[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Mar 27 18:21:12 EDT 2011
commit 0b4a1236bb6ad1bc28e9961f877cdfdda50472bd
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Mar 27 15:15:37 2011 -0700
Split out the indexterm lines to make them easier to manipulate.
diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml
index fd0074c..852fbb8 100644
--- a/todocbook/1.xml
+++ b/todocbook/1.xml
@@ -72,21 +72,25 @@
<quote>mangle</quote>? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks the language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; that is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-conventions">
<title>What are the typographical conventions of this book?</title>
<para>Each chapter is broken into numbered sections; each section contains a mixture of expository text, numbered examples, and possibly tables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this book</primary><secondary>examples of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>examples in this book</primary></indexterm> The reader will notice a certain similarity in the examples used throughout the book. One chapter after another rings the changes on the self-same sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hrtj">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to the store</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to the store</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c1e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to that-which-I-describe-as-a store.</gloss>
<natlang>I go to the store.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> will become wearisomely familiar before
<xref linkend="chapter-grammars"/> is reached. This method is deliberate; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textbook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rather, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the usual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 7a97453..9136533 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -41,21 +41,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0Ff4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica</jbo>
<gloss>John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer.</gloss>
<natlang>John wants to be a soldier.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>want to be a soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> Abstraction selbri may also be used in descriptions, preceded by
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>want to be a soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> Abstraction selbri may also be used in descriptions, preceded by
<valsi>le</valsi> (or any other member of selma'o LE):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sQ33">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -166,21 +170,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPcI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu la djan. cinba la djein.</jbo>
<gloss>the event-of John kissing Jane</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>kissing Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>normal circumstances</primary></indexterm> is relatively brief by comparison (again, under normal circumstances).</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>kissing Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>normal circumstances</primary></indexterm> is relatively brief by comparison (again, under normal circumstances).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>sumti ellipsis in</secondary></indexterm> We can see from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qf97"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BPcI"/> that ellipsis of sumti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main bridi of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able to figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recognize that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for
<valsi>nu</valsi> abstractions in descriptions to have the x1 place ellipsized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FRoP">
<title>
@@ -230,21 +238,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ia6f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. cu frili mi le nu mi tadni [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban is-easy for-me under-conditions-the event-of I study</gloss>
<natlang>Lojban is easy for me when I study.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under conditions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (The
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under conditions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ (The
<quote>when</quote> of the English would also be appropriate for a construction involving a Lojban tense, but the Lojban sentence says more than that the studying is concurrent with the ease.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nu</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>events</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of a
<valsi>nu</valsi> abstraction selbri is simply:</para>
<definition>
x1 is an event of (the bridi)
</definition>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-event-types">
<title>Types of event abstractions</title>
@@ -293,37 +305,45 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mu'e la djan. catra la djim. cu zekri</jbo>
<gloss>The point-event-of (John kills Jim) is-a-crime.</gloss>
<natlang>John's killing Jim (considered as a point in time) is a crime.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>process</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time, and structured with a beginning, a middle containing one or more stages, and an end, is called a
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>process</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time, and structured with a beginning, a middle containing one or more stages, and an end, is called a
<quote>process</quote>. The abstractor
<valsi>pu'u</valsi> means
<quote>process-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WaxD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ca'o le pu'u le latmo balje'a cu porpi kei so'i je'atru cu selcatra</jbo>
<gloss>[continuitive] the process-of( the Latin great-state breaking-up ) many state-rulers were-killed</gloss>
<natlang>During the fall of the Roman Empire, many Emperors were killed.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time and cyclic or repetitive is called an
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time and cyclic or repetitive is called an
<quote>activity</quote>. The abstractor
<valsi>zu'o</valsi> means
<quote>activity-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-89nw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tatpi ri'a le zu'o mi plipe</jbo>
@@ -342,21 +362,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le za'i mi jmive cu ckape do</jbo>
<gloss>The state-of (I am-alive) is-dangerous-to you.</gloss>
<natlang>My being alive is dangerous to you.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>being alive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event types</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> The abstractors in
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>being alive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event types</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> The abstractors in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nFR1"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-WztQ"/> could all have been replaced by
<valsi>nu</valsi>, with some loss of precision. Note that Lojban allows every sort of event to be viewed in any of these four ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state event</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> the
<quote>state of running</quote> begins when the runner starts and ends when the runner stops;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity event</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> the
@@ -454,21 +478,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu se risna zo'e</jbo>
<gloss>John has-as-heart something-unspecified.</gloss>
<natlang>John has a heart.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>has a heart</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has the same truth conditions as</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>has a heart</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ has the same truth conditions as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PPS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu ckaji le ka se risna [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John has-the-property the property-of having-as-heart something.</gloss>
<natlang>John has the property of having a heart.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -515,21 +543,25 @@
<quote>understood</quote> as being specified externally. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H71J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ka mi prami [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>a-property-of me loving something-unspecified</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>property of loving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is quite different from</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>property of loving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ is quite different from</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wcxY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ka [zo'e] prami mi [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>a-property-of something-unspecified loving me</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In particular, sentences like
@@ -538,21 +570,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfAM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in-the property-of (I love X)</gloss>
<natlang>I love John more than I love George.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>love more</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>love more</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfav" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in the property of (X loves me).</gloss>
<natlang>John loves me more than George loves me.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -591,21 +627,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GiJp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka [zo'e] dunda le xirma [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of giving the horse</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>giving the horse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> into</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>giving the horse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ into</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1vc4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka ce'u dunda le xirma [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (X is-a-giver of-the horse to someone-unspecified)</gloss>
<natlang>the property of being a giver of the horse</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -748,21 +788,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KuTE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li vo [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the truth-value-of the-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4</gloss>
<natlang>the truth of 2 + 2 being 4</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2 + 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is equivalent to
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2 + 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ is equivalent to
<quote>truth</quote>, and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nYY2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li mu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the truth-value-of the-number 2 + 2 = the-number 5</gloss>
<natlang>the truth of 2 + 2 being 5</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -774,21 +818,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MRD8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba jdice le jei la djordj. cu zekri gasnu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] decide the truth-value of (George being-a-(crime doer)).</gloss>
<natlang>I will decide whether George is a criminal.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>whether criminal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jei</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth-value abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>legal system</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>whether criminal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jei</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth-value abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>legal system</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MRD8"/> does not imply that George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal system I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,
<valsi>jei</valsi> requires an x2 place analogous to that of
<valsi>ni</valsi>:</para>
<definition>
jei: x1 is the truth value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fuzzy logic and truth-value abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>truth-value and fuzzy logic</secondary></indexterm> Abstractions using
<valsi>jei</valsi> are the mechanism for fuzzy logic in Lojban; the
<valsi>jei</valsi> abstraction refers to a number between 0 and 1 inclusive (as distinct from
@@ -803,21 +851,25 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>predication abstraction</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>mental activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with knowing</secondary><tertiary>believing, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary></indexterm> There are some selbri which demand an entire predication as a sumti; they make claims about some predication considered as a whole. Logicians call these the
