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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 24 16:21:06 EST 2011

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Subject: [bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Feb 24 16:21:06 EST 2011
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Date: Thu, 24 Feb 2011 16:21:06 -0500
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commit 2914e335c1e06ed2a1339f8d6c715040c6f4dd7b
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date:   Thu Feb 24 12:36:00 2011 -0800

    HAS CONTENT CHANGES.  The "..." and "etc." in the table have been
    replaced with [N]roi and so on.

diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index e2754c8..23f1a24 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -15,1008 +15,1010 @@
 
     <para>I will go to London tomorrow.</para>
 
     <para>I am going to London tomorrow.</para>
     <para>all mean the same thing, even though the first sentence uses the present tense; the second, the future tense; and the third, a compound tense usually called 
     
     
     
     <quote>present progressive</quote>. Likewise, a newspaper headline says 
     <quote>JONES DIES</quote>, although it is obvious that the time referred to must be in the past. Tense is a mandatory category of English: every sentence must be marked for tense, even if in a way contrary to logic, because every main verb has a tense marker built into to it. By contrast, Lojban brivla have no implicit tense marker attached to them.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elided tense</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space location</primary><secondary>as part of tense system (see also tense</secondary><tertiary>spatial tense)</tertiary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>as part of tense system (see also tense</secondary><tertiary>temporal tense)</tertiary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense system</primary><secondary>and space location</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense system</primary><secondary>and space location</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>selbri types applicable to</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, the concept of tense extends to every selbri, not merely the verb-like ones. In addition, tense structures provide information about location in space as well as in time. All tense information is optional in Lojban: a sentence like:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cKSK">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e1d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
-        <gloss>I go-to the market.</gloss>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be understood as:</para>
-    <!-- FIXME: should these be in an <example>? if so, will any random id work? -->
-    <para>I went to the market.</para>
-    <para>I am going to the market.</para>
-    <para>I have gone to the market.</para>
-    <para>I will go to the market.</para>
-    <para>I continually go to the market.</para>
-    <para>as well as many other possibilities: context resolves which is correct.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of tense specification</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on &quot;cu&quot;</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position of in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The placement of a tense construct within a Lojban bridi is easy: right before the selbri. It goes immediately after the 
-    <valsi>cu</valsi>, and can in fact always replace the 
-    <valsi>cu</valsi> (although in very complex sentences the rules for eliding terminators may be changed as a result). In the following examples, 
-    <valsi>pu</valsi> is the tense marker for 
-    <quote>past time</quote>:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nFgv">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e1d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi cu pu klama le zarci mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
-        <gloss>I in-the-past go-to the market.</gloss>
-        <en>I went to the market.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>with tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with ku</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position in sentence alternative</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to put the tense somewhere else in the bridi by adding 
-    <valsi>ku</valsi> after it. This 
-    <valsi>ku</valsi> is an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to actually elide it except at the end of the bridi:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5V3Y">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e1d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>puku mi klama le zarci</jbo>
-        <gloss>In-the-past I go-to the market.</gloss>
-        <en>Earlier, I went to the market.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DpEI">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e1d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi klama puku le zarci</jbo>
-        <gloss>I go-to in-the-past the market.</gloss>
-        <en>I went earlier to the market.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0f11">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e1d5"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi klama le zarci pu [ku]</jbo>
-        <gloss>I go-to the market in-the-past.</gloss>
-        <en>I went to the market earlier.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>emphasizing by position in sentence</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>effect of different position in sentence</secondary></indexterm> 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-nFgv"/> through 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-0f11"/> are different only in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-5V3Y"/> through 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-0f11"/> exhibit, adds emphasis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo 
-    <valsi>pu</valsi>. Words at either end of the sentence tend to be more noticeable.</para>
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-spatial-tenses">
-    <title>Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA</title>
-    <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-    <cmavo-list>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>vi</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VA</selmaho>
-        <description>short distance</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>va</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VA</selmaho>
-        <description>medium distance</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>vu</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VA</selmaho>
-        <description>long distance</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>zu'a</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>left</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ri'u</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>right</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ga'u</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>up</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ni'a</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>down</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ca'u</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>front</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ne'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>within</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>be'a</cmavo>
-        
-        <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
-        <description>north of</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-    </cmavo-list>
-    <para>(The complete list of FAhA cmavo can be found in 
-    <xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/>.)</para>
-    <para>Why is this section about spatial tenses rather than the more familiar time tenses of 
-    
-    <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, asks the reader? Because the model to be used in explaining both will be easier to grasp for space than for time. The explanation of time tenses will resume in 
-    
-    
-    <xref linkend="section-temporal-tenses"/>.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense elision</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tense elision in meaning</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tense in elidability</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>compared with temporal tense in elidability</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>as optional in English</secondary></indexterm> English doesn't have mandatory spatial tenses. Although there are plenty of ways in English of showing where an event happens, there is absolutely no need to do so. Considering this fact may give the reader a feel for what the optional Lojban time tenses are like. From the Lojban point of view, space and time are interchangeable, although they are not treated identically.</para>
-    
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distance</primary><secondary>specification with VA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>as an imaginary journey</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>and spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Lojban specifies the spatial tense of a bridi (the place at which it occurs) by using words from selma'o FAhA and VA to describe an imaginary journey from the speaker to the place referred to. FAhA cmavo specify the direction taken in the journey, whereas VA cmavo specify the distance gone. For example:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hNAJ">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e2d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu va batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [medium distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Over there the man is biting the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>reference frame</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>referent of</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>ending point</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting point</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>man biting dog</primary></indexterm> What is at a medium distance? The event referred to by the bridi: the man biting the dog. What is this event at a medium distance from? The speaker's location. We can understand the 
-    <valsi>va</valsi> as saying: 
-    <quote>If you want to get from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, journey for a medium distance (in some direction unspecified).</quote> This 
-    <quote>imaginary journey</quote> can be used to understand not only 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-hNAJ"/>, but also every other spatial tense construct.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>specification with FAhA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>and direction</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>direction</secondary></indexterm> Suppose you specify a direction with a FAhA cmavo, rather than a distance with a VA cmavo:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Qxr">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e2d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>Here the imaginary journey is again from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, but it is now performed by going to the left (in the speaker's reference frame) for an unspecified distance. So a reasonable translation is:</para>
-    <place-structure>
-       To my left, the man bites the dog.
-    </place-structure>
-    <para>The 
-    <oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase> does not have an explicit equivalent in the Lojban, because the speaker's location is understood as the starting point.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>relation of words to ti</secondary><tertiary>ta, tu</tertiary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically, by the way, 
-    <valsi>zu'a</valsi> is derived from 
-    <valsi>zunle</valsi>, the gismu for 
-    <quote>left</quote>, whereas 
-    <valsi>vi</valsi>, 
-    <valsi>va</valsi>, and 
-    <valsi>vu</valsi> are intended to be reminiscent of 
-    <valsi>ti</valsi>, 
-    <valsi>ta</valsi>, and 
-    <valsi>tu</valsi>, the demonstrative pronouns 
-    <quote>this-here</quote>, 
-    <quote>that-there</quote>, and 
-    <quote>that-yonder</quote>.)</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distance</primary><secondary>order of relative to direction in spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>order of relative to distance in spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tenses</primary><secondary>order of direction and distance specifications</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of distance specification in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of direction specification in</secondary></indexterm> What about specifying both a direction and a distance? The rule here is that the direction must come before the distance:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LEIm">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e2d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu zu'avi batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [left] [short distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>As explained in 
-    <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, it would be perfectly correct to use 
-    <valsi>ku</valsi> to move this tense to the beginning or the end of the sentence to emphasize it:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uCGa">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e2d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>zu'aviku le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>[Left] [short distance] the man bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-compound-spatial-tenses">
-    <title>Compound spatial tenses</title>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Humph, says the reader: this talk of 
-    <quote>imaginary journeys</quote> is all very well, but what's the point of it? &ndash; 
-    <valsi>zu'a</valsi> means 
-    <quote>on the left</quote> and 
-    <valsi>vi</valsi> means 
-    <quote>nearby</quote>, and there's no more to be said. The imaginary-journey model becomes more useful when so-called compound tenses are involved. A compound tense is exactly like a simple tense, but has several FAhAs run together:</para>
-    
-    
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rWtP">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e3d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [up] [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manhole</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>stages of in compound tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>explanation of</secondary></indexterm> The proper interpretation of 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-rWtP"/> is that the imaginary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then to the left. A translation might read:</para>
-    <place-structure>
-       Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
-    </place-structure>
-    <para>(Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-biting is going on at the edge of the street.)</para>
-    
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense ordering</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in order of specification</secondary></indexterm> In the English translation, the keywords 
-    <quote>left</quote> and 
-    <quote>above</quote> occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This effect is typical of what happens when we 
-    <quote>unfold</quote> Lojban compound tenses into their English equivalents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Lojban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents.</para>
-    <para>The opposite order also makes sense:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d1gU">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e3d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu zu'a ga'u batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [left] [up] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Above a place to the left of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>effect of different ordering</secondary></indexterm> In ordinary space, the result of going up and then to the left is the same as that of going left and then up, but such a simple relationship does not apply in all environments or to all directions: going south, then east, then north may return one to the starting point, if that point is the North Pole.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>with direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> Each direction can have a distance following:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-G9at">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e3d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu zu'avi ga'uvu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [left] [short distance] [up] [long distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Far above a place slightly to the left of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>beginning with distance only</secondary></indexterm> A distance can also come at the beginning of the tense construct, without any specified direction. ( 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-hNAJ"/>, with VA alone, is really a special case of this rule when no directions at all follow.)</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9Tpz">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e3d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu vi zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [short distance] [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Left of a place near me, the man bites the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>as direction with-or-without distance</secondary></indexterm> Any number of directions may be used in a compound tense, with or without specified distances for each:</para>
-    
-    
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mqTU">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e3d5"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [within] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter the Lojban version of 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-mqTU"/> is than the English version.</para>
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-temporal-tenses">
-    <title>Temporal tenses: PU and ZI</title>
-    <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-    <cmavo-list>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>pu</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>PU</selmaho>
-        <description>past</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ca</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>PU</selmaho>
-        <description>present</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ba</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>PU</selmaho>
-        <description>future</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>zi</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZI</selmaho>
-        <description>short time distance</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>za</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZI</selmaho>
-        <description>medium time distance</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>zu</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZI</selmaho>
-        <description>long time distance</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-    </cmavo-list>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>order relative to spatial</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>order relative to temporal</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>rationale for relative order of temporal and spatial in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of temporal and spatial in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZI selma'o</primary><secondary>compared with VA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary><secondary>compared with FAhA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tenses</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm> Now that the reader understands spatial tenses, there are only two main facts to understand about temporal tenses: they work exactly like the spatial tenses, with selma'o PU and ZI standing in for FAhA and VA; and when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first. (If space could be expressed before or after time at will, then certain constructions would be ambiguous.)</para>
-    
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ameb">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>The man bit the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>means that to reach the dog-biting, you must take an imaginary journey through time, moving towards the past an unspecified distance. (Of course, this journey is even more imaginary than the ones talked about in the previous sections, since time-travel is not an available option.)</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space</primary><secondary>contrasted with time in number of directions</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>contrasted with space in number of directions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban recognizes three temporal directions: 
-    <valsi>pu</valsi> for the past, 
-    <valsi>ca</valsi> for the present, and 
-    <valsi>ba</valsi> for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu 
-    <valsi>purci</valsi>, 
-    <valsi>cabna</valsi>, and 
-    <valsi>balvi</valsi>. See 
-    <xref linkend="section-tenses-vs-modals"/> for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as 
-    
-    <quote>direction-like relationships</quote> like 
-    <quote>surrounding</quote>, 
-    <quote>within</quote>, 
-    <quote>touching</quote>, etc. (See 
-    <xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/> for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as subjective perception</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary><secondary>compared with ca</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>compared with bu'u</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>rational for</secondary></indexterm> The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive space and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measurements. We have a sense of 
-    
-    <quote>now</quote> which includes part of the objective past and part of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into three parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a separate time-direction cmavo for the 
-    <quote>zero direction</quote>, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for the zero space direction: 
-    <valsi>bu'u</valsi>, which means something like 
-    
-    <quote>coinciding</quote>.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as observer-based</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relativity theory</primary><secondary>relation to Lojban tense system</secondary></indexterm> (Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: The Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed to be a 
-    
-    
-    
-    <quote>point-like observer</quote> in the relativistic sense: they do not say anything about physical relationships of relativistic interval, still less about implicit causality. The nature of tense is not only subjective but also observer-based.)</para>
-    <para>Here are some examples of temporal tenses:</para>
-    
-    <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDsX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu puzi batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [past] [short distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>A short time ago, the man bit the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDt1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu pu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [past] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <gloss>Earlier than an earlier time than now, the man bit the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>The man had bitten the dog.</en>
-        <en>The man had been biting the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDtg" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu ba puzi batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [future] [past] [short] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <gloss>Shortly earlier than some time later than now, the man will bite the dog.</gloss>
-        <gloss>Soon before then, the man will have bitten the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>The man will have just bitten the dog.</en>
-        <en>The man will just have been biting the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound temporal tense</primary><secondary>beginning with distance only</secondary></indexterm> What about the analogue of an initial VA without a direction? Lojban does allow an initial ZI with or without following PUs:</para>
-    <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDu0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d5"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [short] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Before a short time from or before now, the man bit or will bite the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDw0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d6"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu zu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [long] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified direction</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with in spatial</secondary></indexterm> 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-qDu0"/> and 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-qDw0"/> are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used: 
