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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Fri Dec 31 15:21:04 EST 2010
commit 169a865a36690174808459e37e446c75ba0a5f44
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Dec 31 01:02:59 2010 -0500
Changed chapter 5 section numbers to section names.
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 7d464f5..8ac92db 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -20,21 +20,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do patfu mi</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-father-of me.</gloss>
<en>You are my father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>lies in the different selbri.</para>
<para>The simplest kind of selbri is a single Lojban content word: a brivla. There are three different varieties of brivla: those which are built into the language (the gismu), those which are derived from combinations of the gismu (the lujvo), and those which are taken (usually in a modified form) from other languages (the fu'ivla). In addition, there are a few cmavo that can act like brivla; these are mentioned in
- <xref linkend="section9" />, and discussed in full in
+ <xref linkend="section-cmavo-selbri" />, and discussed in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<para>For the purposes of this chapter, however, all brivla are alike. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-483c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta bloti</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-boat.</gloss>
<en>That is a boat.</en>
@@ -240,22 +240,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cmalu prenu</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-small person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are parallel tanru, in the sense that the relationship between
<jbophrase>barda</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase> is the same as that between
<jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>.
- <xref linkend="section14" /> and
- <xref linkend="section15" /> contain a partial listing of some types of tanru, with examples.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-asymmetric-tanru" /> and
+ <xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru" /> contain a partial listing of some types of tanru, with examples.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-three-part-tanru">
<title>Three-part tanru grouping with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase></title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>three-part</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
@@ -393,21 +393,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta klama bo jubme</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-goer [] table.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a legal Lojban bridi that means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aIfM" />, and is ambiguous in exactly the same ways. The cmavo
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> serves only to resolve grouping ambiguity: it says nothing about the more basic ambiguity present in all tanru.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-complex-grouping">
<title>Complex tanru grouping</title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>complex</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>If one element of a tanru can be another tanru, why not both elements?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-m5SD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d1" />
</title>
@@ -502,21 +502,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU" />, not
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh" />. This rule may seem peculiar at first, but one of its consequences is that
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is never necessary between the first two elements of any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjmr" /> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop" /> could have
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> inserted between
<jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> with no change in meaning.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-ke-grouping">
<title>Complex tanru with
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase></title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>with ke</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -644,21 +644,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli bo ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-pretty type-of ( little type-of ( girl type-of school ) ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and in many other different forms as well.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-logical-connection">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
je JA tanru logical
<quote>and</quote>
ja JA tanru logical
<quote>or</quote>
joi JOI mixed mass
<quote>and</quote>
gu'e GUhA tanru forethought logical
@@ -781,21 +781,21 @@
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> refers to something which is blue in the way that houses are blue;
<jbophrase>blanu je zdani</jbophrase> has no such implication - the blueness of a
<jbophrase>blanu je zdani</jbophrase> is independent of its houseness.</para>
<para>With the addition of
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, many more versions of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> are made possible: see
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pretty little girls' school</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="section16" /> for a complete list.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-pretty-school-groupings" /> for a complete list.</para>
<para>A subtle point in the semantics of tanru like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0UrF" /> needs special elucidation. There are at least two possible interpretations of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi je nixli ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-(beautiful and girl) type-of school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1041,21 +1041,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>leaves
<jbophrase>mlatu</jbophrase> outside the
<jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> construction. The scope of the
<jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> arm extends only to a single brivla or to two or more brivla connected with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-be-sumti">
<title>Linked sumti:
<jbophrase>be–bei–be'o</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be</cmavo>
<selmaho>BE</selmaho>
<description>linked sumti marker</description>
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1195,21 +1195,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>a (pretty and little) (girl school)</gloss>
<en>a school for girls which is both beautiful and small</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is simply that of
<jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>. (The sole exception to this rule is discussed in
- <xref linkend="section8" />.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-co-inversion" />.)</para>
<para>It is possible to precede linked sumti by the place structure ordering tags
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
@@ -1318,21 +1318,21 @@
</example>
<para>requires either
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase>, and since there is only one occurrence of
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase>, the
<jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> must match it, whereas it may be confusing which occurrence of
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> the
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> terminates (in fact the second one is correct).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-co-inversion">
<title>Inversion of tanru:
<jbophrase>co</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co</cmavo>
<selmaho>CO</selmaho>
<description>tanru inversion marker</description>
<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -1374,21 +1374,21 @@
</indexterm>
<jbophrase>co</jbophrase> (
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty" />) is the tertau, and the element following
<jbophrase>co</jbophrase> (
<jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase>) in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty" />) is the seltau.</para>
<para>The meaning, and more specifically, the place structure, of a tanru is not affected by inversion: the place structure of
<jbophrase>zdani co blanu</jbophrase> is still that of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In
- <xref linkend="section7" />, we saw how to fill interior places with
+ <xref linkend="section-be-sumti" />, we saw how to fill interior places with
<jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase>, and in fact
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjuc" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx" /> have the same meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjuc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier.</gloss>
@@ -1554,21 +1554,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci be'o co sutra</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-goer (to the store) of-type quick.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-cmavo-selbri">
<title>Other kinds of simple selbri</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>go'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>repeats the previous bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
@@ -1760,21 +1760,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti zdile kumfa</jbo>
<en>This is-an-amuser room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which suggests the meaning
<quote>a room that amuses someone</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-me-selbri">
<title>selbri based on sumti:
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
me ME changes sumti to simple selbri
me'u MEhU terminator for
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>A sumti can be made into a simple selbri by preceding it with
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
@@ -1959,28 +1959,28 @@
<!-- ^^ Three Kings: example, 99 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Three Kings</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires either
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> to be explicit, and (as with
<jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> in
- <xref linkend="section7" />) the
+ <xref linkend="section-be-sumti" />) the
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> leaves no doubt which cmavo it is paired with.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-place-conversion">
<title>Conversion of simple selbri</title>
<para>Conversion is the process of changing a selbri so that its places appear in a different order. This is not the same as labeling the sumti with the cmavo of FA, as mentioned in
- <xref linkend="section7" />, and then rearranging the order in which the sumti are spoken or written. Conversion transforms the selbri into a distinct, though closely related, selbri with renumbered places.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-be-sumti" />, and then rearranging the order in which the sumti are spoken or written. Conversion transforms the selbri into a distinct, though closely related, selbri with renumbered places.</para>
<para>In Lojban, conversion is accomplished by placing a cmavo of selma'o SE before the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-29Gu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do</jbo>
<en>I love you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2060,21 +2060,21 @@
<jbo>la djan. cu cadzu se klama la .alis</jbo>
<en>John walkingly is-gone-to by Alice</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>suggests that Alice is going to John, who is a moving target.</para>
<para>There is an alternative type of conversion, using the cmavo
<jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-scalar-negation">
<title>Scalar negation of selbri</title>
<para>Negation is too large and complex a topic to explain fully in this chapter; see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. In brief, there are two main types of negation in Lojban. This section is concerned with so-called
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, which is used to state that a true relation between the sumti is something other than what the selbri specifies. Scalar negation is expressed by cmavo of selma'o NAhE:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4oxH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e ke cadzu klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
@@ -2094,21 +2094,21 @@
<gloss>Alice non- walkingly goes to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>meaning that Alice does go there in some way (
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is not negated), but by a means other than that of walking.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4oxH" /> negates both
<jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, suggesting that Alice's relation to the market is something different from walkingly-going; it might be walking without going, or going without walking, or neither.</para>
<para>Of course, any of the simple selbri types explained in
- <xref linkend="section9" /> may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-cmavo-selbri" /> may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YB00">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. cu na'e pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones is non-1st speaker</gloss>
<en>Jones is not the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2247,41 +2247,41 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> following the selbri falls into the nonexistent x4 place of
<jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>. As a result, the whole example, though grammatical, is complete nonsense. (The bracketed Lojban words appear where a fluent Lojbanist would understand them to be implied.)</para>
<para>Finally, it is also possible to place
<jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> before a
<jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> logically connected tanru construction. The meaning of this usage has not yet been firmly established.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-bridi-negation-tenses">
<title>Tenses and bridi negation</title>
<para>A bridi can have cmavo associated with it which specify the time, place, or mode of action. For example, in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uz13">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the cmavo
<jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />. Tense is semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uz13" />. There are alternative ways of expressing tense information as well. Modals, which are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />, behave in the same way as tenses.</para>
<para>Similarly, a bridi may have the particle
<jbophrase>na</jbophrase> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
- <xref linkend="section12" />. For example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-scalar-negation" />. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PYSP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. na pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker</gloss>
<gloss>It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.</gloss>
<en>Jones isn't the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2346,28 +2346,28 @@
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear only at the beginning of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it.</para>
<!-- ^^ negation cmavo: position relative to selbri, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negation cmavo</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-asymmetric-tanru">
<title>Some types of asymmetrical tanru</title>
<!-- ^^ asymmetrical tanru, 104; definition, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This section and
- <xref linkend="section15" /> contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru" /> contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
<para>Here are the 3-letter abbreviations used for the various languages (it is presumed to be obvious whether a compound is found in English or not, so English is not explicitly noted):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Aba = Abazin Kaz = Kazakh
Chi = Chinese Kor = Korean
<!-- ^^ Korean: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Korean</primary>
</indexterm>
Ewe = Ewe Mon = Mongolian
@@ -2382,21 +2382,21 @@
<para>Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of that group.</para>
<para>The tanru discussed in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,
<!-- ^^ asymmetrical tanru, 104; definition, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<jbophrase>junla dadysli</jbophrase>, or
<quote>clock pendulum</quote>, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock, whereas
<jbophrase>dadysli junla</jbophrase>, or
<quote>pendulum clock</quote>, is the kind of clock that employs a pendulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are discussed in
- <xref linkend="section15" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru" />.</para>
<para>The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the object of that action:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pinsi nunkilbra pencil sharpener (Hun)
zgike nunctu music instruction (Hun)
mirli nunkalte deer hunting (Hun)
finpe nunkalte fish hunting (Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba = fishing)
smacu terkavbu mousetrap (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
zdani turni house ruler (Kar = host)
zerle'a nunte'a thief fear (Skt = fear of thieves)
cevni zekri god crime (Skt = offense against the gods)
@@ -2699,21 +2699,21 @@
</programlisting>
<para>It is clear that
<quote>tooth</quote> is being specified, and that
<quote>milk</quote> and
<quote>eye</quote> act as modifiers. However, the relationship between
<jbophrase>ladru</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>denci</jbophrase> is something like
<quote>tooth which one has when one is drinking milk from one's mother</quote>, a relationship certainly present nowhere except in this particular concept. As for
<jbophrase>kanla denci</jbophrase>, the relationship is not only not present on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-symmetric-tanru">
<title>Some types of symmetrical tanru</title>
<!-- ^^ symmetrical tanru, 111 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>symmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This section deals with symmetrical tanru, where order is not important. Many of these tanru can be expressed with a logical or non-logical connective between the components.</para>
<!-- ^^ symmetrical tanru, 111 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>symmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -2796,21 +2796,21 @@
sudysrasu = dry-grass
so'imei = manysome
<!-- ^^ manysome: example, 447 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>manysome</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
</section>
- <section xml:id="section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-pretty-school-groupings">
<title>
<quote>Pretty little girls' school</quote>: forty ways to say it</title>
<para>The following examples show every possible grouping arrangement of
<jbophrase>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase> using
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> for grouping and
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>jebo</jbophrase> for logical connection. Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, especially those which describe something which is both a girl and a school.</para>
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
commit 3d8f14a91e7dd539a2c8b2f01b0dc3f031d2d61f
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Dec 31 00:22:04 2010 -0500
Preliminary chapter 5 work (+ small chapter 3 change).
