam.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>The book gives John Sam.</para>
</example>
<para>seems strange to us merely because the places are being filled by unorthodox arguments. The relationship expressed by
<quote>give</quote> has not changed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, each selbri has a specified number and type of arguments, known collectively as its
<quote>place structure</quote>. The simplest kind of selbri consists of a single root word, called a
<jbophrase>gismu</jbophrase>, and the definition in a dictionary gives the place structure explicitly. The primary task of constructing a Lojban sentence, after choosing the relationship itself, is deciding what you will use to fill in the sumti places.</para>
<para>This book uses the Lojban terms
<jbophrase>bridi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>underlines</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double underscore notation convention for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>underscore notation for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>notation conventions</primary><secondary>for Quick Tour chapter</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-pronunciation">
<title>Pronunciation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Detailed pronunciation and spelling rules are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-phonology"/>, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Lojban has six recognized vowels:
- <quote>a</quote>,
+ <jbophrase>a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>i</jbophrase>,
- <quote>o</quote>,
- <quote>u</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>o</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>y</jbophrase>. The first five are roughly pronounced as
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>father</quote>,
<jbophrase>e</jbophrase> as in
<quote>let</quote>,
<jbophrase>i</jbophrase> as in
<quote>machine</quote>,
- <quote>o</quote> as in
+ <jbophrase>o</jbophrase> as in
<quote>dome</quote> and
- <quote>u</quote> as in
+ <jbophrase>u</jbophrase> as in
<quote>flute</quote>.
<jbophrase>y</jbophrase> is pronounced as the sound called
<quote>schwa</quote>, that is, as the unstressed
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>about</quote> or
<quote>around</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Twelve consonants in Lojban are pronounced more or less as their counterparts are in English:
- <quote>b</quote>,
- <quote>d</quote>,
- <quote>f</quote>,
- <quote>k</quote>,
- <quote>l</quote>,
- <quote>m</quote>,
- <quote>n</quote>,
- <quote>p</quote>,
- <quote>r</quote>,
- <quote>t</quote>,
- <quote>v</quote> and
+ <jbophrase>b</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>d</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>f</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>k</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>n</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>p</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>r</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>t</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>v</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>z</jbophrase>. The letter
- <quote>c</quote>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
+ <jbophrase>c</jbophrase>, on the other hand is pronounced as the
<quote>sh</quote> in
<quote>hush</quote>, while
- <quote>j</quote> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
+ <jbophrase>j</jbophrase> is its voiced counterpart, the sound of the
<quote>s</quote> in
<quote>pleasure</quote>.
<jbophrase>g</jbophrase> is always pronounced as it is in
<quote>gift</quote>, never as in
<jbophrase>giant</jbophrase>.
- <quote>s</quote> is as in
+ <jbophrase>s</jbophrase> is as in
<quote>sell</quote>, never as in
<quote>rose</quote>. The sound of
- <quote>x</quote> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
+ <jbophrase>x</jbophrase> is not found in English in normal words. It is found as
<quote>ch</quote> in Scottish
<quote>loch</quote>, as
- <quote>j</quote> in Spanish
+ <quote xml:lang="es">j</quote> in Spanish
<jbophrase>junta</jbophrase>, and as
<quote>ch</quote> in German
<quote>Bach</quote>; it also appears in the English interjection
<quote>yecchh!</quote>. It gets easier to say as you practice it. The letter
- <quote>r</quote> can be trilled, but doesn't have to be.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> can be trilled, but doesn't have to be.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The Lojban diphthongs
<jbophrase>ai</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ei</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>oi</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>au</jbophrase> are pronounced much as in the English words
<quote>sigh</quote>,
<quote>say</quote>,
<quote>boy</quote>, and
<quote>how</quote>. Other Lojban diphthongs begin with an
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase> pronounced like English
- <jbophrase>y</jbophrase> (for example,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> pronounced like English
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> (for example,
<jbophrase>io</jbophrase> is pronounced
<quote>yo</quote>) or else with a
- <quote>u</quote> pronounced like English
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> pronounced like English
<quote>w</quote> (for example,
<jbophrase>ua</jbophrase> is pronounced
<quote>wa</quote>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Lojban also has three
<quote>semi-letters</quote>: the period, the comma and the apostrophe. The period represents a glottal stop or a pause; it is a required stoppage of the flow of air in the speech stream. The apostrophe sounds just like the English letter
<quote>h</quote>. Unlike a regular consonant, it is not found at the beginning or end of a word, nor is it found adjacent to a consonant; it is only found between two vowels. The comma has no sound associated with it, and is used to separate syllables that might ordinarily run together. It is not used in this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Stress falls on the next to the last syllable of all words, unless that vowel is
- <jbophrase>y</jbophrase>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
<para>All Lojban words are pronounced as they are spelled: there are no silent letters.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-sumti-cmavo">
<title>Words that can act as sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a short table of single words used as sumti. This table provides examples only, not the entire set of such words, which may be found in
- <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- mi I/me, we/us
- do you
- ti this, these
- ta that, those
- tu that far away, those far away
- zo'e unspecified value (used when a sumti is
- unimportant or obvious)
-</programlisting>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-summary"/>.</para>
+ <xxx>
+ mi I/me, we/us
+ do you
+ ti this, these
+ ta that, those
+ tu that far away, those far away
+ zo'e unspecified value (used when a sumti is
+ unimportant or obvious)
+ </xxx>
<para>Lojban sumti are not specific as to number (singular or plural), nor gender (masculine/feminine/neutral). Such distinctions can be optionally added by methods that are beyond the scope of this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pointing cmavo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and should not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Names may also be used as sumti, provided they are preceded with the word
- <quote>la</quote>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- la meris. the one/ones named Mary
- la djan. the one/ones named John
-</programlisting>
+ <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>:</para>
+ <xxx>
+ la meris. the one/ones named Mary
+ la djan. the one/ones named John
+ </xxx>
<para>Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojban names: see