-    <valsi>zi</valsi> by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be 
-    <quote>about now, but not exactly now</quote>.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nearby in time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction ( 
-    <quote>nearby</quote> or 
-    <quote>far away</quote>), but we live only from past to future, and the idea of an event which happens 
-    <quote>nearby in time</quote> is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limitation of English.</para>
-    
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with both temporal and spatial</secondary></indexterm> Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial tense:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long ago and far away</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vtUw">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d7"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu puzu vu batci le gerku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man [past] [long time] [long space] bites the dog.</gloss>
-        <en>Long ago and far away, the man bit the dog.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>Alternatively,</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jsw5">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e4d8"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le nanmu batci le gerku puzuvuku</jbo>
-        <gloss>The man bites the dog [past] [long time] [long space].</gloss>
-        <en>The man bit the dog long ago and far away.</en>
-        
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-interval-sizes">
-    <title>Interval sizes: VEhA and ZEhA</title>
-    <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-    <cmavo-list>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ve'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>short space interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ve'a</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>medium space interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ve'u</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>long space interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ze'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>short time interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ze'a</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>medium time interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ze'u</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>long time interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-    </cmavo-list>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>interval contrasted with point</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>point contrasted with interval</secondary></indexterm> So far, we have considered only events that are usually thought of as happening at a particular point in space and time: a man biting a dog at a specified place and time. But Lojbanic events may be much more 
-    <quote>spread out</quote> than that: 
-    <oldjbophrase>mi vasxu</oldjbophrase> (I breathe) is something which is true during the whole of my life from birth to death, and over the entire part of the earth where I spend my life. The cmavo of VEhA (for space) and ZEhA (for time) can be added to any of the tense constructs we have already studied to specify the size of the space or length of the time over which the bridi is claimed to be true.</para>
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pgzz">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba ve'i cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [small space interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <gloss>In a small space, the child walks on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>The child walks about a small area of the ice.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>child on ice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> means that her walking was done in a small area. Like the distances, the interval sizes are classified only roughly as 
-    <quote>small, medium, large</quote>, and are relative to the context: a small part of a room might be a large part of a table in that room.</para>
-    <para>Here is an example using a time interval:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ap7g">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>For a medium time, the child walks/walked/will walk on the ice.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>relative order with direction and distance in tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of direction</secondary><tertiary>distance and interval in</tertiary></indexterm> Note that with no time direction word, 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-ap7g"/> does not say when the walking happened: that would be determined by context. It is possible to specify both directions or distances and an interval, in which case the interval always comes afterward:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gHPI">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba pu ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [past] [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <gloss>For a medium time, the child walked on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>The child walked on the ice for a while.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval direction</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>meaning when following interval specification</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>following interval in tense construct</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>followed by direction in tense construct</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>specifying relation of interval to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>specifying relation to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>relation of point specified by direction and distance to interval</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>relation of interval to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>relation to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> In 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-gHPI"/>, the relationship of the interval to the specified point in time or space is indeterminate. Does the interval start at the point, end at the point, or is it centered on the point? By adding an additional direction cmavo after the interval, this question can be conclusively answered:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q4Aw">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi ca ze'ica cusku dei</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [present] [short time interval - present] express this-utterance.</gloss>
-        <en>I am now saying this sentence.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>as context-dependent</secondary></indexterm> means that for an interval starting a short time in the past and extending to a short time in the future, I am expressing the utterance which is 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-q4Aw"/>. Of course, 
-    <quote>short</quote> is relative, as always in tenses. Even a long sentence takes up only a short part of a whole day; in a geological context, the era of 
-    <emphasis>Homo sapiens</emphasis> would only be a 
-    <valsi>ze'i</valsi> interval.</para>
-    <para>By contrast,</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-imdX">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d5"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi ca ze'ipu cusku dei</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [present] [short time interval - past] express this-utterance.</gloss>
-        <en>I have just been saying this sentence.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>with interval direction</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu</primary><secondary>meaning when following interval specification</secondary></indexterm> means that for a short time interval extending from the past to the present I have been expressing 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-imdX"/>. Here the imaginary journey starts at the present, lays down one end point of the interval, moves into the past, and lays down the other endpoint. Another example:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AqvW">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d6"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal.</gloss>
-        <gloss>For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
-        <en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>With 
-    <valsi>ca</valsi> instead of 
-    <valsi>ba</valsi>, 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-AqvW"/> becomes 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-a5dp"/>,</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-a5dp">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d7"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - present] eat my meal.</gloss>
-        <gloss>For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
-        <en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>because the interval would then be centered on the past moment rather than oriented toward the future of that moment. The colloquial English translations are the same &ndash; English is not well-suited to representing this distinction.</para>
-    <para>Here are some examples of the use of space intervals with and without specified directions:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish on right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mrzt">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d8"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>ta ri'u ve'i finpe</jbo>
-        <gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval] is-a-fish.</gloss>
-        <en>That thing on my right is a fish.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>In 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-Mrzt"/>, there is no equivalent in the colloquial English translation of the 
-    <quote>small interval</quote> which the fish occupies. Neither the Lojban nor the English expresses the orientation of the fish. Compare 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-AVU3"/>:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AVU3">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e5d9"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>ta ri'u ve'ica'u finpe</jbo>
-        <gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval - front] is-a-fish.</gloss>
-        <en>That thing on my right extending forwards is a fish.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>Here the space interval occupied by the fish extends from a point on my right to another point in front of the first point.</para>
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-vagueness">
-    <title>Vague intervals and non-specific tenses</title>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>vague</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> What is the significance of failing to specify an interval size of the type discussed in 
-    
-    <xref linkend="section-interval-sizes"/>? The Lojban rule is that if no interval size is given, the size of the space or time interval is left vague by the speaker. For example:</para>
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-naft">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e6d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [past] go-to the market.</gloss>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>really means:</para>
-    <place-structure>
-      At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as well, the event <quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
-    </place-structure>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>past event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications of completeness</secondary></indexterm> 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-naft"/> points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like 
-    <quote>I went to the market</quote> generally signifies that the going-to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete at the time of speaking. Lojban 
-    <valsi>pu</valsi> has no such implication.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>aorist</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aorist</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Classical Greek aorist tense</primary><secondary>compared with Lojban tense</secondary></indexterm> This property of a past tense is sometimes called 
-    <quote>aorist</quote>, in reference to a similar concept in the tense system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property, however:</para>
-    
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xQ0w">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e6d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le tricu ba crino</jbo>
-        <gloss>The tree [future] is-green.</gloss>
-        <en>The tree will be green.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>future event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> does not imply (as the colloquial English translation does) that the tree is not green now. The vague interval throughout which the tree is, in fact, green may have already started.</para>
-    <para>This general principle does not mean that Lojban has no way of indicating that a tree will be green but is not yet green. Indeed, there are several ways of expressing that concept: see 
-    <xref linkend="section-event-contours"/> (event contours) and 
-    
-    
-    <xref linkend="section-connected-tenses"/> (logical connection between tenses).</para>
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-dimensionality">
-    <title>Dimensionality: VIhA</title>
-    <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-    <cmavo-list>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>vi'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
-        <description>on a line</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>vi'a</cmavo>
-        
-        <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
-        <description>in an area</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>vi'u</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
-        <description>through a volume</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>vi'e</cmavo>
-        
-        <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
-        <description>throughout a space/time interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-    </cmavo-list>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>three-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>two-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>one-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>planar</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>linear</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>contrasted with temporal in dimensionality</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of ZEhA are sufficient to express time intervals. One fundamental difference between space and time, however, is that space is multi-dimensional. Sometimes we want to say not only that something moves over a small interval, but also perhaps that it moves in a line. Lojban allows for this. I can specify that a motion 
-    <quote>in a small space</quote> is more specifically 
-    <quote>in a short line</quote>, 
-    <quote>in a small area</quote>, or 
-    <quote>through a small volume</quote>.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> What about the child walking on the ice in 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-Pgzz"/> through 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-gHPI"/>? Given the nature of ice, probably the area interpretation is most sensible. I can make this assumption explicit with the appropriate member of selma'o VIhA:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vKp6">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e7d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        
-        <gloss>The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>size</primary><secondary>order with dimensionality in spatial tense intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality</primary><secondary>order with size in spatial tense intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense intervals</primary><secondary>order of size and dimensionality in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense intervals</primary><secondary>order of VEhA and VIhA in</secondary></indexterm> Space intervals can contain either VEhA or VIhA or both, but if both, VEhA must come first, as 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-vKp6"/> shows.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality</primary><secondary>of walking</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality of interval</primary><secondary>as subjective</secondary></indexterm> The reader may wish to raise a philosophical point here. (Readers who don't wish to, should skip this paragraph.) The ice may be two-dimensional, or more accurately its surface may be, but since the child is three-dimensional, her walking must also be. The subjective nature of Lojban tense comes to the rescue here: the action is essentially planar, and the third dimension of height is simply irrelevant to walking. Even walking on a mountain could be called 
-    
-    
-    <valsi>vi'a</valsi>, because relatively speaking the mountain is associated with an essentially two-dimensional surface. Motion which is not confined to such a surface (e.g., flying, or walking through a three-dimensional network of tunnels, or climbing among mountains rather than on a single mountain) would be properly described with 
-    
-    <valsi>vi'u</valsi>. So the cognitive, rather than the physical, dimensionality controls the choice of VIhA cmavo.</para>
-    
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'e</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>4-dimensional interaction with temporal tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>interaction with 4-dimensional spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>futureward</primary><secondary>as a spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pastward</primary><secondary>as a spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>space-time dimension for intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>four-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Einsteinian</primary><secondary>space-time intervals with 4 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> VIhA has a member 
-    <valsi>vi'e</valsi> which indicates a 4-dimensional interval, one that involves both space and time. This allows the spatial tenses to invade, to some degree, the temporal tenses; it is possible to make statements about space-time considered as an Einsteinian whole. (There are presently no cmavo of FAhA assigned to 
-    
-    
-    
-    <quote>pastward</quote> and 
-    
-    <quote>futureward</quote> considered as space rather than time directions &ndash; they could be added, though, if Lojbanists find space-time expression useful.) If a temporal tense cmavo is used in the same tense construct with a 
-    
-    
-    <valsi>vi'e</valsi> interval, the resulting tense may be self-contradictory.</para>
-    
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-movement">
-    <title>Movement in space: MOhI</title>
-    <para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
-    <cmavo-list>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>mo'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>MOhI</selmaho>
-        <description>movement flag</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-    </cmavo-list>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement specification</primary><secondary>interaction with direction in tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>interaction with movement specification in tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>expressing movement in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>static contrasted with moving</secondary></indexterm> All the information carried by the tense constructs so far presented has been presumed to be static: the bridi is occurring somewhere or other in space and time, more or less remote from the speaker. Suppose the truth of the bridi itself depends on the result of a movement, or represents an action being done while the speaker is moving? This too can be represented by the tense system, using the cmavo 
-    
-    <valsi>mo'i</valsi> (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion rather than a static direction from the speaker.</para>
-<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>on right</primary><secondary>contrasted with toward right</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>toward right</primary><secondary>contrasted with on right</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d8yP">
-      <title>
-        <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e8d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>The child walks toward my right on the ice.</en>
-        
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>This is quite different from:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-abBF">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e8d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>To the right of me, the child walks on the ice.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference frame</primary><secondary>specifying for direction tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>reference frame for</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference frame for directions in tenses</primary></indexterm> In either case, however, the reference frame for defining 
-    
-    <quote>right</quote> and 
-    <quote>left</quote> is the speaker's, not the child's. This can be changed thus:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mfgA">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e8d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli ma'i vo'a</jbo>
-        
-        <gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-frame the-x1-place.</gloss>
-        <en>The child walks toward her right on the ice.</en>
-        
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward her right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-mfgA"/> is analogous to 
-    <xref linkend="example-random-id-d8yP"/>. The cmavo 
-    <valsi>ma'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in 
-    
-    <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
-    
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of movement specification in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>order in tense constructs</secondary></indexterm> Both a regular and a 
-    <valsi>mo'i</valsi>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the 
-    <valsi>mo'i</valsi> construct coming last:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fusc">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e8d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba zu'avu mo'i ri'uvi cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [left] [long] [movement] [right] [short] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>Far to the left of me, the child walks a short distance toward my right on the ice.</en>
-        
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>with multiple directions</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>directions</primary><secondary>multiple with movement</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex movements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> It is not grammatical to use multiple directions like 
-    <oldjbophrase>zu'a ca'u</oldjbophrase> after 
-    <valsi>mo'i</valsi>, but complex movements can be expressed in a separate bridi.</para>
-    
-    <para>Here is an example of a movement tense on a bridi not inherently involving movement:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Avnq">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e8d5"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi mo'i ca'uvu citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [movement] [front] [long] eat my meal.</gloss>
-        <en>While moving a long way forward, I eat my meal.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat in airplane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Perhaps I am eating in an airplane.)</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time travel</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>time</secondary></indexterm> There is no parallel facility in Lojban at present for expressing movement in time &ndash; time travel &ndash; but one could be added easily if it ever becomes useful.</para>
-    
-  </section>
-  <section xml:id="section-interval-properties">
-    <title>Interval properties: TAhE and 
-    <valsi>roi</valsi></title>
-    
-    <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-    <cmavo-list>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>di'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>regularly</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elided tense</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space location</primary><secondary>as part of tense system (see also tense</secondary><tertiary>spatial tense)</tertiary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>as part of tense system (see also tense</secondary><tertiary>temporal tense)</tertiary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense system</primary><secondary>and space location</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense system</primary><secondary>and space location</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>selbri types applicable to</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, the concept of tense extends to every selbri, not merely the verb-like ones. In addition, tense structures provide information about location in space as well as in time. All tense information is optional in Lojban: a sentence like:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cKSK">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e1d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
