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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Mon Dec 27 18:21:04 EST 2010
commit 582d5ba163ff5fc9fc992fa2684233e5efbd766d
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Mon Dec 27 15:03:26 2010 -0800
chapter and section names, by zort-
diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml
index c46ea11..2490450 100644
--- a/todocbook/1.xml
+++ b/todocbook/1.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-<chapter xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"; xml:id="cll_chapter1">
+<chapter xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"; xml:id="chapter-about">
<title>Chapter 1 Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book</title>
<!-- ^^ Lojbanistan, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Lojbanistan</primary>
</indexterm>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-what-is-lojban">
<title>What is Lojban?</title>
<para>Lojban (pronounced
<quote>LOZH-bahn</quote>) is a constructed language. Previous versions of the language were called
<quote>Loglan</quote> by Dr. James Cooke Brown, who founded the Loglan Project and started the development of the language in 1955. The goals for the language were first described in the open literature in the article
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ article, 498; number, 435 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -54,293 +54,292 @@
<para>Lojban attempts to remove restrictions on creative and clear thought and communication.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Lojban has a variety of uses, ranging from the creative to the scientific, from the theoretical to the practical.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Lojban has been demonstrated in translation and in original works of prose and poetry.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-what-is-cll">
<title>What is this book?</title>
<para>This book is what is called a
<quote>reference grammar</quote>. It attempts to expound the whole Lojban language, or at least as much of it as is understood at present. Lojban is a rich language with many features, and an attempt has been made to discover the functions of those features. The word
<!-- ^^ reference grammar, 3 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>reference grammar</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>discover</quote> is used advisedly; Lojban was not
<quote>invented</quote> by any one person or committee. Often, grammatical features were introduced into the language long before their usage was fully understood. Sometimes they were introduced for one reason, only to prove more useful for other reasons not recognized at the time.</para>
<para>By intention, this book is complete in description but not in explanation. For every rule in the formal Lojban grammar (given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />), there is a bit of explanation and an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit. In essence,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" /> gives a brief overview of the language,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-grammars" />), there is a bit of explanation and an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit. In essence,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tour" /> gives a brief overview of the language,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-grammars" /> gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available.</para>
<para>Nevertheless, the publication of this book is, in one sense, the completion of a long period of language evolution. With the exception of a possible revision of the language that will not even be considered until five years from publication date, and any revisions of this book needed to correct outright errors, the language described in this book will not be changing by deliberate act of its creators any more. Instead, language change will take place in the form of new vocabulary - Lojban does not yet have nearly the vocabulary it needs to be a fully usable language of the modern world, as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> explains - and through the irregular natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Teach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with assurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as most other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling by language-meisters.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" /> explains - and through the irregular natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Teach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with assurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as most other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling by language-meisters.</para>
<para>It is probably worth mentioning that this book was written somewhat piecemeal. Each chapter began life as an explication of a specific Lojban topic; only later did these begin to clump together into a larger structure of words and ideas. Therefore, there are perhaps not as many cross-references as there should be. However, I have attempted to make the index as comprehensive as possible.</para>
<para>Each chapter has a descriptive title, often involving some play on words; this is an attempt to make the chapters more memorable. The title of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter1" /> (which you are now reading), for example, is an allusion to the book
+ <xref linkend="chapter-about" /> (which you are now reading), for example, is an allusion to the book
<citation>English As We Speak It In Ireland</citation>, by P. W. Joyce, which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiberno-English.
<!-- ^^ reference grammar, 3 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>reference grammar</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>Lojbanistan</quote> is both an imaginary country where Lojban is the native language, and a term for the actual community of Lojban-speakers, scattered over the world. Why
<!-- ^^ Lojbanistan, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Lojbanistan</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>mangle</quote>? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks the language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; that is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy.</para>
<!-- ^^ Lojbanistan, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Lojbanistan</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-conventions">
<title>What are the typographical conventions of this book?</title>
<!-- ^^ typographical conventions, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>typographical conventions</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Each chapter is broken into numbered sections; each section contains a mixture of expository text, numbered examples, and possibly tables.</para>
<para>The reader will notice a certain similarity in the examples used throughout the book. One chapter after another rings the changes on the self-same sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hrtj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c1e3d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to that-which-I-describe-as-a store.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>will become wearisomely familiar before
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> is reached. This method is deliberate; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textbook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rather, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the usual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-grammars" /> is reached. This method is deliberate; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textbook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rather, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the usual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language.</para>
<para>It is useful to talk further about
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hrtj" /> for what it illustrates about examples in this book. Examples usually occupy three lines. The first of these is in Lojban, the second in a word-by-word literal translation of the Lojban into English, and the third in colloquial English. The second and third lines are sometimes called the
<!-- ^^ examples in this book, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>examples in this book</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>literal translation</quote> and the
<quote>colloquial translation</quote> respectively. Sometimes, when clarity is not sacrificed thereby, one or both are omitted. If there is more than one Lojban sentence, it generally means that they have the same meaning.</para>
<para>Words are sometimes surrounded by square brackets. In Lojban texts, these enclose optional grammatical particles that may (in the context of the particular example) be either omitted or included. In literal translations, they enclose words that are used as conventional translations of specific Lojban words, but don't have exactly the meanings or uses that the English word would suggest. In
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>square brackets</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" />, square brackets surround phonetic representations in the International Phonetic Alphabet.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-phonology" />, square brackets surround phonetic representations in the International Phonetic Alphabet.</para>
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>square brackets</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Many of the tables, especially those placed at the head of various sections, are in three columns. The first column contains Lojban words discussed in that section; the second column contains the grammatical category (represented by an UPPER CASE Lojban word) to which the word belongs, and the third column contains a brief English gloss, not necessarily or typically a full explanation. Other tables are explained in context.</para>
<para>A few Lojban words are used in this book as technical terms. All of these are explained in
<!-- ^^ technical terms, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>technical terms</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" />, except for a few used only in single chapters, which are explained in the introductory sections of those chapters.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tour" />, except for a few used only in single chapters, which are explained in the introductory sections of those chapters.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-disclaimers">
<title>Disclaimers</title>
<para>It is necessary to add, alas, that the examples used in this book do not refer to any existing person, place, or institution, and that any such resemblance is entirely coincidental and unintentional, and not intended to give offense.</para>
<para>When definitions and place structures of gismu, and especially of lujvo, are given in this book, they may differ from those given in the English-Lojban dictionary (which, as of this writing, is not yet published). If so, the information given in the dictionary supersedes whatever is given here.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section5">
+ <section xml:id="credits">
<title>Acknowledgements and Credits</title>
<para>Although the bulk of this book was written for the Logical Language Group (LLG) by John Cowan, who is represented by the occasional authorial
<!-- ^^ LLG, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>LLG</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>I</quote>, certain chapters were first written by others and then heavily edited by me to fit into this book.</para>
<para>In particular:
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" /> is a fusion of originally separate documents, one by Athelstan, and one by Nora Tansky LeChevalier and Bob LeChevalier;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> were originally written by Bob LeChevalier with contributions by Chuck Barton;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> was originally written (in much longer form) by Nick Nicholas; the dialogue near the end of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" /> was contributed by Nora Tansky LeChevalier;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" /> and parts of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" /> were originally by Bob LeChevalier; and the YACC grammar in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tour" /> is a fusion of originally separate documents, one by Athelstan, and one by Nora Tansky LeChevalier and Bob LeChevalier;
+ <xref linkend="chapter-phonology" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" /> were originally written by Bob LeChevalier with contributions by Chuck Barton;
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" /> was originally written (in much longer form) by Nick Nicholas; the dialogue near the end of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" /> was contributed by Nora Tansky LeChevalier;
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" /> and parts of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" /> were originally by Bob LeChevalier; and the YACC grammar in
<!-- ^^ YACC grammar, 511 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>YACC grammar</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> is the work of several hands, but is primarily by Bob LeChevalier and Jeff Taylor. The BNF grammar, which is also in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />, was originally written by me, then rewritten by Clark Nelson, and finally touched up by me again.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-grammars" /> is the work of several hands, but is primarily by Bob LeChevalier and Jeff Taylor. The BNF grammar, which is also in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-grammars" />, was originally written by me, then rewritten by Clark Nelson, and finally touched up by me again.</para>
<para>The research into natural languages from which parts of
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri" /> draw their material was performed by Ivan Derzhanski. LLG acknowledges his kind permission to use the fruits of his research.</para>
<!-- ^^ LLG, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>LLG</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The pictures in this book were drawn by Nora Tansky LeChevalier, except for the picture appearing in
<!-- ^^ pictures: captions to, 7; credits for, 6 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pictures</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />, which is by Sylvia Rutiser Rissell.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />, which is by Sylvia Rutiser Rissell.</para>
<para>The index was made by Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para>I would like to thank the following people for their detailed reviews, suggestions, comments, and early detection of my embarrassing errors in Lojban, logic, English, and cross-references: Nick Nicholas, Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, Jorge Llambias, Iain Alexander, Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, Robert J. Chassell, Gale Cowan, Karen Stein, Ivan Derzhanski, Jim Carter, Irene Gates, Bob LeChevalier, John Parks-Clifford (also known as
<quote>pc</quote>), and Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para>Nick Nicholas (NSN) would like to thank the following Lojbanists: Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, and Iain Alexander for their suggestions and comments; John Cowan, for his extensive comments, his exemplary trailblazing of Lojban grammar, and for solving the
<quote>manskapi</quote> dilemma for NSN; Jorge Llambias, for his even more extensive comments, and for forcing NSN to think more than he was inclined to; Bob LeChevalier, for his skeptical overview of the issue, his encouragement, and for scouring all Lojban text his computer has been burdened with for lujvo; Nora Tansky LeChevalier, for writing the program converting old rafsi text to new rafsi text, and sparing NSN from embarrassing errors; and Jim Carter, for his dogged persistence in analyzing lujvo algorithmically, which inspired this research, and for first identifying the three lujvo classes.</para>
<!-- ^^ converting: operand to operator, 500; operator to selbri, 502; quantifier to selbri, 500; selbri to operand, 501; selbri to operator, 501; sumti to operand, 500; sumti to tanru unit, 500 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>converting</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Of course, the entire Loglan Project owes a considerable debt to James Cooke Brown as the language inventor, and also to several earlier contributors to the development of the language. Especially noteworthy are Doug Landauer, Jeff Prothero, Scott Layson, Jeff Taylor, and Bob McIvor. Final responsibility for the remaining errors and infelicities is solely mine.</para>
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-bibliography">
<title>Informal Bibliography</title>
<para>The founding document for the Loglan Project, of which this book is one of the products, is
<citation>Loglan 1: A Logical Language</citation> by James Cooke Brown (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.) The language described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be considered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that nothing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very existence of Lojban is disapproved of by him.</para>
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The logic of Lojban, such as it is, owes a good deal to the American philosopher W. v.O. Quine, especially
<citation>Word and Object</citation> (1960, M.I.T. Press). Much of Quine's philosophical writings, especially on observation sentences, reads like a literal translation from Lojban.</para>
<!-- ^^ observation: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>observation</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The theory of negation expounded in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" /> is derived from a reading of Larry Horn's work
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" /> is derived from a reading of Larry Horn's work
<citation>The Natural History of Negation</citation>.</para>
<para>Of course, neither Brown nor Quine nor Horn is in any way responsible for the uses or misuses I have made of their works.</para>
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Depending on just when you are reading this book, there may be three other books about Lojban available: a textbook, a Lojban/English dictionary, and a book containing general information about Lojban. You can probably get these books, if they have been published, from the same place where you got this book. In addition, other books not yet foreseen may also exist.</para>
<!-- ^^ books about Lojban, 6 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>books about Lojban</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-captions">
<title>Captions to Pictures</title>
<para>The following examples list the Lojban caption, with a translation, for the picture at the head of each chapter. If a chapter's picture has no caption,
<quote>(none)</quote> is specified instead.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c1" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 1</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter1.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-about.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi lojban. coi rodo
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Greetings, O Lojban! Greetings, all-of you
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c2" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 2</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter2.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-tour.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c3" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 3</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter3.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-phonology.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.i .ai .i .ai .o
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[untranslatable]
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c4" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 4</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter4.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-morphology.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
jbobliku
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Lojbanic-blocks
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c5" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 5</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter5.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-selbri.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c6" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 6</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter6.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-sumti.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lei re nanmu cu bevri le re nanmu
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
The-mass-of two men carry the two men
Two men (jointly) carry two men (both of them).
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c7" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 7</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter7.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ma drani danfu
.i di'e
<!-- ^^ di'e, 149, 358; effect of tu'e/tu'u on, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general">
-
-<primary>di'e</primary>
+ <primary>di'e</primary>
</indexterm>
.i di'u
.i dei
.i ri
.i do'i
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[What sumti] is-the-correct type-of-answer?
The-next-sentence.
@@ -349,21 +348,21 @@ This-sentence.
The-previous-sentence.
An-unspecified-utterance.
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c8" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 8</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter8.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-relative-clauses.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ko viska re prenu poi bruna la santas.
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[You!] see two persons who-are brothers-of Santa.
<!-- ^^ brothers: example, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -371,31 +370,31 @@ ko viska re prenu poi bruna la santas.
<primary>brothers</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c9" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 9</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter9.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-sumti-tcita.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c10" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 10</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter10.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-tenses.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
za'o klama
<!-- ^^ za'o, 230 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>za'o</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
@@ -409,48 +408,48 @@ Something goes (or comes) for too long.
<primary>too long</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c11" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 11</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter11.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-abstractions.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le si'o kunti
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
The concept-of emptiness
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c12" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 12</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter12.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-lujvo.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c13" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 13</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter13.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-attitudinals.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.oi ro'i ro'a ro'o
<!-- ^^ ro'o, 307 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ro'o</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ ro'i, 307 -->
@@ -468,67 +467,67 @@ The concept-of emptiness
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[Pain!] [emotional] [social] [physical]
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c14" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 14</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter14.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-connectives.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c15" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 15</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter15.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-negation.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi na'e lumci le karce
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
I other-than wash the car
I didn't wash the car.
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c16" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 16</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter16.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-quantifiers.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
drata mupli pe'u .djan.
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
another example [please] John
Another example, John, please!
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c17" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 17</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter17.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-letterals.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zai xanlerfu by. ly. .obu .jy by. .abu ny.
<!-- ^^ zai, 418 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>zai</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
@@ -537,66 +536,66 @@ zai xanlerfu by. ly. .obu .jy by. .abu ny.
[Shift] hand-letters l o j b a n
"Lojban" in a manual alphabet
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c18" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 18</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter18.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-mekso.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has the following text:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
no no
</programlisting>
<para>which has the following translation:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
0 0
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c19" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 19</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter19.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-structure.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c20" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 20</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter20.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-catalogue.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<anchor xml:id="c21" />
<mediaobject>
<alt>The picture for chapter 21</alt>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="chapter21.gif" />
+ <imagedata fileref="chapter-grammars.gif" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject> has no text.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-copyright">
<title>Boring Legalities</title>
<para>Copyright © 1997 by The Logical Language Group, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</para>
<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this book, either in electronic or in printed form, provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.</para>
<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this book, provided that the modifications are clearly marked as such, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.</para>
<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation that has been approved by the Logical Language Group, rather than in English.</para>
<para>The contents of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> are in the public domain.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-grammars" /> are in the public domain.</para>
<para>For information, contact: The Logical Language Group, 2904 Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031-1303 USA Telephone 703-385-0273. Electronic address:
<link xlink:href="mailto:llg-board@lojban.org";>llg-board@lojban.org</link>World Wide Web:
<link xlink:href="http://www.lojban.org";>http://www.lojban.org</link></para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index a9fcdb2..37fadbe 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter10">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-tenses">
<title>Chapter 10 Imaginary Journeys: The Lojban Space/Time Tense System</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>This chapter attempts to document and explain the space/time tense system of Lojban. It does not attempt to answer all questions of the form
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tense system</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>How do I say such-and-such (an English tense) in Lojban?</quote> Instead, it explores the Lojban tense system from the inside, attempting to educate the reader into a Lojbanic viewpoint. Once the overall system is understood and the resources that it makes available are familiar, the reader should have some hope of using appropriate tense constructs and being correctly understood.</para>
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
@@ -999,21 +999,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mfgA" /> is analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d8yP" />. The cmavo
<quote>ma'i</quote> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in
<!-- ^^ ma'i, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ma'i</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
<!-- ^^ reference frame: specifying for direction tenses, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>reference frame</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Both a regular and a
<quote>mo'i</quote>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the
<quote>mo'i</quote> construct coming last:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fusc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d4" />
@@ -2849,21 +2849,21 @@
<para>Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a tense-like relationship between nouns,
<!-- ^^ nouns: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>nouns</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg" /> cannot be expressed in English without paraphrasing it either into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9cXU" /> or else into
<quote>I go to the house before the market</quote>, which is ambiguous - is the market going?</para>
<para>Finally, a third forethought construction expresses a tense relationship between bridi-tails rather than whole bridi. (The construct known as a
<quote>bridi-tail</quote> is explained fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.)
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.)
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vSCv" /> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9cXU" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o3Yg" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vSCv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pugi klama le zarci gi klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house.</gloss>
@@ -2882,21 +2882,21 @@
forethought coordinate: TENSE+gi X gi Y
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17">
<title>Tensed logical connectives</title>
<para>The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connective system. That system is a separate topic, explained in
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tense system</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> and touched on only in summary here. By the rules of the logical connective system,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> and touched on only in summary here. By the rules of the logical connective system,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qehB" /> through 17.3 are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qehB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .ije la teris. satre le ractu</jbo>
<en>Terry strokes the cat. And Terry strokes the rabbit.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3523,21 +3523,21 @@
<jbo>jelca</jbo>
<en>It burns!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the prudent Lojbanist will assume the meaning
<quote>Fire!</quote></para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section20">
<title>Logical and non-logical connections between tenses</title>
<para>Like many things in Lojban, tenses may be logically connected; logical connection is explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. Some of the terminology in this section will be clear only if you already understand logical connectives.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. Some of the terminology in this section will be clear only if you already understand logical connectives.</para>
<para>The appropriate logical connectives belong to selma'o JA. A logical connective between tenses can always be expanded to one between sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XAj7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu je ba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] and [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I went and will go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3839,21 +3839,21 @@
<gloss>I know about the [present] is-dead of-the-one-called
<quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
<gloss>I know the time of John's death.</gloss>
<en>I know when John died.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section23">
<title>Tenses versus modals</title>
<para>Grammatically, every use of tenses seen so far is exactly paralleled by some use of modals as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />. Modals and tenses alike can be followed by sumti, can appear before the selbri, can be used in pure and mixed connections, can participate in JAI conversions. The parallelism is perfect. However, there is a deep difference in the semantics of tense constructs and modal constructs, grounded in historical differences between the two forms. Originally, modals and tenses were utterly different things in earlier versions of Loglan; only in Lojban have they become grammatically interchangeable. And even now, differences in semantics continue to be maintained.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />. Modals and tenses alike can be followed by sumti, can appear before the selbri, can be used in pure and mixed connections, can participate in JAI conversions. The parallelism is perfect. However, there is a deep difference in the semantics of tense constructs and modal constructs, grounded in historical differences between the two forms. Originally, modals and tenses were utterly different things in earlier versions of Loglan; only in Lojban have they become grammatically interchangeable. And even now, differences in semantics continue to be maintained.</para>
<para>The core distinction is that whereas the modal bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YLmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do mu'i le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<!-- ^^ mu'i, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mu'i</primary>
@@ -4071,21 +4071,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pu'o</jbo>
<gloss>[inchoative]</gloss>
<en>He hasn't yet done so.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or even the modal reply (from selma'o BAI; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />):</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Vqgy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seka'a le briju</jbo>
<en>With-destination the office.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The only way to combine
@@ -4125,42 +4125,42 @@
<quote>both</quote>,
<quote>naje</quote> meaning
<quote>the latter</quote>, or
<quote>jenai</quote> meaning
<quote>the former</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section25">
<title>Explicit magnitudes</title>
<para>It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitudes that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large. In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban construction called a
<quote>termset</quote> is employed. (Termsets are explained further in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Lys">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George</gloss>
<gloss>[quantity] a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5 [end termset].</gloss>
<en>Frank is standing five meters to the left of George.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the termset extends from the
<quote>nu'i</quote> to the implicit
<quote>nu'u</quote> at the end of the sentence, and includes the terms
<quote>la djordj.</quote>, which is the unmarked origin point, and the tagged sumti
<quote>lo mitre be li mu</quote>, which the cmavo
<quote>la'u</quote> (of selma'o BAI, and meaning
<quote>with quantity</quote>; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />) marks as a quantity. Both terms are governed by the tag
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />) marks as a quantity. Both terms are governed by the tag
<quote>zu'a</quote></para>
<para>It is not necessary to have both an origin point and an explicit magnitude: a termset may have only a single term in it. A less precise version of
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>magnitude</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ explicit magnitude, 250 -->
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>magnitude</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 148d594..90c13b2 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter11">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-abstractions">
<title>Chapter 11 Events, Qualities, Quantities, And Other Vague Words: On Lojban Abstraction</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section1">
<title>The syntax of abstraction</title>
<para>The purpose of the feature of Lojban known as
<quote>abstraction</quote> is to provide a means for taking whole bridi and packaging them up, as it were, into simple selbri. Syntactically, abstractions are very simple and uniform; semantically, they are rich and complex, with few features in common between one variety of abstraction and another. We will begin by discussing syntax without regard to semantics; as a result, the notion of abstraction may seem unmotivated at first. Bear with this difficulty until
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2" />.</para>
<para>An abstraction selbri is formed by taking a full bridi and preceding it by any cmavo of selma'o NU. There are twelve such cmavo; they are known as
<quote>abstractors</quote>. The bridi is closed by the elidable terminator
<quote>kei</quote>, of selma'o KEI. Thus, to change the bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6EI1">
@@ -881,21 +881,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mo'e</primary>
</indexterm>
<gloss>le ni le pixra cu blanu [kei]</gloss>
<gloss>the-number 1 minus the-operand</gloss>
<gloss>the amount-of (the picture being-blue)</gloss>
<en>1 - B, where B = blueness of the picture</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Mathematical Lojban is beyond the scope of this chapter, and is explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />.</para>
<para>There are contexts where either property or amount abstractions make sense, and in such constructions, amount abstractions can make use of
<quote>ce'u</quote> just like property abstractors. Thus,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1LtX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e5d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le pixra cu cenba le ka ce'u blanu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>The picture varies in-the property-of (X is blue).</gloss>
<gloss>The picture varies in being blue.</gloss>
@@ -1166,21 +1166,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AX2I" /> claims that John actually said the quoted words, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-hzd8" /> claims only that he said some words or other which were to the same purpose.</para>
<para>
<quote>le se du'u</quote> is much the same as
<quote>lu'e le du'u</quote>, a symbol for the predication, but
<quote>se du'u</quote> can be used as a selbri, whereas
<quote>lu'e</quote> is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" /> for a discussion of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" /> for a discussion of
<quote>lu'e</quote>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section8">
<title>Indirect questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ kau, 264, 323; ma kau, contrasted with la djan. kau, 264 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1704,22 +1704,22 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This must mean that something which John does, or which happens to John, occurs frequently: but without more context there is no way to figure out what. Note that without the
<quote>tu'a</quote>,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9S5B" /> would mean that John considered as an event frequently occurs - in other words, that John has some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as events in English, but the x1 place of
<quote>cafne</quote> is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that
<quote>djan.</quote> is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.)</para>
<para>Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to
<quote>tu'a</quote> which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo
<quote>jai</quote> (of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jAdY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a mi rinka</jbo>
<gloss>le nu do morsi</gloss>
<gloss>something-to-do-with me causes</gloss>
<gloss>the event-of you are-dead</gloss>
<en>My action causes your death.</en>
@@ -1753,21 +1753,21 @@
<gloss>(the event-of your death)</gloss>
<en>the one who caused your death</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
<quote>jai</quote> modifies the selbri and can be incorporated into the description - not so for
<quote>tu'a</quote>.</para>
<para>The weakness of
<quote>jai</quote> used in descriptions in this way is that it does not specify which argument of the implicit abstraction is being raised into the x1 place of the description selbri. One can be more specific by using the modal form of
<quote>jai</quote> explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LPbo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jai gau rinka</jbo>
<gloss>be le nu do morsi</gloss>
<gloss>that-which-is agent-in causing</gloss>
<en>(the event-of your death)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1776,21 +1776,21 @@
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section11">
<title>Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses</title>
<para>This section is a logical continuation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3" />.</para>
<para>There exists a relationship between the four types of events explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3" /> and the event contour tense cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually interdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU event types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in
<!-- ^^ event types: described, 258 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>event types</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />, and only summarized here.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />, and only summarized here.</para>
<para>The purpose of ZAhO cmavo is to represent the natural portions of an event, such as the beginning, the middle, and the end. They fall into several groups:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>pu'o</quote>,
<quote>ca'o</quote>, and
<quote>ba'o</quote> represent spans of time: before an event begins, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
@@ -1922,21 +1922,21 @@
<para>Note that the parts of events are themselves events, and may be treated as such. The points in time may be seen as
<quote>mu'e</quote> point-events; the spans of time may constitute processes or activities. Therefore, Lojban allows us to refer to processes within processes, activities within states, and many other complicated abstract things.</para>
<!-- ^^ mu'e, 257, 258; place structure, 259 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mu'e</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section12">
<title>Abstractor connection</title>
<para>An abstractor may be replaced by two or more abstractors joined by logical or non-logical connectives. Connectives are explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. The connection can be expanded to one between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker.