- <xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/> for more information.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-names"/> for more information.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-some-selbri">
<title>Some words used to indicate selbri relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri list for quick tour</primary></indexterm> Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in this chapter:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- vecnu x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)
- tavla x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4
- sutra x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)
- blari'o x1 (object/light source) is blue-green
- melbi x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3
- cutci x1 is a shoe/boot for x2 (foot) made of x3 (material)
- bajra x1 runs on x2 (surface) using x3 (limbs) in manner x4 (gait)
- klama x1 goes/comes to x2 (destination) from x3 (origin point) via x4 (route) using
- x5 (means of transportation)
- pluka x1 pleases/is pleasing to x2 (experiencer) under conditions x3
-
- gerku x1 is a dog of breed x2
- kurji x1 takes care of x2
- kanro x1 is healthy by standard x2
-
- stali x1 stays/remains with x2
- zarci x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)
-</programlisting>
+ <xxx>
+ vecnu x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)
+ tavla x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4
+ sutra x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)
+ blari'o x1 (object/light source) is blue-green
+ melbi x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3
+ cutci x1 is a shoe/boot for x2 (foot) made of x3 (material)
+ bajra x1 runs on x2 (surface) using x3 (limbs) in manner x4 (gait)
+ klama x1 goes/comes to x2 (destination) from x3 (origin point) via x4 (route) using
+ x5 (means of transportation)
+ pluka x1 pleases/is pleasing to x2 (experiencer) under conditions x3
+
+ gerku x1 is a dog of breed x2
+ kurji x1 takes care of x2
+ kanro x1 is healthy by standard x2
+
+ stali x1 stays/remains with x2
+ zarci x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)
+ </xxx>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>notation convention</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Each selbri (relation) has a specific rule that defines the role of each sumti in the bridi, based on its position. In the table above, that order was expressed by labeling the sumti positions as x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>words not in the dictionary</primary></indexterm> Like the table in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section3"/>, this table is far from complete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new words to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference between Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and English; in English, most people are very leery of using words that
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-cmavo"/>, this table is far from complete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new words to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference between Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and English; in English, most people are very leery of using words that
<quote>aren't in the dictionary</quote>. Lojbanists are encouraged to invent new words; doing so is a major way of participating in the development of the language.
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/> explains how to make new words, and
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-some-simple-bridi">
<title>Some simple Lojban bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the gismu
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase> is</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Lis">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-5Lis">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>x1 talks to x2 about x3 in language x4</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>x1 talks to x2 about x3 in language x4</para>
</example>
<para>where the
<quote>x</quote> es with following numbers represent the various arguments that could be inserted at the given positions in the English sentence. For example:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3bc3">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-3bc3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John talks to Sam about engineering in Lojban.</jbo>
-
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John talks to Sam about engineering in Lojban.</para>
+
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>engineering</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has
<quote>John</quote> in the x1 place,
<quote>Sam</quote> in the x2 place,
<quote>engineering</quote> in the x3 place, and
<quote>Lojban</quote> in the x4 place, and could be paraphrased:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pVMH">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-pVMH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d3"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>Talking is going on,</jbo>
- <gloss>with speaker John</gloss>
- <gloss>and listener Sam</gloss>
- <gloss>and subject matter engineering</gloss>
-
- <en>and language Lojban.</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>Talking is going on, with speaker John and listener Sam and subject matter engineering and language Lojban.</para>
</example>
<para>The Lojban bridi corresponding to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5Lis"/> will have the form</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k01t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 5.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x1</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x2</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x3</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x4</jbophrase>
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x1</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x2</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x3</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x4</jbophrase>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tavla</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>use of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The word
- <quote>cu</quote> serves as a separator between any preceding sumti and the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> serves as a separator between any preceding sumti and the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 5.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- I talk to you about something in some language.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ I talk to you about something in some language.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k02u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 5.6)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- You talk to me about that thing in a language.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ You talk to me about that thing in a language.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k03n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d7"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 5.7)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">tu</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">tu</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is a bit unusual, as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of this book, and hope the meaning gets across!)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ellipsis</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When there are one or more occurrences of the cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a process called
<quote>ellipsis</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02C"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k02u"/> may be expressed thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k04J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d8"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 5.8)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
- I talk to you (about something in some language).