+          <gloss>I go-to the market.</gloss>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be understood as:</para>
+      <!-- FIXME: should these be in an <example>? if so, will any random id work? -->
+      <para>I went to the market.</para>
+      <para>I am going to the market.</para>
+      <para>I have gone to the market.</para>
+      <para>I will go to the market.</para>
+      <para>I continually go to the market.</para>
+      <para>as well as many other possibilities: context resolves which is correct.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of tense specification</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on &quot;cu&quot;</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position of in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The placement of a tense construct within a Lojban bridi is easy: right before the selbri. It goes immediately after the 
+      <valsi>cu</valsi>, and can in fact always replace the 
+      <valsi>cu</valsi> (although in very complex sentences the rules for eliding terminators may be changed as a result). In the following examples, 
+      <valsi>pu</valsi> is the tense marker for 
+      <quote>past time</quote>:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nFgv">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e1d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <!-- FIXME: not really a glossing situation -->
+          <jbo>mi cu pu klama le zarci</jbo>
+          <jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
+          <gloss>I in-the-past go-to the market.</gloss>
+          <en>I went to the market.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>with tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with ku</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position in sentence alternative</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to put the tense somewhere else in the bridi by adding 
+      <valsi>ku</valsi> after it. This 
+      <valsi>ku</valsi> is an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to actually elide it except at the end of the bridi:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5V3Y">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e1d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>puku mi klama le zarci</jbo>
+          <gloss>In-the-past I go-to the market.</gloss>
+          <en>Earlier, I went to the market.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DpEI">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e1d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi klama puku le zarci</jbo>
+          <gloss>I go-to in-the-past the market.</gloss>
+          <en>I went earlier to the market.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0f11">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e1d5"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi klama le zarci pu [ku]</jbo>
+          <gloss>I go-to the market in-the-past.</gloss>
+          <en>I went to the market earlier.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>emphasizing by position in sentence</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>effect of different position in sentence</secondary></indexterm> 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-nFgv"/> through 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-0f11"/> are different only in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-5V3Y"/> through 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-0f11"/> exhibit, adds emphasis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo 
+      <valsi>pu</valsi>. Words at either end of the sentence tend to be more noticeable.</para>
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-spatial-tenses">
+      <title>Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA</title>
+      <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
+      <cmavo-list>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>vi</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VA</selmaho>
+          <description>short distance</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>va</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VA</selmaho>
+          <description>medium distance</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>vu</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VA</selmaho>
+          <description>long distance</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>zu'a</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>left</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ri'u</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>right</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ga'u</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>up</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ni'a</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>down</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ca'u</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>front</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ne'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>within</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>be'a</cmavo>
+          
+          <selmaho>FAhA</selmaho>
+          <description>north of</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+      </cmavo-list>
+      <para>(The complete list of FAhA cmavo can be found in 
+      <xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/>.)</para>
+      <para>Why is this section about spatial tenses rather than the more familiar time tenses of 
+      
+      <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, asks the reader? Because the model to be used in explaining both will be easier to grasp for space than for time. The explanation of time tenses will resume in 
+      
+      
+      <xref linkend="section-temporal-tenses"/>.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense elision</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tense elision in meaning</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tense in elidability</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>compared with temporal tense in elidability</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>as optional in English</secondary></indexterm> English doesn't have mandatory spatial tenses. Although there are plenty of ways in English of showing where an event happens, there is absolutely no need to do so. Considering this fact may give the reader a feel for what the optional Lojban time tenses are like. From the Lojban point of view, space and time are interchangeable, although they are not treated identically.</para>
+      
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distance</primary><secondary>specification with VA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>as an imaginary journey</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>and spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Lojban specifies the spatial tense of a bridi (the place at which it occurs) by using words from selma'o FAhA and VA to describe an imaginary journey from the speaker to the place referred to. FAhA cmavo specify the direction taken in the journey, whereas VA cmavo specify the distance gone. For example:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hNAJ">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e2d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu va batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [medium distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Over there the man is biting the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>reference frame</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>referent of</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>ending point</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting point</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>man biting dog</primary></indexterm> What is at a medium distance? The event referred to by the bridi: the man biting the dog. What is this event at a medium distance from? The speaker's location. We can understand the 
+      <valsi>va</valsi> as saying: 
+      <quote>If you want to get from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, journey for a medium distance (in some direction unspecified).</quote> This 
+      <quote>imaginary journey</quote> can be used to understand not only 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-hNAJ"/>, but also every other spatial tense construct.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>specification with FAhA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>and direction</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>direction</secondary></indexterm> Suppose you specify a direction with a FAhA cmavo, rather than a distance with a VA cmavo:</para>
+  <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Qxr">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e2d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>Here the imaginary journey is again from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, but it is now performed by going to the left (in the speaker's reference frame) for an unspecified distance. So a reasonable translation is:</para>
+      <para>
+        To my left, the man bites the dog.
+      </para>
+      <para>The 
+      <oldjbophrase>my</oldjbophrase> does not have an explicit equivalent in the Lojban, because the speaker's location is understood as the starting point.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>relation of words to ti</secondary><tertiary>ta, tu</tertiary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically, by the way, 
+      <valsi>zu'a</valsi> is derived from 
+      <valsi>zunle</valsi>, the gismu for 
+      <quote>left</quote>, whereas 
+      <valsi>vi</valsi>, 
+      <valsi>va</valsi>, and 
+      <valsi>vu</valsi> are intended to be reminiscent of 
+      <valsi>ti</valsi>, 
+      <valsi>ta</valsi>, and 
+      <valsi>tu</valsi>, the demonstrative pronouns 
+      <quote>this-here</quote>, 
+      <quote>that-there</quote>, and 
+      <quote>that-yonder</quote>.)</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distance</primary><secondary>order of relative to direction in spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>order of relative to distance in spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tenses</primary><secondary>order of direction and distance specifications</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of distance specification in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of direction specification in</secondary></indexterm> What about specifying both a direction and a distance? The rule here is that the direction must come before the distance:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LEIm">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e2d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu zu'avi batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [left] [short distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>As explained in 
+      <xref linkend="section-tenses-introduction"/>, it would be perfectly correct to use 
+      <valsi>ku</valsi> to move this tense to the beginning or the end of the sentence to emphasize it:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uCGa">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e2d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>zu'aviku le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>[Left] [short distance] the man bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Slightly to my left, the man bites the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-compound-spatial-tenses">
+      <title>Compound spatial tenses</title>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Humph, says the reader: this talk of 
+      <quote>imaginary journeys</quote> is all very well, but what's the point of it? &ndash; 
+      <valsi>zu'a</valsi> means 
+      <quote>on the left</quote> and 
+      <valsi>vi</valsi> means 
+      <quote>nearby</quote>, and there's no more to be said. The imaginary-journey model becomes more useful when so-called compound tenses are involved. A compound tense is exactly like a simple tense, but has several FAhAs run together:</para>
+      
+      
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rWtP">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e3d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [up] [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manhole</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>stages of in compound tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>explanation of</secondary></indexterm> The proper interpretation of 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-rWtP"/> is that the imaginary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then to the left. A translation might read:</para>
+      <para>
+        Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
+      </para>
+      <para>(Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-biting is going on at the edge of the street.)</para>
+      
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense ordering</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in order of specification</secondary></indexterm> In the English translation, the keywords 
+      <quote>left</quote> and 
+      <quote>above</quote> occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This effect is typical of what happens when we 
+      <quote>unfold</quote> Lojban compound tenses into their English equivalents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Lojban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents.</para>
+      <para>The opposite order also makes sense:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d1gU">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e3d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu zu'a ga'u batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [left] [up] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Above a place to the left of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>effect of different ordering</secondary></indexterm> In ordinary space, the result of going up and then to the left is the same as that of going left and then up, but such a simple relationship does not apply in all environments or to all directions: going south, then east, then north may return one to the starting point, if that point is the North Pole.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>with direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> Each direction can have a distance following:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-G9at">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e3d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu zu'avi ga'uvu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [left] [short distance] [up] [long distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Far above a place slightly to the left of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>beginning with distance only</secondary></indexterm> A distance can also come at the beginning of the tense construct, without any specified direction. ( 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-hNAJ"/>, with VA alone, is really a special case of this rule when no directions at all follow.)</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9Tpz">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e3d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu vi zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [short distance] [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Left of a place near me, the man bites the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>as direction with-or-without distance</secondary></indexterm> Any number of directions may be used in a compound tense, with or without specified distances for each:</para>
+      
+      
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mqTU">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e3d5"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [within] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, the man bites the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter the Lojban version of 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-mqTU"/> is than the English version.</para>
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-temporal-tenses">
+      <title>Temporal tenses: PU and ZI</title>
+      <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
+      <cmavo-list>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>pu</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>PU</selmaho>
+          <description>past</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ca</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>PU</selmaho>
+          <description>present</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ba</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>PU</selmaho>
+          <description>future</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>zi</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZI</selmaho>
+          <description>short time distance</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>za</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZI</selmaho>
+          <description>medium time distance</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>zu</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZI</selmaho>
+          <description>long time distance</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+      </cmavo-list>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>order relative to spatial</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>order relative to temporal</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>rationale for relative order of temporal and spatial in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of temporal and spatial in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZI selma'o</primary><secondary>compared with VA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary><secondary>compared with FAhA</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tenses</primary><secondary>compared with spatial tenses</secondary></indexterm> Now that the reader understands spatial tenses, there are only two main facts to understand about temporal tenses: they work exactly like the spatial tenses, with selma'o PU and ZI standing in for FAhA and VA; and when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first. (If space could be expressed before or after time at will, then certain constructions would be ambiguous.)</para>
+      
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ameb">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>The man bit the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>means that to reach the dog-biting, you must take an imaginary journey through time, moving towards the past an unspecified distance. (Of course, this journey is even more imaginary than the ones talked about in the previous sections, since time-travel is not an available option.)</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space</primary><secondary>contrasted with time in number of directions</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>contrasted with space in number of directions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban recognizes three temporal directions: 
+      <valsi>pu</valsi> for the past, 
+      <valsi>ca</valsi> for the present, and 
+      <valsi>ba</valsi> for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu 
+      <valsi>purci</valsi>, 
+      <valsi>cabna</valsi>, and 
+      <valsi>balvi</valsi>. See 
+      <xref linkend="section-tenses-vs-modals"/> for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as 
+      
+      <quote>direction-like relationships</quote> like 
+      <quote>surrounding</quote>, 
+      <quote>within</quote>, 
+      <quote>touching</quote>, etc. (See 
+      <xref linkend="section-tense-selmaho-summary"/> for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as subjective perception</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu'u</primary><secondary>compared with ca</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>compared with bu'u</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>rational for</secondary></indexterm> The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive space and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measurements. We have a sense of 
+      
+      <quote>now</quote> which includes part of the objective past and part of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into three parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a separate time-direction cmavo for the 
+      <quote>zero direction</quote>, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for the zero space direction: 
+      <valsi>bu'u</valsi>, which means something like 
+      
+      <quote>coinciding</quote>.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>as observer-based</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relativity theory</primary><secondary>relation to Lojban tense system</secondary></indexterm> (Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: The Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed to be a 
+      
+      
+      
+      <quote>point-like observer</quote> in the relativistic sense: they do not say anything about physical relationships of relativistic interval, still less about implicit causality. The nature of tense is not only subjective but also observer-based.)</para>
+      <para>Here are some examples of temporal tenses:</para>
+      
+      <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDsX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu puzi batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [past] [short distance] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>A short time ago, the man bit the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDt1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu pu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [past] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <gloss>Earlier than an earlier time than now, the man bit the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>The man had bitten the dog.</en>
+          <en>The man had been biting the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDtg" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu ba puzi batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [future] [past] [short] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <gloss>Shortly earlier than some time later than now, the man will bite the dog.</gloss>
+          <gloss>Soon before then, the man will have bitten the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>The man will have just bitten the dog.</en>
+          <en>The man will just have been biting the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound temporal tense</primary><secondary>beginning with distance only</secondary></indexterm> What about the analogue of an initial VA without a direction? Lojban does allow an initial ZI with or without following PUs:</para>
+      <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDu0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d5"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [short] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Before a short time from or before now, the man bit or will bite the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <example xml:id="example-random-id-qDw0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d6"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu zu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [long] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified direction</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with in spatial</secondary></indexterm> 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-qDu0"/> and 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-qDw0"/> are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used: 
+      <valsi>zi</valsi> by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be 
+      <quote>about now, but not exactly now</quote>.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nearby in time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction ( 
+      <quote>nearby</quote> or 
+      <quote>far away</quote>), but we live only from past to future, and the idea of an event which happens 
+      <quote>nearby in time</quote> is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limitation of English.</para>
+      
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with both temporal and spatial</secondary></indexterm> Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial tense:</para>
+  <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long ago and far away</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vtUw">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d7"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu puzu vu batci le gerku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man [past] [long time] [long space] bites the dog.</gloss>
+          <en>Long ago and far away, the man bit the dog.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>Alternatively,</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jsw5">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e4d8"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le nanmu batci le gerku puzuvuku</jbo>
+          <gloss>The man bites the dog [past] [long time] [long space].</gloss>
+          <en>The man bit the dog long ago and far away.</en>
+          
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-interval-sizes">
+      <title>Interval sizes: VEhA and ZEhA</title>
+      <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