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. The connection can be expanded to one between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFBV" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qFdz" /> are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFBV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali</jbo>
<gloss>.ije le ni la frank. ciska cu xlali</gloss>
<gloss>The quality-of Frank's writing is bad,</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 2190b01..29db448 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter12">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-lujvo">
<title>Chapter 12 Dog House And White House: Determining lujvo Place Structures</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter12-section1">
<title>Why have lujvo?</title>
<para>The Lojban vocabulary is founded on its list of 1350-plus gismu, made up by combining word lists from various sources. These gismu are not intended to be either a complete vocabulary for the language nor a minimal list of semantic primitives. Instead, the gismu list serves as a basis for the creation of compound words, or lujvo. The intention is that (except in certain semantically broad but shallow fields such as cultures, nations, foods, plants, and animals) suitable lujvo can be devised to cover the ten million or so concepts expressible in all the world's languages taken together. Grammatically, lujvo behave just like gismu: they have place structures and function as selbri.</para>
<!-- ^^ world's languages, 273 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>world's languages</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ word lists, 273 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -80,21 +80,21 @@
<primary>absolute laws</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If the tanru includes connective cmavo such as
<quote>bo</quote>,
<quote>ke</quote>,
<quote>ke'e</quote>, or
<quote>je</quote>, or conversion or abstraction cmavo such as
<quote>se</quote> or
<quote>nu</quote>, there are ways of incorporating them into the lujvo as well. Sometimes this makes the lujvo excessively long; if so, the cmavo may be dropped. This leads to the possibility that more than one tanru could produce the same lujvo. Typically, however, only one of the possible tanru is useful enough to justify making a lujvo for it.</para>
<para>The exact workings of the lujvo-making algorithm, which takes a tanru built from gismu (and possibly cmavo) and produces a lujvo from it, are described in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter12-section2">
<title>The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour</title>
<!-- ^^ necessary detour, 274 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>necessary detour</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The meaning of a lujvo is controlled by - but is not the same as - the meaning of the tanru from which the lujvo was constructed. The tanru corresponding to a lujvo is called its
<quote>veljvo</quote> in Lojban, and since there is no concise English equivalent, that term will be used in this chapter. Furthermore, the left (modifier) part of a tanru will be called the
<quote>seltau</quote>, and the right (modified) part the
@@ -847,21 +847,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>b1 sonci s2 gi'e banli b2 b3</jbo>
<en>b1 is-a-soldier of-army-s2 and is-great in-property-b2 by-standard-b3</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<quote>gi'e</quote> is the Lojban word for
<quote>and</quote> when placed between two partial bridi, as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />.</para>
<para>Asymmetrical lujvo like
<quote>gerzda</quote>, on the other hand, employ a different rule. The seltau places are inserted not at the end of the place structure, but rather immediately after the tertau place which is equivalent to the first place of the seltau. Consider
<quote>dalmikce</quote>, meaning
<quote>veterinarian</quote>: its veljvo is
<!-- ^^ veterinarian: example, 282 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>veterinarian</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>danlu mikce</quote>, or
<quote>animal doctor</quote>. The place structures for those gismu are:</para>
@@ -1380,21 +1380,21 @@
<!-- ^^ se te, 194 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>se te</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>se ke te</quote>, since there is no need to re-order places in the way that
<quote>se te</quote> provides. (See
<!-- ^^ se te, 194 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>se te</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter12-section12">
<title>Abstract lujvo</title>
<para>The cmavo of NU can participate in the construction of lujvo of a particularly simple and well-patterned kind. Consider that old standard example,
<quote>klama</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KEao">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1413,21 +1413,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu1 is the event of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4 by means k5.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the first place of
<quote>nunklama</quote> is the first and only place of
<quote>nu</quote>, and the other five places have been pushed down by one to occupy the second through the sixth places. Full information on
<quote>nu</quote>, as well as the other abstractors mentioned in this section, is given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />.</para>
<para>For those abstractors which have a second place as well, the standard convention is to place this place after, rather than before, the places of the brivla being abstracted. The place structure of
<quote>nilkla</quote>, the lujvo derived from
<quote>ni klama</quote>, is the imposing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yURu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ni1 is the amount of k1's coming/going to k2 from k3 via route k4</jbo>
<en>by means k5, measured on scale ni2.</en>
@@ -1500,21 +1500,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<en>I cause your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />, to be rendered with lujvo:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />, to be rendered with lujvo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wrpr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e12d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jaxri'a le nu do morsi</jbo>
<en>I am-part-of-the-cause-of the event-of your dying.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In making a lujvo that contains
@@ -1524,21 +1524,21 @@
<quote>fai</quote> place of the lujvo; it does not participate in the regular lujvo place structure. (The use of
<!-- ^^ lujvo place structure: "ni" lujvo, 287; "nu" lujvo, 286; basis of, 277; comparative lujvo, 292; cross-dependent places, 280; dependent places, 279; dropping cross-dependent places, 280; dropping dependent places, caveat, 281; dropping dependent seltau places, 279; dropping dependent tertau places, 280; dropping first place of NU, 288; dropping KE, 285; dropping KEhE, 285; dropping redundant places, 276; effect of SE, 278; effect of SE-dropping in tertau, 284; explicated walk-through, 276; guidelines, 273; multi-place abstraction lujvo, 287; notation conventions, 276; rationale for standardization, 277; selecting tertau, 281; superlatives, 294; when first place redundant with non-first, 278; when first places redundant, 278; when first places redundant plus others, 278; with "jai" lujvo, 287 -->
<!-- ^^ notation conventions: for Quick Tour chapter, 12 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>notation conventions</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lujvo place structure</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>fai</quote> is also explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter12-section13">
<title>Implicit-abstraction lujvo</title>
<!-- ^^ abstraction lujvo: asymmetric, 288 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>abstraction lujvo</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Eliding NU rafsi involves the same restrictions as eliding SE rafsi, plus additional ones. In general, NU rafsi should not be elided from the tertau, since that changes the kind of thing the lujvo is talking about from an abstraction to a concrete sumti. However, they may be elided from the seltau if no reasonable ambiguity would result.</para>
<para>A major difference, however, between SE elision and NU elision is that the former is a rather sparse process, providing a few convenient shortenings. Eliding
<quote>nu</quote>, however, is extremely important in producing a class of lujvo called
@@ -2179,21 +2179,21 @@
<quote>klamau</quote>: z1, more than z2, goes to k2 from k3 via k4 by means of k5</gloss>
<gloss>
<quote>selklamau</quote>: z1, more than z2, is gone to by k1 from k3 via k4</gloss>
<gloss>by means of k5</gloss>
<gloss>
<quote>terklamau</quote>: z1, more than z2, is an origin point from destination k2</gloss>
<en>for k1's going via k4 by means of k5</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" /> for the way in which this problem is resolved when lujvo aren't used.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" /> for the way in which this problem is resolved when lujvo aren't used.)</para>
<para>The ordering rule places the things being compared first, and the other seltau places following. Unfortunately the z4 place, which expresses by how much one entity exceeds the other, is displaced into a lujvo place whose number is different for each lujvo. For example, while
<quote>nelcymau</quote> has z4 as its fourth place,
<quote>klamau</quote> has it as its sixth place. In any sentence where a difficulty arises, this amount-place can be redundantly tagged with
<quote>vemau</quote> (for
<quote>zmadu</quote>) or
<quote>veme'a</quote> (for
<quote>mleca</quote>) to help make the speaker's intention clear.</para>
<para>It is important to realize that such comparative lujvo do not presuppose their seltau. Just as in English, saying someone is younger than someone else doesn't imply that they're young in the first place: an octogenarian, after all, is still younger than a nonagenarian. Rather, the 80-year-old has a greater
<!-- ^^ younger: example, 292 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -2389,33 +2389,33 @@
<!-- ^^ color standards, 295 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>color standards</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ci'u</quote> (
<!-- ^^ ci'u, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ci'u</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>in system</quote>; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />) or by making a lujvo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />) or by making a lujvo.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cuYP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<quote>jbena</quote>: j1 is born to j2 at time j3 and location j4</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The gismu
<quote>jbena</quote> contains places for time and location, which few other gismu have: normally, the time and place at which something is done is supplied by a tense tag (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />). However, providing these places makes
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />). However, providing these places makes
<quote>le te jbena</quote> a simple term for
<quote>birthday</quote> and
<quote>le ve jbena</quote> for
<quote>birthplace</quote>, so these places were provided despite their lack of metaphysical necessity.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NTJn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e16d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index 5efbe53..3d6da86 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter13">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-attitudinals">
<title>Chapter 13 Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section1">
<title>What are attitudinal indicators?</title>
<!-- ^^ attitudinal indicators, 297; conventions of interpretation, 311; placement of "nai" in, 311; placement of scale in, 311; quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>attitudinal indicators</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This chapter explains the various words that Lojban provides for expressing attitude and related notions. In natural languages, attitudes are usually expressed by the tone of voice when speaking, and (very imperfectly) by punctuation when writing. For example, the bare words</para>
<!-- ^^ tone of voice, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1612,21 +1612,21 @@
<quote>rau</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ rau, 442, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>rau</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>du'e</quote> (these belong to selma'o PA, and are discussed in
<!-- ^^ du'e, 442, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>du'e</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />). For example,</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-K4aV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.uiro'obe'unai</jbo>
<en>[Yay!] [physical] [Enough!]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>might be something you say after a large meal which you enjoyed.</para>
@@ -1768,21 +1768,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi .e nai .ui do</jbo>
<en>I and [Not!] [Yay!] you</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
<quote>I but (fortunately) not you</quote>. Attitudinal
<quote>nai</quote> expresses a
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, a concept explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of
<quote>nai</quote> on each should be obvious.</para>
<para>Thus, the complete internal grammar of UI is as follows, with each listed part optionally present or absent without affecting grammaticality, though it obviously would affect meaning.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
attitudinal
<quote>nai</quote> intensity-word
<quote>nai</quote> modifier
<quote>nai</quote> intensity-word
<quote>nai</quote>
(possibly repeated)
</programlisting>
@@ -1802,29 +1802,29 @@
<title>The uses of indicators</title>
<para>The behavior of indicators in the
<quote>outside grammar</quote> is nearly as simple as their internal structure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metalinguistic erasers
<!-- ^^ metalinguistic erasers: within ungrammatical-Lojban quotation, 477 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>metalinguistic erasers</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>si</quote>,
<quote>sa</quote>, and
<quote>su</quote> and some, though not all, kinds of quotations. The details of such interactions are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />.</para>
<para>A group of indicators may appear anywhere that a single indicator may, except in those few situations (as in
<quote>zo</quote> quotation, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />) where compound cmavo may not be used.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />) where compound cmavo may not be used.</para>
<para>At the beginning of a text, indicators modify everything following them indefinitely: such a usage is taken as a raw emotional expression, and we normally don't turn off our emotions when we start and stop sentences. In every other place in an utterance, the indicator (or group) attaches to the word immediately to its left, and indicates that the attitude is being expressed concerning the object or concept to which the word refers.</para>
<para>If the word that an indicator (or group) attaches to is itself a cmavo which governs a grammatical structure, then the indicator construct pertains to the referent of the entire structure. There is also a mechanism, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />, for explicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />, for explicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies.</para>
<para>More details about the uses of indicators, and the way they interact with other specialized cmavo, are given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />. It is worth mentioning that real-world interpretation is not necessarily consistent with the formal scope rules. People generally express emotions when they feel them, with only a minimum of grammatical constraint on that expression; complexities of emotional expression are seldom logically analyzable. Lojban attempts to provide a systematic reference that could possibly be ingrained to an instinctive level. However, it should always be assumed that the referent of an indicator has some uncertainty.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />. It is worth mentioning that real-world interpretation is not necessarily consistent with the formal scope rules. People generally express emotions when they feel them, with only a minimum of grammatical constraint on that expression; complexities of emotional expression are seldom logically analyzable. Lojban attempts to provide a systematic reference that could possibly be ingrained to an instinctive level. However, it should always be assumed that the referent of an indicator has some uncertainty.</para>
<para>For example, in cases of multiple indicators expressed together, the combined form has some ambiguity of interpretation. It is possible to interpret the second indicator as expressing an attitude about the first, or to interpret both as expressing attitudes about the common referent. For example, in</para>
<!-- ^^ multiple indicators, 312 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>multiple indicators</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Rs6P">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e9d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2632,21 +2632,21 @@
<!-- ^^ si'a, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>si'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>mi'u</quote>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
<!-- ^^ mi'u, 317; contrasted with go'i, 318 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mi'u</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>go'i</quote> (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />), which is a non-discursive version of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />), which is a non-discursive version of
<quote>ditto</quote> that explicitly repeats the claim of the previous bridi.</para>
<!-- ^^ ditto: example, 318 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ditto</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Lastly,
<quote>po'o</quote> is used when there is no other comparable case, and thus corresponds to some of the uses of
<!-- ^^ po'o, 317; placement in sentence, 318 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>po'o</primary>
@@ -3210,21 +3210,21 @@
<!-- ^^ negation cmavo: position relative to selbri, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negation cmavo</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>na'i</quote> and its opposite
<quote>jo'a</quote> are explained in full in
<!-- ^^ jo'a, 321 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jo'a</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />. In general,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. In general,
<quote>na'i</quote> indicates that there is something wrong with a piece of discourse: either an error, or a false underlying assumption, or something else of the sort. The discourse is invalid or inappropriate due to the marked word or construct.</para>
<para>Similarly,
<quote>jo'a</quote> marks something which looks wrong but is in fact correct. These two cmavo constitute a scale, but are kept apart for two reasons:
<!-- ^^ jo'a, 321 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jo'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>na'inai</quote> means the same as
<quote>jo'a</quote>, but would be too confusing as an affirmation;
<!-- ^^ jo'a, 321 -->
@@ -3278,21 +3278,21 @@
<quote>to'i</quote> (of selma'o TO) need not be marked except where confusion might result.</para>
<para>In the rare case that the quoted material already contains one or more instances of
<quote>sa'a</quote>, they can be changed to
<!-- ^^ sa'a, 321, 481; editorial insertion of text already containing sa'a, 321; interaction with li'o, 321; interaction with sei, 321; interaction with to'i, 321 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>sa'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>sa'asa'a</quote>.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>xu</quote> marks truth questions, which are discussed in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />. In general,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. In general,
<quote>xu</quote> may be translated
<quote>Is it true that ... ?</quote> and questions whether the attached bridi is true. When
<quote>xu</quote> is attached to a specific word or construct, it directs the focus of the question to that word or construct.</para>
<para>Lojban question words, unlike those of English, frequently do not stand at the beginning of the question. Placing the cmavo
<quote>pau</quote> at the beginning of a bridi helps the listener realize that the bridi is a question, like the symbol at the beginning of written Spanish questions that looks like an upside-down question mark. The listener is then warned to watch for the actual question word.</para>
<!-- ^^ pau, 322; placement in sentence, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pau</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Although
@@ -3450,21 +3450,21 @@
<primary>kau</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ indirect question, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indirect question</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>This cmavo is explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />. It marks the word it is attached to as the focus of an indirect question:</para>
<!-- ^^ indirect question, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indirect question</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-umCQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u dakau klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -3496,21 +3496,21 @@
<!-- ^^ noisy environments: proposed lerfu words for, 429 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>noisy environments</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>nai</quote> too often vital to interpretation of a protocol signal, as explained later in this section.</para>
<!-- ^^ protocol: computer communications using COI, 326; parliamentary using COI, 326; using vocatives, 326 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>protocol</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The grammar of vocatives is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />; but in brief, a vocative may be followed by a name (without
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />; but in brief, a vocative may be followed by a name (without
<quote>la</quote>), a description (without
<quote>le</quote> or its relatives), a complete sumti, or nothing at all (if the addressee is obvious from the context). There is an elidable terminator,
<quote>do'u</quote> (of selma'o DOhU) which is almost never required unless no name (or other indication of the addressee) follows the vocative.</para>
<!-- ^^ do'u, 137, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>do'u</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Using any vocative except
<quote>mi'e</quote> (explained below) implicitly defines the meaning of the pro-sumti
<quote>do</quote>, as the whole point of vocatives is to specify the listener, or at any rate the desired listener - even if the desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms
@@ -4189,21 +4189,21 @@
<!-- ^^ Kzinti: communication with, 329 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Kzinti</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ anticipated: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>anticipated</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>We have tried to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this system that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more neutral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the current indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo
<quote>sei</quote>, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.</para>
<para>We envision an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more than a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with various combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they express and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expression for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. Why not, if it helps you express your feelings?</para>
<!-- ^^ feelings: expression of contrasted with talking about, 298 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>feelings</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>There will be a couple dozen of these used pretty much universally – mostly just simple attitudinals with, at most, intensity markers. These are the ones that will quickly be expressed at the subconscious level. But every Lojbanist who plays with the list will bring in a couple of new words. Poets will paint emotional pictures, and people who identify with those pictures will use the words so created for their own experiences.</para>
<!-- ^^ pictures: captions to, 7; credits for, 6 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pictures</primary>
</indexterm>
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 642c36d..19ab1f3 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter14">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-connectives">
<title>Chapter 14 If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section1">
<title>Logical connection and truth tables</title>
<!-- ^^ truth tables: abbreviated format, 334; for 4 fundamental Lojban truth functions, 335; list of 16 in abbreviated form, 334; notation convention, 334 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>truth tables</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Lojban is a logical language: the name of the language itself means
<!-- ^^ logical language: truth functions, 333 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -636,21 +636,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TQP9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do cidja dunda fi le xarju cu rinka le nu ri ba banro</jbo>
<en>The event-of (you food-give to the pig) causes the event-of (it will grow).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Causality is discussed in far more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I2jU" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Tiz6" /> illustrates a truth function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We already understand how to negate the first bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I2jU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman,</gloss>
@@ -1613,22 +1613,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju</jbo>
<gloss>nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office</gloss>
<en>[joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one
<quote>nu'i</quote> is used.</para>
<para>The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical connectives are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para>As noted at the beginning of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9" />, there is no logical connective in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is possible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru
<quote>blanu zdani</quote>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
<quote>blanu bolci</quote>, Lojbanists can say
<quote>blanu je bolci</quote>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" /> also, but there they were always prefixed by
<quote>pe'e</quote>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
@@ -1899,21 +1899,21 @@
<quote>yes</quote> or
<quote>no</quote>, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of the underlying statement. The standard way of saying
<quote>yes</quote> in Lojban is
<quote>go'i</quote> and of saying
<quote>no</quote> is
<quote>nago'i</quote>. (The reasons for this rule are explained in
<!-- ^^ nago'i: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>nago'i</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.) In answer to
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.) In answer to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gKaM" />, the possible answers are:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XSmq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i</jbo>
<en>Fido is a dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2199,21 +2199,21 @@
</example>
<para>In logical terms, however,
<quote>but</quote> is the same as
<quote>and</quote>; the difference is that the sentence after a
<quote>but</quote> is felt to be in tension or opposition to the sentence before it. Lojban represents this distinction by adding the discursive cmavo
<quote>ku'i</quote> (of selma'o UI), which is explained in
<!-- ^^ ku'i, 317, 353 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ku'i</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />, to the logical
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />, to the logical
<quote>.ije</quote>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section14">
<title>Non-logical connectives</title>
<para>Way back in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section1" />, the point was made that not every use of English
<quote>and</quote>,
<quote>if ... then</quote>, and so on represents a Lojban logical connective. In particular, consider the
<!-- ^^ if ... then: compared with only if, 338; logical connectives contrasted with other translations, 339 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -2252,21 +2252,21 @@
<primary>carry the piano</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pC5x" /> covers the case mentioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in
<!-- ^^ supervising: as a contribution to mass action, 354 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>supervising</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />.</para>
<para>Grammatically,
<quote>joi</quote> can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or between two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in the form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NN93">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ku joi le ninmu [ku] cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>The man massed-with the woman go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3175,35 +3175,35 @@
<para>In forethought, unfortunately, the GAhOs become physically separated from the endpoints, but the same rule applies: the first GAhO refers to the first endpoint.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section17">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para>Lojban has a separate grammar embedded within the main grammar for representing mathematical expressions (or mekso in Lojban) such as
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mathematical expressions</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>2 + 2</quote>. Mathematical expressions are explained fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />. The basic components of mekso are operands, like
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />. The basic components of mekso are operands, like
<quote>2</quote>, and operators, like
<quote>+</quote>. Both of these may be either logically or non-logically connected.</para>
<para>Operands are connected in afterthought with eks and in forethought with geks, just like sumti. Operators, on the other hand, are connected in afterthought with jeks and in forethought with guheks, just like tanru components. (However, jeks and joiks with
<!-- ^^ guheks: connecting operators, 361; syntax of, 350 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>guheks</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>bo</quote> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para>In addition, eks with
<quote>bo</quote> and with
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be given. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connective scheme of things. These examples are drawn from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4" /> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gMU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3313,21 +3313,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8rEL" /> is not elidable, because the
<quote>xi</quote> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18">
<title>Tenses, modals, and logical connection</title>
<para>The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo
<quote>pu</quote>,
<quote>ca</quote>, and
<quote>ba</quote> (of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a
<quote>le nu</quote> abstraction; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />).</para>
<para>The two types of interaction between tenses and logical connectives are logically connected tenses and tensed logical connections. The former are fairly simple. Jeks may be used between tense cmavo to specify two connected bridi that differ only in tense:</para>
<!-- ^^ logically connected tenses: definition, 363; expansion to sentences, 245; with JA, 245 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>logically connected tenses</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ connected tenses: negation of compared with negation in connective, 245 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>connected tenses</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-g6iT">
@@ -3400,21 +3400,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PMTu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .ije mi pu tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<en>I [past] go-to the market. And I [past] buy items-of food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>fails to fully represent a feature of the English, namely that the buying came after the going. (It also fails to represent that the buying was a consequence of the going, which can be expressed by a modal that is discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />.) However, the tense information - that the event of my going to the market preceded the event of my buying food - can be added to the logical connective as follows. The
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />.) However, the tense information - that the event of my going to the market preceded the event of my buying food - can be added to the logical connective as follows. The
<quote>.ije</quote> is replaced by
<quote>.ijebo</quote>, and the tense cmavo
<quote>ba</quote> is inserted between
<quote>.ije</quote> and
<quote>bo</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPG1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index 61b2549..aad3788 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter15">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-negation">
<title>Chapter 15
<quote>No</quote> Problems: On Lojban Negation</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>The grammatical expression of negation is a critical part of Lojban's claim to being logical. The problem of negation, simply put, is to come up with a complete definition of the word
<quote>not</quote>. For Lojban's unambiguous grammar, this means further that meanings of
<quote>not</quote> with different grammatical effect must be different words, and even different grammatical structures.</para>
<para>Logical assertions are implicitly required in a logical language; thus, an apparatus for expressing them is built into Lojban's logical connectives and other structures.</para>
<!-- ^^ logical language: truth functions, 333 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -226,21 +226,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>internal bridi negation</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>existential</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>da</quote>,
<quote>de</quote>, and
<quote>di</quote> of selma'o KOhA, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />) in the bridi, you can indeed translate Lojban
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />) in the bridi, you can indeed translate Lojban
<quote>na</quote> as
<quote>not</quote> (or
<quote>isn't</quote> or
<quote>doesn't</quote>, as appropriate).</para>
<para>The most important rule about bridi negation is that if a bridi is true, its negation is false, and vice versa.</para>
<para>In Lojban, there are several structures that implicitly contain bridi, so that Lojban sentences may contain more than one occurrence of
<quote>na</quote>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WU9u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d8" />
@@ -951,21 +951,21 @@
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu na krecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual current noblest-governor of the French Country [false] is-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>It is false that the current King of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note:
<quote>lo</quote> is used in these sentences because negation relates to truth conditions. To meaningfully talk about truth conditions in sentences carrying a description, it must be clear that the description actually applies to the referent. A sentence using
<quote>le</quote> instead of
<quote>lo</quote> can be true even if there is no current king of France, as long as the speaker and the listener agree to describe something as the current king of France. (See the explanations of
<quote>le</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter15-section5">
<title>Expressing scales in selbri negation</title>
<para>In expressing a scalar negation, we can provide some indication of the scale, range, frame-of-reference, or universe of discourse that is being dealt with in an assertion. As stated in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4" />, the default is the set of plausible alternatives. Thus if we say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mw3B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1221,21 +1221,21 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter15-section7">
<title>Negation of minor grammatical constructs</title>
<para>We have a few other constructs that can be negated, all of them based on negating individual words. For such negation, we use the suffix-combining negator, which is
<quote>nai</quote>.