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ I talk to you (about something in some language).
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k05i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d9"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 5.9)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
You talk to me about that thing (in some language).
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k03n"/> is not subject to ellipsis by this direct method, as the
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> in it is not at the end of the bridi.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-variant-bridi-structure">
<title>Variant bridi structure</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti placement</primary><secondary>variant</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k068">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 6.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- seller-x1 sells goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 price-x4
- I sell this to that for some price.
- I sell this-thing/these-things to that-buyer/those-buyers.
- (The price is obvious or unimportant.)
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ seller-x1 sells goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 price-x4
+ I sell this to that for some price.
+ I sell this-thing/these-things to that-buyer/those-buyers.
+ (The price is obvious or unimportant.)
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k068"/> has one sumti (the x1) before the selbri. It is also possible to put more than one sumti before the selbri, without changing the order of sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0aR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 6.2)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 sells buyer-x3
- I this sell to that.
- (translates as stilted or poetic English)
- I this thing do sell to that buyer.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
+ seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 sells buyer-x3
+ I this sell to that.
+ (translates as stilted or poetic English)
+ I this thing do sell to that buyer.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Bm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 6.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
- seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 sells
- I this to that sell.
- (translates as stilted or poetic English)
- I this thing to that buyer do sell.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
+ seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 sells
+ I this to that sell.
+ (translates as stilted or poetic English)
+ I this thing to that buyer do sell.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-k068"/> through
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-k068"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Bm"/> mean the same thing. Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal position. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such orders.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> If there are no sumti before the selbri, then it is understood that the x1 sumti value is equivalent to
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; i.e. unimportant or obvious, and therefore not given. Any sumti after the selbri start counting from x2.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0br">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 6.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- object/idea-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
- That/Those is/are beautiful.
- That is beautiful.
- Those are beautiful.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ object/idea-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
+ That/Those is/are beautiful.
+ That is beautiful.
+ Those are beautiful.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>when the x1 is omitted, becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Ch">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 6.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">________</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- unspecified-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
- Beautiful!
- It's beautiful!
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">________</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ unspecified-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
+ Beautiful!
+ It's beautiful!
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Omitting the x1 adds emphasis to the selbri relation, which has become first in the sentence. This kind of sentence is termed an observative, because it is often used when someone first observes or takes note of the relationship, and wishes to quickly communicate it to someone else. Commonly understood English observatives include
<quote>Smoke!</quote> upon seeing smoke or smelling the odor, or
<quote>Car!</quote> to a person crossing the street who might be in danger. Any Lojban selbri can be used as an observative if no sumti appear before the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
- <quote>cu</quote> does not occur in an observative;
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> does not occur in an observative;
- <quote>cu</quote> is a separator, and there must be a sumti before the selbri that needs to be kept separate for
- <quote>cu</quote> to be used. With no sumti preceding the selbri,
- <quote>cu</quote> is not permitted. Short words like
- <quote>cu</quote> which serve grammatical functions are called
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is a separator, and there must be a sumti before the selbri that needs to be kept separate for
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> to be used. With no sumti preceding the selbri,
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is not permitted. Short words like
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> which serve grammatical functions are called
<jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase> in Lojban.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-order-of-sumti">
<title>Varying the order of sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti reordering</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> For one reason or another you may want to change the order, placing one particular sumti at the front of the bridi. The cmavo
- <quote>se</quote>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0dU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 7.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- I talk to you about this.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ I talk to you about this.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0eV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 7.2)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- You are talked to by me about this.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ You are talked to by me about this.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>te</quote>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
+ <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 7.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
- I talk to you about this.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ I talk to you about this.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0fo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 7.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">te tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This is talked about to you by me.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">te tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ This is talked about to you by me.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that only the first and third sumti have switched places; the second sumti has remained in the second place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>ve</quote> and
- <quote>xe</quote> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
+ <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
<quote>conversions</quote>, and the
- <quote>se</quote>,
- <quote>te</quote>,