Changed a couple of <para>s inside <example>s to <en>s, and changed
<quote>...</quote> to <jbophrase>...</jbophrase> where
appropriate. Also removed valid="false" from the two role="rafsi" in
chapter 3.
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index aa189dd..a00b50f 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -1552,22 +1552,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d11" />
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bisydja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">BI,sy,dja</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">BI,syd,ja</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This word is a compound word, or lujvo, built from the two affixes
- <jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">bis</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="rafsi" valid="false">dja</jbophrase>. When they are joined, an impermissible consonant pair results:
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">bis</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">dja</jbophrase>. When they are joined, an impermissible consonant pair results:
<jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">sd</jbophrase>. In accordance with the algorithm for making lujvo, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology" />, a
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is inserted to separate the impermissible consonant pair; the
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> is not counted as a syllable for purposes of stress determination.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5g4j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d12" />
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>da'udja</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 7f3ba0c..7d464f5 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-selbri">
- <title>
- <quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban selbri</title>
+ <title><quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban selbri</title>
+
<section xml:id="section-brivla">
<title>Lojban content words: brivla</title>
<para>At the center, logically and often physically, of every Lojban bridi is one or more words which constitute the selbri. A bridi expresses a relationship between things: the selbri specifies which relationship is referred to. The difference between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-do-mamta-mi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mamta mi</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-mother-of me</gloss>
@@ -20,21 +20,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do patfu mi</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-father-of me.</gloss>
<en>You are my father.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>lies in the different selbri.</para>
<para>The simplest kind of selbri is a single Lojban content word: a brivla. There are three different varieties of brivla: those which are built into the language (the gismu), those which are derived from combinations of the gismu (the lujvo), and those which are taken (usually in a modified form) from other languages (the fu'ivla). In addition, there are a few cmavo that can act like brivla; these are mentioned in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9" />, and discussed in full in
+ <xref linkend="section9" />, and discussed in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<para>For the purposes of this chapter, however, all brivla are alike. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-483c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta bloti</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-boat.</gloss>
<en>That is a boat.</en>
@@ -60,20 +60,21 @@
</indexterm>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blotrskunri</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(boat)-schooner.</gloss>
<en>That is a schooner.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>illustrate the three types of brivla (gismu, lujvo, and fu'ivla respectively), but in each case the selbri is composed of a single word whose meaning can be learned independent of its origins.</para>
<para>The remainder of this chapter will mostly use gismu as example brivla, because they are short. However, it is important to keep in mind that wherever a gismu appears, it could be replaced by any other kind of brivla.</para>
</section>
+
<section xml:id="section-simple-tanru">
<title>Simple tanru</title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>nouns</primary>
<secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>verbs</primary>
<secondary>brivla as Lojban equivalents</secondary>
</indexterm>
@@ -165,39 +166,39 @@
<jbophrase>tanru</jbophrase>. The first component is called the
<jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase>, and the second component is called the
<jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The most important rule for use in interpreting tanru is that the tertau carries the primary meaning. A
<jbophrase>pelnimre tricu</jbophrase> is primarily a tree, and only secondarily is it connected with lemons in some way. For this reason, an alternative translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-z0wS" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hP9j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d5" />
</title>
- <para>That is a lemon type of tree.</para>
+ <en>That is a lemon type of tree.</en>
</example>
<para>This
<quote>type of</quote> relationship between the components of a tanru is fundamental to the tanru concept.</para>
<para>We may also say that the seltau modifies the meaning of the tertau:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4fvn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d6" />
</title>
- <para>That is a tree which is lemon-ish (in the way appropriate to trees)</para>
+ <en>That is a tree which is lemon-ish (in the way appropriate to trees)</en>
</example>
<para>would be another possible translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-z0wS" />. In the same way, a more explicit translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHNA" /> might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-asRA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d7" />
</title>
- <para>John is a boy who is big in the way that boys are big.</para>
+ <en>John is a boy who is big in the way that boys are big.</en>
</example>
<para>This
<quote>way that boys are big</quote> would be quite different from the way in which elephants are big; big-for-a-boy is small-for-an-elephant.</para>
<para>All tanru are ambiguous semantically. Possible translations of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aIfM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta klama jubme</jbo>
@@ -239,91 +240,91 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cmalu prenu</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-small person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are parallel tanru, in the sense that the relationship between
<jbophrase>barda</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase> is the same as that between
<jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section14" /> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section15" /> contain a partial listing of some types of tanru, with examples.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section14" /> and
+ <xref linkend="section15" /> contain a partial listing of some types of tanru, with examples.</para>
</section>
+
<section xml:id="section-three-part-tanru">
<title>Three-part tanru grouping with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase></title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>three-part</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bo</cmavo>
<selmaho>BO</selmaho>
<description>closest scope grouping</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Consider the English sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gCLr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d1" />
</title>
- <para>That's a little girls' school.</para>
+ <en>That's a little girls' school.</en>
</example>
<para>What does it mean? Two possible readings are:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5UBW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d2" />
</title>
- <para>That's a little school for girls.</para>
+ <en>That's a little school for girls.</en>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5UBJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d3" />
</title>
- <para>That's a school for little girls.</para>
+ <en>That's a school for little girls.</en>
</example>
<para>This ambiguity is quite different from the simple tanru ambiguity described in
<xref linkend="section-simple-tanru" />. We understand that
<quote>girls' school</quote> means
<quote>a school where girls are the students</quote>, and not
<quote>a school where girls are the teachers</quote> or
<quote>a school which is a girl</quote> (!). Likewise, we understand that
<quote>little girl</quote> means
<quote>girl who is small</quote>. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is
<quote>girls' school</quote> to be taken as a unit, with
<quote>little</quote> specifying the type of girls' school? Or is
<quote>little girl</quote> to be taken as a unit, specifying the type of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>speech rhythm</primary>
<secondary>for grouping in English</secondary>
</indexterm> exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>
- <para>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>with bo</secondary>
- </indexterm> Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
+ </indexterm>
+ <para>Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5UBW" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nwuU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-small girl [] school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-5UBJ" /> might be translated:</para>
+ <para><xref linkend="example-random-id-5UBJ" /> might be translated:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jquh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-small [] girl school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
@@ -391,21 +392,22 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta klama bo jubme</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-goer [] table.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a legal Lojban bridi that means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aIfM" />, and is ambiguous in exactly the same ways. The cmavo
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> serves only to resolve grouping ambiguity: it says nothing about the more basic ambiguity present in all tanru.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section4">
+
+ <section xml:id="section4">
<title>Complex tanru grouping</title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>complex</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>If one element of a tanru can be another tanru, why not both elements?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-m5SD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d1" />
</title>
@@ -470,53 +472,54 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of (little type-of (girl type-of school)).</gloss>
<en>That is a small school for girls which is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop" /> uses a construction which has not been seen before:
- <quote>cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</quote>, with two consecutive uses of
- <quote>bo</quote> between brivla. The rule for multiple
- <quote>bo</quote> constructions is the opposite of the rule when no
- <quote>bo</quote> is present at all: the last two are grouped together. Not surprisingly, this is called the
+ <jbophrase>cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbophrase>, with two consecutive uses of
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> between brivla. The rule for multiple
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> constructions is the opposite of the rule when no
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is present at all: the last two are grouped together. Not surprisingly, this is called the
<quote>right-grouping rule</quote>, and it is associated with every use of
<!-- ^^ right-grouping rule: definition of, 87 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>right-grouping rule</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>bo</quote> in the language. Therefore,</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> in the language. Therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-snKn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-little type-of (girl type-of school).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU" />, not
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh" />. This rule may seem peculiar at first, but one of its consequences is that
- <quote>bo</quote> is never necessary between the first two elements of any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is never necessary between the first two elements of any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjmr" /> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop" /> could have
- <quote>bo</quote> inserted between
- <quote>melbi</quote> and
- <quote>cmalu</quote> with no change in meaning.</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> inserted between
+ <jbophrase>melbi</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> with no change in meaning.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5">
+
+ <section xml:id="section5">
<title>Complex tanru with
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote></title>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase></title>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>with ke</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke</cmavo>
<selmaho>KE</selmaho>
<description>start grouping</description>
@@ -530,22 +533,22 @@
<para>There is, in fact, a fifth grouping of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> that cannot be expressed with the resources explained so far. To handle it, we must introduce the grouping parentheses cmavo,
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pretty little girls' school</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ grouping parentheses, 88 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>grouping parentheses</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote> (belonging to selma'o KE and KEhE respectively). Any portion of a selbri sandwiched between these two cmavo is taken to be a single tanru component, independently of what is adjacent to it. Thus,
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> (belonging to selma'o KE and KEhE respectively). Any portion of a selbri sandwiched between these two cmavo is taken to be a single tanru component, independently of what is adjacent to it. Thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjmr" /> can be rewritten in any of the following ways:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjqu" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -561,78 +564,78 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjSA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ke ke ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ke'e ckule ke'e</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( ( ( pretty little ) girl ) school ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Even more versions could be created simply by placing any number of
- <quote>ke</quote> cmavo at the beginning of the selbri, and a like number of
- <quote>ke'e</quote> cmavo at its end. Obviously, all of these are a waste of breath once the left-grouping rule has been grasped. However, the following is equivalent to
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> cmavo at the beginning of the selbri, and a like number of
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> cmavo at its end. Obviously, all of these are a waste of breath once the left-grouping rule has been grasped. However, the following is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjog" /> and may be easier to understand:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zV26">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ke'e ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( pretty type-of ( little type-of girl ) ) type-of school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Likewise, a
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote> version of
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjNi" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AUdM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-(pretty type-of little) ( girl type-of school ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The final
- <quote>ke'e</quote> is given in square brackets here to indicate that it can be elided. It is always possible to elide
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is given in square brackets here to indicate that it can be elided. It is always possible to elide
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>square brackets</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>ke'e</quote> at the end of the selbri, making
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> at the end of the selbri, making
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AUdM" /> as terse as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjNi" />.</para>
<para>Now how about that fifth grouping? It is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tz0L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of school ).</gloss>
<en>That is a beautiful school for small girls.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tz0L" /> is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
- <quote>cmalu nixli ckule</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