<quote>nai</quote>, by the way, is almost always written as a compound into the previous word that it is negating, although it is a regular separate-word cmavo and the sole member of selma'o NAI.</para>
<para>Most of these negation forms are straightforward, and should be discussed and interpreted in connection with an analysis of the particular construct being negated. Thus, we will not go into much detail here.</para>
<para>The following are places where
<quote>nai</quote> is used:</para>
<para>When attached to tenses and modals (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />), the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />), the
<quote>nai</quote> suffix usually indicates a contradictory negation of the tagged bridi. Thus
<quote>punai</quote> as a tense inflection means
<quote>not-in-the-past</quote>, or
<quote>not-previously</quote>, without making any implication about any other time period unless explicitly stated. As a result,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PprX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e7d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na pu klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -1253,37 +1253,37 @@
<gloss>I [past-not] go-to the store.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>mean exactly the same thing, although there may be a difference of emphasis.</para>
<para>Tenses and modals can be logically connected, with the logical connectives containing contradictory negations; this allows negated tenses and modals to be expressed positively using logical connectives. Thus
<quote>punai je ca</quote> means the same thing as
<quote>pu naje ca</quote>.</para>
<para>As a special case, a
<quote>-nai</quote> attached to the interval modifiers of selma'o TAhE, ROI, or ZAhO (explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />) signals a scalar negation:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />) signals a scalar negation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4YYQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e7d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi paroinai dansu le bisli</jbo>
<en>I [once] [not] dance-on the ice</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I dance on the ice either zero or else two or more times within the relevant time interval described by the bridi.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4YYQ" /> is very different from the English use of
<quote>not once</quote>, which is an emphatic way of saying
<quote>never</quote>- that is, exactly zero times.</para>
<para>In indicators and attitudinals of selma'o UI or CAI,
<quote>nai</quote> denotes a polar negation. As discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />, most indicators have an implicit scale, and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />, most indicators have an implicit scale, and
<quote>nai</quote> changes the indicator to refer to the opposite end of the scale. Thus
<quote>.uinai</quote> expresses unhappiness, and
<quote>.ienai</quote> expresses disagreement (not ambivalence, which is expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as
<quote>.iecu'i</quote>).</para>
<para>Vocative cmavo of selma'o COI are considered a kind of indicator, but one which identifies the listener. Semantically, we could dispense with about half of the COI selma'o words based on the scalar paradigm. For example,
<!-- ^^ COI selma'o, 136, 146, 183, 323, 492; effect on pause before name, 323; effect on referent of do, 146; effect on referent of mi, 146; ordering multiple with mi'e, 325; terminator for, 492 -->
<!-- ^^ pause before name: effect of doi, 323; effect of vocatives of COI, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pause before name</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -1303,30 +1303,30 @@
<para>Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, in a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only
<!-- ^^ protocol: computer communications using COI, 326; parliamentary using COI, 326; using vocatives, 326 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>protocol</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ attitudinal indicators, 297; conventions of interpretation, 311; placement of "nai" in, 311; placement of scale in, 311; quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>attitudinal indicators</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>nai</quote>, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" /> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" /> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
<para>The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses and modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstractions connected by logical connectives:
<quote>su'ujeninai</quote>, which corresponds to
<quote>su'u jenai ni</quote> just as
<quote>punai je ca</quote> corresponds to
<quote>pu naje ca</quote>. It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />.</para>
<para>A
<quote>nai</quote> attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical connectives are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter15-section8">
<title>Truth questions</title>
<para>One application of negation is in answer to truth questions (those which expect the answers
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>). The truth question cmavo
<quote>xu</quote> is in selma'o UI; placed at the beginning of a sentence, it asks whether the sentence as a whole is true or false.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5y84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d1" />
@@ -1706,29 +1706,29 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>inclusion</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>na'i</quote> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-assertion, and suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para>
<para>Let us briefly indicate how the above-mentioned metalinguistic errors can be identified. Other metalinguistic problems can then be marked by devising analogies to these examples:</para>
<para>Existential failure can be marked by attaching
<quote>na'i</quote> to the descriptor
<quote>lo</quote> or the
<quote>poi</quote> in a
<quote>da poi</quote>-form sumti. (See Chapter 6 and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" /> for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" /> for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
<quote>le</quote> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent referent, you may not understand what the speaker has in mind - the appropriate response is then
<quote>ki'a</quote>, asking for clarification.</para>
<para>Presupposition failure can be marked directly if the presupposition is overt; if not, one can insert a
<quote>mock presupposition</quote> to question with the sumti tcita (selma'o BAI) word
<quote>ji'u</quote>;
<quote>ji'uku</quote> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed assumption, and
<quote>ji'una'iku</quote> metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />.)</para>
<para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with selma'o BAI.
<quote>le'a</quote> has meaning
<quote>of category/class/type X</quote>,
<quote>ci'u</quote> has meaning
<!-- ^^ ci'u, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ci'u</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>on scale X</quote>, and
<quote>ci'e</quote>, based on
@@ -1754,21 +1754,21 @@
</indexterm>
<para>Solecisms, grammatical and spelling errors will be marked by marking the offending word or phrase with
<quote>na'i</quote> (in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). In this sense,
<quote>na'i</quote> becomes equivalent to the English metalinguistic marker
<quote>[sic]</quote>. Purists may choose to use ZOI or LOhU/LEhU quotes or
<quote>sa'a</quote>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a truly unparsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/text. See
<!-- ^^ sa'a, 321, 481; editorial insertion of text already containing sa'a, 321; interaction with li'o, 321; interaction with sei, 321; interaction with to'i, 321 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>sa'a</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> for explanations of these usages.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" /> for explanations of these usages.</para>
<para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more
<quote>na'i</quote> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.
<quote>na'i</quote> at the beginning of a statement merely says that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>
<!-- ^^ specificity: expressing with po, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>specificity</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without correcting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguistic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, metalinguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseless expression.</para>
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general">
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index ddeccb3..6295682 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter16">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-quantifiers">
<title>Chapter 16
<quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section1">
<title>What's wrong with this picture?</title>
<para>The following brief dialogue is from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" /> of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" /> of
<citation>Through The Looking Glass</citation> by Lewis Carroll.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KB90">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<quote>Who did you pass on the road?</quote> the King went on, holding out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -92,21 +92,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>I see the-one-I-refer-to-as-the man.</gloss>
<en>I see the man/men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>that there really is a man; the only thing you can conclude is that there is one thing (or more) that I choose to refer to as a man. You cannot even tell which man is meant for sure without asking me (although communication is served if you already know from the context).</para>
<para>In addition, the use of attitudinals (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />) often reduces or removes the ability to make deductions about the bridi to which those attitudinals are applied. From the fact that I hope George will win the election, you can conclude nothing about George's actual victory or defeat.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />) often reduces or removes the ability to make deductions about the bridi to which those attitudinals are applied. From the fact that I hope George will win the election, you can conclude nothing about George's actual victory or defeat.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section2">
<title>Existential claims, prenexes, and variables</title>
<para>Let us consider, to begin with, a sentence that is not in the dialogue:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mxj3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Something sees me.</jbo>
@@ -119,21 +119,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[zo'e] viska mi</jbo>
<en>Something-unspecified sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>zo'e</quote> indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, even
<quote>zo'e</quote> itself can be omitted in this case, as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-b9pV" /> means
<quote>‘You-know-what' sees me.</quote></para>
<para>However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3" /> is just as likely to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translation is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jjLd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
@@ -226,21 +226,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u le da gerku cu viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that the of-X dog sees me</gloss>
<en>Somebody's dog sees me</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is perfectly correct even though the
<quote>da</quote> is used only in a possessive construction. (Possessives are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />.)</para>
<para>It is very peculiar, however, even if technically grammatical, for the variable not to appear in the main bridi at all:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mE4m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u la ralf. gerku</jbo>
<en>There is something such that Ralph is a dog.</en>
<!-- ^^ Ralph: example, 393 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -363,21 +363,21 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3" /> are not only false but absurd: there is really very little to be said that is both true and non-trivial about every object whatsoever. Furthermore, we have been glossing over the distinction between
<quote>everything</quote> and
<quote>everybody</quote> and the other pairs ending in
<quote>-thing</quote> and
<quote>-body</quote>. It is time to bring up the most useful feature of Lojban variables: the ability to restrict their ranges.</para>
<para>In Lojban, a variable
<quote>da</quote>,
<quote>de</quote>, or
<quote>di</quote> may be followed by a
<quote>poi</quote> relative clause in order to restrict the range of things that the variable describes. Relative clauses are described in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />, but the kind we will need at present consist of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />, but the kind we will need at present consist of
<quote>poi</quote> followed by a bridi (often just a selbri) terminated with
<quote>ku'o</quote> or
<quote>vau</quote> (which can usually be elided). Consider the difference between</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NPX7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da viska la djim.</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X : X sees Jim.</gloss>
@@ -439,21 +439,21 @@
<en>All dogs breathe.</en>
<!-- ^^ breathe: example, 363 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>breathe</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DFen" /> is a silly falsehood, but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-njh0" /> is an important truth (at least if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />). Note the various colloquial translations
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />). Note the various colloquial translations
<quote>every dog</quote>,
<quote>each dog</quote>, and
<quote>all dogs</quote>. They all come to the same thing in Lojban, since what is true of every dog is true of all dogs.
<quote>All dogs</quote> is treated as an English plural and the others as singular, but Lojban makes no distinction.</para>
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>plural</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If we make an existential claim about dogs rather than a universal one, we get:</para>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
@@ -683,21 +683,21 @@
<en>For-at-least-two Xes : X sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which would be false if nothing, or only one thing, saw the speaker, but not otherwise. We note the
<quote>su'o</quote> here meaning
<quote>at least</quote>;
<quote>su'o</quote> by itself is short for
<quote>su'opa</quote> where
<quote>pa</quote> means
<quote>one</quote>, as is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />.</para>
<para>The prenex may be removed from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3C69" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mSzo" /> as from the others, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2r5v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re da viska mi</jbo>
<en>Two Xes see me.</en>
@@ -864,21 +864,21 @@
</example>
<para>which picks out two groups, one of three dogs and the other of two men, and says that every one of the dogs bites each of the men. The second Lojban version uses forethought; note that
<quote>nu'u</quote> is an elidable terminator, and in this case can be freely elided.</para>
<para>What about descriptors, like
<quote>ci lo gerku</quote>,
<quote>le nanmu</quote> or
<quote>re le ci mlatu</quote>? They too can be grouped in termsets, but usually need not be, except for the
<quote>lo</quote> case which functions like the case without a descriptor. Unless an actual quantifier precedes it,
<quote>le nanmu</quote> means
<quote>ro le nanmu</quote>, as is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />. Two sumti with
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />. Two sumti with
<quote>ro</quote> quantifiers are independent of order, so:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MADY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ro] le ci gerku cu batci [ro] le re nanmu</jbo>
<en>[All of] the three dogs bite [all of] the two men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1051,29 +1051,29 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fAo5" /> says, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e7ta" /> turns out to be an effective translation of our original
<xref linkend="example-random-id-R4mX" />. So uses of
<quote>any</quote> that aren't universal end up being reflected by variables bound in the prenex of a subordinate bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section9">
<title>Negation boundaries</title>
<para>This section, as well as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section10" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12" />, are in effect a continuation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />, introducing features of Lojban negation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the examples below,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />, introducing features of Lojban negation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the examples below,
<quote>there is a Y</quote> and the like must be understood as
<!-- ^^ there is a Y: expression, notation convention, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>there is a Y</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>there is at least one Y, possibly more</quote>.</para>
<para>As explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />, the negation of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />, the negation of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting
<quote>na</quote> at the beginning of the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hBRH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [false] go-to the store.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that I go to the store.</gloss>
<en>I don't go to the store.</en>
@@ -1365,21 +1365,21 @@
<primary>negation and logical connectives</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bridi negation and logical connectives</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ negation and logical connectives: caveat for logic chapter discussions, 403 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negation and logical connectives</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>A complete discussion of logical connectives appears in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. What is said here is intentionally quite incomplete and makes several oversimplifications.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. What is said here is intentionally quite incomplete and makes several oversimplifications.</para>
<para>A logical connective is a cmavo or compound cmavo. In this chapter, we will make use of the logical connectives
<quote>and</quote> and
<quote>or</quote> (where
<quote>or</quote> really means
<quote>and/or</quote>,
<quote>either or both</quote>). The following simplified recipes explain how to make some logical connectives:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>To logically connect two Lojban sumti with
<quote>and</quote>, put them both in the bridi and separate them with the cmavo
@@ -1758,21 +1758,21 @@
<quote>q</quote> stand for terms or sentences)
<quote>not (p or q)</quote> is identical to
<quote>not p and not q</quote>, and
<quote>not (p and q)</quote> is identical to
<quote>not p or not q</quote>. The corresponding changes for the other two basic Lojban connectives are:
<quote>not (p equivalent to q)</quote> is identical to
<quote>not p exclusive-or not q</quote>, and
<quote>not (p whether-or-not q)</quote> is identical to both
<quote>not p whether-or-not q</quote> and
<quote>not p whether-or-not not q</quote>. In any Lojban sentence having one of the basic connectives, you can substitute in either direction from these identities. (These basic connectives are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />.)</para>
<para>The effects of DeMorgan's Law on the logical connectives made by modifying the basic connectives with
<quote>nai</quote>,
<quote>na</quote> and
<quote>se</quote> can be derived directly from these rules; modify the basic connective for DeMorgan's Law by substituting from the above identities, and then, apply each
<quote>nai</quote>,
<quote>na</quote> and
<quote>se</quote> modifier of the original connectives. Cancel any double negatives that result.</para>
<!-- ^^ double negatives: effect of interactions between quantifiers and negation on, 403 -->
<!-- ^^ interactions between quantifiers and negation: effect, 403 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1782,21 +1782,21 @@
<primary>double negatives</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>When do we apply DeMorgan's Law? Whenever we wish to
<quote>distribute</quote> a negation over a logical connective; and, for internal
<quote>naku</quote> negation, whenever a logical connective moves in to, or out of, the scope of a negation - when it crosses a negation boundary.</para>
<para>Let us apply DeMorgan's Law to some sample sentences. These sentences make use of forethought logical connectives, which are explained in
<!-- ^^ forethought logical connectives: within tanru, 92 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>forethought logical connectives</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. It suffices to know that
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. It suffices to know that
<quote>ga</quote> and
<quote>gi</quote>, used before each of a pair of sumti or bridi, mean
<quote>either</quote> and
<quote>or</quote> respectively, and that
<quote>ge</quote> and
<quote>gi</quote> used similarly mean
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote>. Furthermore,
<quote>ga</quote>,
<quote>ge</quote>, and
@@ -1860,21 +1860,21 @@
<quote>gi</quote>, meaning
<quote>either-or</quote>, have become
<quote>ge</quote> and
<quote>gi</quote>, meaning
<quote>both-and</quote>, as a consequence of moving the negators into the individual bridi.</para>
<para>Here is another example of DeMorgan's Law in action, involving bridi-tail logical connection (explained in
<!-- ^^ bridi-tail logical connection: and DeMorgan's Law, 408 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bridi-tail logical connection</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />):</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHpR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla</jbo>
<en>Jane to-the market [false] both walks and runs.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHQ2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -2091,21 +2091,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP" /> mean? The appearance of
<quote>ci da</quote> quantifies
<quote>da</quote> as referring to three things, which are restricted by the relative clause to be cats. When
<quote>re da</quote> appears later, it refers to two of those three things - there is no saying which ones. Further uses of
<quote>da</quote> alone, if there were any, would refer once more to the three cats, so the requantification of
<quote>da</quote> is purely local.</para>
<para>In general, the scope of a prenex that precedes a sentence extends to following sentences that are joined by ijeks (explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />) such as the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />) such as the
<quote>.ije</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP" />. Theoretically, a bare
<quote>.i</quote> terminates the scope of the prenex. Informally, however, variables may persist for a while even after an
<quote>.i</quote>, as if it were an
<quote>.ije</quote>. Prenexes that precede embedded bridi such as relative clauses and abstractions extend only to the end of the clause, as explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8" />. A prenex preceding
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> long-scope brackets persists until the
<quote>tu'u</quote>, which may be many sentences or even paragraphs later.</para>
<para>If the variables
<quote>da</quote>,
@@ -2119,21 +2119,21 @@
<quote>bu'e</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ bu'e, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bu'e</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>bu'i</quote>) are insufficient in number for handling a particular problem, the Lojban approach is to add a subscript to any of them. Each possible different combination of a subscript and a variable cmavo counts as a distinct variable in Lojban. Subscripts are explained in full in
<!-- ^^ bu'i, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bu'i</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />, but in general consist of the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />, but in general consist of the cmavo
<quote>xi</quote> (of selma'o XI) followed by a number, one or more lerfu words forming a single string, or a general mathematical expression enclosed in parentheses.</para>
<para>A quantifier can be prefixed to a variable that has already been bound either in a prenex or earlier in the bridi, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6gyb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e14d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi prenu cu se ralju pa da</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xs which are-persons are-led-by one-of X</gloss>
<en>Three people are led by one of them.</en>
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 807881c..3005c3b 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter17">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-letterals">
<title>Chapter 17 As Easy As A-B-C? The Lojban Letteral System And Its Uses</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section1">
<title>What's a letteral, anyway?</title>
<para>James Cooke Brown, the founder of the Loglan Project, coined the word
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>letteral</quote> (by analogy with
<quote>numeral</quote>) to mean a letter of the alphabet, such as
@@ -1311,21 +1311,21 @@
<primary>la'e lu</primary>
</indexterm>
<en>The-referent-of [quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is correct.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section11">
<title>Mathematical uses of lerfu strings</title>
<para>This chapter is not about Lojban mathematics, which is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />, so the mathematical uses of lerfu strings will be listed and exemplified but not explained.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />, so the mathematical uses of lerfu strings will be listed and exemplified but not explained.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>A lerfu string as mathematical variable:</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Nuz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 950b2fd..07c2134 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter18">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-mekso">
<title>Chapter 18 lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>lojbau mekso (
<quote>Lojbanic mathematical-expression</quote>) is the part of the Lojban language that is tailored for expressing statements of a mathematical character, or for adding numerical information to non-mathematical statements. Its formal design goals include:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>representing all the different forms of expression used by mathematicians in their normal modes of writing, so that a reader can unambiguously read off mathematical text as written with minimal effort and expect a listener to understand it;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -1905,21 +1905,21 @@
</indexterm>
<quote>at least some part of</quote>. The quantifiers
<quote>ro</quote>,
<quote>su'o</quote>,
<quote>piro</quote>, and
<quote>pisu'o</quote> are particularly important in Lojban, as they are implicitly used in the descriptions introduced by the cmavo of selma'o LA and LE, as explained in
<!-- ^^ pisu'o: explanation of meaning, 130 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pisu'o</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />. Descriptions in general are outside the scope of this chapter.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />. Descriptions in general are outside the scope of this chapter.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section10">
<title>Non-decimal and compound bases</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ju'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>VUhU</selmaho>
<description>to the base</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -2311,21 +2311,21 @@
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-n52D" />, the conversion cmavo
<quote>se</quote> swaps the x1 and the x2 places, so that the new x1 is the set. The x4 set is unspecified, so the implication is that the rats are
<quote>many</quote> with respect to some unspecified comparison set.</para>
<!-- ^^ comparison: claims related to based on form, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>comparison</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>More explanations about the interrelationship of sets, masses, and individuals can be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>moi</quote> creates ordinal selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<!-- ^^ ordinal selbri: definition, 447; place structure, 447; place structure effect from subjective numbers, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ordinal selbri</primary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is the (n)th member of set x2 when ordered by rule x3
