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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Wed Feb 2 12:21:04 EST 2011
commit a50d692ad43308648e69eb205c238fd23d024ae4
Merge: de706a2 73a869a
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Tue Feb 1 10:14:00 2011 -0800
Merge commit '73a869a3cf8ea374fb8f103935d7d633a1f497e7' into gh-pages
commit 73a869a3cf8ea374fb8f103935d7d633a1f497e7
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 9 12:26:42 2011 -0500
Chapter 10: tables, lists, example tags, example references.
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index b1b7630..3eead2c 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -178,28 +178,27 @@
<quote>imaginary journey</quote> can be used to understand not only
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hNAJ"/>, but also every other spatial tense construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>specification with FAhA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FAhA selma'o</primary><secondary>and direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tense</primary><secondary>direction</secondary></indexterm> Suppose you specify a direction with a FAhA cmavo, rather than a distance with a VA cmavo:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Qxr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
- <en>The man [left] bites the dog.</en>
+ <gloss>The man [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the imaginary journey is again from the speaker's location to the location of the bridi, but it is now performed by going to the left (in the speaker's reference frame) for an unspecified distance. So a reasonable translation is:</para>
-
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
To my left, the man bites the dog.
-</programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para>The
<jbophrase>my</jbophrase> does not have an explicit equivalent in the Lojban, because the speaker's location is understood as the starting point.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VA selma'o</primary><secondary>relation of words to ti</secondary><tertiary>ta, tu</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zu'a</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically, by the way,
<jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase> is derived from
<jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase>, the gismu for
<quote>left</quote>, whereas
<jbophrase>vi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>va</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>vu</jbophrase> are intended to be reminiscent of
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
@@ -243,28 +242,28 @@
<quote>nearby</quote>, and there's no more to be said. The imaginary-journey model becomes more useful when so-called compound tenses are involved. A compound tense is exactly like a simple tense, but has several FAhAs run together:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rWtP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
- <en>The man [up] [left] bites the dog.</en>
+ <gloss>The man [up] [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manhole</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>stages of in compound tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>explanation of</secondary></indexterm> The proper interpretation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rWtP"/> is that the imaginary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then to the left. A translation might read:</para>
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
-</programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para>(Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-biting is going on at the edge of the street.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense ordering</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in order of specification</secondary></indexterm> In the English translation, the keywords
<quote>left</quote> and
<quote>above</quote> occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This effect is typical of what happens when we
<quote>unfold</quote> Lojban compound tenses into their English equivalents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Lojban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents.</para>
<para>The opposite order also makes sense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d1gU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d2"/>
@@ -301,28 +300,23 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>as direction with-or-without distance</secondary></indexterm> Any number of directions may be used in a compound tense, with or without specified distances for each:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mqTU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i</jbo>
- <gloss>batci le gerku</gloss>
- <gloss>The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [within]</gloss>
- <gloss>bites the dog.</gloss>
- <gloss>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium</gloss>
- <gloss>distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me,</gloss>
- <en>the man bites the dog.</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i batci le gerku</jbo>
+ <gloss>The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [within] bites the dog.</gloss>
+ <en>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me, the man bites the dog.</en> </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter the Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mqTU"/> is than the English version.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-temporal-tenses">
<title>Temporal tenses: PU and ZI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu</cmavo>
@@ -408,34 +402,34 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qDt1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu pu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [past] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
<gloss>Earlier than an earlier time than now, the man bit the dog.</gloss>
- <gloss>The man had bitten the dog.</gloss>
+ <en>The man had bitten the dog.</en>
<en>The man had been biting the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qDtg" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ba puzi batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [future] [past] [short] bites the dog.</gloss>
<gloss>Shortly earlier than some time later than now, the man will bite the dog.</gloss>
<gloss>Soon before then, the man will have bitten the dog.</gloss>
- <gloss>The man will have just bitten the dog.</gloss>
+ <en>The man will have just bitten the dog.</en>
<en>The man will just have been biting the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound temporal tense</primary><secondary>beginning with distance only</secondary></indexterm> What about the analogue of an initial VA without a direction? Lojban does allow an initial ZI with or without following PUs:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qDu0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku</jbo>
@@ -659,25 +653,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-naft">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>really means:</para>
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as
well, the event
<quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
-</programlisting>
+</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>past event</primary><secondary>possible extension into present</secondary></indexterm> The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications of completeness</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-naft"/> points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like
<quote>I went to the market</quote> generally signifies that the going-to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete at the time of speaking. Lojban
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> has no such implication.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>aorist</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>aorist</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Classical Greek aorist tense</primary><secondary>compared with Lojban tense</secondary></indexterm> This property of a past tense is sometimes called