+      <cmavo-list>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ve'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>short space interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ve'a</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>medium space interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ve'u</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>long space interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ze'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>short time interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ze'a</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>medium time interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ze'u</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>long time interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+      </cmavo-list>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>interval contrasted with point</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>point contrasted with interval</secondary></indexterm> So far, we have considered only events that are usually thought of as happening at a particular point in space and time: a man biting a dog at a specified place and time. But Lojbanic events may be much more 
+      <quote>spread out</quote> than that: 
+      <oldjbophrase>mi vasxu</oldjbophrase> (I breathe) is something which is true during the whole of my life from birth to death, and over the entire part of the earth where I spend my life. The cmavo of VEhA (for space) and ZEhA (for time) can be added to any of the tense constructs we have already studied to specify the size of the space or length of the time over which the bridi is claimed to be true.</para>
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pgzz">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba ve'i cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [small space interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <gloss>In a small space, the child walks on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>The child walks about a small area of the ice.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>child on ice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> means that her walking was done in a small area. Like the distances, the interval sizes are classified only roughly as 
+      <quote>small, medium, large</quote>, and are relative to the context: a small part of a room might be a large part of a table in that room.</para>
+      <para>Here is an example using a time interval:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ap7g">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>For a medium time, the child walks/walked/will walk on the ice.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>relative order with direction and distance in tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of direction</secondary><tertiary>distance and interval in</tertiary></indexterm> Note that with no time direction word, 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-ap7g"/> does not say when the walking happened: that would be determined by context. It is possible to specify both directions or distances and an interval, in which case the interval always comes afterward:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gHPI">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba pu ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [past] [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <gloss>For a medium time, the child walked on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>The child walked on the ice for a while.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval direction</primary><secondary>specifying</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca</primary><secondary>meaning when following interval specification</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>following interval in tense construct</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>followed by direction in tense construct</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>specifying relation of interval to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>specifying relation to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>relation of point specified by direction and distance to interval</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>relation of interval to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval</primary><secondary>relation to point specified by direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> In 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-gHPI"/>, the relationship of the interval to the specified point in time or space is indeterminate. Does the interval start at the point, end at the point, or is it centered on the point? By adding an additional direction cmavo after the interval, this question can be conclusively answered:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-q4Aw">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi ca ze'ica cusku dei</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [present] [short time interval - present] express this-utterance.</gloss>
+          <en>I am now saying this sentence.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>as context-dependent</secondary></indexterm> means that for an interval starting a short time in the past and extending to a short time in the future, I am expressing the utterance which is 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-q4Aw"/>. Of course, 
+      <quote>short</quote> is relative, as always in tenses. Even a long sentence takes up only a short part of a whole day; in a geological context, the era of 
+      <emphasis>Homo sapiens</emphasis> would only be a 
+      <valsi>ze'i</valsi> interval.</para>
+      <para>By contrast,</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-imdX">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d5"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi ca ze'ipu cusku dei</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [present] [short time interval - past] express this-utterance.</gloss>
+          <en>I have just been saying this sentence.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>with interval direction</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu</primary><secondary>meaning when following interval specification</secondary></indexterm> means that for a short time interval extending from the past to the present I have been expressing 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-imdX"/>. Here the imaginary journey starts at the present, lays down one end point of the interval, moves into the past, and lays down the other endpoint. Another example:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AqvW">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d6"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal.</gloss>
+          <gloss>For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
+          <en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>With 
+      <valsi>ca</valsi> instead of 
+      <valsi>ba</valsi>, 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-AqvW"/> becomes 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-a5dp"/>,</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-a5dp">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d7"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - present] eat my meal.</gloss>
+          <gloss>For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
+          <en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>because the interval would then be centered on the past moment rather than oriented toward the future of that moment. The colloquial English translations are the same &ndash; English is not well-suited to representing this distinction.</para>
+      <para>Here are some examples of the use of space intervals with and without specified directions:</para>
+  <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish on right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mrzt">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d8"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>ta ri'u ve'i finpe</jbo>
+          <gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval] is-a-fish.</gloss>
+          <en>That thing on my right is a fish.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>In 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-Mrzt"/>, there is no equivalent in the colloquial English translation of the 
+      <quote>small interval</quote> which the fish occupies. Neither the Lojban nor the English expresses the orientation of the fish. Compare 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-AVU3"/>:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AVU3">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e5d9"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>ta ri'u ve'ica'u finpe</jbo>
+          <gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval - front] is-a-fish.</gloss>
+          <en>That thing on my right extending forwards is a fish.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>Here the space interval occupied by the fish extends from a point on my right to another point in front of the first point.</para>
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-vagueness">
+      <title>Vague intervals and non-specific tenses</title>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>vague</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> What is the significance of failing to specify an interval size of the type discussed in 
+      
+      <xref linkend="section-interval-sizes"/>? The Lojban rule is that if no interval size is given, the size of the space or time interval is left vague by the speaker. For example:</para>
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-naft">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e6d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [past] go-to the market.</gloss>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>really means:</para>
+      <place-structure>
+        At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as well, the event <quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
+      </place-structure>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>past event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications of completeness</secondary></indexterm> 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-naft"/> points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like 
+      <quote>I went to the market</quote> generally signifies that the going-to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete at the time of speaking. Lojban 
+      <valsi>pu</valsi> has no such implication.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>aorist</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aorist</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Classical Greek aorist tense</primary><secondary>compared with Lojban tense</secondary></indexterm> This property of a past tense is sometimes called 
+      <quote>aorist</quote>, in reference to a similar concept in the tense system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property, however:</para>
+      
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xQ0w">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e6d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le tricu ba crino</jbo>
+          <gloss>The tree [future] is-green.</gloss>
+          <en>The tree will be green.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>future event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> does not imply (as the colloquial English translation does) that the tree is not green now. The vague interval throughout which the tree is, in fact, green may have already started.</para>
+      <para>This general principle does not mean that Lojban has no way of indicating that a tree will be green but is not yet green. Indeed, there are several ways of expressing that concept: see 
+      <xref linkend="section-event-contours"/> (event contours) and 
+      
+      
+      <xref linkend="section-connected-tenses"/> (logical connection between tenses).</para>
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-dimensionality">
+      <title>Dimensionality: VIhA</title>
+      <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
+      <cmavo-list>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>vi'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
+          <description>on a line</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>vi'a</cmavo>
+          
+          <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
+          <description>in an area</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>vi'u</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
+          <description>through a volume</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>vi'e</cmavo>
+          
+          <selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
+          <description>throughout a space/time interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+      </cmavo-list>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>three-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>two-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>one-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>planar</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>linear</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>contrasted with temporal in dimensionality</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of ZEhA are sufficient to express time intervals. One fundamental difference between space and time, however, is that space is multi-dimensional. Sometimes we want to say not only that something moves over a small interval, but also perhaps that it moves in a line. Lojban allows for this. I can specify that a motion 
+      <quote>in a small space</quote> is more specifically 
+      <quote>in a short line</quote>, 
+      <quote>in a small area</quote>, or 
+      <quote>through a small volume</quote>.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> What about the child walking on the ice in 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-Pgzz"/> through 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-gHPI"/>? Given the nature of ice, probably the area interpretation is most sensible. I can make this assumption explicit with the appropriate member of selma'o VIhA:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vKp6">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e7d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          
+          <gloss>The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>size</primary><secondary>order with dimensionality in spatial tense intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality</primary><secondary>order with size in spatial tense intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense intervals</primary><secondary>order of size and dimensionality in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense intervals</primary><secondary>order of VEhA and VIhA in</secondary></indexterm> Space intervals can contain either VEhA or VIhA or both, but if both, VEhA must come first, as 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-vKp6"/> shows.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality</primary><secondary>of walking</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensionality of interval</primary><secondary>as subjective</secondary></indexterm> The reader may wish to raise a philosophical point here. (Readers who don't wish to, should skip this paragraph.) The ice may be two-dimensional, or more accurately its surface may be, but since the child is three-dimensional, her walking must also be. The subjective nature of Lojban tense comes to the rescue here: the action is essentially planar, and the third dimension of height is simply irrelevant to walking. Even walking on a mountain could be called 
+      
+      
+      <valsi>vi'a</valsi>, because relatively speaking the mountain is associated with an essentially two-dimensional surface. Motion which is not confined to such a surface (e.g., flying, or walking through a three-dimensional network of tunnels, or climbing among mountains rather than on a single mountain) would be properly described with 
+      
+      <valsi>vi'u</valsi>. So the cognitive, rather than the physical, dimensionality controls the choice of VIhA cmavo.</para>
+      
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi'e</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>4-dimensional interaction with temporal tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal tense</primary><secondary>interaction with 4-dimensional spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>futureward</primary><secondary>as a spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pastward</primary><secondary>as a spatial tense</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>space-time dimension for intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>four-dimensional</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Einsteinian</primary><secondary>space-time intervals with 4 dimensions</secondary></indexterm> VIhA has a member 
+      <valsi>vi'e</valsi> which indicates a 4-dimensional interval, one that involves both space and time. This allows the spatial tenses to invade, to some degree, the temporal tenses; it is possible to make statements about space-time considered as an Einsteinian whole. (There are presently no cmavo of FAhA assigned to 
+      
+      
+      
+      <quote>pastward</quote> and 
+      
+      <quote>futureward</quote> considered as space rather than time directions &ndash; they could be added, though, if Lojbanists find space-time expression useful.) If a temporal tense cmavo is used in the same tense construct with a 
+      
+      
+      <valsi>vi'e</valsi> interval, the resulting tense may be self-contradictory.</para>
+      
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-movement">
+      <title>Movement in space: MOhI</title>
+      <para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
+      <cmavo-list>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>mo'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>MOhI</selmaho>
+          <description>movement flag</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+      </cmavo-list>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement specification</primary><secondary>interaction with direction in tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>interaction with movement specification in tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>expressing movement in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>static contrasted with moving</secondary></indexterm> All the information carried by the tense constructs so far presented has been presumed to be static: the bridi is occurring somewhere or other in space and time, more or less remote from the speaker. Suppose the truth of the bridi itself depends on the result of a movement, or represents an action being done while the speaker is moving? This too can be represented by the tense system, using the cmavo 
+      
+      <valsi>mo'i</valsi> (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion rather than a static direction from the speaker.</para>
+  <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>on right</primary><secondary>contrasted with toward right</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>toward right</primary><secondary>contrasted with on right</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d8yP">
+        <title>
+          <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e8d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>The child walks toward my right on the ice.</en>
+          
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>This is quite different from:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-abBF">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e8d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>To the right of me, the child walks on the ice.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference frame</primary><secondary>specifying for direction tenses</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>reference frame for</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference frame for directions in tenses</primary></indexterm> In either case, however, the reference frame for defining 
+      
+      <quote>right</quote> and 
+      <quote>left</quote> is the speaker's, not the child's. This can be changed thus:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mfgA">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e8d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli ma'i vo'a</jbo>
+          
+          <gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-frame the-x1-place.</gloss>
+          <en>The child walks toward her right on the ice.</en>
+          
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward her right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-mfgA"/> is analogous to 
+      <xref linkend="example-random-id-d8yP"/>. The cmavo 
+      <valsi>ma'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in 
+      
+      <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
+      
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of movement specification in</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>order in tense constructs</secondary></indexterm> Both a regular and a 
+      <valsi>mo'i</valsi>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the 
+      <valsi>mo'i</valsi> construct coming last:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fusc">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e8d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba zu'avu mo'i ri'uvi cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [left] [long] [movement] [right] [short] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>Far to the left of me, the child walks a short distance toward my right on the ice.</en>
+          
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>with multiple directions</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>directions</primary><secondary>multiple with movement</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex movements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> It is not grammatical to use multiple directions like 
+      <oldjbophrase>zu'a ca'u</oldjbophrase> after 
+      <valsi>mo'i</valsi>, but complex movements can be expressed in a separate bridi.</para>
+      
+      <para>Here is an example of a movement tense on a bridi not inherently involving movement:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Avnq">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e8d5"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi mo'i ca'uvu citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [movement] [front] [long] eat my meal.</gloss>
+          <en>While moving a long way forward, I eat my meal.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat in airplane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Perhaps I am eating in an airplane.)</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time travel</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>time</secondary></indexterm> There is no parallel facility in Lojban at present for expressing movement in time &ndash; time travel &ndash; but one could be added easily if it ever becomes useful.</para>
+      
+    </section>
+    <section xml:id="section-interval-properties">
+      <title>Interval properties: TAhE and 
+      <valsi>roi</valsi></title>
+      
+      <para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
+      <cmavo-list>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>di'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>regularly</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>na'o</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>typically</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>na'o</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>typically</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ru'i</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>continuously</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ru'i</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>continuously</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ta'e</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>habitually</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ta'e</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>habitually</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>di'inai</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>irregularly</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>na'onai</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>atypically</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ru'inai</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>intermittently</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>di'inai</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>irregularly</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>na'onai</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>atypically</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ru'inai</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>intermittently</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ta'enai</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
-        <description>contrary to habit</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ta'enai</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+          <description>contrary to habit</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>roi</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
-        <description><quote>n</quote> times</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>roinai</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
-        <description>other than <quote>n</quote> times</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>roi</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
+          <description><quote>n</quote> times</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>roinai</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
+          <description>other than <quote>n</quote> times</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ze'e</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>whole time interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ze'e</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>whole time interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
 