</programlisting>
<para>Some examples:</para>
@@ -2590,21 +2590,21 @@
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>number question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>xo</quote>, a member of selma'o PA, is used to ask questions whose answers are numbers. Like most Lojban question words, it fills the blank where the answer should go. (See
<!-- ^^ xo, 449 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>xo</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" /> for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIiE" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li xo</jbo>
<!-- ^^ xo, 449 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>xo</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -2718,21 +2718,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo</jbo>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eMsd" /> for the standard method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object.</para>
<para>More information on the uses of subscripts may be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section14">
<title>Infix operators revisited</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu'o</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ tu'o, 450, 453; for infix operations with too few operands, 450 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tu'o</primary>
@@ -3193,21 +3193,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lo'o</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<!-- ^^ logical language: truth functions, 333 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>logical language</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para>In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e9Xi" /> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e9Xi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -3804,34 +3804,34 @@
<en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
<quote>mai</quote> and
<quote>mo'o</quote> is that
<quote>mo'o</quote> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
<quote>mo'o</quote> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
<quote>mai</quote>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
<quote>mo'o</quote>. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> for more on these words.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" /> for more on these words.)</para>
<para>A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
<!-- ^^ digit string: definition of, 458 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>digit string</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>roi</quote>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
<!-- ^^ roi, 226, 458 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>roi</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed discussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />.</para>
<para>Note: the elidable terminator
<quote>boi</quote> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section20">
<title>Explicit operator precedence</title>
<!-- ^^ operator precedence: and mathematical notation, 436; effect of pragmatic convention, 436; generalized explicit specification, 437; in Lojban default, 436; plans for future, 458; rationale for default left-grouping, 436; scope modification with bi'e, 437; specifying by parenthesis, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>operator precedence</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>As mentioned earlier, Lojban does provide a way for the precedences of operators to be explicitly declared, although current parsers do not understand these declarations.</para>
@@ -4142,21 +4142,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DzMH" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-HNyL" /> are too simple, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2C3I" /> is too tricky. Nevertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these examples illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all, can probably be said in more than one way.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section23">
<title>mekso selma'o summary</title>
<para>Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
BOI elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings
BY lerfu for variables and functions (see
-<xref linkend="cll_chapter17" />)
+<xref linkend="chapter-letterals" />)
FUhA reverse-Polish flag
GOhA includes
<quote>du</quote> (mathematical equality) and other non-mekso cmavo
<!-- ^^ mathematical equality: expressing, 435 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mathematical equality</primary>
</indexterm>
JOhI array flag
KUhE elidable terminator for forethought mekso
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 4536962..24cbd73 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter19">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-structure">
<title>Chapter 19 Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>This chapter is incurably miscellaneous. It describes the cmavo that specify the structure of Lojban texts, from the largest scale (paragraphs) to the smallest (single words). There are fewer examples than are found in other chapters of this book, since the linguistic mechanisms described are generally made use of in conversation or else in long documents.</para>
<para>This chapter is also not very self-contained. It makes passing reference to a great many concepts which are explained in full only in other chapters. The alternative would be a chapter on text structure which was as complex as all the other chapters put together. Lojban is a unified language, and it is not possible to understand any part of it (in full) before understanding every part of it (to some degree).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section2">
<title>Sentences: I</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -43,42 +43,42 @@
<primary>stories</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Note that although the first letter of an English sentence is capitalized, the cmavo
<quote>.i</quote> is never capitalized. In writing, it is appropriate to place extra space before
<quote>.i</quote> to make it stand out better for the reader. In some styles of Lojban writing, every
<quote>.i</quote> is placed at the beginning of a line, possibly leaving space at the end of the previous line.</para>
<para>An
<quote>.i</quote> cmavo may or may not be used when the speaker of the following sentence is different from the speaker of the preceding sentence, depending on whether the sentences are felt to be connected or not.</para>
<para>An
<quote>.i</quote> cmavo can be compounded with a logical or non-logical connective (a jek or joik), a modal or tense connective, or both: these constructs are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. In all cases, the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />, and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. In all cases, the
<quote>.i</quote> comes first in the compound. Attitudinals can also be attached to an
<quote>.i</quote> if they are meant to apply to the whole sentence: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />.</para>
<para>There exist a pair of mechanisms for binding a sequence of sentences closely together. If the
<quote>.i</quote> (with or without connectives) is followed by
<quote>bo</quote> (of selma'o BO), then the two sentences being separated are understood to be more closely grouped than sentences connected by
<quote>.i</quote> alone.</para>
<para>Similarly, a group of sentences can be preceded by
<quote>tu'e</quote> (of selma'o TUhE) and followed by
<quote>tu'u</quote> (of selma'o TUhU) to fuse them into a single unit. A common use of
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> is to group the sentences which compose a poem: the title sentence would precede the group, separated from it by
<quote>.i</quote>. Another use might be a set of directions, where each numbered direction might be surrounded by
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> and contain one or more sentences separated by
<quote>.i</quote>. Grouping with
<quote>tu'e</quote> and
<quote>tu'u</quote> is analogous to grouping with
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote> to establish the scope of logical or non-logical connectives (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section3">
<title>Paragraphs: NIhO</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ni'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>NIhO</selmaho>
<description>new topic</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -278,35 +278,35 @@
<quote>zo'u</quote>. This is not normally useful in topic-comment sentences, but is necessary in the other use of
<!-- ^^ topic-comment sentences, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>topic-comment sentences</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ topic-comment: description, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>topic-comment</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>zo'u</quote>: to separate a quantifying section from a bridi containing quantified variables. This usage belongs to a discussion of quantifier logic in Lojban (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />), but an example would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />), but an example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6yRx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda poi prenu ku'o su'ode zo'u de patfu da</jbo>
<gloss>For-all X which-are-persons, there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>Every person has a father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The string of sumti before
<quote>zo'u</quote> (called the
<quote>prenex</quote>: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />) may contain both a topic and bound variables:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />) may contain both a topic and bound variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ggMy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi patfu roda poi prenu ku'o</jbo>
<gloss>su'ode zo'u de patfu da</gloss>
<gloss>For-the-mass-of fathers for-all X which-are-persons,</gloss>
<gloss>there-exists-a-Y such-that Y is the father of X.</gloss>
<en>As for fathers, every person has one.</en>
@@ -481,21 +481,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[True or false?] You go to the store</gloss>
<en>Are you going to the store/Did you go to the store?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Since the Lojban is tenseless, either colloquial translation might be correct.) Truth questions are further discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />.</para>
<para>Fill-in-the-blank questions have a cmavo representing some Lojban word or phrase which is not known to the questioner, and which the answerer is to supply. There are a variety of cmavo belonging to different selma'o which provide different kinds of blanks.</para>
<para>Where a sumti is not known, a question may be formed with
<quote>ma</quote> (of selma'o KOhA), which is a kind of pro-sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pqzy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[What sumti?] goes-to the store</gloss>
@@ -581,21 +581,21 @@
<primary>Marsha</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: A mechanical substitution of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yGYX" /> into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nDeV" /> produces an ungrammatical result, because
<quote>* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</quote> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
<quote>le zarci</quote> has to be closed with its proper terminator
<quote>ku</quote>, for reasons explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
<para>Questions to be answered with a selbri are expressed with
<quote>mo</quote> of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uVCW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. mo</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban [what selbri?]</gloss>
<en>What is Lojban?</en>
@@ -656,67 +656,67 @@
</indexterm>
<quote>je'i</quote> of JA, and receiving an ek, gihek, ijek, or ijoik as an answer) - see
<!-- ^^ je'i, 352 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>je'i</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ ijoik: as name for compound cmavo, 336; definition, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ijoik</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />; attitudes (using
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />; attitudes (using
<quote>pei</quote> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />; place structures (using
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />; place structures (using
<quote>fi'a</quote> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) - see
<!-- ^^ fi'a, 191; effect on subsequent untagged sumti, 192 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>fi'a</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />; tenses and modals (using
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />; tenses and modals (using
<quote>cu'e</quote> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as an answer) - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />.</para>
<para>Questions can be marked by placing
<quote>pau</quote> (of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
<!-- ^^ pau, 322; placement in sentence, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pau</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" /> for details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" /> for details.</para>
<para>The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to questions is:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>any number of sumti (with elidable terminator
<quote>vau</quote>, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a number, or any mathematical expression placed in parentheses (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a bare
<quote>na</quote> negator (to negate some previously expressed bridi), or corresponding
<quote>ja'a</quote> affirmer (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a relative clause (to modify some previously expressed sumti, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>a prenex/topic (to modify some previously expressed bridi, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>linked arguments (beginning with
<!-- ^^ linked arguments, 471 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked arguments</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>be</quote> or
<quote>bei</quote> and attached to some previously expressed selbri, often in a description,see
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri" />)</para>
@@ -724,30 +724,30 @@
</itemizedlist>
<para>At the beginning of a text, the following non-bridi are also permitted:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>one or more names (to indicate direct address without
<!-- ^^ direct address, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>direct address</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>doi</quote>, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>indicators (to express a prevailing attitude, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<quote>nai</quote> (to vaguely negate something or other, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Where not needed for the expression of answers, most of these are made grammatical for pragmatic reasons: people will say them in conversation, and there is no reason to rule them out as ungrammatical merely because most of them are vague.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section6">
<title>Subscripts: XI</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xi</cmavo>
@@ -815,21 +815,21 @@
</indexterm>
<gloss>mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</gloss>
<gloss>The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going</gloss>
<en>by-me to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn" /> shows that
<quote>nunkla</quote> has six places: the five places of
<quote>klama</quote> plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-QPGC" /> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (<xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />):</para>
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-QPGC" /> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (<xref linkend="chapter-structure" />):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zGhw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce cu sexixa nunkla mi</jbo>
<gloss>le zarci le zdani le dargu la'edi'u</gloss>
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>la'edi'u</primary>
@@ -856,21 +856,21 @@
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sMPn" /> to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EW1n" /> also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
<quote>sexixa</quote> and
<quote>faxixa</quote> without change of meaning:
<quote>vexixa</quote> means the same thing as
<quote>sexixa</quote>.</para>
<para>Lojban provides two groups of pro-sumti, both belonging to selma'o KOhA. The ko'a-series cmavo are used to refer to explicitly specified sumti to which they have been bound using
<quote>goi</quote>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo and 3 da-series cmavo available.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />.) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo and 3 da-series cmavo available.</para>
<para>If more are required, any cmavo of the ko'a-series or the da-series can be subscripted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bday">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>daxivo</jbo>
<en>X sub 4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1075,21 +1075,21 @@
<quote>attitudinals</quote>, words which indicate the speaker's attitude to what is being said. The attitudinals include indicators of emotion, intensity markers, discursives (which show the structure of discourse), and evidentials (which indicate
<!-- ^^ evidentials: ba'a scale, 316; definition, 315; grammar, 315; in English, 315; indisputable bridi, 315; inspiration for, 315; ja'o contrasted with su'a, 316; ka'u contrasted with se'o, 316; placement in bridi, 315; quick-tour version, 25; rhetorical flavor, 315; scales, 315; se'o contrasted with ka'u, 316; su'a contrasted with ja'o, 316 -->
<!-- ^^ indisputable bridi, 315 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indisputable bridi</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>evidentials</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>how the speaker knows</quote>). Most of these words belong to selma'o UI; the intensity markers belong to selma'o CAI for historical reasons, but the two selma'o are grammatically identical. The individual cmavo of UI and CAI are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />; only the rules for applying them in discourse are presented here.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />; only the rules for applying them in discourse are presented here.</para>
<para>Normally, an attitudinal applies to the preceding word only. However, if the preceding word is a structural cmavo which begins or ends a whole construction, then that whole construction is affected by the attitudinal:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiQv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e8d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le blanu .ia zdani [ku]</jbo>
<gloss>I see the blue [belief] house.</gloss>
<en>I see the house, which I believe to be blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1234,21 +1234,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>opening quotation</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>li'u</quote> (of selma'o LIhU) as the closing quotation mark. The text between
<quote>lu</quote> and
<quote>li'u</quote> must be a valid, parseable Lojban text. If the quotation is ungrammatical, so is the surrounding expression. The cmavo
<quote>li'u</quote> is technically an elidable terminator, but it's almost never possible to elide it except at the end of text.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>lo'u</quote> (of selma'o LOhU) and
<quote>le'u</quote> (of selma'o LEhU) are used to surround a quotation that is not necessarily grammatical Lojban. However, the text must consist of morphologically correct Lojban words (as defined in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />), so that the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />), so that the
<quote>le'u</quote> can be picked out reliably. The words need not be meaningful, but they must be recognizable as cmavo, brivla, or cmene. Quotation with
<quote>lo'u</quote> is essential to quoting ungrammatical Lojban for teaching in the language, the equivalent of the * that is used in English to mark such errors:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IUz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'u mi du do du la djan. le'u na tergerna la lojban.</jbo>
<en>[quote] mi du do du la djan. [unquote] is-not a-grammatical-structure in Lojban.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2050,21 +2050,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla fo la .esperanto si si .esperanton.</jbo>
<en>I talk in-language that-named
<quote>and</quote>
<quote>speranto</quote>, er, er, Esperanto.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The Lojbanized spelling
<quote>.esperanto</quote> breaks up, as a consequence of the Lojban morphology rules (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />) into two Lojban words, the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />) into two Lojban words, the cmavo
<quote>.e</quote> and the undefined fu'ivla
<quote>speranto</quote>. Therefore, two
<quote>si</quote> cmavo are needed to erase them. Of course,
<quote>.e speranto</quote> is not grammatical after
<quote>la</quote>, but recognition of
<quote>si</quote> is done before grammatical analysis.</para>
<para>Even more messy is the result of an incorrect
<quote>zoi</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zoWF">
<title>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 007f387..d27ddd3 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter2">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-tour">
<title>Chapter 2 A Quick Tour of Lojban Grammar, With Diagrams</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section1">
<title>The concept of the bridi</title>
<para>This chapter gives diagrammed examples of basic Lojban sentence structures. The most general pattern is covered first, followed by successive variations on the basic components of the Lojban sentence. There are many more capabilities not covered in this chapter, but covered in detail in later chapters, so this chapter is a
<quote>quick tour</quote> of the material later covered more slowly throughout the book. It also introduces most of the Lojban words used to discuss Lojban grammar.</para>
<para>Let us consider John and Sam and three statements about them:</para>
<!-- ^^ John and Sam: example, 11 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>John and Sam</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -120,21 +120,21 @@
<quote>gismu</quote>, and the definition in a dictionary gives the place structure explicitly. The primary task of constructing a Lojban sentence, after choosing the relationship itself, is deciding what you will use to fill in the sumti places.</para>
<para>This book uses the Lojban terms
<quote>bridi</quote>,
<quote>sumti</quote>, and
<quote>selbri</quote>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
<para>The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section2">
<title>Pronunciation</title>
<para>Detailed pronunciation and spelling rules are given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" />, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-phonology" />, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
<para>Lojban has six recognized vowels:
<quote>a</quote>,
<quote>e</quote>,
<quote>i</quote>,
<quote>o</quote>,
<quote>u</quote> and
<quote>y</quote>. The first five are roughly pronounced as
<quote>a</quote> as in
<quote>father</quote>,
<quote>e</quote> as in
@@ -208,21 +208,21 @@
<primary>glottal stop</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>h</quote>. Unlike a regular consonant, it is not found at the beginning or end of a word, nor is it found adjacent to a consonant; it is only found between two vowels. The comma has no sound associated with it, and is used to separate syllables that might ordinarily run together. It is not used in this chapter.</para>
<para>Stress falls on the next to the last syllable of all words, unless that vowel is
<quote>y</quote>, which is never stressed; in such words the third-to-last syllable is stressed. If a word only has one syllable, then that syllable is not stressed.</para>
<para>All Lojban words are pronounced as they are spelled: there are no silent letters.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section3">
<title>Words that can act as sumti</title>
<para>Here is a short table of single words used as sumti. This table provides examples only, not the entire set of such words, which may be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi I/me, we/us
do you
ti this, these
ta that, those
tu that far away, those far away
zo'e unspecified value (used when a sumti is
unimportant or obvious)
</programlisting>
<para>Lojban sumti are not specific as to number (singular or plural), nor gender (masculine/feminine/neutral). Such distinctions can be optionally added by methods that are beyond the scope of this chapter.</para>
@@ -234,21 +234,21 @@
<quote>ti</quote>,
<quote>ta</quote>, and
<quote>tu</quote> refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and should not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.</para>
<para>Names may also be used as sumti, provided they are preceded with the word
<quote>la</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la meris. the one/ones named Mary
la djan. the one/ones named John
</programlisting>
<para>Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojban names: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" /> for more information.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" /> for more information.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section4">
<title>Some words used to indicate selbri relations</title>
<para>Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in this chapter:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
vecnu x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)
tavla x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4
sutra x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)
blari'o x1 (object/light source) is blue-green
melbi x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3
@@ -270,22 +270,22 @@
<primary>healthy</primary>
</indexterm>
stali x1 stays/remains with x2
zarci x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)
</programlisting>
<para>Each selbri (relation) has a specific rule that defines the role of each sumti in the bridi, based on its position. In the table above, that order was expressed by labeling the sumti positions as x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5.</para>
<para>Like the table in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section3" />, this table is far from complete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new words to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference between Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and English; in English, most people are very leery of using words that
<quote>aren't in the dictionary</quote>. Lojbanists are encouraged to invent new words; doing so is a major way of participating in the development of the language.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> explains how to make new words, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" /> explains how to make new words, and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" /> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5">
<title>Some simple Lojban bridi</title>
<para>Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the gismu
<quote>tavla</quote> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Lis">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1205,21 +1205,21 @@
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>la'edi'u</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>di'u</quote> by itself.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section13">
<title>Possession</title>
<para>
<quote>Possession</quote> refers to the concept of specifying an object by saying who it belongs to (or with). A full explanation of Lojban possession is given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />. A simple means of expressing possession, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, between the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />. A simple means of expressing possession, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, between the
<quote>le</quote> and the selbri of the description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e13d1" />
</title>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
13.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le mi gerku</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
@@ -1379,21 +1379,21 @@
</programlisting>
</example>
<para>both mean
<quote>You take care of you</quote> and
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15">
<title>Questions</title>
<para>There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" /> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
<!-- ^^ sumti questions: quick-tour version, 22 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>sumti questions</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ selbri questions: quick-tour version, 23 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>selbri questions</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ma</quote> is used to create a sumti question: it indicates that the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the location of the
@@ -1660,21 +1660,21 @@
</example>
<para>A general negative answer may be given by
<!-- ^^ negative answer: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negative answer</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>na go'i</quote>.