<quote>aorist</quote>, in reference to a similar concept in the tense system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xQ0w">
@@ -771,23 +765,24 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>MOhI</selmaho>
<description>movement flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement specification</primary><secondary>interaction with direction in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>interaction with movement specification in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>expressing movement in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>static contrasted with moving</secondary></indexterm> All the information carried by the tense constructs so far presented has been presumed to be static: the bridi is occurring somewhere or other in space and time, more or less remote from the speaker. Suppose the truth of the bridi itself depends on the result of a movement, or represents an action being done while the speaker is moving? This too can be represented by the tense system, using the cmavo
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion rather than a static direction from the speaker.</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>on right</primary><secondary>contrasted with toward right</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>toward right</primary><secondary>contrasted with on right</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>on right</primary><secondary>contrasted with toward right</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>toward right</primary><secondary>contrasted with on right</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d8yP">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The child walks toward my right on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This is quite different from:</para>
@@ -855,48 +850,93 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat in airplane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Perhaps I am eating in an airplane.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time travel</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>time</secondary></indexterm> There is no parallel facility in Lojban at present for expressing movement in time - time travel - but one could be added easily if it ever becomes useful.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-interval-properties">
<title>Interval properties: TAhE and
<jbophrase>roi</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting>
- di'i TAhE regularly
-
- na'o TAhE typically
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>regularly</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ru'i TAhE continuously
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>na'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>typically</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ta'e TAhE habitually
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>continuously</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>habitually</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- di'inai TAhE irregularly
- na'onai TAhE atypically
- ru'inai TAhE intermittently
- ta'enai TAhE contrary to habit
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'inai</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>irregularly</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>na'onai</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>atypically</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru'inai</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>intermittently</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- roi ROI
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta'enai</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>TAhE</selmaho>
+ <description>contrary to habit</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-<quote>n</quote> times
- roinai ROI other than
-<quote>n</quote> times
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>roi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
+ <description><quote>n</quote> times</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>roinai</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>ROI</selmaho>
+ <description>other than <quote>n</quote> times</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ze'e ZEhA whole time interval
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ze'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>ZEhA</selmaho>
+ <description>whole time interval</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ve'e VEhA whole space interval
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ve'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
+ <description>whole space interval</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-</programlisting>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>spread of actions over</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discrete</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>continuous</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> Consider Lojban bridi which express events taking place in time. Whether a very short interval (a point) or a long interval of time is involved, the event may not be spread consistently throughout that interval. Lojban can use the cmavo of selma'o TAhE to express the idea of continuous or non-continuous actions.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GCXM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puzu ze'u velckule</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] am-a-school-attendee (pupil).</gloss>
<en>Long ago I attended school for a long time.</en>
@@ -1428,25 +1468,21 @@
<en>I buy salad ingredients in three locations.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>always and everywhere</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>salad ingredients</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sow grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qE1z" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku</jbo>
-
-
- <gloss>li re su'i re du li vo</gloss>
- <gloss>[whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places]</gloss>
+ <jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo [whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places]</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4.</gloss>
<en>Always and everywhere, two plus two is four.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE1z"/>, when a tense comes first in a bridi, rather than in its normal position before the selbri (in this case
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>), it is emphasized.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The
<jbophrase>fe'e</jbophrase> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo
<jbophrase>be'a</jbophrase> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning
@@ -1513,23 +1549,23 @@
<jbo>mi klama le zarci pu le nu do pu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market [past] the event-of you [past] go-to the house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The second
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> is simply the past tense marker for the event of your going to the house, and says that this event is in the speaker's past. How are we to understand the first
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>, the sumti tcita?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting at a different point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting point</secondary></indexterm> All of our imaginary journeys so far have started at the speaker's location in space and time. Now we are specifying an imaginary journey that starts at a different location, namely at the event of your going to the house.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4aPT"/> then says that my going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4aPT"/> can therefore be translated:</para>
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
I had gone to the market before you went to the house.