- <quote>ve</quote>, and
- <quote>xe</quote> cmavo are said to convert the selbri.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> cmavo are said to convert the selbri.</para>
<para>More than one of these operators may be used on a given selbri at one time, and in such a case they are evaluated from left to right. However, in practice they are used one at a time, as there are better tools for complex manipulation of the sumti places. See
- <xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/> for details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/> for details.</para> <!-- FIXME: chapter-modals, no? -->
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>passive voice</primary></indexterm> The effect is similar to what in English is called the
<quote>passive voice</quote>. In Lojban, the converted selbri has a new place structure that is renumbered to reflect the place reversal, thus having effects when such a conversion is used in combination with other constructs such as
- <quote>le selbri [ku]</quote> (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section10"/>).</para>
+ <jbophrase>le selbri [ku]</jbophrase> (see
+ <xref linkend="section-description-sumti"/>).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-structure-of-utterances">
<title>The basic structure of longer utterances</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NIhO selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> People don't always say just one sentence. Lojban has a specific structure for talk or writing that is longer than one sentence. The entirety of a given speech event or written text is called an utterance. The sentences (usually, but not always, bridi) in an utterance are separated by the cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase>. These correspond to a brief pause (or nothing at all) in spoken English, and the various punctuation marks like period, question mark, and exclamation mark in written English. These separators prevent the sumti at the beginning of the next sentence from being mistaken for a trailing sumti of the previous sentence.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> separates paragraphs (covering different topics of discussion). In a long text or utterance, the topical structure of the text may be indicated by multiple
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> s, with perhaps
<jbophrase>ni'oni'oni'o</jbophrase> used to indicate a chapter,
<jbophrase>ni'oni'o</jbophrase> to indicate a section, and a single
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> to indicate a subtopic corresponding to a single English paragraph.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> separates sentences. It is sometimes compounded with words that modify the exact meaning (the semantics) of the sentence in the context of the utterance. (The cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15"/>, is one such word – it turns the sentence from a statement to a question about truth.) When more than one person is talking, a new speaker will usually omit the
+ <xref linkend="section-questions"/>, is one such word – it turns the sentence from a statement to a question about truth.) When more than one person is talking, a new speaker will usually omit the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> even though she/he may be continuing on the same topic.</para>
<para>It is still O.K. for a new speaker to say the
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> before continuing; indeed, it is encouraged for maximum clarity (since it is possible that the second speaker might merely be adding words onto the end of the first speaker's sentence). A good translation for
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is the
<quote>and</quote> used in run-on sentences when people are talking informally:
<quote>I did this, and then I did that, and ..., and ...</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-tanru">
<title>tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When two gismu are adjacent, the first one modifies the second, and the selbri takes its place structure from the rightmost word. Such combinations of gismu are called
<jbophrase>tanru</jbophrase>. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GPcS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ANfh">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-ANfh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>x1 is a fast type-of talker to x2 about x3 in language x4</jbo>
- <en>x1 talks fast to x2 about x3 in language x4</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>x1 is a fast type-of talker to x2 about x3 in language x4</para>
+ <para>x1 talks fast to x2 about x3 in language x4</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru default grouping</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When three or more gismu are in a row, the first modifies the second, and that combined meaning modifies the third, and that combined meaning modifies the fourth, and so on. For example</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzS9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla cutci</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast-talker shoe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has the place structure</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7KPn">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-7KPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d4"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>s1 is a fast-talker type of shoe worn by s2 of material s3</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>s1 is a fast-talker type of shoe worn by s2 of material s3</para>
</example>
<para>That is, it is a shoe that is worn by a fast talker rather than a shoe that is fast and is also worn by a talker.</para>
<para>Note especially the use of
<quote>type-of</quote> as a mechanism for connecting the English translations of the two or more gismu; this convention helps the learner understand each tanru in its context. Creative interpretations are also possible, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jE94">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -692,425 +635,381 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lepidoptera</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butterfly</primary><secondary>social</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>social butterfly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of the family
<emphasis>Lepidoptera</emphasis>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final component of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d8"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 9.8)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- I quickly-go to Mary.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
+ I quickly-go to Mary.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru conversion</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> With the conversion
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase> as the final component of the tanru, the place structure of the entire selbri is that of
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 place is the one who goes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0J1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d9"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 9.9)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra se klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- I quickly am-gone-to by Mary.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra se klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
+ I quickly am-gone-to by Mary.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and conversion</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The following example shows that there is more to conversion than merely switching places, though:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0LW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d10"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 9.10)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- Tom beautifully-talks to Mary.