<quote>na</quote> may be placed before any selbri (but after the
<quote>cu</quote>). It is equivalent to stating
<quote>It is not true that ...</quote> before the bridi. It does not imply that anything else is true or untrue, only that that specific bridi is not true. More details on negative statements are available in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16">
<title>Indicators</title>
<para>Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written language. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. Aha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to culture.</para>
<!-- ^^ interjections: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>interjections</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Lojban has a group of cmavo known as
<quote>attitudinal indicators</quote> which specifically covers this type of commentary on spoken statements. They are both written and spoken, but require no specific intonation or gestures. Grammatically they are very simple: one or more attitudinals at the beginning of a bridi apply to the entire bridi; anywhere else in the bridi they apply to the word immediately to the left. For example:</para>
@@ -2014,37 +2014,37 @@
<!-- ^^ grammatical terms: quick-tour version, 26 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>grammatical terms</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Here is a review of the Lojban grammatical terms used in this chapter, plus some others used throughout this book. Only terms that are themselves Lojban words are included: there are of course many expressions like
<!-- ^^ grammatical terms: quick-tour version, 26 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>grammatical terms</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>indicator</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" /> that are not explained here. See the Index for further help with these.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" /> that are not explained here. See the Index for further help with these.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>bridi:</term>
<listitem>
<para>predication; the basic unit of Lojban expression; the main kind of Lojban sentence; a claim that some objects stand in some relationship, or that some single object has some property.</para>
<!-- ^^ some relationship: example, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>some relationship</primary>
</indexterm>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>sumti:</term>
<listitem>
<para>argument; words identifying something which stands in a specified relationship to something else, or which has a specified property. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>selbri:</term>
<listitem>
<para>logical predicate; the core of a bridi; the word or words specifying the relationship between the objects referred to by the sumti. See
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
@@ -2058,63 +2058,63 @@
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>brivla:</term>
<listitem>
<para>one of the Lojban parts of speech; a content word; a predicate word; can function as a selbri; is a gismu, a lujvo, or a fu'ivla. See
<!-- ^^ parts of speech, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>parts of speech</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>gismu:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a root word; a kind of brivla; has associated rafsi. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>lujvo:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a compound word; a kind of brivla; may or may not appear in a dictionary; does not have associated rafsi. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>fu'ivla:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a borrowed word; a kind of brivla; may or may not appear in a dictionary; copied in a modified form from some non-Lojban language; usually refers to some aspect of culture or the natural world; does not have associated rafsi. See
<!-- ^^ aspect: expressing, 228; natural languages compared with respect to, 228 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>aspect</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>rafsi:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a word fragment; one or more is associated with each gismu; can be assembled according to rules in order to make lujvo; not a valid word by itself. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>tanru:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a group of two or more brivla, possibly with associated cmavo, that form a selbri; always divisible into two parts, with the first part modifying the meaning of the second part (which is taken to be basic). See
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>selma'o:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a group of cmavo that have the same grammatical use (can appear interchangeably in sentences, as far as the grammar is concerned) but differ in meaning or other usage. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter20" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-catalogue" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index 67e75bd..e0bb2c8 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter20">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-catalogue">
<title>Chapter 20 A Catalogue of selma'o</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter20-sectionindex.html">
<title />
<!--
<h6>$Revision: 4.3 $<br />
mkhtml: 1.1</h6>
-->
<para>The following paragraphs list all the selma'o of Lojban, with a brief explanation of what each one is about, and reference to the chapter number where each is explained more fully. As usual, all selma'o names are given in capital letters (with “h” serving as the capital of “'”) and are the names of a representative cmavo, often the most important or the first in alphabetical order. One example is given of each selma'o: for selma'o which have several uses, the most common use is shown.</para>
<!-- ^^ capital letters: use in Lojban, 415; use of, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1461,21 +1461,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="ZAhO" /> selma'o ZAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginning, ending, continuing).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu'o damba
I [inchoative] fight.
I’m on the verge of fighting.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="ZEI" /> selma'o ZEI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6" />)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands between into the equivalent of a lujvo.</para>
<!-- ^^ morphological glue, 507 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>morphological glue</primary>
</indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta xy. zei kantu kacma
That is-an-(X - ray) camera.
That is an X-ray camera.
<!-- ^^ X-ray: example, 60 -->
diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml
index 9a5be8c..b1aac7c 100644
--- a/todocbook/21.xml
+++ b/todocbook/21.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter21">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-grammars">
<title>Chapter 21 Formal Grammars</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter21-section1">
<title>YACC Grammar of Lojban</title>
<para>The following two listings constitute the formal grammar of Lojban. The first version is written in the YACC language, which is used to describe parsers, and has been used to create a parser for Lojban texts. This parser is available from the Logical Language Group. The second listing is in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) and represents the same grammar in a more human-readable form. (In case of discrepancies, the YACC version is official.) There is a cross-reference listing for each format that shows, for each selma'o and rule, which rules refer to it.</para>
<!-- ^^ formal grammar, 511 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>formal grammar</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>/* /*Lojban Machine Grammar, Final Baseline The Lojban Machine Grammardocument is explicitly dedicated to the public domain by its author,The Logical Language Group, Inc.</para>
<para>grammar.300 */</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 2fe5135..ce5d757 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter3">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-phonology">
<title>Chapter 3 The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section1">
<title>Orthography</title>
<para>Lojban is designed so that any properly spoken Lojban utterance can be uniquely transcribed in writing, and any properly written Lojban can be spoken so as to be uniquely reproduced by another person. As a consequence, the standard Lojban orthography must assign to each distinct sound, or phoneme, a unique letter or symbol. Each letter or symbol has only one sound or, more accurately, a limited range of sounds that are permitted pronunciations for that phoneme. Some symbols indicate stress (speech emphasis) and pause, which are also essential to Lojban word recognition. In addition, everything that is represented in other languages by punctuation (when written) or by tone of voice (when spoken) is represented in Lojban by words. These two properties together are known technically as
<!-- ^^ tone of voice, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tone of voice</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ orthography: non-standard, 45; relation to pronunciation, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -346,40 +346,40 @@
<phrase role="IPA">[dʒ]</phrase>). In general, whether a complex sound is considered one sound or two depends on the language: Russian views
<quote>ts</quote> as a single sound, whereas English, French, and Lojban consider it to be a consonant cluster.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3">
<title>The Special Lojban Characters</title>
<para>The apostrophe, period, and comma need special attention. They are all used as indicators of a division between syllables, but each has a different pronunciation, and each is used for different reasons:</para>
<para>The apostrophe represents a phoneme similar to a short, breathy English
<quote>h</quote>, (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>). The letter
<quote>h</quote> is not used to represent this sound for two reasons: primarily in order to simplify explanations of the morphology, but also because the sound is very common, and the apostrophe is a visually lightweight representation of it. The apostrophe sound is a consonant in nature, but is not treated as either a consonant or a vowel for purposes of Lojban morphology (word-formation), which is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />. In addition, the apostrophe visually parallels the comma and the period, which are also used (in different ways) to separate syllables.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />. In addition, the apostrophe visually parallels the comma and the period, which are also used (in different ways) to separate syllables.</para>
<para>The apostrophe is included in Lojban only to enable a smooth transition between vowels, while joining the vowels within a single word. In fact, one way to think of the apostrophe is as representing an unvoiced vowel glide.</para>
<!-- ^^ unvoiced vowel glide: apostrophe as, 31 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>unvoiced vowel glide</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>As a permitted variant, any unvoiced fricative other than those already used in Lojban may be used to render the apostrophe: IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[θ]</phrase> is one possibility. The convenience of the listener should be regarded as paramount in deciding to use a substitute for
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>.</para>
<para>The period represents a mandatory pause, with no specified length; a glottal stop (IPA
<!-- ^^ glottal stop: as pause in Lojban, 31 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>glottal stop</primary>
</indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase>) is considered a pause of shortest length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and in certain cases - explained in detail in
<!-- ^^ glottal stop: as pause in Lojban, 31 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>glottal stop</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />- must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />- must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para>
<para>Technically, the period is an optional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing period can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as an aid to the reader.</para>
<para>A period also may be found apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is not one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a space between words if a period appears.</para>
<para>The comma is used to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obvious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indicates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necessary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words. It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA
<!-- ^^ syllable break: contrasted with pause, 32; representation in Lojban, 32; symbol for, 416; word for, 416 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>syllable break</primary>
</indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>) sound in pronouncing a comma. However, a comma cannot be pronounced as a pause or glottal stop between the two letters separated by the comma, because that pronunciation would split the word into two words.</para>
<!-- ^^ glottal stop: as pause in Lojban, 31 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -670,21 +670,21 @@
</indexterm>
y'a y'e y'i y'o y'u y'y
</programlisting>
<para>Vowel pairs involving
<quote>y</quote> appear only in Lojbanized names. They could appear in cmavo (structure words), but only
<!-- ^^ structure words, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>structure words</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>.y'y.</quote> is so used - it is the Lojban name of the apostrophe letter (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals" />).</para>
<para>When more than two vowels occur together in Lojban, the normal pronunciation pairs vowels from the left into syllables, as in the Lojbanized name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RxtI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>meiin.</jbo>
<en>mei,in.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1303,21 +1303,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bisydja</jbo>
<gloss>BI,sy,dja</gloss>
<en>BI,syd,ja</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This word is a compound word, or lujvo, built from the two affixes
<quote>bis</quote> and
<quote>dja</quote>. When they are joined, an impermissible consonant pair results:
<quote>sd</quote>. In accordance with the algorithm for making lujvo, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />, a
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />, a
<quote>y</quote> is inserted to separate the impermissible consonant pair; the
<quote>y</quote> is not counted as a syllable for purposes of stress determination.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5g4j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da'udja</jbo>
<gloss>da'UD,ja</gloss>
<en>da'U,dja</en>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 59c21f1..5069c2e 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter4">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-morphology">
<title>Chapter 4 The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section1">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>Morphology is the part of grammar that deals with the form of words. Lojban's morphology is fairly simple compared to that of many languages, because Lojban words don't change form depending on how they are used. English has only a small number of such changes compared to languages like Russian, but it does have changes like
<quote>boys</quote> as the plural of
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>plural</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>boy</quote>, or
<quote>walked</quote> as the past-tense form of
<quote>walk</quote>. To make plurals or past tenses in Lojban, you add separate words to the sentence that express the number of boys, or the time when the walking was going on.</para>
@@ -170,21 +170,21 @@
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>5)</term>
<listitem>
<para>C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial consonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in
<!-- ^^ consonant pairs: in brivla, 53; initial, 36; letter y within, 53; restrictions on, 36 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>consonant pairs</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" />. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding
+ <xref linkend="chapter-phonology" />. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding
<quote>r</quote>,
<quote>l</quote>,
<quote>m</quote>,
<quote>n</quote>) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>6)</term>
<listitem>
<para>C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonant pair.</para>
@@ -210,21 +210,21 @@
<quote>the</quote> and
<quote>to</quote>; brivla are the content words, corresponding to English words like
<quote>come</quote>,
<quote>red</quote>,
<quote>doctor</quote>, and
<quote>freely</quote>; cmene are proper names, corresponding to English
<quote>James</quote>,
<quote>Afghanistan</quote>, and
<quote>Pope John Paul II</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section2">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section2">
<title>cmavo</title>
<para>The first group of Lojban words discussed in this chapter are the cmavo. They are the structure words that hold the Lojban language together. They often have no semantic meaning in themselves, though they may affect the semantics of brivla to which they are attached. The cmavo include the equivalent of English articles, conjunctions, prepositions, numbers, and punctuation marks. There are over a hundred subcategories of cmavo, known as
<!-- ^^ structure words, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>structure words</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ punctuation marks: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>punctuation marks</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -239,22 +239,22 @@
<!-- ^^ conjunctions: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>conjunctions</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ articles: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>articles</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>selma'o</quote>, each having a specifically defined grammatical usage. The various selma'o are discussed throughout
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri" /> to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> and summarized in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter20" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" /> and summarized in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-catalogue" />.</para>
<para>Standard cmavo occur in four forms defined by their word structure. Here are some examples of the various forms:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>V-form .a .e .i</cmavo>
<selmaho>.o</selmaho>
<description>.u</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>CV-form ba ce di</cmavo>
<selmaho>fo</selmaho>
@@ -295,21 +295,21 @@
<quote>sau'e</quote>, and
<quote>bai'ai</quote>. All CVV cmavo beginning with the letter
<quote>x</quote> are also reserved for experimental use. In general, though, the form of a cmavo tells you little or nothing about its grammatical use.</para>
<para>
<quote>Experimental use</quote> means that the language designers will not assign any standard meaning or usage to these words, and words and usages coined by Lojban speakers will not appear in official dictionaries for the indefinite future. Experimental-use words provide an escape hatch for adding grammatical mechanisms (as opposed to semantic concepts) the need for which was not foreseen.</para>
<para>The cmavo of VV-form include not only the diphthongs and vowel pairs listed in
<!-- ^^ vowel pairs: contrasted with diphthongs, 34; definition of, 34; grouping of, 35; involving y, 35; list of, 35; use of apostrophe in, 34 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>vowel pairs</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section1" />, but also the following ten additional diphthongs:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section1" />, but also the following ten additional diphthongs:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ia .ie .ii</cmavo>
<selmaho>.io</selmaho>
<description>.iu</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.ua .ue .ui</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ ue, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -319,21 +319,21 @@
<description>.uu</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>In addition, cmavo can have the form
<quote>Cy</quote>, a consonant followed by the letter
<quote>y</quote>. These cmavo represent letters of the Lojban alphabet, and are discussed in detail in
<!-- ^^ Lojban alphabet, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Lojban alphabet</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals" />.</para>
<para>Compound cmavo are sequences of cmavo attached together to form a single written word. A compound cmavo is always identical in meaning and in grammatical use to the separated sequence of simple cmavo from which it is composed. These words are written in compound form merely to save visual space, and to ease the reader's burden in identifying when the component cmavo are acting together.</para>
<para>Compound cmavo, while not visually short like their components, can be readily identified by two characteristics:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>1)</term>
<listitem>
<para>They have no consonant pairs or clusters, and</para>
<!-- ^^ consonant pairs: in brivla, 53; initial, 36; letter y within, 53; restrictions on, 36 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>consonant pairs</primary>
@@ -406,21 +406,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CtnR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>cy.ibu.abu</jbo>
<en>cy. .ibu .abu</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again the pauses are required (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section9" />); the pause after
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section9" />); the pause after
<quote>cy.</quote> merges with the pause before
<quote>.ibu</quote>.</para>
<para>There is no particular stress required in cmavo or their compounds. Some conventions do exist that are not mandatory. For two-syllable cmavo, for example, stress is typically placed on the first vowel; an example is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pdGY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'o ko ko kurji</jbo>
<!-- ^^ e'o, 303; contrasted with pe'u, 324 -->
@@ -484,21 +484,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sg0p">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e2d10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le re NANmu</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This would probably be the most common usage.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section3">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section3">
<title>brivla</title>
<para>Predicate words, called
<quote>brivla</quote>, are at the core of Lojban. They carry most of the semantic information in the language. They serve as the equivalent of English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, all in a single part of speech.</para>
<!-- ^^ verbs: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>verbs</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ nouns: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>nouns</primary>
@@ -523,21 +523,21 @@
<primary>flexible vocabulary</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>All brivla have the following properties:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>always end in a vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain a consonant pair in the first five letters, where
<quote>y</quote> and apostrophe are not counted as letters for this purpose. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section6" />.)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always are stressed on the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable; this implies that they have two or more syllables.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The presence of a consonant pair distinguishes brivla from cmavo and their compounds. The final vowel distinguishes brivla from cmene, which always end in a consonant. Thus
<quote>da'amei</quote> must be a compound cmavo because it lacks a consonant pair;
<quote>lojban.</quote> must be a name because it lacks a final vowel.</para>
<para>Thus,
<quote>bisycla</quote> has the consonant pair
@@ -558,39 +558,39 @@
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>lujvo, the compounds of two or more gismu; and</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>fu'ivla (literally
<quote>copy-word</quote>), the specialized words that are not Lojban primitives or natural compounds, and are therefore borrowed from other languages.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section4">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section4">
<title>gismu</title>
<para>The gismu, or Lojban root words, are those brivla representing concepts most basic to the language. The gismu were chosen for various reasons: some represent concepts that are very familiar and basic; some represent concepts that are frequently used in other languages; some were added because they would be helpful in constructing more complex words; some because they represent fundamental Lojban concepts (like
<quote>cmavo</quote> and
<quote>gismu</quote> themselves).</para>
<para>The gismu do not represent any sort of systematic partitioning of semantic space. Some gismu may be superfluous, or appear for historical reasons: the gismu list was being collected for almost 35 years and was only weeded out once. Instead, the intention is that the gismu blanket semantic space: they make it possible to talk about the entire range of human concerns.</para>
<para>There are about 1350 gismu. In learning Lojban, you need only to learn most of these gismu and their combining forms (known as
<!-- ^^ learning Lojban: magnitude of task, 53 -->
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>magnitude</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>learning Lojban</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>rafsi</quote>) as well as perhaps 200 major cmavo, and you will be able to communicate effectively in the language. This may sound like a lot, but it is a small number compared to the vocabulary needed for similar communications in other languages.</para>
<para>All gismu have very strong form restrictions. Using the conventions defined in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section1" />, all gismu are of the forms CVC/CV or CCVCV. They must meet the rules for all brivla given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section3" />; furthermore, they:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section1" />, all gismu are of the forms CVC/CV or CCVCV. They must meet the rules for all brivla given in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section3" />; furthermore, they:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>always have five letters;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always start with a consonant and end with a single vowel;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>always contain exactly one consonant pair, which is a permissible initial pair (CC) if it's at the beginning of the gismu, but otherwise only has to be a permissible pair (C/C);</para>
</listitem>
@@ -610,21 +610,21 @@
<quote>kismu</quote>,
<quote>xismu</quote>,
<quote>gicmu</quote>,
<quote>gizmu</quote>, and
<quote>gisnu</quote> cannot be.</para>
<para>Almost all Lojban gismu are constructed from pieces of words drawn from other languages, specifically Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic, the six most widely spoken natural languages. For a given concept, words in the six languages that represent that concept were written in Lojban phonetics. Then a gismu was selected to maximize the recognizability of the Lojban word for speakers of the six languages by weighting the inclusion of the sounds drawn from each language by the number of speakers of that language. See
<!-- ^^ inclusion: property of sets, 125 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>inclusion</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section14" /> for a full explanation of the algorithm.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section14" /> for a full explanation of the algorithm.</para>
<para>Here are a few examples of gismu, with rough English equivalents (not definitions):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJ0x" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>creka</jbo>
<en>shirt</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -685,23 +685,23 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qj71" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ninmu</jbo>
<en>woman</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A small number of gismu were formed differently; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section15" /> for a list.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section15" /> for a list.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section5">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section5">
<title>lujvo</title>
<para>When specifying a concept that is not found among the gismu (or, more specifically, when the relevant gismu seems too general in meaning), a Lojbanist generally attempts to express the concept as a tanru. Lojban tanru are an elaboration of the concept of
<quote>metaphor</quote> used in English. In Lojban, any brivla can be used to modify another brivla. The first of the pair modifies the second. This modification is usually restrictive - the modifying brivla reduces the broader sense of the modified brivla to form a more narrow, concrete, or specific concept. Modifying brivla may thus be seen as acting like English adverbs or adjectives. For example,</para>
<!-- ^^ adverbs: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>adverbs</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ adjectives: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>adjectives</primary>
@@ -819,21 +819,21 @@
<jbo>mampa'u</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which refers specifically to the concept
<quote>maternal grandfather</quote>. The two gismu that constitute the tanru are represented in
<quote>mampa'u</quote> by the rafsi
<quote>mam-</quote> and
<quote>-pa'u</quote>, respectively; these two rafsi are then concatenated together to form
<quote>mampa'u</quote>.</para>
<para>Like gismu, lujvo have only one meaning. When a lujvo is formally entered into a dictionary of the language, a specific definition will be assigned based on one particular interrelationship between the terms. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" /> for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word
<!-- ^^ noisy environments: proposed lerfu words for, 429 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>noisy environments</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ long rafsi: definition, 57 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>long rafsi</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>brivla</quote>, built from the tanru
<quote>bridi valsi</quote>, is the same lujvo as
@@ -846,21 +846,21 @@
<para>A
<quote>y</quote> (which is ignored in determining stress or consonant clusters) is inserted in the middle of the consonant cluster to glue the word together when the resulting cluster is either not permissible or the word is likely to break up. There are specific rules describing these conditions, detailed in
<!-- ^^ consonant clusters: buffering of, 38; contrasted with doubled consonants, 35; contrasted with single consonants, 35; definition of, 35; more than three consonants in, 37 -->
<!-- ^^ doubled consonants: contrasted with consonant clusters, 35; contrasted with single consonants, 35 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>doubled consonants</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>consonant clusters</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section6" />.</para>
<para>An
<quote>r</quote> (in some cases, an
<quote>n</quote>) is inserted when a CVV-form rafsi attaches to the beginning of a lujvo in such a way that there is no consonant cluster. For example, in the lujvo</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3Qtv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>soirsai</jbo>
<gloss>sonci sanmi</gloss>
@@ -883,24 +883,24 @@
<quote>rs</quote> consonant pair needed to make the word a brivla. Without the
<quote>r</quote>, the word would break up into
<quote>soi sai</quote>, two cmavo. The pair of cmavo have no relation to their rafsi lookalikes; they will either be ungrammatical (as in this case), or will express a different meaning from what was intended.</para>
<!-- ^^ sai, 305 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>sai</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Learning rafsi and the rules for assembling them into lujvo is clearly seen to be necessary for fully using the potential Lojban vocabulary.</para>
<para>Most important, it is possible to invent new lujvo while you speak or write in order to represent a new or unfamiliar concept, one for which you do not know any existing Lojban word. As long as you follow the rules for building these compounds, there is a good chance that you will be understood without explanation.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section6">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section6">
<title>rafsi</title>
<para>Every gismu has from two to five rafsi, each of a different form, but each such rafsi represents only one gismu. It is valid to use any of the rafsi forms in building lujvo - whichever the reader or listener will most easily understand, or whichever is most pleasing - subject to the rules of lujvo making. There is a scoring algorithm which is intended to determine which of the possible and legal lujvo forms will be the standard dictionary form (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section12" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section12" />).</para>
<para>Each gismu always has at least two rafsi forms; one is the gismu itself (used only at the end of a lujvo), and one is the gismu without its final vowel (used only at the beginning or middle of a lujvo). These forms are represented as CVC/CV or CCVCV (called
<quote>the 5-letter rafsi</quote>), and CVC/C or CCVC (called
<quote>the 4-letter rafsi</quote>) respectively. The dashes in these rafsi form representations show where other rafsi may be attached to form a valid lujvo. When lujvo are formed only from 4-letter and 5-letter rafsi, known collectively as
<!-- ^^ rafsi form: effect of choice on meaning of lujvo, 56 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>rafsi form</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>long rafsi</quote>, they are called
<!-- ^^ long rafsi: definition, 57 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1115,33 +1115,33 @@
<description>-bla-</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>(In fact,
<quote>blaci</quote> has none of these short rafsi; they are all assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)</para>
<para>There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs
<quote>ai</quote>,
<quote>ei</quote>,
<quote>oi</quote>, or
<quote>au</quote>; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section1" />). Thus
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section1" />). Thus
<quote>mamta</quote>, which has the same form as
<quote>salci</quote>, can only have
<quote>mam</quote>,
<quote>mat</quote>, and
<quote>ma'a</quote> as possible rafsi: in fact, only
<!-- ^^ ma'a, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ma'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>mam</quote> is assigned to it.</para>
<para>Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" />).</para>
<para>The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is
<quote>fully reduced lujvo</quote>. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:</para>
<!-- ^^ fully reduced lujvo: definition, 59 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>fully reduced lujvo</primary>
</indexterm>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJc2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d6" />
</title>
@@ -1384,21 +1384,21 @@
<primary>hepatitis</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wnaz" /> may be preferable, because its place structure can be built from that of
<quote>bilma</quote>, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be constructed ad hoc.</para>
<para>Note that rafsi may not be used in
<quote>zei</quote> phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section7">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section7">
<title>fu'ivla</title>
<para>The use of tanru or lujvo is not always appropriate for very concrete or specific terms (e.g.