+ <jbophrase>cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>with ke and bo</secondary>
</indexterm> It is perfectly all right to mix
- <quote>bo</quote> and
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> in a single selbri. For instance,
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> in a single selbri. For instance,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop" />, which in pure
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> form is</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> form is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uBS4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-pretty type-of ( little type-of ( girl type-of school ) ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>can equivalently be expressed as:</para>
@@ -640,21 +643,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli bo ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-pretty type-of ( little type-of ( girl type-of school ) ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and in many other different forms as well.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6">
+
+ <section xml:id="section6">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
je JA tanru logical
<quote>and</quote>
ja JA tanru logical
<quote>or</quote>
joi JOI mixed mass
<quote>and</quote>
gu'e GUhA tanru forethought logical
@@ -697,21 +701,21 @@
<en>big type-of (red type-of dog)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>much better. After all, the straightforward understanding of the English phrase is that the dog is big as compared with other dogs, not merely as compared with other red dogs. In fact, the bigness and redness are independent properties of the dog, and only obscure rules of English adjective ordering prevent us from saying
<!-- ^^ adjective ordering, 89 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>adjective ordering</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>red big dog</quote>.</para>
<para>The Lojban approach to this problem is to introduce the cmavo
- <quote>je</quote>, which is one of the many equivalents of English
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, which is one of the many equivalents of English
<quote>and</quote>. A big red dog is one that is both big and red, and we can say:</para>
<!-- ^^ big red dog: example, 89 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>big red dog</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0UrF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -723,24 +727,24 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DzeP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xunre je barda gerku</jbo>
<en>(red and big) type-of dog</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equally satisfactory and means the same thing. As these examples indicate, joining two brivla with
- <quote>je</quote> makes them a unit for tanru purposes. However, explicit grouping with
- <quote>bo</quote> or
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> associates brivla more closely than
- <quote>je</quote> does:</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> makes them a unit for tanru purposes. However, explicit grouping with
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> associates brivla more closely than
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> does:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LES9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda je pelxu bo xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>barda je ke pelxu xunre ke'e gerku</gloss>
<gloss>(big and (yellow type-of red)) dog</gloss>
<en>big yellowish-red dog</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -753,45 +757,45 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda je pelxu xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>((big and yellow) type-of red) type-of dog</gloss>
<en>biggish- and yellowish-red dog</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which again raises the question of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-riAq" />: what does
<quote>biggish-red</quote> mean?</para>
<para>Unlike
- <quote>bo</quote> and
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote>,
- <quote>je</quote> is useful as well as merely legal within simple tanru. It may be used to partly resolve the ambiguity of simple tanru:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is useful as well as merely legal within simple tanru. It may be used to partly resolve the ambiguity of simple tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-W56H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu je zdani</jbo>
<en>that is-blue and is-a-house</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>definitely refers to something which is both blue and is a house, and not to any of the other possible interpretations of simple
- <quote>blanu zdani</quote>. Furthermore,
- <quote>blanu zdani</quote> refers to something which is blue in the way that houses are blue;
- <quote>blanu je zdani</quote> has no such implication - the blueness of a
- <quote>blanu je zdani</quote> is independent of its houseness.</para>
+ <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase>. Furthermore,
+ <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> refers to something which is blue in the way that houses are blue;
+ <jbophrase>blanu je zdani</jbophrase> has no such implication - the blueness of a
+ <jbophrase>blanu je zdani</jbophrase> is independent of its houseness.</para>
<para>With the addition of
- <quote>je</quote>, many more versions of
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, many more versions of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> are made possible: see
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pretty little girls' school</primary>
</indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section16" /> for a complete list.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section16" /> for a complete list.</para>
<para>A subtle point in the semantics of tanru like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0UrF" /> needs special elucidation. There are at least two possible interpretations of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi je nixli ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-(beautiful and girl) type-of school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -833,21 +837,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves.</para>
<para>In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives" /> for further details.</para>
<para>The logical connective
- <quote>je</quote> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bajra cu jinga ja te jinga</jbo>
<en>the runner(s) is/are winner(s) or loser(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJsg" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -875,65 +879,65 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d16" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vajni ju pluka nuntavla</jbo>
<gloss>(important whether-or-not pleasing) event-of-talking</gloss>
<en>speech which is important, whether or not it is pleasing</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJse" />,
- <quote>ja</quote> is grammatically equivalent to
- <quote>je</quote> but means
+ <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> is grammatically equivalent to
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> but means
<quote>or</quote> (more precisely,
<quote>and/or</quote>). Likewise,
- <quote>naja</quote> means
+ <jbophrase>naja</jbophrase> means
<quote>only if</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJsg" />,
- <quote>jo</quote> means
+ <jbophrase>jo</jbophrase> means
<quote>if and only if</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjsy" />, and
- <quote>ju</quote> means
+ <jbophrase>ju</jbophrase> means
<quote>whether or not</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjtD" />.</para>
<para>Now consider the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NuWM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d17" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je blanu jabo crino</jbo>
<!-- ^^ jabo, 91 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jabo</primary>
</indexterm>
<en>rich and (blue or green)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which illustrates a new grammatical feature: the use of both
- <quote>ja</quote> and
- <quote>bo</quote> between tanru components. The two cmavo combine to form a compound whose meaning is that of
- <quote>ja</quote> but which groups more closely;
- <quote>jabo</quote> is to
+ <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> between tanru components. The two cmavo combine to form a compound whose meaning is that of
+ <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> but which groups more closely;
+ <jbophrase>jabo</jbophrase> is to
<!-- ^^ jabo, 91 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jabo</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>ja</quote> as plain
- <quote>bo</quote> is to no cmavo at all. However, both
- <quote>ja</quote> and
- <quote>jabo</quote> group less closely than
+ <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> as plain
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is to no cmavo at all. However, both
+ <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>jabo</jbophrase> group less closely than
<!-- ^^ jabo, 91 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jabo</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>bo</quote> does:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> does:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KxqX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d18" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je blanu jabo crino bo blanu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ jabo, 91 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>jabo</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -946,21 +950,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2WtT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d19" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je ke blanu ja crino [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>rich and (blue or green)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In addition to the logical connectives, there are also a variety of non-logical connectives, grammatically equivalent to the logical ones. The only one with a well-understood meaning in tanru contexts is
- <quote>joi</quote>, which is the kind of
+ <jbophrase>joi</jbophrase>, which is the kind of
<quote>and</quote> that denotes a mixture:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Hr1L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d20" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu joi xunre bolci</jbo>
<en>This is-a-(blue and red) ball.</en>
<!-- ^^ blue and red: example, 354 -->
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -973,21 +977,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NAhT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d21" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu xunre bolci</jbo>
<en>This is a bluish-red ball</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which would be a ball whose color is some sort of purple tending toward red, since
- <quote>xunre</quote> is the more important of the two components. On the other hand,</para>
+ <jbophrase>xunre</jbophrase> is the more important of the two components. On the other hand,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-78C3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d22" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu je xunre bolci</jbo>
<en>This is a (blue and red) ball</en>
<!-- ^^ blue and red: example, 354 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>blue and red</primary>
@@ -995,64 +999,65 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is probably self-contradictory, seeming to claim that the ball is independently both blue and red at the same time, although some sensible interpretation may exist.</para>
<!-- ^^ blue and red: example, 354 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>blue and red</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Finally, just as English
<quote>and</quote> has the variant form
<quote>both ... and</quote>, so
- <quote>je</quote> between tanru components has the variant form
- <quote>gu'e ... gi</quote>, where
- <quote>gu'e</quote> is placed before the components and
- <quote>gi</quote> between them:</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> between tanru components has the variant form
+ <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase>, where
+ <jbophrase>gu'e</jbophrase> is placed before the components and
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> between them:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gLbh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d23" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gu'e barda gi xunre gerku</jbo>
<en>(both big and red) type-of dog</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0UrF" />. For each logical connective related to
- <quote>je</quote>, there is a corresponding connective related to
- <quote>gu'e ... gi</quote> in a systematic way.</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase>, there is a corresponding connective related to
+ <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> in a systematic way.</para>
<para>The portion of a
- <quote>gu'e ... gi</quote> construction before the
- <quote>gi</quote> is a full selbri, and may use any of the selbri resources including
- <quote>je</quote> logical connections. After the
- <quote>gi</quote>, logical connections are taken to be wider in scope than the
- <quote>gu'e ... gi</quote>, which has in effect the same scope as
- <quote>bo</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> construction before the
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> is a full selbri, and may use any of the selbri resources including
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> logical connections. After the
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase>, logical connections are taken to be wider in scope than the
+ <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase>, which has in effect the same scope as
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETVe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d24" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gu'e barda je xunre gi gerku ja mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>(both (big and red) and dog) or cat</gloss>
<en>something which is either big, red, and a dog, or else a cat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>leaves
- <quote>mlatu</quote> outside the
- <quote>gu'e ... gi</quote> construction. The scope of the
- <quote>gi</quote> arm extends only to a single brivla or to two or more brivla connected with
- <quote>bo</quote> or
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>mlatu</jbophrase> outside the
+ <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> construction. The scope of the
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> arm extends only to a single brivla or to two or more brivla connected with
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section7">
+
+ <section xml:id="section7">
<title>Linked sumti:
- <quote>be–bei–be'o</quote></title>
+ <jbophrase>be–bei–be'o</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>be</cmavo>
<selmaho>BE</selmaho>
<description>linked sumti marker</description>
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -1072,63 +1077,63 @@
<description>linked sumti terminator</description>
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The question of the place structures of selbri has been glossed over so far. This chapter does not attempt to treat place structure issues in detail; they are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />. One grammatical structure related to places belongs here, however. In simple sentences such as
<xref linkend="example-do-mamta-mi" />, the place structure of the selbri is simply the defined place structure of the gismu
- <quote>mamta</quote>. What about more complex selbri?</para>
+ <jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>. What about more complex selbri?</para>
<para>For tanru, the place structure rule is simple: the place structure of a tanru is always the place structure of its tertau. Thus, the place structure of
- <quote>blanu zdani</quote> is that of
- <quote>zdani</quote>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
+ <jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> is that of
+ <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
<para>What about the places of
- <quote>blanu</quote>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
- <quote>blanu</quote> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
- <quote>zdani</quote>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
- <quote>blanu</quote> with
- <quote>xamgu</quote>, we get:</para>
+ <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
+ <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
+ <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
+ <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> with
+ <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase>, we get:</para>
<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tffW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good house.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ good house: example, 92 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>good house</primary>
</indexterm>
<en>This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
- <quote>xamgu</quote> has three places (x1, the good thing; x2, the person for whom it is good; and x3, the standard of goodness),
+ <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase> has three places (x1, the good thing; x2, the person for whom it is good; and x3, the standard of goodness),