-      <cmavo-entry>
-        <cmavo>ve'e</cmavo>
-        <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
-        <description>whole space interval</description>
-      </cmavo-entry>
+        <cmavo-entry>
+          <cmavo>ve'e</cmavo>
+          <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
+          <description>whole space interval</description>
+        </cmavo-entry>
 
-    </cmavo-list>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>spread of actions over</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discrete</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>continuous</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> Consider Lojban bridi which express events taking place in time. Whether a very short interval (a point) or a long interval of time is involved, the event may not be spread consistently throughout that interval. Lojban can use the cmavo of selma'o TAhE to express the idea of continuous or non-continuous actions.</para>
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GCXM">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e9d1"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi puzu ze'u velckule</jbo>
-        <gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] am-a-school-attendee (pupil).</gloss>
-        <en>Long ago I attended school for a long time.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>attend school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> probably does not mean that I attended school continuously throughout the whole of that long-ago interval. Actually, I attended school every day, except for school holidays. More explicitly,</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JM1W">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e9d2"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi puzu ze'u di'i velckule</jbo>
-        
-        <gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] [regularly] am-a-pupil.</gloss>
-        <en>Long ago I regularly attended school for a long time.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>regularly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>mutually contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The four TAhE cmavo are differentiated as follows: 
-    <valsi>ru'i</valsi> covers the entirety of the interval, 
-    
-    <valsi>di'i</valsi> covers the parts of the interval which are systematically spaced subintervals; 
-    
-    <valsi>na'o</valsi> covers part of the interval, but exactly which part is determined by context; 
-    
-    <valsi>ta'e</valsi> covers part of the interval, selected with reference to the behavior of the actor (who often, but not always, appears in the x1 place of the bridi).</para>
-    
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>with unspecified interval</secondary></indexterm> Using TAhE does not require being so specific. Either the time direction or the time interval or both may be omitted (in which case they are vague). For example:</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eb2h">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e9d3"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi ba ta'e klama le zarci</jbo>
-        
-        <gloss>I [future] [habitually] go-to the market.</gloss>
-        <gloss>I will habitually go to the market.</gloss>
-        <en>I will make a habit of going to the market.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>specifies the future, but the duration of the interval is indefinite. Similarly,</para>
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RQTF">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e9d4"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>mi na'o klama le zarci</jbo>
-        
-        <gloss>I [typically] go-to the market.</gloss>
-        <en>I typically go/went/will go to the market.</en>
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para>illustrates an interval property in isolation. There are no distance or direction cmavo, so the point of time is vague; likewise, there is no interval cmavo, so the length of the interval during which these goings-to-the-market take place is also vague. As always, context will determine these vague values.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>intermittently</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>expressing English &quot;intermittently&quot;</secondary></indexterm> 
-    <quote>Intermittently</quote> is the polar opposite notion to 
-    <quote>continuously</quote>, and is expressed not with its own cmavo, but by adding the negation suffix 
-    <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o NAI) to 
-    <valsi>ru'i</valsi>. For example:</para>
-    
-    <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mvdN">
-      <title>
-        <anchor xml:id="c10e9d5"/>
-      </title>
-      <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>le verba ru'inai cadzu le bisli</jbo>
-        <gloss>The child [continuously-not] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
-        <en>The child intermittently walks on the ice.</en>
-        
-      </interlinear-gloss>
-    </example>
-    <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>negation with nai</secondary></indexterm> As shown in the cmavo table above, all the cmavo of TAhE may be negated with 
-    <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase>; 
-    <oldjbophrase>ru'inai</oldjbophrase> and 
-    <oldjbophrase>di'inai</oldjbophrase> are probably the most useful.</para>
-    <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>quantified</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An intermittent event can also be specified by counting the number of times during the interval that it takes place. The cmavo 
+      </cmavo-list>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>spread of actions over</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discrete</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>continuous</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> Consider Lojban bridi which express events taking place in time. Whether a very short interval (a point) or a long interval of time is involved, the event may not be spread consistently throughout that interval. Lojban can use the cmavo of selma'o TAhE to express the idea of continuous or non-continuous actions.</para>
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GCXM">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e9d1"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi puzu ze'u velckule</jbo>
+          <gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] am-a-school-attendee (pupil).</gloss>
+          <en>Long ago I attended school for a long time.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>attend school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> probably does not mean that I attended school continuously throughout the whole of that long-ago interval. Actually, I attended school every day, except for school holidays. More explicitly,</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JM1W">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e9d2"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi puzu ze'u di'i velckule</jbo>
+          
+          <gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] [regularly] am-a-pupil.</gloss>
+          <en>Long ago I regularly attended school for a long time.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'i</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>regularly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>mutually contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The four TAhE cmavo are differentiated as follows: 
+      <valsi>ru'i</valsi> covers the entirety of the interval, 
+      
+      <valsi>di'i</valsi> covers the parts of the interval which are systematically spaced subintervals; 
+      
+      <valsi>na'o</valsi> covers part of the interval, but exactly which part is determined by context; 
+      
+      <valsi>ta'e</valsi> covers part of the interval, selected with reference to the behavior of the actor (who often, but not always, appears in the x1 place of the bridi).</para>
+      
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>with unspecified interval</secondary></indexterm> Using TAhE does not require being so specific. Either the time direction or the time interval or both may be omitted (in which case they are vague). For example:</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eb2h">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e9d3"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi ba ta'e klama le zarci</jbo>
+          
+          <gloss>I [future] [habitually] go-to the market.</gloss>
+          <gloss>I will habitually go to the market.</gloss>
+          <en>I will make a habit of going to the market.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>specifies the future, but the duration of the interval is indefinite. Similarly,</para>
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RQTF">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e9d4"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>mi na'o klama le zarci</jbo>
+          
+          <gloss>I [typically] go-to the market.</gloss>
+          <en>I typically go/went/will go to the market.</en>
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para>illustrates an interval property in isolation. There are no distance or direction cmavo, so the point of time is vague; likewise, there is no interval cmavo, so the length of the interval during which these goings-to-the-market take place is also vague. As always, context will determine these vague values.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>intermittently</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>expressing English &quot;intermittently&quot;</secondary></indexterm> 
+      <quote>Intermittently</quote> is the polar opposite notion to 
+      <quote>continuously</quote>, and is expressed not with its own cmavo, but by adding the negation suffix 
+      <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o NAI) to 
+      <valsi>ru'i</valsi>. For example:</para>
+      
+      <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mvdN">
+        <title>
+          <anchor xml:id="c10e9d5"/>
+        </title>
+        <interlinear-gloss>
+          <jbo>le verba ru'inai cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+          <gloss>The child [continuously-not] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+          <en>The child intermittently walks on the ice.</en>
+          
+        </interlinear-gloss>
+      </example>
+      <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>negation with nai</secondary></indexterm> As shown in the cmavo table above, all the cmavo of TAhE may be negated with 
+      <oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase>; 
+      <oldjbophrase>ru'inai</oldjbophrase> and 
+      <oldjbophrase>di'inai</oldjbophrase> are probably the most useful.</para>
+      <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>quantified</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An intermittent event can also be specified by counting the number of times during the interval that it takes place. The cmavo 
     <valsi>roi</valsi> (which belongs to selma'o ROI) can be appended to a number to make a quantified tense. Quantified tenses are common in English, but not so commonly named: they are exemplified by the adverbs 
     