<quote>propositional attitudes</quote>, and they include (in English) things like knowing, believing, learning, seeing, hearing, and the like. Consider the English sentence:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7N2q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d1"/>
</title>
<para>I know that Frank is a fool.</para>
</example>
<para>How's that in Lojban? Let us try:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brpf">
<title>
@@ -872,21 +924,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<natlang>I am curious about whether Frank is a fool.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>curious</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>curious</primary></indexterm> and here
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>curious</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>curious</primary></indexterm> and here
<valsi>du'u</valsi> could probably be replaced by
<valsi>jei</valsi> without much change in meaning:</para>
<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-h4De">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<natlang>I am curious about how true it is that Frank is a fool.</natlang>
@@ -957,21 +1013,25 @@
<para>I know that John went to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>we can also say things like</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-N4Ja">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d2"/>
</title>
<para>I know who went to the store.</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with wonder</secondary><tertiary>doubt, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> This form is called an
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with wonder</secondary><tertiary>doubt, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> This form is called an
<quote>indirect question</quote> in English because the embedded English sentence is a question:
<quote>Who went to the store?</quote> A person who says
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N4Ja"/> is claiming to know the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who went to the store.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a
<oldjbophrase>le du'u</oldjbophrase> abstraction, but rather than using a question word like
@@ -1125,21 +1185,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko zgana le su'u le ci smacu cu bajra</jbo>
<gloss>you [imperative] observe the abstract-nature-of the three mice running</gloss>
<natlang>See how the three mice run!</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experience abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> All three of these abstractors have an x2 place. An experience requires an experiencer, so the place structure of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experience abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> All three of these abstractors have an x2 place. An experience requires an experiencer, so the place structure of
<valsi>li'i</valsi> is:</para>
<definition>
<valsi>li'i</valsi>: x1 is the experience of (the bridi) as experienced by x2
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>idea abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concept abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, an idea requires a mind to hold it, so the place structure of
<valsi>si'o</valsi> is:</para>
<definition>
@@ -1166,21 +1230,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zvfX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le su'u mi klama kei be lo fasnu</jbo>
<gloss>the abstract-nature-of (my going) of-type an event</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and there is a book whose title might be rendered in Lojban as:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bicycle race</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersect</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bicycle race</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersect</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Kw7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le su'u la .iecuas. kuctai selcatra kei be lo sa'ordzifa'a ke nalmatma'e sutyterjvi</jbo>
<gloss>the abstract-nature-of (Jesus is-an-intersect-shape type-of-killed-one) of-type a slope-low-direction type-of non-motor-vehicle speed-competition</gloss>
<natlang>The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1231,21 +1299,25 @@
</example>
<para>which has an abstract description within an abstract description, quite a complex structure. In English (but not in all other languages), we may also say:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-K14X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d3"/>
</title>
<para>I try the door.</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>try the door</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with tu'a</secondary></indexterm> where it is understood that what I try is actually not the door itself, but the act of opening it. The same simplification can be done in Lojban, but it must be marked explicitly using a cmavo. The relevant cmavo is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>try the door</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with tu'a</secondary></indexterm> where it is understood that what I try is actually not the door itself, but the act of opening it. The same simplification can be done in Lojban, but it must be marked explicitly using a cmavo. The relevant cmavo is
<valsi>tu'a</valsi>, which belongs to selma'o LAhE. The Lojban equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-K14X"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gabC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-action-to-do-with the door.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1297,21 +1369,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jAdY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a mi rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>something-to-do-with me causes the event-of you are-dead</gloss>
<natlang>My action causes your death.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cause death</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> into</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cause death</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ into</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-R8SN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<natlang>I cause your death.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 1a26a21..e37dc4b 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -70,21 +70,25 @@
<oldjbophrase>tertau</oldjbophrase> may help.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always the same as the place structure of its tertau. As a result, the meaning of the tanru is a modified version of the meaning of the tertau; the tanru will typically, but not always, refer to a subset of the things referred to by the tertau.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>purpose</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>wine-dark sea</primary></indexterm> The purpose of a tanru is to join concepts together without necessarily focusing on the exact meaning of the seltau. For example, in the
<citetitle>Iliad</citetitle>, the poet talks about
<quote>the wine-dark sea</quote>, in which
<quote>wine</quote> is a seltau relative to
<quote>dark</quote>, and the pair of words is a seltau relative to
<quote>sea</quote>. We're talking about the sea, not about wine or color. The other words are there to paint a scene in the listener's mind, in which the real action will occur, and to evoke relations to other sagas of the time similarly describing the sea. Logical inferences about wine or color will be rejected as irrelevant.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>goer-house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As a simple example, consider the rather non-obvious tanru
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>goer-house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ As a simple example, consider the rather non-obvious tanru
<oldjbophrase>klama zdani</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>goer-house</quote>. The gismu
<valsi>zdani</valsi> has two places:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-xcfi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d1"/>
</title>
<para><definition>x1 is a nest/house/lair/den for inhabitant x2</definition></para>
</example>
@@ -95,21 +99,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e2d2"/>
</title>
<para><definition>x1 goes to destination x2 from origin point x3 via route x4 using means x5</definition></para>
</example>
<para>The tanru
<oldjbophrase>klama zdani</oldjbophrase> will also have two places, namely those of
<valsi>zdani</valsi>. Since a
<oldjbophrase>klama zdani</oldjbophrase> is a type of
<valsi>zdani</valsi>, we can assume that all goer-houses – whatever they may be – are also houses.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>possible meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fleas</primary></indexterm> But is knowing the places of the tertau everything that is needed to understand the meaning of a tanru? No. To see why, let us switch to a less unlikely tanru:
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>possible meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fleas</primary></indexterm> But is knowing the places of the tertau everything that is needed to understand the meaning of a tanru? No. To see why, let us switch to a less unlikely tanru:
<oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>, literally
<quote>dog house</quote>. A tanru expresses a very loose relation: a
<oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> is a house that has something to do with some dog or dogs. What the precise relation might be is left unstated. Thus, the meaning of
<oldjbophrase>lo gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> can include all of the following: houses occupied by dogs, houses shaped by dogs, dogs which are also houses (e.g. houses for fleas), houses named after dogs, and so on. All that is essential is that the place structure of
<valsi>zdani</valsi> continues to apply.</para>
<para>For something (call it z1) to qualify as a
<oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> in Lojban, it's got to be a house, first of all. For it to be a house, it's got to house someone (call that z2). Furthermore, there's got to be a dog somewhere (called g1). For g1 to count as a dog in Lojban, it's got to belong to some breed as well (called g2). And finally, for z1 to be in the first place of
@@ -117,21 +125,25 @@
<valsi>zdani</valsi>, there's got to be some relationship (called r) between some place of
<valsi>zdani</valsi> and some place of
<valsi>gerku</valsi>. It doesn't matter which places, because if there's a relationship between some place of
<valsi>zdani</valsi> and any place of
<valsi>gerku</valsi>, then that relationship can be compounded with the relationship between the places of
<valsi>gerku</valsi>- namely,
<valsi>gerku</valsi> itself – to reach any of the other
<valsi>gerku</valsi> places. Thus, if the relationship turns out to be between z2 and g2, we can still state r in terms of z1 and g1:
<quote>the relationship involves the dog g1, whose breed has to do with the occupant of the house z1</quote>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bill Clinton</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Doubtless to the relief of the reader, here's an illustration. We want to find out whether the White House (the one in which the U. S. President lives, that is) counts as a
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bill Clinton</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Doubtless to the relief of the reader, here's an illustration. We want to find out whether the White House (the one in which the U. S. President lives, that is) counts as a
<oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>. We go through the five variables. The White House is the z1. It houses Bill Clinton as z2, as of this writing, so it counts as a
<valsi>zdani</valsi>. Let's take a dog – say, Spot (g1). Spot has to have a breed; let's say it's a Saint Bernard (g2). Now, the White House counts as a
<oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase> if there is any relationship (r) at all between the White House and Spot. (We'll choose the g1 and z1 places to relate by r; we could have chosen any other pair of places, and simply gotten a different relationship.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chelsea Clinton</primary></indexterm> The sky is the limit for r; it can be as complicated as
<quote>The other day, g1 (Spot) chased Socks, who is owned by Chelsea Clinton, who is the daughter of Bill Clinton, who lives in z1 (the White House)</quote> or even worse. If no such r can be found, well, you take another dog, and keep going until no more dogs can be found. Only then can we say that the White House cannot fit into the first place of
<oldjbophrase>gerku zdani</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>As we have seen, no less than five elements are involved in the definition of
@@ -181,21 +193,25 @@
<valsi>gerku</valsi>. We can proceed as follows:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> (The notation introduced casually in
<xref linkend="section-tanru-meanings"/> will be useful in the rest of this chapter. Rather than using the regular x1, x2, etc. to represent places, we'll use the first letter of the relevant gismu in place of the
<quote>x</quote>, or more than one letter where necessary to resolve ambiguities. Thus, z1 is the first place of
<valsi>zdani</valsi>, and g2 is the second place of
<valsi>gerku</valsi>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>explicated walk-through</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>new notation</primary></indexterm> The place structure of