- Tom is a beautiful-talker to Mary.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
+ Tom beautifully-talks to Mary.
+ Tom is a beautiful-talker to Mary.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure of
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>, but note the two distinct interpretations.</para>
<para>Now, using conversion, we can modify the place structure order:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0mh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d11"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 9.11)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi se tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase>
- Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom.
- Mary is a beautiful-audience for Tom.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi se tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase>
+ Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom.
+ Mary is a beautiful-audience for Tom.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the modification has been changed so as to focus on Mary's role in the bridi relationship, leading to a different set of possible interpretations.</para>
<para>Note that there is no place structure change if the modifying term is converted, and so less drastic variation in possible meanings:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qIv0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d12"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 9.12)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla melbi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla melbi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
+ Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qIVa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d13"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 9.13)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla melbi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
- Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla melbi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
+ Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, the observer of beauty.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-description-sumti">
<title>Description sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
<jbophrase>tavla</jbophrase>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
<quote>description sumti</quote>. The description sumti
<jbophrase>le tavla ku</jbophrase> means
<quote>the talker</quote>, and may be used wherever any sumti may be used.</para>
<para>For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Pj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla ku</jbophrase>
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla ku</jbophrase>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oH9T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I talk to you about the talker</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<quote>the talker</quote> is presumably someone other than me, though not necessarily.</para>
<para>Similarly
<jbophrase>le sutra tavla ku</jbophrase> is
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and
<jbophrase>le sutra te tavla ku</jbophrase> is
<quote>the fast subject of talk</quote> or
<quote>the subject of fast talk</quote>. Which of these related meanings is understood will depend on the context in which the expression is used. The most plausible interpretation within the context will generally be assumed by a listener to be the intended one.</para>
<para>In many cases the word
- <quote>ku</quote> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Q2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase>
- I talk-to you about-the talker
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase>
+ I talk-to you about-the talker
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0Pj"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>need for</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> There is a problem when we want to say
<quote>The fast one is talking.</quote> The
<quote>obvious</quote> translation
<jbophrase>le sutra tavla</jbophrase> turns out to mean
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and has no selbri at all. To solve this problem we can use the word
- <quote>cu</quote>, which so far has always been optional, in front of the selbri.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, which so far has always been optional, in front of the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
- <quote>cu</quote> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
- <quote>se</quote> or
- <quote>te</quote>. Thus:</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0QA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast talker
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra tavla</jbophrase>
+ The fast talker
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0qb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast one is talking.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ The fast one is talking.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Qf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.6)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra se tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast talked-to one
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra se tavla</jbophrase>
+ The fast talked-to one
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0ru">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d7"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.7)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
- The fast one is talked to.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
+ The fast one is talked to.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>KU selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Consider the following more complex example, with two description sumti.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0S1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d8"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 10.8)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le vecnu [ku]</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le blari'o [ku]</jbophrase>
- I talk-to the seller about the blue-green-thing.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le vecnu [ku]</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le blari'o [ku]</jbophrase>
+ I talk-to the seller about the blue-green-thing.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The sumti
<jbophrase>le vecnu</jbophrase> contains the selbri
<jbophrase>vecnu</jbophrase>, which has the
<quote>seller</quote> in the x1 place, and uses it in this sentence to describe a particular
<quote>seller</quote> that the speaker has in mind (one that he or she probably expects the listener will also know about). Similarly, the speaker has a particular blue-green thing in mind, which is described using
- <quote>le</quote> to mark
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> to mark
<jbophrase>blari'o</jbophrase>, a selbri whose first sumti is something blue-green.</para>
<para>It is safe to omit both occurrences of
- <quote>ku</quote> in
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0S1"/>, and it is also safe to omit the
- <quote>cu</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-some-brivla">
<title>Examples of brivla</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>types of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The simplest form of selbri is an individual word. A word which may by itself express a selbri relation is called a
<jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>. The three types of brivla are gismu (root words), lujvo (compounds), and fu'ivla (borrowings from other languages). All have identical grammatical uses. So far, most of our selbri have been gismu or tanru built from gismu.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> gismu:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 11.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
- Go-er goes destination origin route means.
- I go here (to this) using that means (from somewhere via some route).
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
+ Go-er goes destination origin route means.
+ I go here (to this) using that means (from somewhere via some route).