     
     <quote>never</quote>, 
     <quote>once</quote>, 
     <quote>twice</quote>, 
     <quote>thrice</quote>, ... 
     <quote>always</quote>, and by the related phrases 
     <quote>many times</quote>, 
     <quote>a few times</quote>, 
@@ -1467,22 +1469,22 @@
         <en>I buy salad ingredients in three locations.</en>
         
       </interlinear-gloss>
     </example>
 <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>always and everywhere</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>salad ingredients</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sow grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
     <example xml:id="example-random-id-qE1z" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
       <title>
         <anchor xml:id="c10e11d3"/>
       </title>
       <interlinear-gloss>
-        <jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo [whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places]</jbo>
-        <gloss>The-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4.</gloss>
+        <jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo</jbo>
+        <gloss>[whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places] The-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4. </gloss>
         <en>Always and everywhere, two plus two is four.</en>
       </interlinear-gloss>
     </example>
     <para>As shown in 
     <xref linkend="example-random-id-qE1z"/>, when a tense comes first in a bridi, rather than in its normal position before the selbri (in this case 
     <valsi>du</valsi>), it is emphasized.</para>
     <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'a</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm>  <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The 
     <valsi>fe'e</valsi> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo 
     <valsi>be'a</valsi> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning 
     