-</programlisting>
+</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on tense distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense distance</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tenses</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> (Other translations are possible, depending on the ever-present context.) Spatial direction and distance sumti tcita are exactly analogous:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe2C" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vi le panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [short distance] the park.</gloss>
<en>The rat eats the cheese near the park.</en>
@@ -1607,28 +1643,23 @@
</example>
<para>would indicate that I go to the store after I am finished eating.</para>
<para>Here is an example which mixes temporal ZAhO (as a tense) and spatial ZAhO (as a sumti tcita):</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>boat sailed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PABV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le bloti pu za'o xelklama</jbo>
-
- <gloss>fe'e ba'o le lalxu</gloss>
- <gloss>The boat [past] [superfective] is-a-transport-mechanism</gloss>
- <gloss>[space] [perfective] the lake.</gloss>
+ <jbo>le bloti pu za'o xelklama fe'e ba'o le lalxu</jbo>
+ <gloss>The boat [past] [superfective] is-a-transport-mechanism [space] [perfective] the lake.</gloss>
<en>The boat sailed for too long and beyond the lake.</en>
-
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Probably it sailed up onto the dock. One point of clarification: although
<jbophrase>xelklama</jbophrase> appears to mean simply
<quote>is-a-mode-of-transport</quote>, it does not - the bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PABV"/> has four omitted arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as part of its meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on quantified tenses</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified tenses</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval properties</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval properties</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval continuousness</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval continuousness</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on dimension</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimension</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval size</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> The remaining tense cmavo, which have to do with interval size, dimension, and continuousness (or lack thereof) are interpreted to let the sumti specify the particular interval over which the main bridi operates:</para>
@@ -1711,28 +1742,26 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-L9GA"/> is:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oJQz">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-oJQz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d3"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</jbo>
+ <para>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</para>
- </interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>compared with tense in scope of sticky tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense in scope of sticky tense</primary><secondary>compared with compound tense</secondary></indexterm> and it is equivalent in meaning (when considered in isolation from any other sentences) to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5xa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .i le nanmu pupu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. The man [past] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1800,23 +1829,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pukiku mi ba klama le zarci .i le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>[past] [sticky] I [future] go-to the market. The man bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What is the implied tense of the second sentence? Not
<jbophrase>puba</jbophrase>, but only
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase>, since only
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> was made sticky with
<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase>. So the translation is:</para>
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
I was going to go to the market. The man bit the dog.
-</programlisting>
+</place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tense</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>embedded bridi tenses</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense on main bridi</primary><secondary>effect on embedded sumti with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense on main bridi</primary><secondary>effect on embedded bridi tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>on embedded bridi</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has several ways of embedding a bridi within another bridi: descriptions, abstractors, relative clauses. (Technically, descriptions contain selbri rather than bridi.) Any of the selbri of these subordinate bridi may have tenses attached. These tenses are interpreted relative to the tense of the main bridi:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>former market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yxFP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le ba'o zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the [perfective] market</gloss>
<en>I went to the former market.</en>
@@ -1862,25 +1891,22 @@
<quote>story time</quote>, for inferring tense within a story. It is presumed that the event described by each sentence takes place some time more or less after the previous ones. Therefore, tenseless sentences are implicitly tensed as
<quote>what happens next</quote>. In particular, any sticky time setting is advanced by each sentence.</para>
<para>The following mini-story illustrates the important features of story time. A sentence-by-sentence explication follows:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qE94" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>puzuki ku ne'iki le kevna</jbo>
- <gloss>le ninmu goi ko'a zutse le rokci</gloss>
- <gloss>[past] [long] [sticky] [,] [inside] [sticky] the cave,</gloss>
-
- <gloss>the woman defined-as she-1 sat-on the rock</gloss>
+ <jbo>puzuki ku ne'iki le kevna le ninmu goi ko'a zutse le rokci</jbo>
+ <gloss>[past] [long] [sticky] [,] [inside] [sticky] the cave, the woman defined-as she-1 sat-on the rock</gloss>