<valsi>zdani</valsi> is given as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xcfi"/>, but is repeated here using the new notation:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-95t5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e3d1"/>
</title>
<para><definition>z1 is a nest/house/lair/den of z2</definition></para>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
<valsi>gerku</valsi> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-H4ed">
<title>
@@ -234,21 +250,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> It would be possible to design the place structure of a lujvo from scratch, treating it as if it were a gismu, and working out what arguments contribute to the notion to be expressed by the lujvo. There are two reasons arguing against doing so and in favor of the procedure detailed in this chapter.</para>
<para>The first is that it might be very difficult for a hearer or reader, who has no preconceived idea of what concept the lujvo is intended to convey, to work out what the place structure actually is. Instead, he or she would have to make use of a lujvo dictionary every time a lujvo is encountered in order to work out what a
<oldjbophrase>se jbopli</oldjbophrase> or a
<oldjbophrase>te klagau</oldjbophrase> is. But this would mean that, rather than having to learn just the 1300-odd gismu place structures, a Lojbanist would also have to learn myriads of lujvo place structures with little or no apparent pattern or regularity to them. The purpose of the guidelines documented in this chapter is to apply regularity and to make it conventional wherever possible.</para>
<para>The second reason is related to the first: if the veljvo of the lujvo has not been properly selected, and the places for the lujvo are formulated from scratch, then there is a risk that some of the places formulated may not correspond to any of the places of the gismu used in the veljvo of the lujvo. If that is the case – that is to say, if the lujvo places are not a subset of the veljvo gismu places – then it will be very difficult for the hearer or reader to understand what a particular place means, and what it is doing in that particular lujvo. This is a topic that will be further discussed in
<xref linkend="section-anomalous-lujvo"/>.</para>
<para>However, second-guessing the place structure of the lujvo is useful in guiding the process of subsequently eliminating places from the veljvo. If the Lojbanist has an idea of what the final place structure should look like, he or she should be able to pick an appropriate veljvo to begin with, in order to express the idea, and then to decide which places are relevant or not relevant to expressing that idea.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical">
<title>Symmetrical and asymmetrical lujvo</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>veljvo</primary><secondary>symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> A common pattern, perhaps the most common pattern, of lujvo-making creates what is called a
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>veljvo</primary><secondary>symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> A common pattern, perhaps the most common pattern, of lujvo-making creates what is called a
<quote>symmetrical lujvo</quote>. A symmetrical lujvo is one based on a tanru interpretation such that the first place of the seltau is equivalent to the first place of the tertau: each component of the tanru characterizes the same object. As an illustration of this, consider the lujvo
<oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase>: it is intended to mean
<quote>both great and a soldier</quote>- that is,
<quote>great soldier</quote>, which is the interpretation we would tend to give its veljvo,
<oldjbophrase>banli sonci</oldjbophrase>. The underlying gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7AFc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d1"/>
</title>
@@ -261,21 +281,25 @@
<oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> need not include places for both s1 and b1, as they refer to the same thing. So the place structure of
<oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> is at most</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-UtwF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d2"/>
</title>
<para><definition>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</definition></para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>listen attentively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant plus others</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical veljvo</primary></indexterm> Some symmetrical veljvo have further equivalent places in addition to the respective first places. Consider the lujvo
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>listen attentively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>when first places redundant plus others</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical veljvo</primary></indexterm> Some symmetrical veljvo have further equivalent places in addition to the respective first places. Consider the lujvo
<oldjbophrase>tinju'i</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>to listen</quote> (
<quote>to hear attentively, to hear and pay attention</quote>). The place structures of the gismu
<valsi>tirna</valsi> and
<valsi>jundi</valsi> are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-rFiE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d3"/>
</title>
@@ -323,21 +347,25 @@
</title>
<para><definition>s1=g1 is a dog housed in nest s2 of dog breed g2</definition></para>
</example>
<para>However, although
<oldjbophrase>gerselzda</oldjbophrase> is a valid lujvo, it doesn't translate
<quote>doghouse</quote>; its first place is the dog, not the doghouse. Furthermore, it is more complicated than necessary;
<oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> is simpler than
<oldjbophrase>gerselzda</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>From the reader's or listener's point of view, it may not always be obvious whether a newly met lujvo is symmetrical or asymmetrical, and if the latter, what kind of asymmetrical lujvo. If the place structure of the lujvo isn't given in a dictionary or elsewhere, then plausibility must be applied, just as in interpreting tanru.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>car goer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The lujvo
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>car goer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The lujvo
<oldjbophrase>karcykla</oldjbophrase>, for example, is based on
<oldjbophrase>karce klama</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>car goer</quote>. The place structure of
<valsi>karce</valsi> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-S7W3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e5d7"/>
</title>
<para>karce: ka1 is a car carrying ka2 propelled by ka3</para>
@@ -382,21 +410,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PI6B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat.</jbo>
<natlang>Mon Repos is a doghouse of Spot.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mon Repos</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> really means</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mon Repos</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ really means</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-73x9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. zdani la spat. noi gerku</jbo>
<natlang>Mon Repos is a house of Spot, who is a dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -431,21 +463,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la mon. rePOS. gerzda la spat. noi ke'a gerku la sankt. berNARD. ku'o la sankt. berNARD.</jbo>
<natlang>Mon Repos is a doghouse of Spot, who is a dog of breed St. Bernard, of breed St. Bernard.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>supplementary information</primary></indexterm> employing the over-ample place structure of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wx42"/>. The dog breed is redundantly given both in the main selbri and in the relative clause, and (intuitively speaking) is repeated in the wrong place, since the dog breed is supplementary information about the dog, and not about the doghouse.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beetle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As a further example, take
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beetle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ As a further example, take
<oldjbophrase>cakcinki</oldjbophrase>, the lujvo for
<quote>beetle</quote>, based on the tanru
<oldjbophrase>calku cinki</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>shell-insect</quote>. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-D0qb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e6d7"/>
</title>
<para>
@@ -479,21 +515,25 @@
<valsi>klama</valsi> tertau into a
<valsi>litru</valsi> or
<valsi>cliva</valsi> concept, for example: these gismu differ in their number of arguments, and suppressing places of
<valsi>klama</valsi> in a lujvo doesn't make any sense if the resulting modified place structure is that of
<valsi>litru</valsi> or
<valsi>cliva</valsi>.</para>
<para>Sometimes the dependency is between a single place of the tertau and the whole event described by the seltau. Such cases are discussed further in
<xref linkend="section-implicit-abstraction"/>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>school building</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping dependent places</secondary><tertiary>caveat</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>auditoriums</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elementary schools</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>playgrounds</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>recital rooms</primary></indexterm> Unfortunately, not all dependent places in the seltau can be safely removed: some of them are necessary to interpreting the lujvo's meaning in context. It doesn't matter much to a doghouse what breed of dog inhabits it, but it can make quite a lot of difference to the construction of a school building what kind of school is in it! Music schools need auditoriums and recital rooms, elementary schools need playgrounds, and so on: therefore, the place structure of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>school building</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping dependent places</secondary><tertiary>caveat</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>auditoriums</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elementary schools</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>playgrounds</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>recital rooms</primary></indexterm> Unfortunately, not all dependent places in the seltau can be safely removed: some of them are necessary to interpreting the lujvo's meaning in context. It doesn't matter much to a doghouse what breed of dog inhabits it, but it can make quite a lot of difference to the construction of a school building what kind of school is in it! Music schools need auditoriums and recital rooms, elementary schools need playgrounds, and so on: therefore, the place structure of
<oldjbophrase>kuldi'u</oldjbophrase> (from
<oldjbophrase>ckule dinju</oldjbophrase>, and meaning
<quote>school building</quote>) needs to be</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-u6Xz">
@@ -503,35 +543,43 @@
<para><definition>d1 is a building housing school c1 teaching subject c3 to audience c4</definition></para>
</example>
<para>even though c3 and c4 are plainly dependent on c1. The other places of
<valsi>ckule</valsi>, the location (c2) and operators (c5), don't seem to be necessary to the concept
<quote>school building</quote>, and are dependent on c1 to boot, so they are omitted. Again, the need for case-by-case consideration of place structures is demonstrated.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-order-of-places">
<title>Ordering lujvo places.</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary></indexterm> So far, we have concentrated on selecting the places to go into the place structure of a lujvo. However, this is only half the story. In using selbri in Lojban, it is important to remember the right order of the sumti. With lujvo, the need to attend to the order of sumti becomes critical: the set of places selected should be ordered in such a way that a reader unfamiliar with the lujvo should be able to tell which place is which.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>prayer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> If we aim to make understandable lujvo, then, we should make the order of places in the place structure follow some conventions. If this does not occur, very real ambiguities can turn up. Take for example the lujvo
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>prayer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>rationale for standardization</secondary></indexterm> If we aim to make understandable lujvo, then, we should make the order of places in the place structure follow some conventions. If this does not occur, very real ambiguities can turn up. Take for example the lujvo
<oldjbophrase>jdaselsku</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>prayer</quote>. In the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FfWn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>di'e jdaselsku la dong.</jbo>
<gloss>This-utterance is-a-prayer somehow-related-to-Dong.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Dong</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> we must be able to know if Dong is the person making the prayer, giving the meaning</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Dong</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ we must be able to know if Dong is the person making the prayer, giving the meaning</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-b38f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d2"/>