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tffW" /> necessarily omits information about the last two: there is no room for them. Room can be made, however!</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uuio">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be do bei mi [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good (for you by-standard me) house.</gloss>
<en>This is a house that is good for you by my standards.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, the gismu
- <quote>xamgu</quote> has been followed by the cmavo
- <quote>be</quote> (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or more sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place structure, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting with x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo
- <quote>bei</quote> (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is terminated by the elidable terminator
- <quote>be'o</quote> (of selma'o BEhO).</para>
+ <jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase> has been followed by the cmavo
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or more sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place structure, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting with x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo
+ <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase> (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is terminated by the elidable terminator
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o BEhO).</para>
<para>Grammatically, a brivla with sumti linked to it in this fashion plays the same role in tanru as a simple brivla. To illustrate, here is a fully fleshed-out version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU" />, with all places filled in:</para>
<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7vxB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti cmalu be le ka canlu</jbo>
<gloss>bei lo'e ckule be'o</gloss>
@@ -1153,25 +1158,25 @@
<gloss>This is a school, small in volume compared to the typical school, pertaining</gloss>
<gloss>to five-year-old girls (by American standards), in Brooklyn, teaching poetry</gloss>
<!-- ^^ Brooklyn: example, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brooklyn</primary>
</indexterm>
<en>to the New York community and operated by the state.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the three places of
- <quote>cmalu</quote>, the three of
- <quote>nixli</quote>, and the four of
- <quote>ckule</quote> are fully specified. Since the places of
- <quote>ckule</quote> are the places of the bridi as a whole, it was not necessary to link the sumti which follow
- <quote>ckule</quote>. It would have been legal to do so, however:</para>
+ <jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase>, the three of
+ <jbophrase>nixli</jbophrase>, and the four of
+ <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> are fully specified. Since the places of
+ <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> are the places of the bridi as a whole, it was not necessary to link the sumti which follow
+ <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>. It would have been legal to do so, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YIty">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani [be'o]</jbo>
<en>I go (to-the market from-the house).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as</para>
@@ -1189,51 +1194,51 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>a (pretty and little) (girl school)</gloss>
<en>a school for girls which is both beautiful and small</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is simply that of
- <quote>ckule</quote>. (The sole exception to this rule is discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8" />.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>. (The sole exception to this rule is discussed in
+ <xref linkend="section8" />.)</para>
<para>It is possible to precede linked sumti by the place structure ordering tags
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>fe</quote>,
- <quote>fi</quote>,
- <quote>fo</quote>, and
- <quote>fu</quote> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
+ <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> (of selma'o FA, discussed further in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />), which serve to explicitly specify the x2, x3, x4, and x5 places respectively. Normally, the place following the
- <quote>be</quote> is the x2 place and the other places follow in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be accomplished as follows:</para>
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> is the x2 place and the other places follow in order. If it seems convenient to change the order, however, it can be accomplished as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mhS7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be fi mi bei fe do [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<en>This is-a-good ( by-standard me for you ) house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uuio" />. Note that the order of
- <quote>be</quote>,
- <quote>bei</quote>, and
- <quote>be'o</quote> does not change; only the inserted
- <quote>fi</quote> tells us that
- <quote>mi</quote> is the x3 place (and correspondingly, the inserted
- <quote>fe</quote> tells us that
- <quote>do</quote> is the x2 place). Changing the order of sumti is often done to match the order of another language, or for emphasis or rhythm.</para>
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> does not change; only the inserted
+ <jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> tells us that
+ <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is the x3 place (and correspondingly, the inserted
+ <jbophrase>fe</jbophrase> tells us that
+ <jbophrase>do</jbophrase> is the x2 place). Changing the order of sumti is often done to match the order of another language, or for emphasis or rhythm.</para>
<para>Of course, using FA cmavo makes it easy to specify one place while omitting a previous place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9b37">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be fi mi [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good (by-standard me) house.</gloss>
<en>This is a good house by my standards.</en>
<!-- ^^ good house: example, 92 -->
@@ -1266,26 +1271,26 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani ga'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue house to-observer me.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house, as I see it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See discussions in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" /> of modals and in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses" /> of tenses for more explanations.</para>
<para>The terminator
- <quote>be'o</quote> is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach to the last linked sumti unless
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach to the last linked sumti unless
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>be'o</quote> is used, in which case it will attach to the outer description:</para>
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> is used, in which case it will attach to the outer description:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJTI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be do noi barda cu zdani</jbo>
<en>The good-thing for you (who are-large) is-a-house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjTj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1293,58 +1298,59 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be do be'o noi barda cu zdani</jbo>
<en>The (good-thing for you) (which is-large) is-a-house</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Relative clauses are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />.)</para>
<para>In other cases, however,
- <quote>be'o</quote> cannot be elided if
- <quote>ku</quote> has also been elided:</para>
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> cannot be elided if
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> has also been elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zb4A">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xamgu be le ctuca [ku] be'o zdani</jbo>
<en>the good (for the teacher) house</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires either
- <quote>ku</quote> or
- <quote>be'o</quote>, and since there is only one occurrence of
- <quote>be</quote>, the
- <quote>be'o</quote> must match it, whereas it may be confusing which occurrence of
- <quote>le</quote> the
- <quote>ku</quote> terminates (in fact the second one is correct).</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase>, and since there is only one occurrence of
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>, the
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> must match it, whereas it may be confusing which occurrence of
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> the
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> terminates (in fact the second one is correct).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8">
+
+ <section xml:id="section8">
<title>Inversion of tanru:
- <quote>co</quote></title>
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>co</cmavo>
<selmaho>CO</selmaho>
<description>tanru inversion marker</description>
<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru inversion</primary>
</indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The standard order of Lojban tanru, whereby the modifier precedes what it modifies, is very natural to English-speakers: we talk of
<quote>blue houses</quote>, not of
<quote>houses blue</quote>. In other languages, however, such matters are differently arranged, and Lojban supports this reverse order (tertau before seltau) by inserting the particle
- <quote>co</quote>.
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjtV" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty" /> mean exactly the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjtV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue type-of-house.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house.</en>
@@ -1359,31 +1365,31 @@
<gloss>That is-a-house of-type blue.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This change is called
<quote>tanru inversion</quote>. In tanru inversion, the element before
<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru inversion</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>co</quote> (
- <quote>zdani</quote> in
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> (
+ <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty" />) is the tertau, and the element following
- <quote>co</quote> (
- <quote>blanu</quote>) in
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> (
+ <jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase>) in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjty" />) is the seltau.</para>
<para>The meaning, and more specifically, the place structure, of a tanru is not affected by inversion: the place structure of
- <quote>zdani co blanu</quote> is still that of
- <quote>zdani</quote>. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />, we saw how to fill interior places with
- <quote>be ... bei ... be'o</quote>, and in fact
+ <jbophrase>zdani co blanu</jbophrase> is still that of
+ <jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In
+ <xref linkend="section7" />, we saw how to fill interior places with
+ <jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase>, and in fact
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjuc" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx" /> have the same meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjuc" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier.</gloss>
<en>I try to go to the market from the house.</en>
@@ -1414,25 +1420,25 @@
<quote>troci</quote> as the tertau. The reason is that
<quote>trying to go</quote> is a
<quote>going type of trying</quote>, not a
<quote>trying type of going</quote>. The trying is more fundamental than the going - if the trying fails, we may not have a going at all.</para>
<para>Any sumti which precede a selbri with an inverted tanru fill the places of the selbri (i.e., the places of the tertau) in the ordinary way. In
<!-- ^^ inverted tanru: effect on sumti after the selbri, 95; effect on sumti before the selbri, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>inverted tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx" />,
- <quote>mi</quote> fills the x1 place of
- <quote>troci co klama</quote>, which is the x1 place of
- <quote>troci</quote>. The other places of the selbri remain unfilled. The trailing sumti
- <quote>le zarci</quote> and
- <quote>le zdani</quote> do not occupy selbri places, despite appearances.</para>
+ <jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> fills the x1 place of
+ <jbophrase>troci co klama</jbophrase>, which is the x1 place of
+ <jbophrase>troci</jbophrase>. The other places of the selbri remain unfilled. The trailing sumti
+ <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>le zdani</jbophrase> do not occupy selbri places, despite appearances.</para>
<para>As a result, the regular mechanisms (involving selma'o VOhA and GOhI, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />) for referring to individual sumti of a bridi cannot refer to any of the trailing places of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjVx" />, because they are not really
<quote>sumti of the bridi</quote> at all.</para>
<para>When inverting a more complex tanru, it is possible to invert it only at the most general modifier-modified pair. The only possible inversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU" />, for instance, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7uS2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d5" />
</title>
@@ -1440,44 +1446,44 @@
<jbo>ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-girl type-of school) of-type little.</gloss>
<en>That's a girls' school which is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tanru grouping</primary>
<secondary>effect of tanru inversion on</secondary>
</indexterm> Note that the
- <quote>bo</quote> of
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU" /> is optional in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7uS2" />, because
- <quote>co</quote> groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tanru, including none at all. Not even
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> parentheses can encompass a
- <quote>co</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tanru, including none at all. Not even
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses can encompass a
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y501">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] co melbi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(little type-of (girl type-of school)) of-type pretty.</gloss>
<en>That's a small school for girls which is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-y501" />, the
- <quote>ke'e</quote> is automatically inserted before the
- <quote>co</quote> rather than at its usual place at the end of the selbri. As a result, there is a simple and mechanical rule for removing
- <quote>co</quote> from any selbri: change
- <quote>A co B</quote> to
- <quote>ke B ke'e A</quote>. (At the same time, any sumti following the selbri must be transformed into
- <quote>be ... bei ... be'o</quote> form and attached following B.) Therefore,</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is automatically inserted before the
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> rather than at its usual place at the end of the selbri. As a result, there is a simple and mechanical rule for removing
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> from any selbri: change
+ <jbophrase>A co B</jbophrase> to
+ <jbophrase>ke B ke'e A</jbophrase>. (At the same time, any sumti following the selbri must be transformed into
+ <jbophrase>be ... bei ... be'o</jbophrase> form and attached following B.) Therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4c0A">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ckule co melbi nixli</jbo>
<gloss>school of-type pretty girl</gloss>
<en>school for beautiful girls</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1485,27 +1491,27 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-w5cI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ke melbi nixli ke'e ckule</jbo>
<en>(pretty girl) school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Multiple
- <quote>co</quote> cmavo can appear within a selbri, indicating multiple inversions: a right-grouping rule is employed, as for
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> cmavo can appear within a selbri, indicating multiple inversions: a right-grouping rule is employed, as for
<!-- ^^ right-grouping rule: definition of, 87 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>right-grouping rule</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>bo</quote>. The above rule can be applied to interpret such selbri, but all
- <quote>co</quote> cmavo must be removed simultaneously:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase>. The above rule can be applied to interpret such selbri, but all
+ <jbophrase>co</jbophrase> cmavo must be removed simultaneously:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yLn5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ckule co nixli co cmalu</jbo>
<en>school of-type (girl of-type little)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>becomes formally</para>
@@ -1534,34 +1540,35 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama co sutra</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-goer of-type quick</gloss>