<en>Long ago, in a cave, a woman sat on a rock.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEa4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i ko'a citka loi kanba rectu</jbo>
@@ -1965,61 +1991,54 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEao"/> happens after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa4"/>.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebJ"/> specifies the future (relative to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEao"/>) and makes it sticky. So all further events happen after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebJ"/>.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebT"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeBW"/> are again tenseless, and so happen after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebJ"/>. (Story time is changed.)</para>
- <para>So the overall order is 14.1 - 14.3 - 14.2 - 14.4 - (medium interval) - 14.5 - 14.6 - 14.7. It is also possible that 14.3 happens before 14.1.</para>
+ <para>So the overall order is <xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/> - <xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa7"/> - <xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa4"/> - <xref linkend="example-random-id-qEao"/> - (medium interval) - <xref linkend="example-random-id-qebJ"/> - <xref linkend="example-random-id-qebT"/> - <xref linkend="example-random-id-qeBW"/>. It is also possible that <xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa7"/> happens before <xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/>.</para>
+ <!-- <para>So the overall order is 14.1 - 14.3 - 14.2 - 14.4 - (medium interval) - 14.5 - 14.6 - 14.7. It is also possible that 14.3 happens before 14.1.</para> -->
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>with no initial sticky time</secondary></indexterm> If no sticky time (or space) is set initially, the story is set at an unspecified time (or space): the effect is like that of choosing an arbitrary reference point and making it sticky. This style is common in stories that are jokes. The same convention may be used if the context specifies the sticky time sufficiently.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sub-bridi-tenses">
<title>Tenses in subordinate bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subordinate clauses</primary><secondary>tense usage rules in English</secondary></indexterm> English has a set of rules, formally known as
<quote>sequence of tense rules</quote>, for determining what tense should be used in a subordinate clause, depending on the tense used in the main sentence. Here are some examples:</para>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qECX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qECX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John says that George is going to the market.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John says that George is going to the market.</para>
</example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qeds" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qeds">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John says that George went to the market.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John says that George went to the market.</para>
</example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qEE5" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qEE5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d3"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John said that George went to the market.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John said that George went to the market.</para>
</example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qeFQ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qeFQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d4"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John said that George had gone to the market.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <para>John said that George had gone to the market.</para>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qECX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeds"/>, the tense of the main sentence is the present:
<quote>says</quote>. If George goes when John speaks, we get the present tense
<quote>is going</quote> (
<quote>goes</quote> would be unidiomatic); if George goes before John speaks, we get the past tense
<quote>went</quote>. But if the tense of the main sentence is the past, with
<quote>said</quote>, then the tense required in the subordinate clause is different. If George goes when John speaks, we get the past tense
<quote>went</quote>; if George goes before John speaks, we get the past-perfect tense
@@ -2083,25 +2102,22 @@
<xref linkend="section-connected-tenses"/>). Here is a convoluted sentence with several nested bridi which uses
<jbophrase>nau</jbophrase> at the lowest level:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Yjop">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la djan. pu cusku le se du'u la .alis pu cusku le se du'u</jbo>
- <gloss>la djordj. pu cusku le se du'u la maris. nau klama le zarci</gloss>
-
- <gloss>John [past] says the statement-that Alice [past] says the statement-that</gloss>
- <gloss>George [past] says the statement that Mary [now] goes-to the market.</gloss>
+ <jbo>la djan. pu cusku le se du'u la .alis pu cusku le se du'u la djordj. pu cusku le se du'u la maris. nau klama le zarci</jbo>
+ <gloss>John [past] says the statement-that Alice [past] says the statement-that George [past] says the statement that Mary [now] goes-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John said that Alice had said that George had earlier said that Mary is now going to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky tenses</primary><secondary>effect of nau on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nau</primary><secondary>effect on sticky tenses</secondary></indexterm> The use of
<jbophrase>nau</jbophrase> does not affect sticky tenses.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-connection">
<title>Tense relations between sentences</title>
@@ -2142,25 +2158,23 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vreo"/>. With
<jbophrase>.izu'abo</jbophrase> (and all other afterthought tense connectives) the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. This is a natural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting between this form and the sumti tcita form.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/> means the same thing as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ne2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