</title>
<para>This is a prayer by Dong</para>
</example>
<para>or is the entity being prayed to, resulting in</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-uL3V">
@@ -540,21 +588,25 @@
</title>
<para>This is a prayer to Dong</para>
</example>
<para>We could resolve such problems on a case-by-case basis for each lujvo (
<xref linkend="section-anomalous-lujvo"/> discusses when this is actually necessary), but case-by-case resolution for run-of-the-mill lujvo makes the task of learning lujvo place structures unmanageable. People need consistent patterns to make sense of what they learn. Such patterns can be found across gismu place structures (see
<xref linkend="section-gismu-place-structures"/>), and are even more necessary in lujvo place structures. Case-by-case consideration is still necessary; lujvo creation is a subtle art, after all. But it is helpful to take advantage of any available regularities.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>symmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elimination process</primary></indexterm> We use two different ordering rules: one for symmetrical lujvo and one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lujvo like
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>great soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>symmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elimination process</primary></indexterm> We use two different ordering rules: one for symmetrical lujvo and one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lujvo like
<oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase> (from
<xref linkend="section-symmetrical-asymmetrical"/>) has the places of its tertau followed by whatever places of the seltau survive the elimination process. For
<oldjbophrase>balsoi</oldjbophrase>, the surviving places of
<valsi>banli</valsi> are b2 and b3, leading to the place structure:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-rv1m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d4"/>
</title>
<para><definition>b1=s1 is a great soldier of army s2 in property b2 by standard b3</definition></para>
@@ -579,21 +631,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>b1 sonci s2 gi'e banli b2 b3</jbo>
<gloss>b1 is-a-soldier of-army-s2 and is-great in-property-b2 by-standard-b3</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<valsi>gi'e</valsi> is the Lojban word for
<quote>and</quote> when placed between two partial bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-compound-bridi"/>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>veterinarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>asymmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal doctor</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Asymmetrical lujvo like
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>veterinarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>asymmetrical lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal doctor</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Asymmetrical lujvo like
<oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>, on the other hand, employ a different rule. The seltau places are inserted not at the end of the place structure, but rather immediately after the tertau place which is equivalent to the first place of the seltau. Consider
<oldjbophrase>dalmikce</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>veterinarian</quote>: its veljvo is
<oldjbophrase>danlu mikce</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>animal doctor</quote>. The place structures for those gismu are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-BqPj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d7"/>
@@ -611,21 +667,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e7d8"/>
</title>
<para><definition>m1 is a doctor for animal m2=d1 of species d2 for ailment m3 using treatment m4</definition></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>animal patient</primary></indexterm> Since the shared place is m2=d1, the animal patient, the remaining seltau place d2 is inserted immediately after the shared place; then the remaining tertau places form the last two places of the lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-n-part-lujvo">
<title>lujvo with more than two parts.</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tomorrow</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>based on 3-or-more part veljvo</secondary></indexterm> The theory we have outlined so far is an account of lujvo with two parts. But often lujvo are made containing more than two parts. An example is
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tomorrow</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>based on 3-or-more part veljvo</secondary></indexterm> The theory we have outlined so far is an account of lujvo with two parts. But often lujvo are made containing more than two parts. An example is
<oldjbophrase>bavlamdei</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>tomorrow</quote>: it is composed of the rafsi for
<quote>future</quote>,
<quote>adjacent</quote>, and
<quote>day</quote>. How does the account we have given apply to lujvo like this?</para>
<para>The best way to approach such lujvo is to continue to classify them as based on binary tanru, the only difference being that the seltau or the tertau or both is itself a lujvo. So it is easiest to make sense of
<oldjbophrase>bavlamdei</oldjbophrase> as having two components:
<oldjbophrase>bavla'i</oldjbophrase>,
<quote>next</quote>, and
@@ -650,21 +710,25 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anomalous ordering of lujvo places</primary></indexterm> While symmetrical lujvo normally put any trailing tertau places before any seltau places, the day standard is a much less important concept than the day the tomorrow follows, in the definition of
<oldjbophrase>bavlamdei</oldjbophrase>. This is an example of how the guidelines presented for selecting and ordering lujvo places are just that, not laws that must be rigidly adhered to. In this case, we choose to rank places in order of relative importance. The resulting place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KEwW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d3"/>
</title>
<para><definition>d1=b1=l1 is a day following b2=l2, d2 days later (default 1) by standard d3</definition></para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long-sword</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>medieval weapon</primary></indexterm> Here is another example of a multi-part lujvo:
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long-sword</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>medieval weapon</primary></indexterm> Here is another example of a multi-part lujvo:
<oldjbophrase>cladakyxa'i</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>long-sword</quote>, a specific type of medieval weapon. The gismu place structures are:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-XpNf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e8d4"/>
</title>
<para>
<valsi>clani</valsi>: c1 is long in direction c2 by standard c3</para>
@@ -749,21 +813,25 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-tertau-SE">
<title>Eliding SE rafsi from tertau</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>effect of "SE"-dropping in tertau</secondary></indexterm> Eliding SE rafsi from tertau gets us into much more trouble. To understand why, recall that lujvo, following their veljvo, describe some type of whatever their tertau describe. Thus,
<oldjbophrase>posydji</oldjbophrase> describes a type of
<valsi>djica</valsi>,
<oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> describes a type of
<valsi>zdani</valsi>, and so on. What is certain is that
<oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> does not describe a
<oldjbophrase>se zdani</oldjbophrase>- it is not a word that could be used to describe an inhabitant such as a dog.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue-eyed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now consider how we would translate the word
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue-eyed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Now consider how we would translate the word
<quote>blue-eyed</quote>. Let's tentatively translate this word as
<oldjbophrase>blakanla</oldjbophrase> (from
<oldjbophrase>blanu kanla</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>blue eye</quote>). But immediately we are in trouble: we cannot say</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Kyq2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -801,47 +869,59 @@
<valsi>se</valsi> that really should be there), any attempt to accommodate the resulting lujvo into our guidelines for place structure is fitting a square peg in a round hole. Since they can be so misleading, lujvo with SE rafsi elided from the tertau should be avoided in favor of their more explicit counterparts: in this case,
<oldjbophrase>blaselkanla</oldjbophrase>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-eliding-ke-kehe">
<title>Eliding KE and KEhE rafsi from lujvo</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping "KEhE"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>dropping "KE"</secondary></indexterm> People constructing lujvo usually want them to be as short as possible. To that end, they will discard any cmavo they regard as niceties. The first such cmavo to get thrown out are usually
<valsi>ke</valsi> and
<valsi>ke'e</valsi>, the cmavo used to structure and group tanru. We can usually get away with this, because the interpretation of the tertau with
<valsi>ke</valsi> and
<valsi>ke'e</valsi> missing is less plausible than that with the cmavo inserted, or because the distinction isn't really important.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beefsteak</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beefsteak</primary></indexterm> For example, in
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beefsteak</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beefsteak</primary></indexterm> For example, in
<oldjbophrase>bakrecpa'o</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>beefsteak</quote>, the veljvo is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TgVR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] bakni rectu [ke'e] panlo</jbo>
<gloss>( bovine meat ) slice</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bovine</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> because of the usual Lojban left-grouping rule. But there doesn't seem to be much difference between that veljvo and</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bovine</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ because of the usual Lojban left-grouping rule. But there doesn't seem to be much difference between that veljvo and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HDBe">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bakni ke rectu panlo [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>bovine ( meat slice )</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sneak in</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>meat slice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sneak in</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>meat slice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
<oldjbophrase>zernerkla</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>to sneak in</quote>, almost certainly was formed from the veljvo</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aXrm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zekri ke nenri klama [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>crime ( inside go )</gloss>
@@ -853,40 +933,52 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama</jbo>
<gloss>(crime inside) go</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go into a place where it is criminal to be inside – an interpretation almost identical with
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aXrm"/> anyway?)</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary></indexterm> There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shellfish</primary></indexterm> There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example,
<oldjbophrase>xaskemcakcurnu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>oceanic shellfish</quote>, and has the veljvo</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shell worm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shell worm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0W5t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xamsi ke calku curnu</jbo>
<gloss>ocean type-of (shell worm)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invertebrate</primary></indexterm> (
<quote>worm</quote> in Lojban refers to any invertebrate), but
<oldjbophrase>xasycakcurnu</oldjbophrase> has the veljvo</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ocean shell</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ocean shell</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HEjn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] xamsi calku [ke'e] curnu</jbo>
<gloss>(ocean shell) type-of worm</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1459,21 +1551,25 @@
<para>For example, the concept
<quote>young</quote> is expressed by the gismu
<valsi>citno</valsi>, with place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ciaK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d2"/>
</title>
<para>
<valsi>citno</valsi>: c1 is young</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>younger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>comparatives</secondary></indexterm> The comparative concept
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>younger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>comparatives</secondary></indexterm> The comparative concept
<quote>younger</quote> can be expressed by the lujvo