<en>I go quickly</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>cannot be filled by placing sumti after the selbri, because any sumti in that position fill the places of
- <quote>sutra</quote>, the seltau. However, the tertau places (which means in effect the selbri places) can be filled with
- <quote>be</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase>, the seltau. However, the tertau places (which means in effect the selbri places) can be filled with
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PDAh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci be'o co sutra</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-goer (to the store) of-type quick.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section9">
+
+ <section xml:id="section9">
<title>Other kinds of simple selbri</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>go'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>repeats the previous bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
@@ -1604,21 +1611,21 @@
<cmavo>kei</cmavo>
<selmaho>KEI</selmaho>
<description>terminator for NU</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>So far we have only discussed brivla and tanru built up from brivla as possible selbri. In fact, there are a few other constructions in Lojban which are grammatically equivalent to brivla: they can be used either directly as selbri, or as components in tanru. Some of these types of simple selbri are discussed at length in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />,
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />, and
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso" />; but for completeness these types are mentioned here with a brief explanation and an example of their use in selbri.</para>
<para>The cmavo of selma'o GOhA (with one exception) serve as pro-bridi, providing a reference to the content of other bridi; none of them has a fixed meaning. The most commonly used member of GOhA is probably
- <quote>go'i</quote>, which amounts to a repetition of the previous bridi, or part of it. If I say:</para>
+ <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>, which amounts to a repetition of the previous bridi, or part of it. If I say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2UvG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>John goes-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you may retort:</para>
@@ -1638,37 +1645,37 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci</jbo>
<en>John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the whole bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2UvG" /> has been packaged up into the single word
- <quote>go'i</quote> and inserted into
+ <jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and inserted into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EvoD" />.</para>
<para>The exceptional member of GOhA is
- <quote>du</quote>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...
</programlisting>
<para>for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOhA is available in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" />.</para>
<para>Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>mathematical expressions</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>su'i</quote>, meaning
+ <jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>plus</quote>, can be transformed into selbri by prefixing them with
- <quote>nu'a</quote> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.
</programlisting>
<para>for as many arguments as are required. (The result goes in the x1 place because the number of following places may be indefinite.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pp6j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo nu'a su'i li re li re</jbo>
@@ -1726,21 +1733,21 @@
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>two brothers</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ brothers: example, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>brothers</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Finally, an important type of simple selbri which is not a brivla is the abstraction. Grammatically, abstractions are simple: a cmavo of selma'o NU, followed by a bridi, followed by the elidable terminator
- <quote>kei</quote> of selma'o KEI. Semantically, abstractions are an extremely subtle and powerful feature of Lojban whose full ramifications are documented in
+ <jbophrase>kei</jbophrase> of selma'o KEI. Semantically, abstractions are an extremely subtle and powerful feature of Lojban whose full ramifications are documented in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions" />. A few examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5szz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti nu zdile kei kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>This is-an-event-of amusement room.</gloss>
<en>This is an amusement room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1752,32 +1759,33 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti zdile kumfa</jbo>
<en>This is-an-amuser room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which suggests the meaning
<quote>a room that amuses someone</quote>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section10">
+
+ <section xml:id="section10">
<title>selbri based on sumti:
- <quote>me</quote></title>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
me ME changes sumti to simple selbri
me'u MEhU terminator for
-<quote>me</quote>
+<jbophrase>me</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>A sumti can be made into a simple selbri by preceding it with
- <quote>me</quote> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
- <quote>me'u</quote> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is one of the referents of
<quote>[the sumti]</quote>
</programlisting>
<para>which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6QW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1816,22 +1824,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4827">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la melxi,or. cu me le ci nolraitru</jbo>
<en>Melchior is one of the three kings.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If the sumti refers to a single object, then the effect of
- <quote>me</quote> is much like that of
- <quote>du</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> is much like that of
+ <jbophrase>du</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HMHc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do du la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>You are-identical-with the-one-called
<quote>John</quote>.</gloss>
<en>You are John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1842,65 +1850,65 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do me la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>You are-the-referent-of
<quote>the-one-called ‘John'</quote>.</gloss>
<en>You are John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is common to use
- <quote>me</quote> selbri, especially those based on name sumti using
- <quote>la</quote>, as seltau. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri, especially those based on name sumti using
+ <jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, as seltau. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-raQG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me lai kraislr. [me'u] karce</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-referent of
<quote>the-mass-called ‘Chrysler'</quote>) car.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ Chrysler: example, 99 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Chrysler</primary>
</indexterm>
<en>That is a Chrysler car.</en>
<!-- ^^ Chrysler: example, 99 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Chrysler</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The elidable terminator
- <quote>me'u</quote> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
- <quote>me</quote> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> can usually be omitted. It is absolutely required only if the
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri is being used in an indefinite description (a type of sumti explained in
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>restricted variable</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite description</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti" />), and if the indefinite description is followed by a relative clause (explained in
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>restricted variable</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite description</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses" />) or a sumti logical connective (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives" />). Without a
- <quote>me'u</quote>, the relative clause or logical connective would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the
- <quote>me</quote> expression. Here is a contrasting pair of sentences:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase>, the relative clause or logical connective would appear to belong to the sumti embedded in the
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> expression. Here is a contrasting pair of sentences:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJyi" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the group
<quote>the three kings and John</quote> are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1908,70 +1916,71 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru me'u .e la djan. cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the three kings, and John, are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJyi" /> the
- <quote>me</quote> selbri covers the three kings plus John, and the indefinite description picks out two of them that are said to be white: we cannot say which two. In
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri covers the three kings plus John, and the indefinite description picks out two of them that are said to be white: we cannot say which two. In
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>restricted variable</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>indefinite description</primary>
</indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJyK" />, though, the
- <quote>me</quote> selbri covers only the three kings: two of them are said to be white, and so is John.</para>
+ <jbophrase>me</jbophrase> selbri covers only the three kings: two of them are said to be white, and so is John.</para>
<para>Finally, here is another example requiring
- <quote>me'u</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ygzq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me la'e le se cusku be do me'u cukta</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(what-you-said) type of book.</gloss>
<en>That is the kind of book you were talking about.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>There are other sentences where either
- <quote>me'u</quote> or some other elidable terminator must be expressed:</para>
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> or some other elidable terminator must be expressed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8yDj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le me le ci nolraitru [ku] me'u nunsalci</jbo>
<gloss>the (the three kings) type-of-event-of-celebrating</gloss>
<en>the Three Kings celebration</en>
<!-- ^^ Three Kings: example, 99 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Three Kings</primary>
</indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires either
- <quote>ku</quote> or
- <quote>me'u</quote> to be explicit, and (as with
- <quote>be'o</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />) the
- <quote>me'u</quote> leaves no doubt which cmavo it is paired with.</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> to be explicit, and (as with
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> in
+ <xref linkend="section7" />) the
+ <jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> leaves no doubt which cmavo it is paired with.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section11">
+
+ <section xml:id="section11">
<title>Conversion of simple selbri</title>
<para>Conversion is the process of changing a selbri so that its places appear in a different order. This is not the same as labeling the sumti with the cmavo of FA, as mentioned in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />, and then rearranging the order in which the sumti are spoken or written. Conversion transforms the selbri into a distinct, though closely related, selbri with renumbered places.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section7" />, and then rearranging the order in which the sumti are spoken or written. Conversion transforms the selbri into a distinct, though closely related, selbri with renumbered places.</para>
<para>In Lojban, conversion is accomplished by placing a cmavo of selma'o SE before the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-29Gu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do</jbo>
<en>I love you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1995,159 +2004,160 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice walkingly goes to the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice walks to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>To convert this sentence so that
- <quote>le zarci</quote> is in the x1 place, one correct way is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> is in the x1 place, one correct way is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4mbn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu se ke cadzu klama [ke'e] la .alis.</jbo>
<gloss>The market is-a-[swap x1/x2] (walker type-of goer) Alice.</gloss>
<en>The market is-walkingly gone-to by-Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> brackets cause the entire tanru to be converted by the
- <quote>se</quote>, which would otherwise convert only
- <quote>cadzu</quote>, leading to:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> brackets cause the entire tanru to be converted by the
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, which would otherwise convert only
+ <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UNt0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu se cadzu klama la .alis.</jbo>
<gloss>The market (is-a-[swap x1/x2] walker) type-of goer to Alice.</gloss>
<en>The market is-a-walking-surface type-of goer to Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>whatever that might mean. An alternative approach, since the place structure of
- <quote>cadzu klama</quote> is that of
- <quote>klama</quote> alone, is to convert only the latter:</para>
+ <jbophrase>cadzu klama</jbophrase> is that of
+ <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> alone, is to convert only the latter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-U0fo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu cadzu se klama la .alis.</jbo>
<en>The market walkingly is-gone-to by-Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But the tanru in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-U0fo" /> may or may not have the same meaning as that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mPX8" />; in particular, because
- <quote>cadzu</quote> is not converted, there is a suggestion that although Alice is the goer, the market is the walker. With a different sumti as x1, this seemingly odd interpretation might make considerable sense:</para>
+ <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase> is not converted, there is a suggestion that although Alice is the goer, the market is the walker. With a different sumti as x1, this seemingly odd interpretation might make considerable sense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XEnd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu cadzu se klama la .alis</jbo>
<en>John walkingly is-gone-to by Alice</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>suggests that Alice is going to John, who is a moving target.</para>
<para>There is an alternative type of conversion, using the cmavo
- <quote>jai</quote> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
+ <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> of selma'o JAI optionally followed by a modal or tense construction. Grammatically, such a combination behaves exactly like conversion using SE. More details can be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12">
+
+ <section xml:id="section12">
<title>Scalar negation of selbri</title>
<para>Negation is too large and complex a topic to explain fully in this chapter; see
<xref linkend="chapter-negation" />. In brief, there are two main types of negation in Lojban. This section is concerned with so-called
<quote>scalar negation</quote>, which is used to state that a true relation between the sumti is something other than what the selbri specifies. Scalar negation is expressed by cmavo of selma'o NAhE:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4oxH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e ke cadzu klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice non- (walkingly goes) to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice other-than (walkingly goes) to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>meaning that Alice's relationship to the market is something other than that of walking there. But if the
- <quote>ke</quote> were omitted, the result would be:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> were omitted, the result would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NL2Y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice non- walkingly goes to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>meaning that Alice does go there in some way (
- <quote>klama</quote> is not negated), but by a means other than that of walking.