- <gloss>.i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu le bisli</gloss>
+ <jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
- <gloss>The man bites the dog.</gloss>
- <gloss>[Left] the-referent-of-the-last-sentence the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+ <gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the-referent-of-the-last-sentence the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. Left of what I just mentioned, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connected sentences</primary><secondary>importance of bo in</secondary></indexterm> If the
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is omitted in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/>, the meaning changes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jThf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d4"/>
</title>
@@ -2185,27 +2199,20 @@
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'aku le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. Left of me, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MzxF"/>, the origin point is the speaker, as is usual with
<jbophrase>zu'aku</jbophrase>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9Q0x"/> makes the origin point of the tense the event described by the first sentence.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connected sentences</primary><secondary>forethought mode</secondary></indexterm> Two sentences may also be connected in forethought by a tense relationship. Just like afterthought tense connection, forethought tense connection claims both sentences, and in addition claims that the time or space relationship specified by the tense holds between the events the two sentences describe.</para>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>origin in tense forethought sentence connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentences</primary><secondary>forethought tense connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought tense connection of sentences</primary><secondary>order of</secondary></indexterm> The origin sentence is placed first, preceded by a tense plus
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>. Another
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is used to separate the sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9cXU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pugi mi klama le zarci gi mi klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>[past] I go-to the market [,] I go-to the house.</gloss>
@@ -2243,25 +2250,34 @@
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>I, before going to the market, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of bridi-tails</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection of sumti</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> In both
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vSCv"/>, the underlying sentences
<jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mi klama le zdani</jbophrase> are not claimed; only the relationship in time between them is claimed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense afterthought connection forms</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense forethought connection forms</primary><secondary>selma'o allowed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection</primary><secondary>expansions of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense connection</primary><secondary>equivalent meanings</secondary></indexterm> Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are appropriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equivalent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cmavo):</para>
- <programlisting>
- subordinate: X TENSE le nu Y
- afterthought coordinate: Y .i+TENSE+bo X
- forethought coordinate: TENSE+gi X gi Y
-</programlisting>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>subordinate:</term>
+ <listitem><para>X TENSE le nu Y</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>afterthought coordinate:</term>
+ <listitem><para>Y .i+TENSE+bo X</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>forethought coordinate:</term>
+ <listitem><para>TENSE+gi X gi Y</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-logical-connection">
<title>Tensed logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>tensed</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connective system. That system is a separate topic, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and touched on only in summary here. By the rules of the logical connective system,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qehB"/> through 17.3 are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qehB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d1"/>
@@ -2373,26 +2389,23 @@
</example>
<para>Note the uniformity of the Lojban, as contrasted with the variety of ways in which the English provides for the correct grouping. In all cases, the meaning is that I carry the sack in any case, and either the cat or the dog or both.</para>
<para>To express that I carry the sack first (earlier in time), and then the dog or the cat or both simultaneously, I can insert tenses to form
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeLV"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEnd"/>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeLV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi bevri le dakli .ije ba tu'e mi bevri le gerku</jbo>
- <gloss>.ijacabo mi bevri le mlatu tu'u</gloss>
- <gloss>I carry the sack. And [future] (I carry the dog.</gloss>
- <gloss>And/or [present] I carry the cat.)</gloss>
- <gloss>I carry the sack. And then I will carry the dog or I will carry the cat</gloss>
- <en>or I will carry both at once.</en>
+ <jbo>mi bevri le dakli .ije ba tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ijacabo mi bevri le mlatu tu'u</jbo>
+ <gloss>I carry the sack. And [future] (I carry the dog. And/or [present] I carry the cat.)</gloss>
+ <en>I carry the sack. And then I will carry the dog or I will carry the cat or I will carry both at once.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeMo" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli gi'ebake bevri le gerku gi'acabo bevri le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and [future] (carry the dog and/or [present] carry the cat).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack and then will carry the dog or carry the cat or carry both at once.</en>