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> lujvo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0SR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 11.2)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">blari'o</jbophrase>
- That is-blue-green.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">blari'o</jbophrase>
+ That is-blue-green.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> fu'ivla:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Tj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 11.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">djarspageti</jbophrase>
- This is-spaghetti.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">djarspageti</jbophrase>
+ This is-spaghetti.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo as selbri</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Some cmavo may also serve as selbri, acting as variables that stand for another selbri. The most commonly used of these is
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, which represents the main bridi of the previous Lojban sentence, with any new sumti or other sentence features being expressed replacing the previously expressed ones. Thus, in this context:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0UC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 11.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
- That too/same-as-last selbri.
- That (is spaghetti), too.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
+ That too/same-as-last selbri.
+ That (is spaghetti), too.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-dihu-and-lahe-dihu">
<title>The sumti
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la'e di'u</jbophrase></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In English, I might say
<quote>The dog is beautiful</quote>, and you might reply
<quote>This pleases me.</quote> How do you know what
<quote>this</quote> refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to convey the possible meanings of the English:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 12.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le gerku [ku]</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- The dog is beautiful.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le gerku [ku]</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ The dog is beautiful.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The following three sentences all might translate as
<quote>This pleases me.</quote></para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 12.2)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This (the dog) pleases me.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ This (the dog) pleases me.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 12.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammatical or sounds nice).
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammatical or sounds nice).
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0YS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 12.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la'e di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la'e di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k0YS"/> uses one sumti to point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write
<jbophrase>la'edi'u</jbophrase> as a single word; it is used more often than
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> by itself.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-possession">
<title>Possession</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Possession</quote> refers to the concept of specifying an object by saying who it belongs to (or with). A full explanation of Lojban possession is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. A simple means of expressing possession, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, between the
- <quote>le</quote> and the selbri of the description:</para>
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> and the selbri of the description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e13d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 13.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le mi gerku</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
- The of-me dog is fast.
- My dog is fast.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le mi gerku</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
+ The of-me dog is fast.
+ My dog is fast.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possession not ownership</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, possession doesn't necessarily mean ownership: one may
<quote>possess</quote> a chair simply by sitting on it, even though it actually belongs to someone else. English uses possession casually in the same way, but also uses it to refer to actual ownership or even more intimate relationships:
<quote>my arm</quote> doesn't mean
<quote>some arm I own</quote> but rather
<quote>the arm that is part of my body</quote>. Lojban has methods of specifying all these different kinds of possession precisely and easily.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-vocatives-and-commands">
<title>Vocatives and commands</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> You may call someone's attention to the fact that you are addressing them by using
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> followed by their name. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ahVb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan.</jbo>
@@ -1148,229 +1047,203 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>co'o. djan.</jbo>
<en>Good-bye, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commands</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Commands are expressed in Lojban by a simple variation of the main bridi structure. If you say</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k11I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 14.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- You are-talking.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ You are-talking.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you are simply making a statement of fact. In order to issue a command in Lojban, substitute the word
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> for
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>. The bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 14.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Talk!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k11I"/> true; it means
<quote>Talk!</quote> Other examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k13h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 14.6)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
- Be fast!
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
+ Be fast!
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur anywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are very unlike English commands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d7"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 14.7)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
- Be talked to by me
- Let me talk to you.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ Be talked to by me
+ Let me talk to you.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> can fill any appropriate sumti place, and can be used as often as is appropriate for the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k14X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d8"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 14.8)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k15M">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d9"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 14.9)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Take care!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> both mean
<quote>You take care of you</quote> and
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-questions">
<title>Questions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure-section-questions"/> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> is used to create a sumti question: it indicates that the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the location of the
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> to make the bridi true. It can be translated as
<quote>Who?</quote> or
<quote>What?</quote> in most cases, but also serves for
<quote>When?</quote>,
<quote>Where?</quote>, and
<quote>Why?</quote> when used in sumti places that express time, location, or cause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k161">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.1)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- Who? talks to-you about-me.
- Who is talking to you about me?
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ Who? talks to-you about-me.
+ Who is talking to you about me?
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The listener can reply by simply stating a sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Aa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.2)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
- John (is talking to you about me).
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
+ John (is talking to you about me).
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Like
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> can occur in any position where a sumti is allowed, not just in the first position:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
- You talk to what/whom?
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
+ You talk to what/whom?
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> can also appear in multiple sumti positions in one sentence, in effect asking several questions at once.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1dc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
- What/Who talks to what/whom?
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
+ What/Who talks to what/whom?
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>separate questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The two separate
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> positions ask two separate questions, and can therefore be answered with different values in each sumti place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is the selbri analogue of
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>. It asks the respondent to provide a selbri that would be a true relation if inserted in place of the
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">mo</jbophrase>
- You are-what/do-what?