@@ -3450,35 +3452,40 @@
           <para>objective quantified tense flag</para>
           <cmavo-list>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>noroi</cmavo>
               <description>never</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>paroi</cmavo>
               <description>once</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
-            <para>...</para>
+            <cmavo-entry>
+              <para>[N]roi</para>
+              <para>[N] times</para>
+            </cmavo-entry>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>roroi</cmavo>
               <description>always</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
-            <para>etc.</para>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>pare'u</cmavo>
               <description>the first time</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>rere'u</cmavo>
               <description>the second time</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
-            <para>etc.</para>
+            <cmavo-entry>
+              <para>[N]re'u</para>
+              <para>the [N]th time</para>
+            </cmavo-entry>
           </cmavo-list>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
         <term>TAhE</term>
         <listitem>
           <para>subjective quantified tense</para>
           <cmavo-list>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>di'i</cmavo>
@@ -3591,22 +3598,22 @@
               <description>nowhere</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>fe'eroroi</cmavo>
               <description>everywhere</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>fe'eba'o</cmavo>
               <description>beyond</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
-            <para>etc.</para>
           </cmavo-list>
+          <para>etc.</para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
       <varlistentry>
         <term>MOhI</term>
         <listitem>
           <para>spatial movement flag</para>
           <cmavo-list>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>mo'i</cmavo>
               <description>motion</description>
@@ -3653,22 +3660,22 @@
           <para>tense conversion</para>
           <cmavo-list>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>jaica</cmavo>
               <description>the time of</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
             <cmavo-entry>
               <cmavo>jaivi</cmavo>
               <description>the place of</description>
             </cmavo-entry>
-            <para>etc.</para>
           </cmavo-list>
+          <para>etc.</para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
   </section>
   <section xml:id="section-direction-cmavo">
     <title>List of spatial directions and direction-like relations</title>
     