<oldjbophrase>citmau</oldjbophrase> (based on the veljvo
<oldjbophrase>citno zmadu</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>young more-than</quote>).</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GDt1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1605,21 +1701,25 @@
<para><definition>t1 is superlative in property t2, being the t3 extremum (largest by default) of set t4</definition></para>
</example>
<para>Consider the gismu
<valsi>xamgu</valsi>, whose place structure is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-MWdr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d10"/>
</title>
<para><definition>xa1 is good for xa2 by standard xa3</definition></para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>better</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The comparative form is
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>better</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The comparative form is
<oldjbophrase>xagmau</oldjbophrase>, corresponding to English
<quote>better</quote>, with a place structure (by the rules given above) of</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-pR5R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e15d11"/>
</title>
<para><definition>z1 is better than z2 for xa2 by standard xa3 in amount z4</definition></para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place order</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo place structure</primary><secondary>superlatives</secondary></indexterm> We would expect the place structure of
<oldjbophrase>xagrai</oldjbophrase>, the superlative form, to somehow mirror that, given that comparatives and superlatives are comparable concepts, resulting in:</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index e33e08c..52ea221 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -66,21 +66,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfgA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e1d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.ianai la djan klama</jbo>
<gloss>[Nonsense!] John is coming.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ue</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.uu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ui</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John is coming</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>word-form for primary</secondary></indexterm> The primary Lojban attitudinals are all the cmavo of the form VV or V'V: one of the few cases where cmavo have been classified solely by their form. There are 39 of these cmavo: all 25 possible vowel pairs of the form V'V, the four standard diphthongs (
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ue</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.a'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.uu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ui</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John is coming</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>word-form for primary</secondary></indexterm> The primary Lojban attitudinals are all the cmavo of the form VV or V'V: one of the few cases where cmavo have been classified solely by their form. There are 39 of these cmavo: all 25 possible vowel pairs of the form V'V, the four standard diphthongs (
<diphthong>.ai</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.au</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.ei</diphthong>, and
<diphthong>.oi</diphthong>), and the ten more diphthongs that are permitted only in these attitudinal indicators and in names and borrowings (
<diphthong>.ia</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.ie</diphthong>,
<diphthong>.ii</diphthong>,
@@ -687,21 +691,25 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">request</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">negative request</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>.e'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">suggestion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">no suggestion</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">warning</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>after sleep</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> More examples (after a good night's sleep):</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>after sleep</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ More examples (after a good night's sleep):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFQ7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'a do sazri le karce</jbo>
<gloss>[permission] You drive the car.</gloss>
<natlang>Sure, you can drive the car.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -959,21 +967,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qFw3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.einai</jbo>
<natlang>I need not (a non-obligation)</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.einai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eiru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>formal requirement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>stand-alone usage</secondary></indexterm> You can also utter a scale indicator without a specific emotion. This is often used in the language: in order to emphasize a point about which you feel strongly, you mark what you are saying with the scale indicator
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.einai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eiru'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eisai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eicai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ei</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>formal requirement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>stand-alone usage</secondary></indexterm> You can also utter a scale indicator without a specific emotion. This is often used in the language: in order to emphasize a point about which you feel strongly, you mark what you are saying with the scale indicator
<valsi>cai</valsi>. You could also indicate that you don't care using
<valsi>cu'i</valsi> by itself.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-attitudinal-space">
<title>The space of emotions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal scale</primary><secondary>as axis in emotion-space</secondary></indexterm> Each of the attitude scales constitutes an axis in a multi-dimensional space. In effect, given our total so far of 39 scales, we have a 39-dimensional space. At any given time, our emotions and attitudes are represented by a point in this 39-dimensional space, with the intensity indicators serving as coordinates along each dimension. A complete attitudinal inventory, should one decide to express it, would consist of reading off each of the scale values for each of the emotions, with the vector sum serving as a distinct single point, which is our attitude.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>when expressed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>insights</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emotions</primary><secondary>compound</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound emotions</primary></indexterm> Now no one is going to ever utter a string of 100-odd attitudinals to express their emotions. If asked, we normally do not recognize more than one or two emotions at a time – usually the ones that are strongest or which most recently changed in some significant way. But the scale system provides some useful insights into a possible theory of emotion (which might be testable using Lojban), and incidentally explains how Lojbanists express compound emotions when they do recognize them.</para>
@@ -1033,34 +1045,42 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">secular</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">sacrilegious</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro'a</primary></indexterm> Using these, we were able to assign
<valsi>o'u</valsi> to mark a scale of what we might call
<quote>generalized comfort</quote>. When you are comfortable, relaxed, satisfied, you express comfort with
<valsi>o'u</valsi>, possibly followed by a scale indicator to indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to turn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mental discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>physical distress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>embarrassment</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spiritual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>example of effect</secondary></indexterm> For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mental discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>physical distress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>embarrassment</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spiritual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual discomfort</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>example of effect</secondary></indexterm> For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as
<oldjbophrase>.o'unairo'a</oldjbophrase>. Some emotions that we label
<quote>stress</quote> in English are expressed in Lojban with
<oldjbophrase>.o'unairo'i</oldjbophrase>. Physical distress can be expressed with
<oldjbophrase>.o'unairo'o</oldjbophrase>, which makes a nice groan if you say it with feeling. Mental discomfort might be what you feel when you don't know the answer to the test question, but feel that you should. Most adults can recall some instance where we felt sexual discomfort,
<oldjbophrase>o'unairo'u</oldjbophrase>. Spiritual discomfort,
<oldjbophrase>o'unaire'e</oldjbophrase>, might be felt by a church-goer who has wandered into the wrong kind of religious building.</para>
<para>Most of the time when expressing an emotion, you won't categorize it with these words. Emotional expressions should be quickly expressible without having to think about them. However, we sometimes have mixed emotions within this set, as for example emotional discomfort coupled with physical comfort or vice versa.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.eiro'u</primary></indexterm> Coupling these six words with our 39 attitude scales, each of which has a positive and negative side, already gives you far more emotional expression words than we have emotional labels in English. Thus, you'll never see a Lojban-English emotional dictionary that covers all the Lojban possibilities. Some may be useless, but others convey emotions that probably never had a word for them before, though many have felt them (
<oldjbophrase>.eiro'u</oldjbophrase>, for example – look it up).</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ro'anai</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>stand-alone categories</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with nai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with scale markers</secondary></indexterm> You can use scale markers and
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ro'anai</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>stand-alone categories</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with nai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>categories with scale markers</secondary></indexterm> You can use scale markers and
<valsi>nai</valsi> on these six category words, and you can also use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus,
<quote>I'm trying to concentrate</quote> could be expressed simply as
<valsi>ro'e</valsi>, and if you are feeling anti-social in some non-specific way,
<oldjbophrase>ro'anai</oldjbophrase> will express it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal categories</primary><secondary>mnemonic for</secondary></indexterm> There is a mnemonic device for the six emotion categories, based on moving your arms about. In the following table, your hands begin above your head and move down your body in sequence.</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro'a</cmavo>
@@ -1150,25 +1170,33 @@
<attitudinal-scale point="cu'i">presence/satisfaction</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">satiation</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'a</cmavo>
<gismu>[sevzi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">self-sufficiency</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">dependency</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>self-orientation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinal modifiers</primary></indexterm> It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
<xref linkend="section-pure-emotions"/> and
<xref linkend="section-propositional-emotions"/>, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>condescension</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deference</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inferior</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>ga'i</valsi> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
<diphthong>.io</diphthong>. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for
<valsi>ga'i</valsi>) or above (for
<oldjbophrase>ga'inai</oldjbophrase>) the speaker's rank or social position. Note that it is always the referent, not the speaker or listener, who is so marked: in order to mark the listener, the listener must appear in the sentence, as with
<oldjbophrase>doi ga'inai</oldjbophrase>, which can be appended to a statement addressed to a social superior.</para>
@@ -1237,21 +1265,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'o</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>le'o</valsi> represents the scale of aggressiveness. We seldom overtly recognize that we are feeling aggressive or defensive, but perhaps in counseling sessions, a psychologist might encourage someone to express these feelings on this scale. And football teams could be urged on by their coach using
<oldjbophrase>ro'ole'o</oldjbophrase>.