+ <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is not negated), but by a means other than that of walking.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4oxH" /> negates both
- <quote>cadzu</quote> and
- <quote>klama</quote>, suggesting that Alice's relation to the market is something different from walkingly-going; it might be walking without going, or going without walking, or neither.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, suggesting that Alice's relation to the market is something different from walkingly-going; it might be walking without going, or going without walking, or neither.</para>
<para>Of course, any of the simple selbri types explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9" /> may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section9" /> may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YB00">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. cu na'e pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones is non-1st speaker</gloss>
<en>Jones is not the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since only
- <quote>pamoi</quote> is negated, an appropriate inference is that he is some other kind of speaker.</para>
+ <jbophrase>pamoi</jbophrase> is negated, an appropriate inference is that he is some other kind of speaker.</para>
<para>Here is an assortment of more complex examples showing the interaction of scalar negation with
- <quote>bo</quote> grouping,
- <quote>ke</quote> and
- <quote>ke'e</quote> grouping, logical connection, and sumti linked with
- <quote>be</quote> and
- <quote>bei</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping,
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> grouping, logical connection, and sumti linked with
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>:</para>
<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I1Rd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (non-quickly) ( walking using the arms) ) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, walking using my arms other than quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I1Rd" />,
- <quote>na'e</quote> negates only
- <quote>sutra</quote>. Contrast
+ <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> negates only
+ <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase>. Contrast
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KcK8" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KcK8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non- ( quickly (walking using the arms) ) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, other than by walking quickly on my arms.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyW" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyy" />, which are equivalent in meaning, but use
- <quote>ke</quote> grouping and
- <quote>bo</quote> grouping respectively:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> grouping and
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping respectively:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjyW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I (quickly – (walking using the arms) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both quickly walking using my arms and slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2155,21 +2165,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (quickly (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both quickly walking using my arms and slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>However, if we place a
- <quote>na'e</quote> at the beginning of the selbri in both
+ <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> at the beginning of the selbri in both
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyW" /> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyy" />, we get different results:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjyz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (non- quickly) – (walking using the arms) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both walking using my arms other than quickly, and also slowly.</en>
@@ -2179,98 +2189,99 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I (non-(quickly (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both other than quickly walking using my arms, and also slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference arises because the
- <quote>na'e</quote> in
+ <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJzr" /> negates the whole construction from
- <quote>ke</quote> to
- <quote>ke'e</quote>, whereas in
+ <jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> to
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase>, whereas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjyz" /> it negates
- <quote>sutra</quote> alone.</para>
+ <jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase> alone.</para>
<para>Beware of omitting terminators in these complex examples! If the explicit
<!-- ^^ omitting terminators: perils of, 102 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>omitting terminators</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>ke'e</quote> is left out in
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> is left out in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJzr" />, it is transformed into:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Y53U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non-(quickly ( (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to) the market.</gloss>
<gloss>I do something other than quickly both going to the market walking</gloss>
<en>using my arms and slowly going to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>And if both
- <quote>ke'e</quote> and
- <quote>be'o</quote> are omitted, the results are even sillier:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>be'o</jbophrase> are omitted, the results are even sillier:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0WLq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka je masno klama [be'o] [ke'e] le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non-(quickly walk on my (arm-type and slow) goers) on the market.</gloss>
<gloss>I do something other than quickly walking using the goers, both arm-type</gloss>
<en>and slow, relative-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0WLq" />, everything after
- <quote>be</quote> is a linked sumti, so the place structure is that of
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> is a linked sumti, so the place structure is that of
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>cadzu</quote>, whose x2 place is the surface walked upon. It is less than clear what an
+ <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>, whose x2 place is the surface walked upon. It is less than clear what an
<quote>arm-type goer</quote> might be. Furthermore, since the x3 place has been occupied by the linked sumti, the
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>linked sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>le zarci</quote> following the selbri falls into the nonexistent x4 place of
- <quote>cadzu</quote>. As a result, the whole example, though grammatical, is complete nonsense. (The bracketed Lojban words appear where a fluent Lojbanist would understand them to be implied.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> following the selbri falls into the nonexistent x4 place of
+ <jbophrase>cadzu</jbophrase>. As a result, the whole example, though grammatical, is complete nonsense. (The bracketed Lojban words appear where a fluent Lojbanist would understand them to be implied.)</para>
<para>Finally, it is also possible to place
- <quote>na'e</quote> before a
- <quote>gu'e ... gi</quote> logically connected tanru construction. The meaning of this usage has not yet been firmly established.</para>
+ <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> before a
+ <jbophrase>gu'e ... gi</jbophrase> logically connected tanru construction. The meaning of this usage has not yet been firmly established.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section13">
+
+ <section xml:id="section13">
<title>Tenses and bridi negation</title>
<para>A bridi can have cmavo associated with it which specify the time, place, or mode of action. For example, in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uz13">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the cmavo
- <quote>pu</quote> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
+ <jbophrase>pu</jbophrase> specifies that the action of the speaker going to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in full detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses" />. Tense is semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uz13" />. There are alternative ways of expressing tense information as well. Modals, which are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita" />, behave in the same way as tenses.</para>
<para>Similarly, a bridi may have the particle
- <quote>na</quote> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12" />. For example:</para>
+ <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of
+ <xref linkend="section12" />. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PYSP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. na pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker</gloss>
<gloss>It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.</gloss>
<en>Jones isn't the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2288,34 +2299,34 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na pu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>mi pu na klama le zarci</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that I went to the market.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is also possible to have more than one
- <quote>na</quote>, in which case pairs of
- <quote>na</quote> cmavo cancel out:</para>
+ <jbophrase>na</jbophrase>, in which case pairs of
+ <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> cmavo cancel out:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TuP7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na na klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>It is false that it is false that I go to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is even possible, though somewhat pointless, to have multiple
- <quote>na</quote> cmavo and tense cmavo mixed together, subject to the limitation that two adjacent tense cmavo will be understood as a compound tense, and must fit the grammar of tenses as explained in
+ <jbophrase>na</jbophrase> cmavo and tense cmavo mixed together, subject to the limitation that two adjacent tense cmavo will be understood as a compound tense, and must fit the grammar of tenses as explained in
<!-- ^^ compound tense: compared with multiple tenses in sentence, 234; compared with tense in scope of sticky tense, 234; definition, 218; Lojban contrasted with English in order of specification, 218 -->
<!-- ^^ tense in scope of sticky tense: compared with compound tense, 234 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tense in scope of sticky tense</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ multiple tenses: effect of order in sentence, 235 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>multiple tenses</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm type="general">
@@ -2334,28 +2345,29 @@
<gloss>I didn't not go to the market.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear only at the beginning of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it.</para>
<!-- ^^ negation cmavo: position relative to selbri, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>negation cmavo</primary>
</indexterm>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section14">
+
+ <section xml:id="section14">