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">mo</jbophrase>
+ You are-what/do-what?
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might. Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> is a very non-specific question. The response to the question in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1DE"/> could be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1DR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.6)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- I am beautiful.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ I am beautiful.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d7"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.7)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- I talk.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ I talk.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-listener cooperation</primary></indexterm> Clearly,
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section9"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-tanru"/>).</para>
<para>It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other unspecified places in responding to a
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase> question. Thus, the respondent in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k1gh"/> could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>yes/no questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>, such as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fVMN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d8"/>
</title>
@@ -1387,412 +1260,372 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Is it true that you are talking to me?</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban we have a word that asks precisely that question in precisely the same way. The cmavo
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase>, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that bridi is true as stated. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d10"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.10) xu
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
- Is-it-true-that you are-talking to-me?
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ xu
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ Is-it-true-that you are-talking to-me?
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fVMN"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>affirmative answer</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i with xu</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> The answer
<quote>Yes</quote> may be given by simply restating the bridi without the
<jbophrase>xu</jbophrase> question word. Lojban has a shorthand for doing this with the word
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, mentioned in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section11"/>. Instead of a negative answer, the bridi may be restated in such a way as to make it true. If this can be done by substituting sumti, it may be done with
+ <xref linkend="section-some-brivla"/>. Instead of a negative answer, the bridi may be restated in such a way as to make it true. If this can be done by substituting sumti, it may be done with
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> as well. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1gU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d11"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.11) xu
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
- Are you healthy?
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ xu
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
+ Are you healthy?
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>healthy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be answered with</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1iE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d12"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.12)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
- I am healthy.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
+ I am healthy.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1JT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d13"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.13)
-<jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
- I am healthy.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
+ I am healthy.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para>
- (Note that
-<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> to the questioner is
-<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> to the respondent.)
-</para>
+ <para>
+ (Note that
+ <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> to the questioner is
+ <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> to the respondent.)
+ </para>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1jY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d14"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.14)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
- The talker is healthy.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
+ The talker is healthy.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1LE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d15"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 15.15)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
- The talker is healthy.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
+ The talker is healthy.
-</programlisting>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nago'i</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negative answer</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> A general negative answer may be given by
<jbophrase>na go'i</jbophrase>.
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> may be placed before any selbri (but after the
- <quote>cu</quote>). It is equivalent to stating
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>). It is equivalent to stating
<quote>It is not true that ...</quote> before the bridi. It does not imply that anything else is true or untrue, only that that specific bridi is not true. More details on negative statements are available in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-attitudinals">
<title>Indicators</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interjections</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indicators</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written language. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. Aha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to culture.</para>
<para>Lojban has a group of cmavo known as
<quote>attitudinal indicators</quote> which specifically covers this type of commentary on spoken statements. They are both written and spoken, but require no specific intonation or gestures. Grammatically they are very simple: one or more attitudinals at the beginning of a bridi apply to the entire bridi; anywhere else in the bridi they apply to the word immediately to the left. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1LH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d1"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.1) .ie
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- Agreement! I go.
- Yep! I'll go.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ .ie
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
+ Agreement! I go.
+ Yep! I'll go.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d2"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.2) .ei
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
- Obligation! I go.
- I should go.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ .ei
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
+ Obligation! I go.
+ I should go.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1pF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le melbi .ui [ku]</jbophrase>
- I go to the beautiful-thing (and I am happy because it is the beautiful
- thing I'm going to).
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le melbi .ui [ku]</jbophrase>
+ I go to the beautiful-thing (and I am happy because it is the beautiful
+ thing I'm going to).
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>but/and equivalence</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic words</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Not all indicators indicate attitudes. Discursives, another group of cmavo with the same grammatical rules as attitudinal indicators, allow free expression of certain kinds of commentary about the main utterances. Using discursives allows a clear separation of these so-called
<quote>metalinguistic</quote> features from the underlying statements and logical structure. By comparison, the English words
<quote>but</quote> and
<quote>also</quote>, which discursively indicate contrast or an added weight of example, are logically equivalent to
<quote>and</quote>, which does not have a discursive content. The average English-speaker does not think about, and may not even realize, the paradoxical idea that
<quote>but</quote> basically means
<quote>and</quote>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Rd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
- I go. You stay.