<valsi>le'o</valsi> is also useful in threats as an alternative to
<oldjbophrase>o'onai</oldjbophrase>, which expresses anger.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sinful</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>virtue</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>righteous indignation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sinful</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>virtue</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>righteous indignation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>vu'e</valsi> represents ethical virtue or its absence. An excess of almost any emotion is usually somewhat
<quote>sinful</quote> in the eyes of most ethical systems. On the other hand, we often feel virtuous about our feelings – what we call righteous indignation might be
<oldjbophrase>o'onaivu'e</oldjbophrase>. Note that this is distinct from lack of guilt:
<oldjbophrase>.u'unai</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'i</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
@@ -1320,21 +1352,25 @@
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>). For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-K4aV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.uiro'obe'unai</jbo>
<gloss>[Yay!] [physical] [Enough!]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>large meal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> might be something you say after a large meal which you enjoyed.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>large meal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ might be something you say after a large meal which you enjoyed.</para>
<para>Like all modifiers,
<valsi>be'u</valsi> can be used alone:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-U3zm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cukta be'u cu zvati ma</jbo>
@@ -1617,21 +1653,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pei.o'usai</jbo>
<gloss>[question] [comfort] [strong]</gloss>
<natlang>Are you again healthy?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.uuse'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>dai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sympathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>empathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>empathy contrasted with sympathy</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>attributing emotion to others</secondary></indexterm> Empathy, which is not really an emotion, is expressed by the indicator
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.uuse'inai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>dai</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sympathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>empathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>empathy contrasted with sympathy</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>attributing emotion to others</secondary></indexterm> Empathy, which is not really an emotion, is expressed by the indicator
<valsi>dai</valsi>. (Don't confuse empathy with sympathy, which is
<oldjbophrase>.uuse'inai</oldjbophrase>.) Sometimes, as when telling a story, you want to attribute emotion to someone else. You can of course make a bridi claim that so-and-so felt such-and-such an emotion, but you can also make use of the attitudinal system by adding the indicator
<valsi>dai</valsi>, which attributes the preceding attitudinal to someone else – exactly whom, must be determined from context. You can also use
<valsi>dai</valsi> conversationally when you empathize, or feel someone else's emotion as if it were your own:</para>
@@ -1652,21 +1692,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bloti .iidai .uu pu klama le xasloi</jbo>
<gloss>The ship [fear!] [empathy] [pity!] [past] goes-to the ocean-floor.</gloss>
<natlang>Fearfully the ship, poor thing, sank.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ship sank</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> suggesting that the ship felt fear at its impending destruction, and simultaneously reporting the speaker's pity for it.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ship sank</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ suggesting that the ship felt fear at its impending destruction, and simultaneously reporting the speaker's pity for it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>non-speaker attitudes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>exceptions</secondary></indexterm> Both
<valsi>pei</valsi> and
<valsi>dai</valsi> represent exceptions to the normal rule that attitudinals reflect the speaker's attitude.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'onai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>ceasing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>beginning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>continuing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudes</primary><secondary>expressing changes in</secondary></indexterm> Finally, we often want to report how our attitudes are changing. If our attitude has not changed, we can just repeat the attitudinal. (Therefore,
<oldjbophrase>.ui .ui .ui</oldjbophrase> is not the same as
<oldjbophrase>.uicai</oldjbophrase>, but simply means that we are continuing to be happy.) If we want to report that we are beginning to feel, continuing to feel, or ceasing to feel an emotion, we can use the attitudinal contour cmavo
<valsi>bu'o</valsi>.</para>
@@ -1787,43 +1831,55 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>rhetorical flavor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>indisputable bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indisputable bridi</primary></indexterm> A bridi with an evidential in it becomes
<quote>indisputable</quote>, in the sense that the speaker is saying
<quote>how it is with him or her</quote>, which is beyond argument. Claims about one's own mental states may be true or false, but are hardly subject to other people's examination. If you say that you think, or perceive, or postulate such-and-such a predication, who can contradict you? Discourse that uses evidentials has therefore a different rhetorical flavor than discourse that does not; arguments tend to become what can be called dialogues or alternating monologues, depending on your prejudices.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>placement in bridi</secondary></indexterm> Evidentials are most often placed at the beginning of sentences, and are often attached to the
<valsi>i</valsi> that separates sentences in connected discourse. It is in the nature of an evidential to affect the entire bridi in which it is placed: like the propositional attitude indicators, they strongly affect the claim made by the main bridi.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ja'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ja'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>deduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<valsi>ja'o</valsi> is a conclusion by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. Rough English equivalents of
<valsi>ja'o</valsi> are
<quote>thus</quote> and
<quote>therefore</quote>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pronouncement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>husband and wife</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pronouncement</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>husband and wife</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<valsi>ca'e</valsi> is true because the speaker says so. In addition to definitions of words,
<valsi>ca'e</valsi> is also appropriate in what are called performatives, where the very act of speaking the words makes them true. An English example is
<quote>I now pronounce you husband and wife</quote>, where the very act of uttering the words makes the listeners into husband and wife. A Lojban translation might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Po4T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ca'e le re do cu simxu speni</jbo>
<gloss>[I define!] The two of-you are-mutual spouses.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'acu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>experienced</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>remembered</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>anticipated</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ba'a scale</secondary></indexterm> The three scale positions of
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'acu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>experienced</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>remembered</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>anticipated</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ba'a scale</secondary></indexterm> The three scale positions of
<valsi>ba'a</valsi>, when attached to a bridi, indicate that it is based on the speaker's view of the real world. Thus
<valsi>ba'a</valsi> means that the statement represents a future event as anticipated by the speaker;
<oldjbophrase>ba'acu'i</oldjbophrase>, a present event as experienced by the speaker;
@@ -1835,89 +1891,117 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ba'acu'i le tuple be mi cu se cortu</jbo>
<gloss>[I experience!] The leg of me is-the-locus-of-pain.</gloss>
<natlang>My leg hurts.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>induction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ja'o contrasted with su'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>su'a contrasted with ja'o</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>induction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ja'o contrasted with su'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>su'a contrasted with ja'o</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<valsi>su'a</valsi> is a generalization by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. The difference between
<valsi>su'a</valsi> and
<valsi>ja'o</valsi> is that
<valsi>ja'o</valsi> suggests some sort of reasoning or deduction (not necessarily rigorous), whereas
<valsi>su'a</valsi> suggests some sort of induction or pattern recognition from existing examples (not necessarily rigorous).</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>abduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The opposite point of the scale,
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'anai</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>abduction</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The opposite point of the scale,
<oldjbophrase>su'anai</oldjbophrase>, indicates abduction, or drawing specific conclusions from general premises or patterns.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives</primary><secondary>su'a as</secondary></indexterm> This cmavo can also function as a discursive (see
<xref linkend="section-discursives"/>), in which case
<valsi>su'a</valsi> means
<quote>abstractly</quote> or
<quote>in general</quote>, and
<oldjbophrase>su'anai</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>concretely</quote> or
<quote>in particular</quote>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hearsay</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hearsay</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ A bridi marked by
<valsi>ti'e</valsi> is relayed information from some source other than the speaker. There is no necessary implication that the information was relayed via the speaker's ears; what we read in a newspaper is an equally good example of
<valsi>ti'e</valsi>, unless we have personal knowledge of the content.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jiXV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti'e la .uengas cu zergau</jbo>
<gloss>[I hear!] Wenga is-a-criminal-doer.</gloss>