<!-- ^^ specific terms: use of fu'ivla for, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>specific terms</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>brie</quote> or
<!-- ^^ brie: example, 63 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>brie</primary>
@@ -1427,41 +1427,41 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>plants</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>copied</quote>) into Lojban from the original language.</para>
<para>There are four stages of borrowing in Lojban, as words become more and more modified (but shorter and easier to use). Stage 1 is the use of a foreign name quoted with the cmavo
<!-- ^^ borrowing: four stages of, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>borrowing</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>la'o</quote> (explained in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />):</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QpNm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me la'o ly. spaghetti .ly.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ spaghetti, 61; example, 63 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>spaghetti</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a predicate with the place structure
<quote>x1 is a quantity of spaghetti</quote>.</para>
<!-- ^^ spaghetti, 61; example, 63 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>spaghetti</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Stage 2 involves changing the foreign name to a Lojbanized name, as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section8" />:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section8" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zijY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me la spagetis.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>One of these expedients is often quite sufficient when you need a word quickly in conversation. (This can make it easier to get by when you do not yet have full command of the Lojban vocabulary, provided you are talking to someone who will recognize the borrowing.)</para>
<!-- ^^ borrowing: four stages of, 61 -->
@@ -1472,21 +1472,21 @@
<para>The rafsi categorizes or limits the meaning of the fu'ivla; otherwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other languages would require the word-inventor to choose which meaning should be assigned to the fu'ivla, since fu'ivla (like other brivla) are not permitted to have more than one definition. Such a Stage 3 borrowing is the most common kind of fu'ivla.</para>
<!-- ^^ jargon: use of fu'ivla for, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jargon</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ borrowing: four stages of, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>borrowing</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Finally, Stage 4 fu'ivla do not have any rafsi classifier, and are used where a fu'ivla has become so common or so important that it must be made as short as possible. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section16" /> for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section16" /> for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)</para>
<para>The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gismu and the cmavo. Like cultural gismu, fu'ivla are generally based on a word from a single non-Lojban language. The word is
<quote>borrowed</quote> (actually
<quote>copied</quote>, hence the Lojban tanru
<quote>fukpi valsi</quote>) from the other language and Lojbanized - the phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modifications are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form word. All fu'ivla:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>must contain a consonant cluster in the first five letters of the word; if this consonant cluster is at the beginning, it must either be a permissible initial consonant pair, or a longer cluster such that each pair of adjacent consonants in the cluster is a permissible initial consonant pair:
<quote>spraile</quote> is acceptable, but not
<quote>ktraile</quote> or
<quote>trkaile</quote>;</para>
@@ -1811,21 +1811,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>borrowings</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>Navajo</quote> is far more widely known than
<!-- ^^ Navajo: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Navajo</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>Dine'e</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section8">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section8">
<title>cmene</title>
<para>Lojbanized names, called
<quote>cmene</quote>, are very much like their counterparts in other languages. They are labels applied to things (or people) to stand for them in descriptions or in direct address. They may convey meaning in themselves, but do not necessarily do so.</para>
<!-- ^^ direct address, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>direct address</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Because names are often highly personal and individual, Lojban attempts to allow native language names to be used with a minimum of modification. The requirement that the Lojban speech stream be unambiguously analyzable, however, means that most names must be modified somewhat when they are Lojbanized. Here are a few examples of English names and possible Lojban equivalents:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjhN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -2142,21 +2142,21 @@
<quote>Linnaean binomials</quote> after their inventor) which are internationally applied to each species of animal or plant. Where precision is essential, these names need not be Lojbanized, but can be directly inserted into Lojban text using the cmavo
<!-- ^^ Linnaean binomials, 479 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Linnaean binomials</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Linnaean, 479 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Linnaean</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>la'o</quote>, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />. Using this cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />. Using this cmavo makes the already lengthy Latinized names at least four syllables longer, however, and leaves the pronunciation in doubt. The following suggestions, though incomplete, will assist in converting Linnaean binomals to valid Lojban names. They can also help to create fu'ivla based on Linnaean binomials or other words of the international scientific vocabulary. The term
<!-- ^^ Linnaean binomials, 479 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Linnaean binomials</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Linnaean, 479 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Linnaean</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ converting: operand to operator, 500; operator to selbri, 502; quantifier to selbri, 500; selbri to operand, 501; selbri to operator, 501; sumti to operand, 500; sumti to tanru unit, 500 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -2347,21 +2347,21 @@
Japanese
<quote>Fujiko</quote> fudjikos.
<!-- ^^ Fujiko: example, 68 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Fujiko</primary>
</indexterm>
or fujikos.
</programlisting>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section9">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section9">
<title>Rules for inserting pauses</title>
<para>Summarized in one place, here are the rules for inserting pauses between Lojban words:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Any two words may have a pause between them; it is always illegal to pause in the middle of a word, because that breaks up the word into two words.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Every word ending in a consonant must be followed by a pause. Necessarily, all such words are cmene.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -2381,52 +2381,52 @@
<para>A cmavo of the form
<quote>Cy</quote> must be followed by a pause unless another
<quote>Cy</quote>-form cmavo follows.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>When non-Lojban text is embedded in Lojban, it must be preceded and followed by pauses. (How to embed non-Lojban text is explained in
<!-- ^^ non-Lojban text: rules for pause with, 69 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>non-Lojban text</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />.)</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section10">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section10">
<title>Considerations for making lujvo</title>
<para>Given a tanru which expresses an idea to be used frequently, it can be turned into a lujvo by following the lujvo-making algorithm which is given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section11" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section11" />.</para>
<para>In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu with a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attached together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognized as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way.</para>
<para>There are three other complications; only one is serious.</para>
<para>The first is that there is usually more than one rafsi that can be used for each gismu. The one to be used is simply whichever one sounds or looks best to the speaker or writer. There are usually many valid combinations of possible rafsi. They all are equally valid, and all of them mean exactly the same thing. (The scoring algorithm given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section12" /> is used to choose the standard form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictionary.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section12" /> is used to choose the standard form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictionary.)</para>
<para>The second complication is the serious one. Remember that a tanru is ambiguous - it has several possible meanings. A lujvo, or at least one that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single meaning. Like a gismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area of the semantic universe, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chosen is the most useful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of linguistic drift in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concept that seems the most useful one may change.</para>
<!-- ^^ linguistic drift in Lojban: possible source of, 69 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linguistic drift in Lojban</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ linguistic drift, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linguistic drift</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>You must also be aware of the possibility of some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for posterity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that is in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a different place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily bad. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a meaning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the dictionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo
<!-- ^^ linguistic drift, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linguistic drift</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>za'e</quote> (explained in
<!-- ^^ za'e, 69, 416, 480; interaction with bu, 416; use to avoid lujvo misunderstandings, 69 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>za'e</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />) before a newly coined lujvo to indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />) before a newly coined lujvo to indicate that it may have a non-dictionary meaning.</para>
<para>The essential nature of human communication is that if the listener understands, then all is well. Let this be the ultimate guideline for choosing meanings and place structures for invented lujvo.</para>
<para>The third complication is also simple, but tends to scare new Lojbanists with its implications. It is based on Zipf's Law, which says that the length of words is inversely proportional to their usage. The shortest words are those which are used more; the longest ones are used less. Conversely, commonly used concepts will be tend to be abbreviated. In English, we have abbreviations and acronyms and jargon, all of which represent complex ideas that are used often by small groups of people, so they shortened them to convey more information more rapidly.</para>
<!-- ^^ Zipf's Law, 69 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Zipf's Law</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ jargon: use of fu'ivla for, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jargon</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -2445,23 +2445,23 @@
</indexterm>
<para>This doesn't lead to ambiguity, as it might seem to. A given lujvo still has exactly one meaning and place structure. It is just that more than one tanru is competing for the same lujvo. But more than one meaning for the tanru was already competing for the
<quote>right</quote> to define the meaning of the lujvo. Someone has to use judgment in deciding which one meaning is to be chosen over the others.</para>
<para>If the lujvo made by a shorter form of tanru is in use, or is likely to be useful for another meaning, the decider then retains one or more of the cmavo, preferably ones that set this meaning apart from the shorter form meaning that is used or anticipated. As a rule, therefore, the shorter lujvo will be used for a more general concept, possibly even instead of a more frequent word. If both words are needed, the simpler one should be shorter. It is easier to add a cmavo to clarify the meaning of the more complex term than it is to find a good alternate tanru for the simpler term.</para>
<!-- ^^ anticipated: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>anticipated</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>And of course, we have to consider the listener. On hearing an unknown word, the listener will decompose it and get a tanru that makes no sense or the wrong sense for the context. If the listener realizes that the grouping operators may have been dropped out, he or she may try alternate groupings, or try inserting an abstraction operator if that seems plausible. (The grouping of tanru is explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri" />; abstraction is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />.) Plausibility is the key to learning new ideas and to evaluating unfamiliar lujvo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />.) Plausibility is the key to learning new ideas and to evaluating unfamiliar lujvo.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section11">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section11">
<title>The lujvo-making algorithm</title>
<para>The following is the current algorithm for generating Lojban lujvo given a known tanru and a complete list of gismu and their assigned rafsi. The algorithm was designed by Bob LeChevalier and Dr. James Cooke Brown for computer program implementation. It was modified in 1989 with the assistance of Nora LeChevalier, who detected a flaw in the original
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>tosmabru test</quote>.</para>
<!-- ^^ tosmabru test, 71 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tosmabru test</primary>
@@ -2549,21 +2549,21 @@
<quote>tosmabru test</quote> implies that the algorithm will be more efficient if rafsi junctures are tested for required hyphens from right to left, instead of from left to right; when the test is required, it cannot be completed until hyphenation to the right has been determined.</para>
<!-- ^^ tosmabru test, 71 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tosmabru test</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ hyphens: use of, 59 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>hyphens</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section12">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section12">
<title>The lujvo scoring algorithm</title>
<para>This algorithm was devised by Bob and Nora LeChevalier in 1989. It is not the only possible algorithm, but it usually gives a choice that people find preferable. The algorithm may be changed in the future. The lowest-scoring variant will usually be the dictionary form of the lujvo. (In previous versions, it was the highest-scoring variant.)</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>1)</term>
<listitem>
<para>Count the total number of letters, including hyphens and apostrophes; call it
<!-- ^^ hyphens: use of, 59 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>hyphens</primary>
@@ -2722,35 +2722,35 @@
<anchor xml:id="c4e12d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zbazbasysarji</jbo>
<gloss>zba + zbas + y + sarji</gloss>
<gloss>(1000 * 13) - (500 * 0) + (100 * 1) - (10 * 12) - 4</gloss>
<en>= 12976</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section13">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section13">
<title>lujvo-making examples</title>
<para>This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. First, we will start with the tanru
<quote>gerku zdani</quote> (
<quote>dog house</quote>) and construct a lujvo meaning
<!-- ^^ lujvo meaning, 274 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lujvo meaning</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ dog house: example, 274 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>dog house</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>doghouse</quote>, that is, a house where a dog lives. We will use a brute-force application of the algorithm in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section12" />, using every possible rafsi.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section12" />, using every possible rafsi.</para>
<para>The rafsi for
<quote>gerku</quote> are:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-ger-, -ge'u-, -gerk-, -gerku
</programlisting>
<para>The rafsi for
<quote>zdani</quote> are:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
-zda-, -zdan-, -zdani.
</programlisting>
@@ -2912,21 +2912,21 @@
</programlisting>
<para>Of these forms,
<quote>nakykemcinctu</quote> is the shortest and is preferred by the scoring algorithm. On the whole, however, it might be better to just make a lujvo for
<quote>cinse ctuca</quote> (which would be
<quote>cinctu</quote>) since the sex of the teacher is rarely important. If there was a reason to specify
<quote>male</quote>, then the simpler tanru
<quote>nakni cinctu</quote> (
<quote>male sexual-teacher</quote>) would be appropriate. This tanru is actually shorter than the four-part lujvo, since the
<quote>ke</quote> required for grouping need not be expressed.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section14">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section14">
<title>The gismu creation algorithm</title>
<para>The gismu were created through the following process:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>1)</term>
<listitem>
<para>At least one word was found in each of the six source languages (Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Arabic) corresponding to the proposed gismu. This word was rendered into Lojban phonetics rather liberally: consonant clusters consisting of a stop and the corresponding fricative were simplified to just the fricative (
<!-- ^^ source languages: use in creating gismu, 75 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>source languages</primary>
@@ -2996,21 +2996,21 @@
<!-- ^^ stressed vowel: compared with stressed syllable, 40 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>stressed vowel</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>bradi</quote>,
<quote>bredi</quote>,
<quote>bridi</quote>, and
<quote>brodi</quote> (but fortunately not
<quote>brudi</quote>) are all existing gismu.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section15">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section15">
<title>Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu</title>
<para>The following gismu were not made by the gismu creation algorithm. They are, in effect, coined words similar to fu'ivla. They are exceptions to the otherwise mandatory gismu creation algorithm where there was sufficient justification for such exceptions. Except for the small metric prefixes and the assignable predicates beginning with
<quote>brod-</quote>, they all end in the letter
<quote>o</quote>, which is otherwise a rare letter in Lojban gismu.</para>
<para>The following gismu represent concepts that are sufficiently unique to Lojban that they were either coined from combining forms of other gismu, or else made up out of whole cloth. These gismu are thus conceptually similar to lujvo even though they are only five letters long; however, unlike lujvo, they have rafsi assigned to them for use in building more complex lujvo. Assigning gismu to these concepts helps to keep the resulting lujvo reasonably short.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
broda 1st assignable predicate
brode 2nd assignable predicate
brodi 3rd assignable predicate
brodo 4th assignable predicate
@@ -3181,29 +3181,29 @@
xriso Christian
</programlisting>
<para>A few terms that cover multiple groups of the above:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
jegvo Jehovist (Judeo-Christian-Moslem)
semto Semitic
slovo Slavic
xispo Hispanic (New World Spanish)
</programlisting>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section16">
+ <section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section16">
<title>rafsi fu'ivla: a proposal</title>
<para>The list of cultures represented by gismu, given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section15" />, is unavoidably controversial. Much time has been spent debating whether this or that culture
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section15" />, is unavoidably controversial. Much time has been spent debating whether this or that culture
<quote>deserves a gismu</quote> or
<quote>must languish in fu'ivla space</quote>. To help defuse this argument, a last-minute proposal was made when this book was already substantially complete. I have added it here with experimental status: it is not yet a standard part of Lojban, since all its implications have not been tested in open debate, and it affects a part of the language (lujvo-making) that has long been stable, but is known to be fragile in the face of small changes. (Many attempts were made to add general mechanisms for making lujvo that contained fu'ivla, but all failed on obvious or obscure counterexamples; finally the general
<quote>zei</quote> mechanism was devised instead.)</para>
<para>The first part of the proposal is uncontroversial and involves no change to the language mechanisms. All valid Type 4 fu'ivla of the form CCVVCV would be reserved for cultural brivla analogous to those described in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section15" />. For example,</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology-section15" />. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PMb2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e16d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tci'ile</jbo>
<en>Chilean</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is of the appropriate form, and passes all tests required of a Stage 4 fu'ivla. No two fu'ivla of this form would be allowed to coexist if they differed only in the final vowel; this rule was applied to gismu, but does not apply to other fu'ivla or to lujvo.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index ebe977f..66691ec 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -21,21 +21,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do patfu mi</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-father-of me.</gloss>
<en>You are my father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>lies in the different selbri.</para>
<para>The simplest kind of selbri is a single Lojban content word: a brivla. There are three different varieties of brivla: those which are built into the language (the gismu), those which are derived from combinations of the gismu (the lujvo), and those which are taken (usually in a modified form) from other languages (the fu'ivla). In addition, there are a few cmavo that can act like brivla; these are mentioned in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9" />, and discussed in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<para>For the purposes of this chapter, however, all brivla are alike. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-483c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta bloti</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-boat.</gloss>
<en>That is a boat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -830,21 +830,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2cjH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves.</para>
<para>In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for further details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> for further details.</para>
<para>The logical connective
<quote>je</quote> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bajra cu jinga ja te jinga</jbo>
<en>the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1069,21 +1069,21 @@
<cmavo>be'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>BEhO</selmaho>
<description>linked sumti terminator</description>
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The question of the place structures of selbri has been glossed over so far. This chapter does not attempt to treat place structure issues in detail; they are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />. One grammatical structure related to places belongs here, however. In simple sentences such as
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />. One grammatical structure related to places belongs here, however. In simple sentences such as
<xref linkend="example-do-mamta-mi" />, the place structure of the selbri is simply the defined place structure of the gismu
<quote>mamta</quote>. What about more complex selbri?</para>
<para>For tanru, the place structure rule is simple: the place structure of a tanru is always the place structure of its tertau. Thus, the place structure of
<quote>blanu zdani</quote> is that of
<quote>zdani</quote>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
<para>What about the places of
<quote>blanu</quote>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
<quote>blanu</quote> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
<quote>zdani</quote>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
<quote>blanu</quote> with
@@ -1197,21 +1197,21 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8" />.)</para>
<para>It is possible to precede linked sumti by the place structure ordering tags
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>fe</quote>,
<quote>fi</quote>,
<quote>fo</quote>, and
<quote>fu</quote> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
<quote>be</quote> is the x2 place and the other places follow in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be accomplished as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mhS7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be fi mi bei fe do [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<en>This is-a-good ( by-standard me for you ) house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1260,22 +1260,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani ga'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue house to-observer me.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house, as I see it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See discussions in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> of modals and in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" /> of tenses for more explanations.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" /> of modals and in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" /> of tenses for more explanations.</para>
<para>The terminator
<quote>be'o</quote> is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach to the last linked sumti unless
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>be'o</quote> is used, in which case it will attach to the outer description:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJTI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d11" />
@@ -1288,21 +1288,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjTj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be do be'o noi barda cu zdani</jbo>
<en>The (good-thing for you) (which is-large) is-a-house</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Relative clauses are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />.)</para>
<para>In other cases, however,
<quote>be'o</quote> cannot be elided if
<quote>ku</quote> has also been elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zb4A">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be le ctuca [ku] be'o zdani</jbo>
<en>the good (for the teacher) house</en>
@@ -1417,21 +1417,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>inverted tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx" />,
<quote>mi</quote> fills the x1 place of
<quote>troci co klama</quote>, which is the x1 place of
<quote>troci</quote>. The other places of the selbri remain unfilled. The trailing sumti
<quote>le zarci</quote> and
<quote>le zdani</quote> do not occupy selbri places, despite appearances.</para>
<para>As a result, the regular mechanisms (involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />) for referring to individual sumti of a bridi cannot refer to any of the trailing places of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />) for referring to individual sumti of a bridi cannot refer to any of the trailing places of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx" />, because they are not really
<quote>sumti of the bridi</quote> at all.</para>
<para>When inverting a more complex tanru, it is possible to invert it only at the most general modifier-modified pair. The only possible inversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU" />, for instance, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7uS2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu</jbo>
@@ -1597,23 +1597,23 @@
<primary>event abstraction</primary>
</indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kei</cmavo>
<selmaho>KEI</selmaho>
<description>terminator for NU</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>So far we have only discussed brivla and tanru built up from brivla as possible selbri. In fact, there are a few other constructions in Lojban which are grammatically equivalent to brivla: they can be used either directly as selbri, or as components in tanru. Some of these types of simple selbri are discussed at length in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />; but for completeness these types are mentioned here with a brief explanation and an example of their use in selbri.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />, and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />; but for completeness these types are mentioned here with a brief explanation and an example of their use in selbri.</para>
<para>The cmavo of selma'o GOhA (with one exception) serve as pro-bridi, providing a reference to the content of other bridi; none of them has a fixed meaning. The most commonly used member of GOhA is probably
<quote>go'i</quote>, which amounts to a repetition of the previous bridi, or part of it. If I say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2UvG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>John goes-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1643,21 +1643,21 @@
<para>because the whole bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2UvG" /> has been packaged up into the single word
<quote>go'i</quote> and inserted into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EvoD" />.</para>
<para>The exceptional member of GOhA is
<quote>du</quote>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...
</programlisting>
<para>for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOhA is available in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<para>Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mathematical expressions</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>su'i</quote>, meaning
<quote>plus</quote>, can be transformed into selbri by prefixing them with
<quote>nu'a</quote> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.