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
+ I go. You stay.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Rv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ji'a
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ji'a
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
- I go. In addition, you stay. (added weight)
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
+ I go. In addition, you stay. (added weight)
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1sb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.6)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ku'i
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ku'i
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
- I go. However, you stay. (contrast)
-</programlisting>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
+ I go. However, you stay. (contrast)
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Another group of indicators are called
<quote>evidentials</quote>. Evidentials show the speaker's relationship to the statement, specifically how the speaker came to make the statement. These include
<jbophrase>za'a</jbophrase> (I directly observe the relationship),
<jbophrase>pe'i</jbophrase> (I believe that the relationship holds),
<jbophrase>ru'a</jbophrase> (I postulate the relationship), and others. Many American Indian languages use this kind of words.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1uT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d7"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.7) pe'i
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ pe'i
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- I opine! You are beautiful.
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ I opine! You are beautiful.
-
-</programlisting>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Xs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d8"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 16.8) za'a
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ za'a
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
- I directly observe! You are beautiful.
-</programlisting>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
+ I directly observe! You are beautiful.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17">
+ <section xml:id="section-tenses">
<title>Tenses</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In English, every verb is tagged for the grammatical category called tense: past, present, or future. The sentence</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIVa">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-xIVa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John went to the store</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John went to the store</para>
</example>
<para>necessarily happens at some time in the past, whereas</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Acu">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-1Acu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John is going to the store</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John is going to the store</para>
</example>
<para>is necessarily happening right now.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>tenseless</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The Lojban sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1xz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d3"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.3)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase> [cu]
-<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
- John goes/went/will-go to-the store
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase> [cu]
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
+ John goes/went/will-go to-the store
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>serves as a translation of either
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIVa"/> or
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1Acu"/>, and of many other possible English sentences as well. It is not marked for tense, and can refer to an event in the past, the present or the future. This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of representing the time of an event. A close translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIVa"/> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Y5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d4"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.4)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">pu klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
- John [past] goes to-the store
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">pu klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
+ John [past] goes to-the store
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the tag
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> forces the sentence to refer to a time in the past. Similarly,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1Y8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d5"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.5)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">ca klama</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
- John [present] goes to-the store
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">ca klama</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
+ John [present] goes to-the store
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>necessarily refers to the present, because of the tag
<jbophrase>ca</jbophrase>. Tags used in this way always appear at the very beginning of the selbri, just after the
- <quote>cu</quote>, and they may make a
- <quote>cu</quote> unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanru. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojban, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriate tense is picked up from context.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>, and they may make a
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanru. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojban, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriate tense is picked up from context.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Lojban also extends the notion of
<quote>tense</quote> to refer not only to time but to space. The following example uses the tag
<jbophrase>vu</jbophrase> to specify that the event it describes happens far away from the speaker:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k20b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d6"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.6)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="selbri">vu vecnu</jbophrase>
-<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
- You yonder sell something-unspecified.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">vu vecnu</jbophrase>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
+ You yonder sell something-unspecified.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In addition, tense tags (either for time or space) can be prefixed to the selbri of a description, producing a tensed sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k26N">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d7"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.7)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le pu bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- The earlier/former/past runner talked/talks.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le pu bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ The earlier/former/past runner talked/talks.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Since Lojban tense is optional, we don't know when he or she talks.)</para>
<para>Tensed sumti with space tags correspond roughly to the English use of
<quote>this</quote> or
<quote>that</quote> as adjectives, as in the following example, which uses the tag
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> meaning
<quote>nearby</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k28N">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d8"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.8)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le vi bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
- The nearby runner talks.
- This runner talks.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le vi bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
+ The nearby runner talks.
+ This runner talks.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Do not confuse the use of
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k28N"/> with the cmavo
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, which also means
<quote>this</quote>, but in the sense of
<quote>this thing</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tenses</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore, a tense tag can appear both on the selbri and within a description, as in the following example (where
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> is the tag for future time):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k29L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d9"/>
</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-
- 17.9)
-<jbophrase role="sumti">le vi tavla [ku]</jbophrase> cu
-<jbophrase role="selbri">ba klama</jbophrase>
- The here talker [future] goes.
- The talker who is here will go.
- This talker will go.
-</programlisting>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbophrase role="sumti">le vi tavla [ku]</jbophrase> cu
+ <jbophrase role="selbri">ba klama</jbophrase>
+ The here talker [future] goes.
+ The talker who is here will go.
+ This talker will go.
+ </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section18">
+ <section xml:id="section-terms">
<title>Lojban grammatical terms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grammatical terms</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Here is a review of the Lojban grammatical terms used in this chapter, plus some others used throughout this book. Only terms that are themselves Lojban words are included: there are of course many expressions like
<quote>indicator</quote> in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/> that are not explained here. See the Index for further help with these.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>bridi:</term>
<listitem>
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