<natlang>I hear that Wenga is a crook.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cultural knowledge</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>myth</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cultural knowledge</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>myth</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<valsi>ka'u</valsi> is one held to be true in the speaker's cultural context, as a matter of myth or custom, for example. Such statements should be agreed on by a community of people – you cannot just make up your own cultural context – although
<quote>objectivity</quote> in the sense of actual correspondence with the facts is certainly not required.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dream</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>revelation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ka'u contrasted with se'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>se'o contrasted with ka'u</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand,
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dream</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>revelation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>ka'u contrasted with se'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>evidentials</primary><secondary>se'o contrasted with ka'u</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand,
<valsi>se'o</valsi> marks a bridi whose truth is asserted by the speaker as a result of an internal experience not directly available to others, such as a dream, vision, or personal revelation. In some cultures, the line between
<valsi>ka'u</valsi> and
<valsi>se'o</valsi> is fuzzy or even nonexistent.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>observation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observation evidential</primary><secondary>contrasted with observative </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observative</primary><secondary>contrasted with observation evidential</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>observation</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observation evidential</primary><secondary>contrasted with observative </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>observative</primary><secondary>contrasted with observation evidential</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<valsi>za'a</valsi> is based on perception or direct observation by the speaker. This use of
<quote>observe</quote> is not connected with the Lojban
<quote>observative</quote>, or bridi with the first sumti omitted. The latter has no explicit aspect, and could be a direct observation, a conclusion, an opinion, or other aspectual point of view.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KEKa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>za'a do tatpi</jbo>
<gloss>[I observe!] You are-tired.</gloss>
<natlang>I see you are tired.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'ipei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opinion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'ipei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opinion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ A bridi marked by
<valsi>pe'i</valsi> is the opinion of the speaker. The form
<oldjbophrase>pe'ipei</oldjbophrase> is common, meaning
<quote>Is this your opinion?</quote>. (Strictly, this should be
<oldjbophrase>peipe'i</oldjbophrase>, in accordance with the distinction explained in Examples 10.6-10.8, but since
<valsi>pe'i</valsi> is not really a scale, there is no real difference between the two orders.)</para>
@@ -1926,37 +2010,45 @@
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pe'i la kartagos. .ei se daspo</jbo>
<gloss>[I opine!] Carthage [obligation] is-destroyed.</gloss>
<natlang>In my opinion, Carthage should be destroyed.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>e'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>assumption</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Carthage destroyed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'u</primary><secondary>compared with ru'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ru'a</primary><secondary>compared with e'u</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>e'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>assumption</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Carthage destroyed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>e'u</primary><secondary>compared with ru'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ru'a</primary><secondary>compared with e'u</secondary></indexterm> A bridi marked by
<valsi>ru'a</valsi> is an assumption made by the speaker. This is similar to one possible use of
<valsi>e'u</valsi>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ydRN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ru'a doi livinston.</jbo>
<gloss>Dr. Livingstone, I presume?</gloss>
<natlang>(A rhetorical question: Stanley knew who he was.)</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'apei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>basis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Livingston</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the evidential
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'apei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ju'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>basis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Livingston</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the evidential
<valsi>ju'a</valsi> is used to avoid stating a specific basis for a statement. It can also be used when the basis for the speaker's statement is not covered by any other evidential. For the most part, using
<valsi>ju'a</valsi> is equivalent to using no evidential at all, but in question form it can be useful:
<oldjbophrase>ju'apei</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>What is the basis for your statement?</quote> and serves as an evidential, as distinct from emotional, question.</para>
</section>
@@ -1994,34 +2086,42 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi'u</cmavo>
<gismu>[mintu]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">ditto</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>po'o</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">the only relevant case</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>po'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ditto</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with mi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary><secondary>contrasted</secondary></indexterm> These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>po'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>but</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ditto</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with mi'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discursives for consecutive discourse</primary><secondary>contrasted</secondary></indexterm> These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first,
<valsi>ku'i</valsi>, makes an exception to the previous argument. The second,
<valsi>ji'a</valsi>, adds weight to the previous argument. The third,
<valsi>si'a</valsi>, adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth,
<valsi>mi'u</valsi>, adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from
<valsi>go'i</valsi> (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>), which is a non-discursive version of
<quote>ditto</quote> that explicitly repeats the claim of the previous bridi.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>only</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Lastly,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>only</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Lastly,
<valsi>po'o</valsi> is used when there is no other comparable case, and thus corresponds to some of the uses of
<quote>only</quote>, a word difficult to express in pure bridi form:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qG0v" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi po'o darxi le mi tamne fo le nazbi</jbo>
@@ -2055,21 +2155,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi darxi le mi tamne fo le nazbi po'o</jbo>
<gloss>I hit my cousin at-locus the nose [only].</gloss>
<natlang>I hit my cousin only on his nose (nowhere else).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit cousin</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'o</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Note that
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hit cousin</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'o</primary><secondary>placement in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<quote>only</quote> can go before or after what it modifies in English, but
<valsi>po'o</valsi>, as an indicator, always comes afterward.</para>
<para>Next, the
<quote>commentary on words</quote> group:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>va'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[valsi]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">in other words</attitudinal-scale>
@@ -2189,21 +2293,25 @@
<valsi>do'a</valsi>,
<quote>broadly construed</quote>; for
<oldjbophrase>do'anai</oldjbophrase> (as you might expect),
<quote>narrowly construed</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'enai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa'e</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>pa'e</valsi> is used to claim (truly or falsely) that one is being fair or just to all parties mentioned, whereas
<oldjbophrase>pa'enai</oldjbophrase> admits (or proclaims) a bias in favor of one party.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>irony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sarcasm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irony</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sarcasm</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The scale of
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.ianai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>irony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sarcasm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irony</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sarcasm</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The scale of
<valsi>je'u</valsi> and
<oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> is a little different from the others in the group. By default, we assume that people speak the truth – or at least, that if they are lying, they will do their best to conceal it from us. So under what circumstances would
<oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> be used, or
<valsi>je'u</valsi> be useful? For one thing,
<valsi>je'u</valsi> can be used to mark a tautology: a sentence that is a truth of logic, like
<quote>All cats are cats.</quote> Its counterpart
<oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> then serves to mark a logical contradiction. In addition,
<oldjbophrase>je'unai</oldjbophrase> can be used to express one kind of sarcasm or irony, where the speaker pretends to believe what he/she says, but actually wishes the listener to infer a contrary opinion. Other forms of irony can be marked with
@@ -2337,21 +2445,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai da'i do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno le du'u ri pazvau</jbo>
<gloss>If you [hypothetical] see my young sister, then [certain] you know that she is-pregnant.</gloss>
<natlang>If you were to see my younger sister, you would certainly know she is pregnant.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pregnant sister</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sister pregnant</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world</primary><secondary>contrasted with real world</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>real world</primary><secondary>contrasted with hypothetical world</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> and:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pregnant sister</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sister pregnant</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hypothetical world</primary><secondary>contrasted with real world</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>real world</primary><secondary>contrasted with hypothetical world</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> and:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sach">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ganai da'inai do viska le mi citno mensi gi ju'o do djuno le du'u ri pazvau</jbo>