@@ -1685,21 +1685,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>addition problems</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>More usefully, it is possible to combine a mathematical expression with a cmavo of selma'o MOI to create one of various numerical selbri. Details are available in
<!-- ^^ numerical selbri: alternative to compensate for restriction on numbers, 448; based on non-numerical sumti, 448; complex, 448; grammar, 448; restriction on numbers used for, 448; special, 446; special, with lerfu strings, 448; use of "me" with, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>numerical selbri</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />. Here are a few tanru:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />. Here are a few tanru:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjWh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la prim. palvr. pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Preem Palver is-the-1-th speaker.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ Preem Palver: example, 98 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Preem Palver</primary>
@@ -1724,21 +1724,21 @@
<primary>two brothers</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ brothers: example, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>brothers</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Finally, an important type of simple selbri which is not a brivla is the abstraction. Grammatically, abstractions are simple: a cmavo of selma'o NU, followed by a bridi, followed by the elidable terminator
<quote>kei</quote> of selma'o KEI. Semantically, abstractions are an extremely subtle and powerful feature of Lojban whose full ramifications are documented in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />. A few examples:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />. A few examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5szz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti nu zdile kei kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>This is-an-event-of amusement room.</gloss>
<en>This is an amusement room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1871,31 +1871,31 @@
<quote>me'u</quote> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
<quote>me</quote> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>restricted variable</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite description</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />), and if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />), and if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>restricted variable</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite description</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />) or a sumti logical connective (explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />). Without a
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />) or a sumti logical connective (explained in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />). Without a
<quote>me'u</quote>, the relative clause or logical connective would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the
<quote>me</quote> expression. Here is a contrasting pair of sentences:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJyi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the group
<quote>the three kings and John</quote> are white.</en>
@@ -1977,21 +1977,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do se prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>You [swap x1 and x2] love me.</gloss>
<en>You are loved by me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Conversion is fully explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />. For the purposes of this chapter, the important point about conversion is that it applies only to the following simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is necessary to be careful! Consider
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />. For the purposes of this chapter, the important point about conversion is that it applies only to the following simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is necessary to be careful! Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mPX8" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mPX8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice walkingly goes to the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice walks to the market.</en>
@@ -2044,26 +2044,26 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu cadzu se klama la .alis</jbo>
<en>John walkingly is-gone-to by Alice</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>suggests that Alice is going to John, who is a moving target.</para>
<para>There is an alternative type of conversion, using the cmavo
<quote>jai</quote> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12">
<title>Scalar negation of selbri</title>
<para>Negation is too large and complex a topic to explain fully in this chapter; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />. In brief, there are two main types of negation in Lojban. This section is concerned with so-called
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. In brief, there are two main types of negation in Lojban. This section is concerned with so-called
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, which is used to state that a true relation between the sumti is something other than what the selbri specifies. Scalar negation is expressed by cmavo of selma'o NAhE:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4oxH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e ke cadzu klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice non- (walkingly goes) to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice other-than (walkingly goes) to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
@@ -2246,40 +2246,40 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the cmavo
<quote>pu</quote> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />. Tense is semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />. Tense is semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uz13" />. There are alternative ways of expressing tense information as well. Modals, which are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />, behave in the same way as tenses.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />, behave in the same way as tenses.</para>
<para>Similarly, a bridi may have the particle
<quote>na</quote> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12" />. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PYSP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. na pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker</gloss>
<gloss>It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.</gloss>
<en>Jones isn't the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Jones may be the second speaker, or not a speaker at all;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PYSP" /> doesn't say. There are other ways of expressing bridi negation as well; the topic is explained fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />.</para>
<para>Various combinations of tense and bridi negation cmavo are permitted. If both are expressed, either order is permissible with no change in meaning:</para>
<!-- ^^ negation cmavo: position relative to selbri, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negation cmavo</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RV4C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2309,21 +2309,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tense in scope of sticky tense</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ multiple tenses: effect of order in sentence, 235 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>multiple tenses</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>compound tense</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hw6g">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na pu na ca klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [not] [past] [not] [present] go to-the market</gloss>
<gloss>It is not the case that in the past it was not the case that in the present I</gloss>
<gloss>went to the market.</gloss>
<gloss>I didn't not go to the market.</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index bf95b61..6db5a21 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter6">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti">
<title>Chapter 6 To Speak Of Many Things: The Lojban sumti</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section1">
<title>The five kinds of simple sumti</title>
<!-- ^^ simple sumti, 119 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>simple sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you understand anything about Lojban, you know what a sumti is by now, right? An argument, one of those things that fills the places of simple Lojban sentences like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VKU6">
<title>
@@ -111,23 +111,23 @@
<jbo>ti mitre li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This measures-in-meters the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This is three meters long.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0YaH" /> exhibits
<quote>ti</quote>, a pro-sumti; and
<quote>li ci</quote>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />, and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" /> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section13" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15" /> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2">
<title>The three basic description types</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
@@ -143,21 +143,21 @@
<selmaho>LA</selmaho>
<description>the one(s) named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ku</cmavo>
<selmaho>KU</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for LE, LA</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The syntax of descriptions is fairly complex, and not all of it can be explained within the confines of this chapter: relative clauses, in particular, are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />. However, most descriptions have just two components: a descriptor belonging to selma'o LE or LA, and a selbri. (The difference between selma'o LE and selma'o LA is not important until
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />. However, most descriptions have just two components: a descriptor belonging to selma'o LE or LA, and a selbri. (The difference between selma'o LE and selma'o LA is not important until
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12" />.) Furthermore, the selbri is often just a single brivla. Here is an elementary example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rBuQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-specific-things-each-of-which-I-describe-as being-a-market</gloss>
<en>the market</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -372,28 +372,28 @@
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7" /> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7" /> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
<quote>le remna</quote> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKYf" /> merely says that the author is human.</para>
<para>The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
<quote>ku</quote>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
<quote>cu</quote> before the selbri makes the
<quote>ku</quote> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
<quote>ku</quote>: in the compound negator
<quote>naku</quote> (discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3">
<title>Individuals and masses</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lei</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the mass I describe as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -810,21 +810,21 @@
<cmavo>su'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>at least (one of)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Quantifiers tell us how many: in the case of quantifiers with sumti, how many things we are talking about. In Lojban, quantifiers are expressed by numbers and mathematical expressions: a large topic discussed in some detail in
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mathematical expressions</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />. For the purposes of this chapter, a simplified treatment will suffice. Our examples will employ either the simple Lojban numbers
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />. For the purposes of this chapter, a simplified treatment will suffice. Our examples will employ either the simple Lojban numbers
<quote>pa</quote>,
<quote>re</quote>,
<quote>ci</quote>,
<quote>vo</quote>, and
<quote>mu</quote>, meaning
<quote>one</quote>,
<quote>two</quote>,
<quote>three</quote>,
<quote>four</quote>,
<quote>five</quote> respectively, or else one of four special quantifiers, two of which are discussed in this section and listed above. These four quantifiers are important because every Lojban sumti has either one or two of them implicitly present in it - which one or two depends on the particular kind of sumti. There is more explanation of implicit quantifiers later in this section. (The other two quantifiers,
@@ -875,21 +875,21 @@
</example>
<para>is true if you own three shoes, or four, or indeed any larger number. More details on vague numbers appear in the discussion of mathematical expressions in
<!-- ^^ vague numbers, 128 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>vague numbers</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mathematical expressions</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />.)</para>
<para>Now consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qL61" /> again. How many of the listeners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: all of them, however many that is. So
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qL61" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0qr0" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0qr0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
@@ -1578,21 +1578,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta</jbo>
<en>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7ytm" />, but longer.</para>
<para>The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
<quote>tu'a</quote> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />. The triplet
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />. The triplet
<quote>lu'a</quote>,
<!-- ^^ lu'a, 134; effect of on meaning, 134 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lu'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>lu'i</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ lu'i, 134; effect of on meaning, 134 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lu'i</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -1614,21 +1614,21 @@
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-abstraction-about the door.</gloss>
<en>I try (to open) the door.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ioCu" /> might mean that I try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para>
<para>Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo
<quote>ri</quote>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means
<quote>the thing last mentioned</quote>; it is equivalent to repeating the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda .iku'i lu'a ri cmalu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ lu'a, 134; effect of on meaning, 134 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lu'a</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -1678,21 +1678,21 @@
<gloss>The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass.</gloss>
<gloss>The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
<gloss>The set of you and me is a set.</gloss>
<gloss>The mass of you and me is a mass.</gloss>
<en>The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)</para>
<para>Finally, the four sumti qualifiers formed from a cmavo of NAhE and
<quote>bo</quote> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
<!-- ^^ negation sumti qualifiers: meanings of, 135 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negation sumti qualifiers</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4Mte">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska na'ebo le gerku</jbo>
@@ -1731,41 +1731,41 @@
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JwCb" />, the sumti
<quote>ra</quote> refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by
<quote>ri</quote>. We cannot use
<quote>ri</quote> here, because it would signify
<quote>la djein.</quote>, that being the most recent sumti available to
<quote>ri</quote>. See more detailed explanations in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11">
<title>The syntax of vocative phrases</title>
<para>Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>vocative phrase</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>free modifiers</quote> of Lojban, along with subscripts, parentheses, and various other constructs explained in
<!-- ^^ free modifiers: effects on elidability of terminators, 450 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>free modifiers</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
<para>The purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or to indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explained in more detail in
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>vocative phrase</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLE3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi</jbo>
<gloss>[greetings]</gloss>
<en>Hello.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1873,23 +1873,23 @@
</indexterm>
<quote>free modifiers</quote> (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordinals - see
<!-- ^^ ordinals: utterance, 474 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ordinals</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ free modifiers: effects on elidability of terminators, 450 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>free modifiers</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />- metalinguistic comments - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />- or reciprocals - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />) which must be properly separated.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />- metalinguistic comments - see
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />- or reciprocals - see
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />) which must be properly separated.</para>
<para>The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by its position in the sentence: thus
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>vocative phrase</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bx2C" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLFi" /> mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLFi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d10" />
@@ -1902,40 +1902,40 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLGC" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko klama mi doi djan.</jbo>
<en>Come to me, John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As usual for this chapter, the full syntax of vocative phrases has not been explained: relative clauses, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />, make for more possibilities.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />, make for more possibilities.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section12">
<title>Lojban names</title>
<para>Names have been used freely as sumti throughout this chapter without too much explanation. The time for the explanation has now come.</para>
<para>First of all, there are two different kinds of things usually called
<quote>names</quote> when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" /> are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>djan. meris. djein. .alis.</jbo>
<en>John. Mary. Jane. Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that
<quote>.alis.</quote> begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> for more information.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-morphology" /> for more information.)</para>
<para>Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>vocative phrase</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11" />) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
<quote>la</quote>,
<quote>lai</quote>, or
<quote>la'i</quote>, they form sumti which refer to the persons or things known by the name.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLgw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -2033,21 +2033,21 @@
<para>A name may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban words generally: the
<quote>impermissible consonant clusters</quote> of Lojban morphology (explained in
<!-- ^^ consonant clusters: buffering of, 38; contrasted with doubled consonants, 35; contrasted with single consonants, 35; definition of, 35; more than three consonants in, 37 -->
<!-- ^^ doubled consonants: contrasted with consonant clusters, 35; contrasted with single consonants, 35 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>doubled consonants</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>consonant clusters</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" />). Thus
+ <xref linkend="chapter-phonology" />). Thus
<quote>djeimz.</quote> is not a valid version of
<quote>James</quote> (because
<quote>mz</quote> is invalid):
<quote>djeimyz</quote> will suffice. Similarly,
<quote>la</quote> may be replaced by
<quote>ly</quote>,
<quote>lai</quote> by
<quote>ly'i</quote>,
<quote>doi</quote> by
<quote>do'i</quote> or
@@ -2115,21 +2115,21 @@
<primary>borrowing</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The implicit quantifier for name sumti of the form
<quote>la</quote> followed by a name is
<quote>su'o</quote>, just as for
<quote>la</quote> followed by a selbri.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section13">
<title>Pro-sumti summary</title>
<para>The Lojban pro-sumti are the cmavo of selma'o KOhA. They fall into several classes: personal, definable, quantificational, reflexive, back-counting, indefinite, demonstrative, metalinguistic, relative, question. More details are given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
<para>The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
<quote>ro</quote> (all). In the case of pro-sumti which refer to other sumti, the
<quote>ro</quote> signifies
<quote>all of those referred to by the other sumti</quote>: thus it is possible to restrict, but not to extend, the quantification of the other sumti.</para>
<para>Personal pro-sumti (
<quote>mi</quote>,
<quote>do</quote>,
<quote>mi'o</quote>,
<quote>mi'a</quote>,
<!-- ^^ mi'a, 146 -->
@@ -2222,21 +2222,21 @@
<gloss>All somethings-1 which-are persons love one something-2 which-is a-fish.</gloss>
<en>All persons love a fish (each his/her own).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(This is not the same as
<quote>All persons love a certain fish</quote>; the difference between the two is one of quantifier order.) The implicit quantification rules for quantificational pro-sumti are particular to them, and are discussed in detail in
<!-- ^^ quantificational pro-sumti, 139; implicit quantification rules, 139 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>quantificational pro-sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />. Roughly speaking, the quantifier is
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />. Roughly speaking, the quantifier is
<quote>su'o</quote> (at least one) when the pro-sumti is first used, and
<quote>ro</quote> (all) thereafter.</para>
<para>Reflexive pro-sumti (
<quote>vo'a</quote>,
<quote>vo'e</quote>,
<quote>vo'i</quote>,
<quote>vo'o</quote>,
<quote>vo'u</quote>) refer to the same referents as sumti filling other places in the same bridi, with the effect that the same thing is referred to twice:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nMse">
<title>
@@ -2350,21 +2350,21 @@
<primary>metalinguistic pro-sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>su'o</quote> (at least one), because they are considered analogous to
<quote>lo</quote> descriptions: they refer to things which really are previous, current, or following utterances.</para>
<para>The relative pro-sumti (
<!-- ^^ relative pro-sumti, 140 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>relative pro-sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ke'a</quote>) is used within relative clauses (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" /> for a discussion of relative clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" /> for a discussion of relative clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sf2T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a</jbo>
<gloss>loi slasi</gloss>
<gloss>I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/them (the cats)</gloss>
<gloss>from-a-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see the cat(s) made of plastic.</en>
@@ -2418,21 +2418,21 @@
<primary>single-word quotation</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ word quotation: as morphologically valid, 141; internal grammar of, 141 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>word quotation</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ non-Lojban quotation, 141 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>non-Lojban quotation</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />.</para>
<para>Text quotations are preceded by
<quote>lu</quote> and followed by
<quote>li'u</quote>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote].</gloss>
@@ -2482,21 +2482,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The implicit quantifier for all types of quotation is
<quote>su'o</quote> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
<quote>lo</quote> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section15">
<title>Number summary</title>
<para>The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<quote>li</quote> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number four</gloss>
<en>4</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 2d3b808..e96e95d 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter7">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo">
<title>Chapter 7 Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section1">
<title>What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?</title>
<para>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a complete description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. In English, we have words called
<quote>pronouns</quote> which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrases with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like this:</para>
<!-- ^^ nouns: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>nouns</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@
<quote>mi</quote> nor
<quote>do</quote> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
<!-- ^^ foreman of a jury: example, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>foreman of a jury</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>mi</quote>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
<para>The referents of
<quote>mi</quote> and
<quote>do</quote> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />. The vocative
+ <xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals" />. The vocative
<quote>mi'e</quote> assigns
<quote>mi</quote>, whereas all of the other vocatives assign
<quote>do</quote>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4dna">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi'e djan. doi frank. mi cusku lu mi bajra li'u do</jbo>
<gloss>I-am John, O Frank, I express [quote] I run [unquote] to-you</gloss>
@@ -332,35 +332,35 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>does not mean
<quote>this boat</quote> but rather
<!-- ^^ this boat: example, 148 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>this boat</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>this one's boat</quote>,
<quote>the boat associated with this thing</quote>, as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />. A correct Lojban translation of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />. A correct Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IWi7" /> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rfUc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the here boat</gloss>
<en>the nearby boat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>using a spatial tense before the selbri
<quote>bloti</quote> to express that the boat is near the speaker. (Tenses are explained in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />.) Another correct translation would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />.) Another correct translation would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pRLq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti noi bloti</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ti noi: as adjective expression for this, 148 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ti noi</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -515,21 +515,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo of the di'u-series have a meaning that is relative to the context. The referent of
<quote>dei</quote> in the current utterance is the same as the referent of
<quote>di'u</quote> in the next utterance. The term
<quote>utterance</quote> is used rather than
<quote>sentence</quote> because the amount of speech or written text referred to by any of these words is vague. Often, a single bridi is intended, but longer utterances may be thus referred to.</para>
<para>Note one very common construction with
<quote>di'u</quote> and the cmavo
<quote>la'e</quote> (of selma'o LAhE; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />) which precedes a sumti and means
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />) which precedes a sumti and means
<quote>the thing referred to by (the sumti)</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MsUd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u</jbo>
<gloss>I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I love Jane, and I like that.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -648,38 +648,38 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Syntactically,
<quote>goi la .alis.</quote> is a relative phrase (relative phrases are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />). Semantically, it says that
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />). Semantically, it says that
<quote>ko'a</quote> and
<quote>la .alis.</quote> refer to the same thing, and furthermore that this is true because
<quote>ko'a</quote> is being defined as meaning
<quote>la .alis.</quote>. It is equally correct to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oKaM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>in other words,
<quote>goi</quote> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
<quote>ge'u</quote> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />.</para>
<para>The afterthought form of
<quote>goi</quote> shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-duGR" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oKaM" /> is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
<quote>ko'a</quote> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
<quote>goi</quote> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4" />
</title>
@@ -772,21 +772,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>broda ke brode brodi</jbo>
<en>a thing-1 type of (thing-2 type-of thing-3)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>represents an abstract pattern, a certain kind of tanru. (Historically, this use was the original one.)</para>
<para>As is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17" />, the words for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginning with the same letter:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-letterals" />, the words for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginning with the same letter:</para>
<!-- ^^ Lojban letters: IPA for pronouncing, 30; list with IPA pronunciation, 30 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Lojban letters</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ ko'a-series pro-sumti, 150; as assignable, 150; assigning with goi, 150; assignment with goi as symmetrical, 150; contrasted with lerfu as pro-sumti in explicit assignment of, 152; effect on ri-series pro-sumti, 153 -->
<!-- ^^ ri-series pro-sumti, 152; and order of possible referents, 153; assigning for permanent reference, 154; compared with ti-series in word formation, 152; effect of ko'a-series pro-sumti on, 153; effect of lerfu pro-sumti on, 153; effect of other ri-series pro-sumti on, 153; effect of ti-series pro-sumti on, 153; effect of use on meaning, 153; effect on other ri-series pro-sumti, 153; in narrative about quotation, 156; in quotation series, 156; in quotations, 156; non-allowable referents of, 153; possible referents of, 153 -->
<!-- ^^ ti-series pro-sumti: 3 degrees of distance with, 147; as pointing referents only, 147; compared with English this/that, 147; contrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti, 148; conversational convention for, 147; effect on ri-series pro-sumti, 153; lack of pro-bridi equivalent, 148; problems in written text, 147 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -975,21 +975,21 @@
<gloss>John sees the tree. [repeat last] is-adorned-by the of-[repeat last] branch.</gloss>
<en>John sees the tree. It is adorned by its branches.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
<quote>ri</quote> has as antecedent the first
<quote>ri</quote>, which has as antecedent
<quote>le tricu</quote>. All three refer to the same thing: a tree.</para>
<para>To refer to the next-to-last sumti, the third-from-last sumti, and so on,
<quote>ri</quote> may be subscripted (subscripts are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />):</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Lc2y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire</jbo>
<gloss>.i la .alis. pilno riximu</gloss>
<gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last].</gloss>
<en>Alice uses [repeat fifth-from-last].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1622,21 +1622,21 @@
<!-- ^^ co'e, 158, 164; as selbri place-holder, 158; rationale for word form, 158 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>co'e</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>zo'e</quote>; the cmavo
<quote>do'e</quote> of selma'o BAI (see
<!-- ^^ do'e, 197; compared with English of, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>do'e</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
<para>Note that
<quote>do'i</quote>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of indefinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to referring only to an utterance.</para>
<!-- ^^ indefinite pro-sumti, 140, 157; implicit quantifier for, 140; stability of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section8">
<title>Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series</title>
<!-- ^^ reciprocal pro-sumti, 158 -->
@@ -1808,21 +1808,21 @@
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>sumti question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mo</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>bridi question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Lojban questions are more fully explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />, but
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />, but
<quote>ma</quote> and
<quote>mo</quote> are listed in this chapter for completeness. The cmavo
<quote>ma</quote> asks for a sumti to make the bridi true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Csod">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go to-what-destination?</gloss>
@@ -1909,21 +1909,21 @@
<cmavo>ke'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>relativized sumti</description>
<!-- ^^ relativized sumti: definition, 169; in relative clauses within relative clauses, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>relativized sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />) to indicate how the sumti being relativized fits within the clause. For example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />) to indicate how the sumti being relativized fits within the clause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UNBb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu</jbo>
<gloss>ke'a lei slasi</gloss>
<gloss>I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes</gloss>
<gloss>the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see a cat made of plastic.</en>
@@ -1954,42 +1954,42 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0EWp" />, because the relativized sumti is not yet complete when the
<!-- ^^ relativized sumti: definition, 169; in relative clauses within relative clauses, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>relativized sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ke'a</quote> appears.</para>
<para>Note that
<quote>ke'a</quote> is used only with relative clauses, and not with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative clauses within relative clauses,
<quote>ke'a</quote> may be subscripted to make the difference clear (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section11">
<title>Abstraction focus pro-sumti:
<quote>ce'u</quote></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>abstraction focus</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ce'u</quote> is used within abstraction bridi, particularly property abstractions introduced by the cmavo
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>abstraction bridi</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ka</quote>. Abstractions, including the uses of
<quote>ce'u</quote>, are discussed in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />.</para>
<para>In brief: Every property abstraction specifies a property of one of the sumti in it; that sumti place is filled by using
<!-- ^^ property abstraction, 259; use of multiple ce'u for relationship abstraction, 260 -->
<!-- ^^ relationship abstraction, 260 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>relationship abstraction</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>property abstraction</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ce'u</quote>. This convention enables us to distinguish clearly between:</para>
@@ -2037,21 +2037,21 @@
<primary>bu'e</primary>
</indexterm>
bu'i GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-3
<!-- ^^ bu'i, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bu'i</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>Bound variables belong to the predicate-logic part of Lojban, and are listed here for completeness only. Their semantics is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />. It is worth mentioning that the Lojban translation of
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />. It is worth mentioning that the Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VISf" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6vxz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da</jbo>
<gloss>John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did something-1.</gloss>
<en>John picked up a stick and shook it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2072,21 +2072,21 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>How long does a pro-sumti or pro-bridi remain stable? In other words, once we know the referent of a pro-sumti or pro-bridi, how long can we be sure that future uses of the same cmavo have the same referent? The answer to this question depends on which series the cmavo belongs to.</para>
<para>Personal pro-sumti are stable until there is a change of speaker or listener, possibly signaled by a vocative. Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi last indefinitely or until rebound with
<quote>goi</quote> or
<quote>cei</quote>. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also generally last until re-bound; details are available in
<!-- ^^ cei, 151, 154, 162; for broda-series pro-bridi assignment, 151 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>cei</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />.</para>
<para>Utterance pro-sumti are stable only within the utterance in which they appear; similarly, reflexive pro-sumti are stable only within the bridi in which they appear; and
<!-- ^^ reflexive pro-sumti, 139, 158; stability of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ke'a</quote> is stable only within its relative clause. Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits depending on the rules for the particular cmavo.</para>
<para>Demonstrative pro-sumti, indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi, and sumti and bridi questions potentially change referents every time they are used.</para>
<!-- ^^ indefinite pro-sumti, 140, 157; implicit quantifier for, 140; stability of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary>
@@ -2103,21 +2103,21 @@
<primary>da'o</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>da'o</quote> is when entering a conversation, to indicate that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments already made by other participants in the conversation.</para>
<!-- ^^ da'o, 162, 466; for cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment, 162; syntax of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>da'o</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>In addition, the cmavo
<quote>ni'o</quote> and
<quote>no'i</quote> of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. More explanations of NIhO can be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section14">
<title>The identity predicate: du</title>
<!-- ^^ identity predicate, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>identity predicate</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2127,21 +2127,21 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>du</quote> has the place structure:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
du: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...