@@ -3092,21 +3105,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8sjA"/> claim only the causal and temporal relationships between the events, not the existence of the events themselves.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought sentence connection</primary><secondary>modal contrasted with tense</secondary></indexterm> As a result, the afterthought sentence-connective forms of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YLmV"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-zXi8"/> are, respectively:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qewe" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .imu'ibo do nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>I like you. [That is] Because you like me.</en>
+ <gloss>I like you. [That is] Because you like me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEWp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do nelci mi .ibabo mi nelci do</jbo>
<en>You like me. Afterward, I like you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3139,31 +3152,31 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bagi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do</jbo>
<en>After you like me, I like you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>table of equivalent schemata</secondary></indexterm> The following modal sentence schemata (where X and Y represent sentences) all have the same meaning:</para>
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
X .i BAI bo Y
BAI gi Y gi X
X BAI le nu Y
-</programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense sentence connection</primary><secondary>table of equivalent schemata</secondary></indexterm> whereas the following tensed sentence schemata also have the same meaning:</para>
- <programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
X .i TENSE bo Y
TENSE gi X gi Y
Y TENSE le nu X
-</programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para>neglecting the question of what is claimed. In the modal sentence schemata, the modal tag is always followed by Y, the sentence representing the event in the x1 place of the gismu that underlies the BAI. In the tensed sentences, no such simple rule exists.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tense-questions">
<title>Tense questions:
<jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>CUhE</selmaho>
@@ -3303,24 +3316,22 @@
<title>Explicit magnitudes</title>
<para>It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitudes that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large. In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban construction called a
<quote>termset</quote> is employed. (Termsets are explained further in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Lys">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj.</jbo>
- <gloss>la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</gloss>
- <gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George</gloss>
- <gloss>[quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset].</gloss>
+ <jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj. la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</jbo>
+ <gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset].</gloss>
<en>Frank is standing five meters to the left of George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the termset extends from the
<jbophrase>nu'i</jbophrase> to the implicit
<jbophrase>nu'u</jbophrase> at the end of the sentence, and includes the terms
<jbophrase>la djordj.</jbophrase>, which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti
<jbophrase>lo mitre be li mu</jbophrase>, which the cmavo
<jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o BAI, and meaning
<quote>with quantity</quote>; see
@@ -3330,140 +3341,392 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7Lys"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RWEE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u</jbo>
- <gloss>lo mitre be li mu</gloss>
- <gloss>Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity]</gloss>
- <gloss>a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5.</gloss>
+ <jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u lo mitre be li mu</jbo>
+ <gloss>Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5.</gloss>
<en>Frank stands five meters to the left.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-exercise">
<title>Finally (an exercise for the much-tried reader)</title>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NxGB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e26d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>.a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe</jbo>
-
- <en>fi le lojbo temci selsku ciste</en>
+ <jbo>.a'o do pu seju ba roroi ca'o fe'e su'oroi jimpe fi le lojbo temci selsku ciste</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-summary">
<title>Summary of tense selma'o</title>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense selma'o</primary><secondary>summary of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-
- <programlisting>
- PU temporal direction
-
-
- pu = past, ca = present, ba = future
-
- ZI temporal distance
- zi = short, za = medium, zu = long
-
- ZEhA temporal interval
- ze'i = short, ze'a = medium, ze'u = long, ze'e = infinite
-
-
- ROI objective quantified tense flag
- noroi = never, paroi = once, ..., roroi = always, etc.
- pare'u = the first time, rere'u = the second time, etc.
-
- TAhE subjective quantified tense
- di'i = regularly, na'o = typically, ru'i = continuously, ta'e = habitually
-
-
-
-
-
- ZAhO event contours
-
-
- see
-<xref linkend="section-event-contours"/>
-
- FAhA spatial direction
- see
-<xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/>
-
- VA spatial distance
- vi = short, va = medium, vu = long
-
- VEhA spatial interval
-
- ve'i = short, ve'a = medium, ve'u = long, ve'e = infinite
-
-
- VIhA spatial dimensionality
-
- vi'i = line, vi'a = plane, vi'u = space, vi'e = space-time
-
-
-
- FEhE spatial interval modifier flag
-
- fe'enoroi = nowhere, fe'eroroi = everywhere, fe'eba'o = beyond, etc.
-
- MOhI spatial movement flag
- mo'i = motion; see
-<xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/>
-
- KI set or reset sticky tense
- tense+
-<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> = set,
-<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> alone = reset
-
- CUhE tense question, reference point
- cu'e = asks for a tense or aspect, nau = use speaker's reference point
-
-
-
- JAI tense conversion
-
- jaica = the time of, jaivi = the place of, etc.