     <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial directions</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> The following list of FAhA cmavo gives rough English glosses for the cmavo, first when used without 
     <valsi>mo'i</valsi> to express a direction, and then when used with 
     <valsi>mo'i</valsi> to express movement in the direction. When possible, the gismu from which the cmavo is derived is also listed.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/Makefile b/todocbook/Makefile
index 76516dd..4d63769 100644
--- a/todocbook/Makefile
+++ b/todocbook/Makefile
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 
 web: html/index.html
 	cp docbook2html.css html/
-	rm -rf ~/www/public_media/docbook-cll-test
-	cp -pr html ~/www/public_media/docbook-cll-test
+	rm -rf ~/www/media/public/tmp/docbook-cll-test
+	cp -pr html ~/www/media/public/tmp/docbook-cll-test
 
 html/index.html: cll.xml
 	xsltproc --nonet --path . --novalid docbook2html_preprocess.xsl cll.xml > cll_processed.xml
 	xmlto -m docbook2html_config.xsl -o html/ xhtml cll_processed.xml 2>&1 | grep -v 'No localization exists for "jbo" or "". Using default "en".'
 
 cll.xml: 1.xml 2.xml 3.xml 4.xml 5.xml 6.xml 7.xml 8.xml 9.xml 10.xml 11.xml 12.xml 13.xml 14.xml 15.xml 16.xml 17.xml 18.xml 19.xml 20.xml 21.xml
 	merge.sh [0-9].xml 1[0-9].xml 2[0-9].xml
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index d24873c..79e6712 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -10,32 +10,20 @@ WRT rafsi:  <rafsi type="prefix">man</rafsi> seems best
   Let alone       <member><jbophrase
   role="rafsi">logj</jbophrase><jbophrase
   role="rafsi">-bang</jbophrase><jbophrase
   role="rafsi">-girz</jbophrase></member>
 
 Handling chapter 2: why don't we just require that the number of sub-entries matches?
   Also: maybe rename jbo/gloss for this purpose, or introduce roles.
 
 10.xml
 
-  <jbo>mi cu pu klama le zarci mi pu klama le zarci</jbo> --
-  doubled up
-
-  <place-structure>
-    Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
-  </place-structure>
-  [snip others]
-  <place-structure>
-     To my left, the man bites the dog.
-  </place-structure>
-  -- not really, no.
-
   <jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo [whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places] </jbo>
   -- needs a gloss section
 
   <listitem><para>once</para></listitem>
   <para>...</para>
   <term><jbophrase>roroi</jbophrase></term>
   <listitem><para>always</para></listitem>
   <para>etc.</para>
   <term><jbophrase>pare'u</jbophrase></term>
   <listitem><para>the first time</para></listitem>

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