<title>Some types of asymmetrical tanru</title>
<!-- ^^ asymmetrical tanru, 104; definition, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This section and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section15" /> contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section15" /> contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
<para>Here are the 3-letter abbreviations used for the various languages (it is presumed to be obvious whether a compound is found in English or not, so English is not explicitly noted):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Aba = Abazin Kaz = Kazakh
Chi = Chinese Kor = Korean
<!-- ^^ Korean: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Korean</primary>
</indexterm>
Ewe = Ewe Mon = Mongolian
@@ -2366,25 +2378,25 @@
Hun = Hungarian Swe = Swedish
Imb = Imbabura Quechua Tur = Turkish
Kar = Karaitic Udm = Udmurt
</programlisting>
<para>Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of that group.</para>
<para>The tanru discussed in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,
<!-- ^^ asymmetrical tanru, 104; definition, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>junla dadysli</quote>, or
+ <jbophrase>junla dadysli</jbophrase>, or
<quote>clock pendulum</quote>, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock, whereas
- <quote>dadysli junla</quote>, or
+ <jbophrase>dadysli junla</jbophrase>, or
<quote>pendulum clock</quote>, is the kind of clock that employs a pendulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section15" />.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section15" />.</para>
<para>The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the object of that action:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pinsi nunkilbra pencil sharpener (Hun)
zgike nunctu music instruction (Hun)
mirli nunkalte deer hunting (Hun)
finpe nunkalte fish hunting (Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba = fishing)
smacu terkavbu mousetrap (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
zdani turni house ruler (Kar = host)
zerle'a nunte'a thief fear (Skt = fear of thieves)
cevni zekri god crime (Skt = offense against the gods)
@@ -2407,22 +2419,22 @@
cpumi'i lijgri tractor column (Qab)
cevni jenmi god army (Skt)
cevni prenu god folk (Skt)
lijgri = line-group
lamgri = adjacent-group
mulgri = complete-group
cpumi'i = pull-machine
</programlisting>
<para>Conversely: the tertau is an element, and the seltau represents a set in which that element is contained. Implicitly, the meaning of the tertau is restricted from its usual general meaning to the specific meaning appropriate for elements in the given set. Note the opposition between
- <quote>zdani linji</quote> in the previous group, and
- <quote>linji zdani</quote> in this one, which shows why this kind of tanru is called
+ <jbophrase>zdani linji</jbophrase> in the previous group, and
+ <jbophrase>linji zdani</jbophrase> in this one, which shows why this kind of tanru is called
<quote>asymmetrical</quote>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
carvi dirgo raindrop (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
linji zdani row house
</programlisting>
<para>The seltau specifies an object and the tertau a component or detail of that object; the tanru as a whole refers to the detail, specifying that it is a detail of that whole and not some other.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
junla dadysli clock pendulum (Hun)
purdi vorme garden door (Qab)
purdi bitmu garden wall (Que)
@@ -2546,21 +2558,21 @@
rokci bitmu stone wall (Ewe)
solji carce gold chariot (Skt)
mudri xarci wood weapon (Skt = wooden weapon)
cmaro'i dargu pebble road (Chi)
sudysrasu cutci straw shoe (Chi)
cmaro'i = small-rock
sudysrasu = dry-grass
</programlisting>
<para>Note: the two senses of
- <quote>blaci kanla</quote> can be discriminated as:</para>
+ <jbophrase>blaci kanla</jbophrase> can be discriminated as:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
blaci kanla bo tarmi glass (eye shape) = glass eye
blaci kanla bo sidju glass (eye helper) = spectacles
</programlisting>
<para>The tertau specifies a typical object used to measure a quantity and the seltau specifies something measured. The tanru as a whole refers to a given quantity of the thing being measured. English does not have compounds of this form, as a rule.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tumla spisa land piece (Tur = piece of land)
tcati kabri tea cup (Kor,Aba = cup of tea)
nanba spisa bread piece (Kor = piece of bread)
bukpu spisa cloth piece (Udm,Aba = piece of cloth)
@@ -2682,42 +2694,42 @@
</programlisting>
<para>Finally, some tanru which don't fall into any of the above categories.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ladru denci milk tooth (Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab)
kanla denci eye tooth
</programlisting>
<para>It is clear that
<quote>tooth</quote> is being specified, and that
<quote>milk</quote> and
<quote>eye</quote> act as modifiers. However, the relationship between
- <quote>ladru</quote> and
- <quote>denci</quote> is something like
+ <jbophrase>ladru</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>denci</jbophrase> is something like
<quote>tooth which one has when one is drinking milk from one's mother</quote>, a relationship certainly present nowhere except in this particular concept. As for
- <quote>kanla denci</quote>, the relationship is not only not present on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.</para>
+ <jbophrase>kanla denci</jbophrase>, the relationship is not only not present on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section15">
<title>Some types of symmetrical tanru</title>
<!-- ^^ symmetrical tanru, 111 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>symmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This section deals with symmetrical tanru, where order is not important. Many of these tanru can be expressed with a logical or non-logical connective between the components.</para>
<!-- ^^ symmetrical tanru, 111 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>symmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The tanru may refer to things which are correctly specified by both tanru components. Some of these instances may also be seen as asymmetrical tanru where the seltau specifies a material. The connective
<!-- ^^ asymmetrical tanru, 104; definition, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>je</quote> is appropriate:</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is appropriate:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
cipnrstrigi pacru'i owl demon (Skt)
nolraitru prije royal sage (Skt)
remna nakni human-being male (Qab = man)
remna fetsi human-being female (Qab = woman)
sonci tolvri soldier coward (Que)
panzi nanmu offspring man (Ewe = son)
panzi ninmu offspring woman (Ewe = daughter)
solji sicni gold coin (Tur)
solji junla gold watch (Tur,Kor,Hun)
@@ -2728,21 +2740,21 @@
solji carce gold chariot (Skt)
mudri xarci wooden weapon (Skt)
zdani tcadu home town (Chi)
cipnrstrigi = fu'ivla for
<quote>owl</quote> based on Linnean name
pacru'i = evil-spirit
tolvri = opposite-of-brave
</programlisting>
<para>The tanru may refer to all things which are specified by either of the tanru components. The connective
- <quote>ja</quote> is appropriate:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> is appropriate:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
nunji'a nunterji'a victory defeat (Skt = victory or defeat)
donri nicte day night (Skt = day and night)
lunra tarci moon stars (Skt = moon and stars)
patfu mamta father mother (Imb,Kaz,Chi = parents)
<!-- ^^ father mother: example, 55 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>father mother</primary>
</indexterm>
@@ -2784,47 +2796,47 @@
sudysrasu = dry-grass
so'imei = manysome
<!-- ^^ manysome: example, 447 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>manysome</primary>
</indexterm>
</programlisting>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section16">
<title>
<quote>Pretty little girls' school</quote>: forty ways to say it</title>
<para>The following examples show every possible grouping arrangement of
- <quote>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</quote> using
- <quote>bo</quote> or
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> for grouping and
- <quote>je</quote> or
- <quote>jebo</quote> for logical connection. Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English phrase
+ <jbophrase>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase> using
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> for grouping and
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>jebo</jbophrase> for logical connection. Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, especially those which describe something which is both a girl and a school.</para>
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>pretty little girls' school</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Examples 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, and 5.6 are repeated here as Examples 16.1, 16.9, 16.17, 16.25, and 16.33 respectively. The seven examples following each of these share the same grouping pattern, but differ in the presence or absence of
- <quote>je</quote> at each possible site. Some of the examples have more than one Lojban version. In that case, they differ only in grouping mechanism, and are always equivalent in meaning.</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> at each possible site. Some of the examples have more than one Lojban version. In that case, they differ only in grouping mechanism, and are always equivalent in meaning.</para>
<para>The logical connective
- <quote>je</quote> is associative: that is,
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is associative: that is,
<quote>A and (B and C)</quote> is the same as
<quote>(A and B) and C</quote>. Therefore, some of the examples have the same meaning as others. In particular, 16.8, 16.16, 16.24, 16.32, and 16.40 all have the same meaning because all four brivla are logically connected and the grouping is simply irrelevant. Other equivalent forms are noted in the examples themselves. However, if
<!-- ^^ irrelevant: specifying of sumti place, 157 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>irrelevant</primary>
</indexterm>
- <quote>je</quote> were replaced by
- <quote>naja</quote> or
- <quote>jo</quote> or most of the other logical connectives, the meanings would become distinct.</para>
+ <jbophrase>je</jbophrase> were replaced by
+ <jbophrase>naja</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>jo</jbophrase> or most of the other logical connectives, the meanings would become distinct.</para>
<para>It must be emphasized that, because of the ambiguity of all tanru, the English translations are by no means definitive - they represent only one possible interpretation of the corresponding Lojban sentence.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjzw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>((pretty type-of little) type-of girl) type-of school</gloss>
<en>school for girls who are beautifully small</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3229,11 +3241,12 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e16d40" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>melbi je ke cmalu je nixli je ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>pretty and ((little and girl) and school)</gloss>
<en>thing which is beautiful, small, a girl, and a school</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
+
</chapter>
commit f6b3722cc9c95fbb3b2d29c67cbc87213ae4f0ff
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Thu Dec 30 23:45:00 2010 -0500
Removed "Chapter X" from chapter titles.
diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml
index 2490450..1d68fb3 100644
--- a/todocbook/1.xml
+++ b/todocbook/1.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"; xml:id="chapter-about">
- <title>Chapter 1 Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book</title>
+ <title>Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book</title>
<!-- ^^ Lojbanistan, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Lojbanistan</primary>
</indexterm>
<section xml:id="section-what-is-lojban">
<title>What is Lojban?</title>
<para>Lojban (pronounced
<quote>LOZH-bahn</quote>) is a constructed language. Previous versions of the language were called
<quote>Loglan</quote> by Dr. James Cooke Brown, who founded the Loglan Project and started the development of the language in 1955. The goals for the language were first described in the open literature in the article
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 9cb543e..b781bf9 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-tenses">
- <title>Chapter 10 Imaginary Journeys: The Lojban Space/Time Tense System</title>
+ <title>Imaginary Journeys: The Lojban Space/Time Tense System</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>This chapter attempts to document and explain the space/time tense system of Lojban. It does not attempt to answer all questions of the form
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tense system</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>How do I say such-and-such (an English tense) in Lojban?</quote> Instead, it explores the Lojban tense system from the inside, attempting to educate the reader into a Lojbanic viewpoint. Once the overall system is understood and the resources that it makes available are familiar, the reader should have some hope of using appropriate tense constructs and being correctly understood.</para>
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
<indexterm type="general">
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 1bae5fe..64d23d4 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-abstractions">
- <title>Chapter 11 Events, Qualities, Quantities, And Other Vague Words: On Lojban Abstraction</title>
+ <title>Events, Qualities, Quantities, And Other Vague Words: On Lojban Abstraction</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section1">
<title>The syntax of abstraction</title>
<para>The purpose of the feature of Lojban known as
<quote>abstraction</quote> is to provide a means for taking whole bridi and packaging them up, as it were, into simple selbri. Syntactically, abstractions are very simple and uniform; semantically, they are rich and complex, with few features in common between one variety of abstraction and another. We will begin by discussing syntax without regard to semantics; as a result, the notion of abstraction may seem unmotivated at first. Bear with this difficulty until
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2" />.</para>
<para>An abstraction selbri is formed by taking a full bridi and preceding it by any cmavo of selma'o NU. There are twelve such cmavo; they are known as
<quote>abstractors</quote>. The bridi is closed by the elidable terminator
<quote>kei</quote>, of selma'o KEI. Thus, to change the bridi</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6EI1">
<title>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index b19d623..895d83b 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-lujvo">
- <title>Chapter 12 Dog House And White House: Determining lujvo Place Structures</title>
+ <title>Dog House And White House: Determining lujvo Place Structures</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter12-section1">
<title>Why have lujvo?</title>
<para>The Lojban vocabulary is founded on its list of 1350-plus gismu, made up by combining word lists from various sources. These gismu are not intended to be either a complete vocabulary for the language nor a minimal list of semantic primitives. Instead, the gismu list serves as a basis for the creation of compound words, or lujvo. The intention is that (except in certain semantically broad but shallow fields such as cultures, nations, foods, plants, and animals) suitable lujvo can be devised to cover the ten million or so concepts expressible in all the world's languages taken together. Grammatically, lujvo behave just like gismu: they have place structures and function as selbri.</para>
<!-- ^^ world's languages, 273 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>world's languages</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ word lists, 273 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>word lists</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index 08fd2f4..6c9e732 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-attitudinals">
- <title>Chapter 13 Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators</title>
+ <title>Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section1">
<title>What are attitudinal indicators?</title>
<!-- ^^ attitudinal indicators, 297; conventions of interpretation, 311; placement of "nai" in, 311; placement of scale in, 311; quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>attitudinal indicators</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>This chapter explains the various words that Lojban provides for expressing attitude and related notions. In natural languages, attitudes are usually expressed by the tone of voice when speaking, and (very imperfectly) by punctuation when writing. For example, the bare words</para>
<!-- ^^ tone of voice, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tone of voice</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 79fbf5a..da2b67a 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-connectives">
- <title>Chapter 14 If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</title>
+ <title>If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section1">
<title>Logical connection and truth tables</title>
<!-- ^^ truth tables: abbreviated format, 334; for 4 fundamental Lojban truth functions, 335; list of 16 in abbreviated form, 334; notation convention, 334 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>truth tables</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>Lojban is a logical language: the name of the language itself means
<!-- ^^ logical language: truth functions, 333 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>logical language</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index aad3788..3d72b65 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-negation">
- <title>Chapter 15
+ <title>
<quote>No</quote> Problems: On Lojban Negation</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>The grammatical expression of negation is a critical part of Lojban's claim to being logical. The problem of negation, simply put, is to come up with a complete definition of the word
<quote>not</quote>. For Lojban's unambiguous grammar, this means further that meanings of
<quote>not</quote> with different grammatical effect must be different words, and even different grammatical structures.</para>
<para>Logical assertions are implicitly required in a logical language; thus, an apparatus for expressing them is built into Lojban's logical connectives and other structures.</para>
<!-- ^^ logical language: truth functions, 333 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>logical language</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 837d4e9..43dafb7 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-quantifiers">
- <title>Chapter 16
+ <title>
<quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section1">
<title>What's wrong with this picture?</title>
<para>The following brief dialogue is from
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo" /> of
<citation>Through The Looking Glass</citation> by Lewis Carroll.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KB90">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d1" />
</title>
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index b152991..327d34d 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-letterals">
- <title>Chapter 17 As Easy As A-B-C? The Lojban Letteral System And Its Uses</title>
+ <title>As Easy As A-B-C? The Lojban Letteral System And Its Uses</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section1">
<title>What's a letteral, anyway?</title>
<para>James Cooke Brown, the founder of the Loglan Project, coined the word
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>Brown</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>letteral</quote> (by analogy with
<quote>numeral</quote>) to mean a letter of the alphabet, such as
<quote>f</quote> or
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index d19af5b..84e43bc 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-mekso">
- <title>Chapter 18 lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban</title>
+ <title>lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>lojbau mekso (
<quote>Lojbanic mathematical-expression</quote>) is the part of the Lojban language that is tailored for expressing statements of a mathematical character, or for adding numerical information to non-mathematical statements. Its formal design goals include:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>representing all the different forms of expression used by mathematicians in their normal modes of writing, so that a reader can unambiguously read off mathematical text as written with minimal effort and expect a listener to understand it;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>providing a vocabulary of commonly used mathematical terms which can readily be expanded to include newly coined words using the full resources of Lojban;</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 370696a..38cedeb 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-structure">
- <title>Chapter 19 Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts</title>
+ <title>Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>This chapter is incurably miscellaneous. It describes the cmavo that specify the structure of Lojban texts, from the largest scale (paragraphs) to the smallest (single words). There are fewer examples than are found in other chapters of this book, since the linguistic mechanisms described are generally made use of in conversation or else in long documents.</para>
<para>This chapter is also not very self-contained. It makes passing reference to a great many concepts which are explained in full only in other chapters. The alternative would be a chapter on text structure which was as complex as all the other chapters put together. Lojban is a unified language, and it is not possible to understand any part of it (in full) before understanding every part of it (to some degree).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section2">
<title>Sentences: I</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 5fee8c6..eb54d27 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-tour">
- <title>Chapter 2 A Quick Tour of Lojban Grammar, With Diagrams</title>
+ <title>A Quick Tour of Lojban Grammar, With Diagrams</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section1">
<title>The concept of the bridi</title>
<para>This chapter gives diagrammed examples of basic Lojban sentence structures. The most general pattern is covered first, followed by successive variations on the basic components of the Lojban sentence. There are many more capabilities not covered in this chapter, but covered in detail in later chapters, so this chapter is a
<quote>quick tour</quote> of the material later covered more slowly throughout the book. It also introduces most of the Lojban words used to discuss Lojban grammar.</para>
<para>Let us consider John and Sam and three statements about them:</para>
<!-- ^^ John and Sam: example, 11 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>John and Sam</primary>
</indexterm>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index f5db42b..547474d 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-catalogue">
- <title>Chapter 20 A Catalogue of selma'o</title>
+ <title>A Catalogue of selma'o</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter20-sectionindex.html">
<title />
<!--
<h6>$Revision: 4.3 $<br />
mkhtml: 1.1</h6>
-->
<para>The following paragraphs list all the selma'o of Lojban, with a brief explanation of what each one is about, and reference to the chapter number where each is explained more fully. As usual, all selma'o names are given in capital letters (with “h” serving as the capital of “'”) and are the names of a representative cmavo, often the most important or the first in alphabetical order. One example is given of each selma'o: for selma'o which have several uses, the most common use is shown.</para>
<!-- ^^ capital letters: use in Lojban, 415; use of, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>capital letters</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml
index b1aac7c..0a678ac 100644
--- a/todocbook/21.xml
+++ b/todocbook/21.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-grammars">
- <title>Chapter 21 Formal Grammars</title>
+ <title>Formal Grammars</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter21-section1">
<title>YACC Grammar of Lojban</title>
<para>The following two listings constitute the formal grammar of Lojban. The first version is written in the YACC language, which is used to describe parsers, and has been used to create a parser for Lojban texts. This parser is available from the Logical Language Group. The second listing is in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) and represents the same grammar in a more human-readable form. (In case of discrepancies, the YACC version is official.) There is a cross-reference listing for each format that shows, for each selma'o and rule, which rules refer to it.</para>
<!-- ^^ formal grammar, 511 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>formal grammar</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>/* /*Lojban Machine Grammar, Final Baseline The Lojban Machine Grammardocument is explicitly dedicated to the public domain by its author,The Logical Language Group, Inc.</para>
<para>grammar.300 */</para>
<para>/* The Lojban machine parsing algorithm is a multi-step process. The YACC machine grammar presented here is an amalgam of those steps, concatenated so as to allow YACC to verify the syntactic ambiguity of the grammar. YACC is used to generate a parser for a portion of the grammar, which is LALR1 (the type of grammar that YACC is designed to identify and process successfully), but most of the rest of the grammar must be parsed using some language-coded processing.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index ec7cbb6..aa189dd 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-phonology">
- <title>Chapter 3 The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban</title>
+ <title>The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban</title>
<section xml:id="section-orthography">
<title>Orthography</title>
<para>Lojban is designed so that any properly spoken Lojban utterance can be uniquely transcribed in writing, and any properly written Lojban can be spoken so as to be uniquely reproduced by another person. As a consequence, the standard Lojban orthography must assign to each distinct sound, or phoneme, a unique letter or symbol. Each letter or symbol has only one sound or, more accurately, a limited range of sounds that are permitted pronunciations for that phoneme. Some symbols indicate stress (speech emphasis) and pause, which are also essential to Lojban word recognition. In addition, everything that is represented in other languages by punctuation (when written) or by tone of voice (when spoken) is represented in Lojban by words. These two properties together are known technically as
<!-- ^^ tone of voice, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>tone of voice</primary>
</indexterm>
<!-- ^^ orthography: non-standard, 45; relation to pronunciation, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>orthography</primary>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index f9606b1..4396c6d 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-morphology">
- <title>Chapter 4 The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology</title>
+ <title>The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology</title>
+
<section xml:id="chapter-morphology-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>Morphology is the part of grammar that deals with the form of words. Lojban's morphology is fairly simple compared to that of many languages, because Lojban words don't change form depending on how they are used. English has only a small number of such changes compared to languages like Russian, but it does have changes like
<quote>boys</quote> as the plural of
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>plural</primary>
</indexterm>
<quote>boy</quote>, or
<quote>walked</quote> as the past-tense form of
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 33eea89..425b484 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti">
- <title>Chapter 6 To Speak Of Many Things: The Lojban sumti</title>
+ <title>To Speak Of Many Things: The Lojban sumti</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section1">
<title>The five kinds of simple sumti</title>
<!-- ^^ simple sumti, 119 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>simple sumti</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you understand anything about Lojban, you know what a sumti is by now, right? An argument, one of those things that fills the places of simple Lojban sentences like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VKU6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d1" />
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 5b13606..153b3c6 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo">
- <title>Chapter 7 Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi</title>
+ <title>Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section1">
<title>What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?</title>
<para>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a complete description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. In English, we have words called
<quote>pronouns</quote> which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrases with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like this:</para>
<!-- ^^ nouns: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general">
<primary>nouns</primary>
</indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
<title>
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index d836861..231ce39 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-relative-clauses">
- <title>Chapter 8 Relative Clauses, Which Make sumti Even More Complicated</title>
+ <title>Relative Clauses, Which Make sumti Even More Complicated</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section1">
<title>What are you pointing at?</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>poi</cmavo>
<selmaho>NOI</selmaho>
<description>restrictive relative clause introducer</description>
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general">
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index 76a8d4e..8a12712 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti-tcita">
- <title>Chapter 9 To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
+ <title>To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section1">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para>The basic type of Lojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects are related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical forms called
<quote>sumti</quote>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
<quote>selbri</quote>.</para>
<para>The sumti are not randomly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known as the
<quote>place structure</quote> of the selbri. This chapter describes the various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed and by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a sequence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are placed. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri.</para>
<para>For our present purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structure. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dictionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from the principles of lujvo construction as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo" />); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
<para>The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
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