</programlisting>
<para>and appears in selma'o GOhA for reasons of convenience: it is not a pro-bridi.
<quote>du</quote> serves as mathematical
<quote>=</quote>, and outside mathematical contexts is used for defining or identifying. Mathematical examples may be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />.</para>
<para>The main difference between</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GGoH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e14d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'a du le nanmu</jbo>
<en>It-1 is-identical-to the man</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2249,21 +2249,21 @@
<jbo>fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga</jbo>
<!-- ^^ fo'a, 163 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>fo'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<en>x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Finally, lujvo involving
<quote>zi'o</quote> are also possible, and are fully discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />. In brief, the convention is to use the rafsi for
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" />. In brief, the convention is to use the rafsi for
<quote>zi'o</quote> as a prefix immediately followed by the rafsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a beverage (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a
<!-- ^^ beverage: example, 163 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>beverage</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ anyone: contrasted with everyone in assumption of existence, 399 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>anyone</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>se pinxe be zi'o</quote>, the lujvo corresponding to this is
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index 40642cc..d836861 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter8">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-relative-clauses">
<title>Chapter 8 Relative Clauses, Which Make sumti Even More Complicated</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section1">
<title>What are you pointing at?</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>poi</cmavo>
<selmaho>NOI</selmaho>
<description>restrictive relative clause introducer</description>
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
@@ -25,21 +25,21 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ku'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>KUhO</selmaho>
<description>relative clause terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Let us think about the problem of communicating what it is that we are pointing at when we are pointing at something. In Lojban, we can refer to what we are pointing at by using the pro-sumti
<quote>ti</quote> if it is nearby, or
<quote>ta</quote> if it is somewhat further away, or
<quote>tu</quote> if it is distant. (Pro-sumti are explained in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.)</para>
<para>However, even with the assistance of a pointing finger, or pointing lips, or whatever may be appropriate in the local culture, it is often hard for a listener to tell just what is being pointed at. Suppose one is pointing at a person (in particular, in the direction of his or her face), and says:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QzhK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti cu barda</jbo>
<en>This-one is-big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -124,21 +124,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta poi mi djica le nu mi ponse ke'a [kei] ku'o cu bloti</jbo>
<gloss>That-thing such-that( I desire the event-of( I own IT ) ) is-a-boat.</gloss>
<en>That thing that I want to own is a boat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLxF" />,
<quote>ke'a</quote> appears in an abstraction clause (abstractions are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />) within a relative clause.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />) within a relative clause.</para>
<para>Like any sumti,
<quote>ke'a</quote> can be omitted. The usual presumption in that case is that it then falls into the x1 place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sMHH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi nazbi cu barda</jbo>
<en>This-thing which is-a-nose is-big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -748,21 +748,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is very natural. Of course, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or another's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified.</para>
<para>Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmavo is
<quote>ge'u</quote> of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never required. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified by a relative phrase, then an explicit
<quote>ge'u</quote> is needed to allow the connective to affect the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in
<!-- ^^ relativized sumti: definition, 169; in relative clauses within relative clauses, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>relativized sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />, as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the same.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />, as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the same.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section4">
<title>Multiple relative clauses:
<quote>zi'e</quote></title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>zi'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>ZIhE</selmaho>
<description>relative clause joiner</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -775,21 +775,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blabi zi'e poi batci le nanmu cu klama</jbo>
<en>The dog which is white and which bites the man goes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The most usual translation of
<quote>zi'e</quote> in English is
<quote>and</quote>, but
<quote>zi'e</quote> is not really a logical connective: unlike most of the true logical connectives (which are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />), it cannot be converted into a logical connection between sentences.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />), it cannot be converted into a logical connection between sentences.</para>
<para>It is perfectly correct to use
<quote>zi'e</quote> to connect relative clauses of different kinds:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Vbm7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku poi blabi zi'e noi le mi pendo cu ponse ke'a cu klama</jbo>
<gloss>The dog that-is (white) and incidentally-such-that (my friend owns IT) goes.</gloss>
<en>The dog that is white, which my friend owns, is going.</en>
@@ -984,21 +984,21 @@
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UmLX" /> will seem most natural to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after the noun phrases they are attached to;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmCQ" />, on the other hand, may seem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative clause first. Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmCQ" />, the elidable terminator
<quote>ku'o</quote> must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause (
<quote>blabi</quote>) will merge with the selbri of the description (
<quote>gerku</quote>), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence. The purpose of the form appearing in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMct" /> will be apparent shortly.</para>
<para>As is explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />, two different numbers (known as the
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />, two different numbers (known as the
<quote>inner quantifier</quote> and the
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>) can be attached to a description. The inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it appears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifier appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things referred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the following example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3nJN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le mu prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the five persons go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two of the five people [that I have in mind] are going to the market.</en>
@@ -1057,21 +1057,21 @@
<quote>ku</quote>, then the relative clause is understood to apply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to.</para>
<para>What about
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMdb" />? By convention, it means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMDQ" />, and it requires no
<quote>ku</quote>, but it does typically require a
<quote>ku'o</quote> instead. Note that the relative clause comes before the inner quantifier.</para>
<para>When
<quote>le</quote> is the descriptor being used, and the sumti has no explicit outer quantifier, then the outer quantifier is understood to be
<quote>ro</quote> (meaning
<quote>all</quote>), as is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />. Thus
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />. Thus
<quote>le gerku</quote> is taken to mean
<quote>all of the things I refer to as dogs</quote>, possibly all one of them. In that case, there is no difference between a relative clause after the
<quote>ku</quote> or before it. However, if the descriptor is
<quote>lo</quote>, the difference is quite important:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmDS" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci</jbo>
@@ -1247,21 +1247,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>possessive sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Although any sumti, however complex, can appear in a full-fledged relative phrase, only simple sumti can appear as possessor sumti, without a
<!-- ^^ simple sumti, 119 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>simple sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>pe</quote>. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti are: pro-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In addition, the possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form would be interpreted as the unusual
<quote>descriptor + quantifier + sumti</quote> type of description. All these sumti forms are explained in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a description used in a possessive sumti:</para>
<!-- ^^ possessive sumti: compared with relative phrase, 180; contrasted with relative phrases in complexity allowed, 180; definition, 180; effect on elidability of ku, 181; relative clauses on, 181; syntax allowed, 180; with relative clauses on possessive sumti, 181 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>possessive sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rBmw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1376,21 +1376,21 @@
<para>which may serve to identify the author of the quotation or some other relevant, but subsidiary, fact about it. All such relative clauses appear only after the simple sumti, never before it.</para>
<!-- ^^ simple sumti, 119 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>simple sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>In addition, sumti with attached sumti qualifiers of selma'o LAhE or NAhE+BO (which are explained in detail in
<!-- ^^ NAhE+BO: terminator for, 499 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>NAhE+BO</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />) can have a relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />) can have a relative clause appearing after the qualifier and before the qualified sumti, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4sqi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<gloss>cu zvati le vu kumfa</gloss>
<gloss>A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]</gloss>
<gloss>is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
<en>An old
@@ -1445,21 +1445,21 @@
<quote>lu'u</quote> terminator, which prevents the relative clause from attaching to the quotation itself: we do not wish to refer to an old quotation!</para>
<!-- ^^ lu'u, 133, 267; as elidable terminator for qualified sumti, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>lu'u</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Sometimes, however, it is important to make a relative clause apply to the whole of a more complex sumti, one which involves logical or non-logical connection (explained in
<!-- ^^ non-logical connection: and elidability of terminators, 354; in mathematical expressions, 361; in tanru, distinguishing from connection of sumti, 354; of individuals into mass, 355; of individuals into set, 355; of modals, 208; of operands, 455; of operators, 455; of sumti, distinguishing from connection in tanru, 354; of termsets, 357 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>non-logical connection</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />). For example,</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EYgE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. noi nanmu cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank and George incidentally-who is-a-man go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who is a man, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1533,21 +1533,21 @@
</example>
<para>In spoken English, tone of voice would serve; in written English, one or both sentences would need rewriting.</para>
<!-- ^^ tone of voice, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tone of voice</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section9">
<title>Relative clauses in vocative phrases</title>
<para>Vocative phrases are explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />. Briefly, they are a method of indicating who a sentence or discourse is addressed to: of identifying the intended listener. They take three general forms, all beginning with cmavo from selma'o COI or DOI (called
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />. Briefly, they are a method of indicating who a sentence or discourse is addressed to: of identifying the intended listener. They take three general forms, all beginning with cmavo from selma'o COI or DOI (called
<quote>vocative words</quote>; there can be one or many), followed by either a name, a selbri, or a sumti. Here are three examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMG8" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. frank.</jbo>
<en>Hello, Frank.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1671,40 +1671,40 @@
</example>
<para>Here, the meaning of
<quote>IT-sub-2</quote> is that sumti attached to the second relative clause, counting from the innermost, is used. Therefore,
<quote>ke'axipa</quote> (IT-sub-1) means the same as plain
<!-- ^^ ke'axipa, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>ke'axipa</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>ke'a</quote>.</para>
<para>Alternatively, you can use a prenex (explained in full in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />), which is syntactically a series of sumti followed by the special cmavo
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />), which is syntactically a series of sumti followed by the special cmavo
<quote>zo'u</quote>, prefixed to the relative clause bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5TuF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>poi ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno</gloss>
<gloss>The man who (IT = it1 : it1 is-in the room</gloss>
<en>which (IT = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5TuF" /> is more verbose than
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8RdM" />, but may be clearer, since it explicitly spells out the two
<quote>ke'a</quote> cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to the assignable cmavo
<quote>ko'a</quote> and
<quote>ko'e</quote> (explained in Chapter
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />).</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section11">
<title>Index of relative clause cmavo</title>
<para>Relative clause introducers (selma'o NOI):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
noi incidental clauses
poi restrictive clauses
voi restrictive clauses (non-veridical)
</programlisting>
<para>Relative phrase introducers (selma'o GOI):</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index 4cf3dba..67c0236 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter9">
+<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti-tcita">
<title>Chapter 9 To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>The basic type of Lojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects are related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical forms called
<quote>sumti</quote>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
<quote>selbri</quote>.</para>
<para>The sumti are not randomly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known as the
<quote>place structure</quote> of the selbri. This chapter describes the various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed and by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a sequence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are placed. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri.</para>
<para>For our present purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structure. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dictionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from the principles of lujvo construction as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" />); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
<para>The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
<quote>klama</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
klama: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4
employing means of transport x5.
</programlisting>
<para>The
<quote>x1 ... x5</quote> indicates that
<quote>klama</quote> is a five-place predicate, and show the natural order (as assigned by the language engineers) of those places: agent, destination, origin, route, means.</para>
<para>The place structures of brivla are not absolutely stable aspects of the language. The work done so far has attempted to establish a basic place structure on which all users can, at first, agree. In the light of actual experience with the individual selbri of the language, there will inevitably be some degree of change to the brivla place structures.</para>
@@ -391,21 +391,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe le zarci</jbo>
<en>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to x2= the movie x2= the house x2= the office</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>may be taken to say that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, merging six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the listener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>fi'a</quote> also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing
<!-- ^^ fi'a, 191; effect on subsequent untagged sumti, 192 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>fi'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>fi'a</quote> is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:</para>
<!-- ^^ fi'a, 191; effect on subsequent untagged sumti, 192 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>fi'a</primary>
@@ -1207,21 +1207,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz" /> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMNc" />, the same English word
<quote>because</quote> is used to translate all four modals, but the types of cause being expressed are quite different. Let us now focus on
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz" />, and explore some variations on it.</para>
<para>As written,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz" /> claims that the plant grows, but only refers to the event of watering it in an abstraction bridi (abstractions are explained in
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>abstraction bridi</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />) without actually making a claim. If I express
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />) without actually making a claim. If I express
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz" />, I have said that the plant in fact grows, but I have not said that you actually water it, merely that there is a causal relationship between watering and growing. This is semantically asymmetrical. Suppose I wanted to claim that the plant was being watered, and only mention its growth as ancillary information? Then we could reverse the main bridi and the abstraction bridi, saying:</para>
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>abstraction bridi</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ibro">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1243,21 +1243,21 @@
<gloss>The event-of (you water-give to the plant) causes</gloss>
<gloss>the event-of (the plant grows).</gloss>
<gloss>Your watering the plant causes its growth.</gloss>
<en>If you water the plant, then it grows.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>does not claim either event, but asserts only the causal relationship between them. So in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1YHv" />, I am not saying that the plant grows nor that you have in fact watered it. The second colloquial translation shows a form of
<quote>if-then</quote> in English quite distinct from the logical connective
<quote>if-then</quote> explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />.</para>
<para>Suppose we wish to claim both events as well as their causal relationship? We can use one of two methods:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMnX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro .iri'abo do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<!-- ^^ iri'abo, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>iri'abo</primary>
@@ -1317,21 +1317,21 @@
<quote>rinka</quote>; it specifies an event which is the effect. I am therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you have watered it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two.</para>
<para>In principle, any modal tag can appear in a sentence connective of the type exemplified by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMPn" />. However, it makes little sense to use any modals which do not expect events or other abstractions to fill the places of the corresponding gismu. The sentence connective
<quote>.ibaubo</quote> is perfectly grammatical, but it is hard to imagine any two sentences which could be connected by an
<quote>in-language</quote> modal. This is because a sentence describes an event, and an event can be a cause or an effect, but not a language.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8">
<title>Other modal connections</title>
<para>Like many Lojban grammatical constructions, sentence modal connection has both forethought and afterthought forms. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for a more detailed discussion of Lojban connectives.)
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> for a more detailed discussion of Lojban connectives.)
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7" /> exemplifies only afterthought modal connection, illustrated here by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2D4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari lei djacu .iri'abo mi jgari le kabri</jbo>
<!-- ^^ iri'abo, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>iri'abo</primary>
@@ -1406,21 +1406,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu</jbo>
<en>I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-o7FG" /> means exactly the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c" /> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rQ77" />, but there is no idiomatic English translation that will distinguish it from them.</para>
<para>If the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti, then a termset may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />, but are essentially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />, but are essentially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LetE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini mi</jbo>
<gloss>I gave the book to John. Motivated-by John gave the-mass-of money to-me.</gloss>
<en>I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1433,21 +1433,21 @@
<jbo>nu'i mu'igi mi le cukta la djan. gi la djan. lei jdini mi nu'u dunda</jbo>
<en>[start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money, me [end] gives.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because the two bridi share only their selbri.</para>
<para>There is no modal connection between selbri as such: bridi which differ only in the selbri can be modally connected using bridi-tail modal connection. The bridi-tail construct is more fully explained in
<!-- ^^ bridi-tail modal connection, 200 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bridi-tail modal connection</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />, but essentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />, but essentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMN7" /> is suitable for bridi-tail connection, and could be shortened to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Do9b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta</jbo>
<en>I, because saw the book, took the book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1458,21 +1458,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta</jbo>
<en>I because saw, therefore took, the book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<quote>le cukta</quote> is set off by the non-elidable
<quote>vau</quote> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for more explanations.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> for more explanations.</para>
<para>Since this is a chapter on rearranging sumti, it is worth pointing out that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YXps" /> can be further rearranged to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pxca">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna</jbo>
<en>I, the book, because saw, therefore took.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1623,21 +1623,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do</jbo>
<gloss>I with-eye see you.</gloss>
<en>I see you with my eye(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>There are two other uses of modals. A modal can be attached to a pair of bridi-tails that have already been connected by a logical, non-logical, or modal connection (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for more on logical and non-logical connections):</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> for more on logical and non-logical connections):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vCzL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e]</jbo>
<!-- ^^ bai ke, 202 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>bai ke</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -1647,21 +1647,21 @@
</example>
<para>Here the
<quote>bai</quote> is spread over both
<quote>klama le zarci</quote> and
<quote>cadzu le bisli</quote>, and the
<quote>ge ... gi</quote> represents the logical connection
<quote>both-and</quote> between the two.</para>
<para>Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentences that have been combined with
<quote>tu'e</quote> and
<quote>tu'u</quote>, which are explained in more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-structure" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-boYr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u]</jbo>
<en>Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice [end].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as
@@ -1696,21 +1696,21 @@
<cmavo>me'a</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ me'a, 203; avoiding in favor of semau, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>me'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<selmaho>BAI</selmaho>
<description>mleca modal</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Relative phrases and clauses are explained in much more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />. However, there is a construction which combines a modal with a relative phrase which is relevant to this chapter. Consider the following examples of relative clauses:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />. However, there is a construction which combines a modal with a relative phrase which is relevant to this chapter. Consider the following examples of relative clauses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmPP" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas. poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
<en>The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</en>
<!-- ^^ Appassionata: example, 202 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Appassionata</primary>
@@ -2002,21 +2002,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>du'i</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>as much as</quote>). Some BAI tags can be used equally well in relative phrases or attached to bridi; others seem useful only attached to bridi. But it is also possible that the usefulness of particular BAI modals is an English-speaker bias, and that speakers of other languages may find other BAIs useful in divergent ways.</para>
<para>Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section11">
<title>Mixed modal connection</title>
<para>It is possible to mix logical connection (explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />) with modal connection, in a way that simultaneously asserts the logical connection and the modal relationship. Consider the sentences:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />) with modal connection, in a way that simultaneously asserts the logical connection and the modal relationship. Consider the sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4qz4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .ije mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you. And I like Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is a logical connection, and</para>
@@ -2125,21 +2125,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMRB" />, the
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> brackets are the equivalent of the
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> brackets in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmRL" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMSb" />, because
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
<quote>.ijeseri'abo</quote> to
<quote>.ije seri'a</quote>, which would show that the
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
<quote>mi bevri le dakli</quote> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />) to modify the whole of a
+ <xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />) to modify the whole of a
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> construct.</para>
<para>Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section12">
<title>Modal conversion: JAI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>jai</cmavo>
@@ -2206,21 +2206,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>fi'a</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Like SE conversions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may refer to
<quote>the language of an expression</quote> as
<quote>le jai bau cusku</quote>, for example.</para>
<para>In addition, it is grammatical to use
<quote>jai</quote> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
<quote>jai</quote> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
<quote>fai</quote> position, and to raise one of the sumti from the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature is discussed in more detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of (I see the book).</gloss>
<en>My taking the book is justified by my seeing it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2238,21 +2238,21 @@
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMse" />, with the bracketed part omitted, allows us to say that
<quote>I am justified</quote> whereas in fact it is my action that is justified. This construction is vague, but useful in representing natural-language methods of expression.</para>
<para>Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section13">
<title>Modal negation</title>
<para>Negation is explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />. There are two forms of negation in Lojban: contradictory and scalar negation. Contradictory negation expresses what is false, whereas scalar negation says that some alternative to what has been stated is true. A simple example is the difference between
+ <xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. There are two forms of negation in Lojban: contradictory and scalar negation. Contradictory negation expresses what is false, whereas scalar negation says that some alternative to what has been stated is true. A simple example is the difference between
<quote>John didn't go to Paris</quote> (contradictory negation) and
<quote>John went to (somewhere) other than Paris</quote> (scalar negation).</para>
<para>Contradictory negation involving BAI cmavo is performed by appending
<quote>-nai</quote> (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use of modals with
<quote>-nai</quote> is to deny a causal relationship:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ej84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2345,21 +2345,21 @@
<para>Note: Modals made with
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section15">
<title>Logical and non-logical connection of modals</title>
<!-- ^^ non-logical connection: and elidability of terminators, 354; in mathematical expressions, 361; in tanru, distinguishing from connection of sumti, 354; of individuals into mass, 355; of individuals into set, 355; of modals, 208; of operands, 455; of operators, 455; of sumti, distinguishing from connection in tanru, 354; of termsets, 357 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>non-logical connection</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Logical and non-logical connectives are explained in detail in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. For the purposes of this chapter, it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection between two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bridi with a connective between the modals. As a result,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />. For the purposes of this chapter, it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection between two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bridi with a connective between the modals. As a result,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMsx" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMte" /> mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsx" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani .ije la frank. bajra teka'a le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank runs with-destination the house. And Frank runs with-origin the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank runs to the house, and Frank runs from the house.</en>
@@ -2380,22 +2380,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani ce'e teka'a le zdani</jbo>
<en>Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin the-house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ce'e</quote> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> and
+ <xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers" />). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section16">
<title>CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms</title>
<para>There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (
<quote>do'e</quote>, discussed in
<!-- ^^ do'e, 197; compared with English of, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>do'e</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6" />), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
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