-</programlisting>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense selma'o</primary><secondary>summary of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>PU</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>temporal direction</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>pu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>past</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ca</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>present</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ba</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>future</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ZI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>temporal distance</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>zi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>za</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>zu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ZEhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>temporal interval</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>ze'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ze'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ze'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ze'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>infinite</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ROI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>objective quantified tense flag</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>noroi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>never</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>paroi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>once</para></listitem>
+ <para>...</para>
+ <term><jbophrase>roroi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>always</para></listitem>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ <term><jbophrase>pare'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>the first time</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>rere'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>the second time</para></listitem>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>TAhE</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>subjective quantified tense</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>di'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>regularly</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>na'o</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>typically</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ru'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>continuously</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ta'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>habitually</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ZAhO</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>event contours</para>
+ <para>see <xref linkend="section-event-contours"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>FAhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial direction</para>
+ <para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>VA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial distance</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>vi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>va</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>vu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>VEhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial interval</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>ve'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>short</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ve'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>medium</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ve'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>long</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ve'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>infinite</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>VIhA</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial dimensionality</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>vi'i</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>line</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>vi'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>plane</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>vi'u</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>space</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>vi'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>space-time</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>FEhE</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial interval modifier flag</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>fe'enoroi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>nowhere</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>fe'eroroi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>everywhere</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>fe'eba'o</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>beyond</para></listitem>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>MOhI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>spatial movement flag</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term>mo'i</term>
+ <listitem><para>motion</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>see <xref linkend="section-direction-cmavo"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>KI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>set or reset sticky tense</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term>tense+<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>set</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> alone</term>
+ <listitem><para>reset</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>CUhE</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>tense question, reference point</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>cu'e</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>asks for a tense or aspect</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>nau</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>use speaker's reference point</para></listitem>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>JAI</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>tense conversion</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <term><jbophrase>jaica</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>the time of</para></listitem>
+ <term><jbophrase>jaivi</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>the place of</para></listitem>
+ <para>etc.</para>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-direction-cmavo">
<title>List of spatial directions and direction-like relations</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial directions</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> The following list of FAhA cmavo gives rough English glosses for the cmavo, first when used without
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> to express a direction, and then when used with
<jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase> to express movement in the direction. When possible, the gismu from which the cmavo is derived is also listed.</para>
- <cmavo-list>ca'u crane in front (of) forwardti'a trixe behind backwardzu'a zunle on the left (of) leftwardga'u gapru above upward(ly)ni'a cnita below downward(ly)ne'i nenri within intoru'u sruri surrounding orbitingpa'o pagre transfixing passing throughne'a next to moving while next to
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>te'e</cmavo>
- <selmaho>bordering</selmaho>
- <description>moving along the border (of)</description>
- </cmavo-entry> re'o adjacent (to) alongfa'a farna towards arriving atto'o away from departing fromzo'i inward (from) approachingze'o outward (from) receding fromzo'a tangential (to) passing (by)be'a berti north (of) northward(ly)ne'u snanu south (of) southward(ly)du'a stuna east (of) eastward(ly)vu'a west (of) westward(ly)</cmavo-list>
-
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="4">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>cmavo</entry>
+ <entry>gismu</entry>
+ <entry>without <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with <jbophrase>mo'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ca'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>crane</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in front (of)</entry>
+ <entry>forward</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ti'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>trixe</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>behind</entry>
+ <entry>backward</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zu'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zunle</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>on the left (of)</entry>
+ <entry>leftward</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ga'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gapru</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>above</entry>
+ <entry>upward(ly)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ni'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cnita</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>below</entry>
+ <entry>downward(ly)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ne'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>nenri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>within</entry>
+ <entry>into</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ru'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sruri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>surrounding</entry>
+ <entry>orbiting</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pa'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pagre</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>transfixing</entry>
+ <entry>passing through</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ne'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>next to</entry>
+ <entry>moving while next to </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>bordering</entry>
+ <entry>moving along the border (of)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>re'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>adjacent (to)</entry>
+ <entry>along</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>farna</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>towards</entry>
+ <entry>arriving at</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>away from</entry>
+ <entry>departing from</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>inward (from)</entry>
+ <entry>approaching</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>outward (from)</entry>
+ <entry>receding from</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zo'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>tangential (to)</entry>
+ <entry>passing (by)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>be'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>berti</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>north (of)</entry>
+ <entry>northward(ly)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ne'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>snanu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>south (of)</entry>
+ <entry>southward(ly)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>du'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>stuna</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>east (of)</entry>
+ <entry>eastward(ly)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vu'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><para/></entry>
+ <entry>west (of)</entry>
+ <entry>westward(ly)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'o</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'i</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>to'o</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fa'a</primary><secondary>special note on direction orientation</secondary></indexterm> Special note on
<jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase>,
-
<jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase>,
-
<jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase>, and
-
<jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase>:</para>
-
<para>
<jbophrase>zo'i</jbophrase> and
-
<jbophrase>ze'o</jbophrase> refer to direction towards or away from the speaker's location, or whatever the origin is.</para>
-
<para>
<jbophrase>fa'a</jbophrase> and
-
<jbophrase>to'o</jbophrase> refer to direction towards or away from some other point.</para>
-
</section>
</chapter>
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