<gloss>If you [factual] see my young sister, then [certainty] you know that she is-pregnant.</gloss>
<natlang>If you saw my younger sister, you would certainly know she is pregnant.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2410,21 +2522,25 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bi'u</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">new information</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">old information</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ge'e</cmavo>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">non-specific indicator</attitudinal-scale>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>huh?</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion about what was said</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>huh?</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion about what was said</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>confusion</primary><secondary>metalinguistic</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>ki'a</valsi> is one of the most common of the miscellaneous indicators. It expresses metalinguistic confusion; i.e. confusion about what has been said, as opposed to confusion not tied to the discourse (which is
<oldjbophrase>.uanai</oldjbophrase>). The confusion may be about the meaning of a word or of a grammatical construct, or about the referent of a sumti. One of the uses of English
<quote>which</quote> corresponds to
<valsi>ki'a</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gWFX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le ctuca</jbo>
@@ -2507,38 +2623,46 @@
</example>
<para>Here the house is not blue in the sense of color, but in some other sense, whose meaning is entirely culturally dependent. The use of
<valsi>pe'a</valsi> unambiguously marks a cultural reference:
<valsi>blanu</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rXiR"/> could mean
<quote>sad</quote> (as in English) or something completely different.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe'anai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>literally</primary></indexterm> The negated form,
<oldjbophrase>pe'anai</oldjbophrase>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>heartburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>culturally dependent lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure of figurative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>heartburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>culturally dependent lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>figurative lujvo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>place structure of figurative lujvo</secondary></indexterm> Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
<valsi>pe'a</valsi> has a rafsi, namely
<rafsi>pev</rafsi>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
<oldjbophrase>risnyjelca</oldjbophrase> (heart burn) might have a place structure like:</para>
<definition>
x1 is the heart of x2, burning in atmosphere x3 at temperature x4
</definition>
<para>whereas
<oldjbophrase>pevrisnyjelca</oldjbophrase>, explicitly marked as figurative, might have the place structure:</para>
<definition>
x1 is indigestion/heartburn suffered by x2
</definition>
<para>which obviously has nothing to do with the places of either
<valsi>risna</valsi> or
<valsi>jelca</valsi>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>an</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>a</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>a/an</primary><secondary>contrasted with the</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>contrasted with a/an</secondary></indexterm> The uses of
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'unai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>an</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>a</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>a/an</primary><secondary>contrasted with the</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>the</primary><secondary>contrasted with a/an</secondary></indexterm> The uses of
<valsi>bi'u</valsi> and
<oldjbophrase>bi'unai</oldjbophrase> correspond to one of the uses of the English articles
<quote>the</quote> and
<quote>a/an</quote>. An English-speaker telling a story may begin with
<quote>I saw a man who ...</quote>. Later in the story, the same man will be referred to with the phrase
<quote>the man</quote>. Lojban does not use its articles in the same way: both
@@ -2706,36 +2830,44 @@
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[ckire]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">appreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">gratitude</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">disappreciation</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">ingratitude</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
- <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thank you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>thank you and you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Thank you, X</quote>; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is
<valsi>je'e</valsi>, but
<valsi>fi'i</valsi> is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of
<valsi>fi'i</valsi>.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'i</cmavo>
<gismu>[friti]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">welcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">offering</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unwelcome</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">inhospitality</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
- <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hospitality</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>je'e contrasted with fi'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>you're welcome</primary><secondary>fi'i contrasted with je'e</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>At your service, X</quote>;
<quote>Make yourself at home, X</quote>; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that
<valsi>fi'i</valsi> is
<emphasis>not</emphasis> the equivalent of American English
<quote>You're welcome</quote> as a mechanical response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>; that is
<valsi>je'e</valsi>, as noted below.
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -2771,21 +2903,25 @@
<quote>Over, X</quote>; indicates that the speaker has completed the current utterance and is ready to hear a response from the listener. The negative form signals that the pause or non-linguistic sound which follows does not represent the end of the current utterance: more colloquially,
<quote>I'm not done talking!</quote>
</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>je'e</cmavo>
<gismu>[jimpe]</gismu>
<attitudinal-scale point="sai">successful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
<attitudinal-scale point="nai">unsuccessful receipt</attitudinal-scale>
<description role="long">
- <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>roger</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>politeness</primary><secondary>you're welcome</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Roger, X!</quote>,
<quote>I understand</quote>; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by
<valsi>ke'o</valsi>. The colloquial English equivalents of
<valsi>je'e</valsi> and
<oldjbophrase>je'enai</oldjbophrase> are the grunt typically written
<quote>uh-huh</quote> and
<quote>What?/Excuse me?</quote>.
<valsi>je'e</valsi> is also used to mean
<quote>You're welcome</quote> when that is a response to
<quote>Thank you</quote>.
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index bff1426..eccfd5f 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -10,21 +10,25 @@
<quote>sentence</quote> (sometimes called a
<quote>statement</quote> or
<quote>proposition</quote>), which asserts a truth or falsehood, and a small set of
<quote>truth functions</quote>, which combine two sentences to create a new sentence. The truth functions have the special characteristic that the truth value (that is, the truth or falsehood) of the results depends only on the truth value of the component sentences. For example,</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-mJ6y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>John is a man or James is a woman.</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>man or woman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is true if
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>man or woman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ is true if
<quote>John is a man</quote> is true, or if
<quote>James is a woman</quote> is true. If we know whether John is a man, and we know whether James is a woman, we know whether
<quote>John is a man or James is a woman</quote> is true, provided we know the meaning of
<quote>or</quote>. Here
<quote>John is a man</quote> and
<quote>James is a woman</quote> are the component sentences.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negating a sentence</primary><secondary>and truth value</secondary></indexterm> We will use the phrase
<quote>negating a sentence</quote> to mean changing its truth value. An English sentence may always be negated by prefixing
<quote>It is false that ...</quote>, or more idiomatically by inserting
@@ -282,21 +286,25 @@
<title>The six types of logical connectives</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>rationale for multiple sets in grammar</secondary></indexterm> In order to remain unambiguous, Lojban cannot have only a single logical connective for each truth function. There are many places in the grammar of the language where logical connection is permitted, and each must have its appropriate set of connectives. If the connective suitable for sumti were used to connect selbri, ambiguity would result.</para>
<para>Consider the English sentence:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ptgf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e3d1"/>
</title>
<para>Mary went to the window and ...</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>window</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> where the last word could be followed by
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>window</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ where the last word could be followed by
<quote>the door</quote>, a noun phrase, or by
<quote>saw the horses</quote>, a sentence with subject omitted, or by
<quote>John went to the door</quote>, a full sentence, or by one of a variety of other English grammatical constructions. Lojban cannot tolerate such grammatical looseness.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>selma'o</secondary><tertiary>enumerated</tertiary></indexterm> Instead, there are a total of five different selma'o used for logical connection: A, GA, GIhA, GUhA, and JA. Each of these includes four cmavo, one based on each of the four vowels, which is always the last vowel in the cmavo. In selma'o A, the vowel is the entire cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>cmavo</secondary><tertiary>format for each selma'o</tertiary></indexterm> Thus, in selma'o A, the cmavo for the function
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase> is
<valsi>a</valsi>. (Do not confuse A, which is a selma'o, with
<phrase role="logical-vowel">A</phrase>, which is a truth function, or
<valsi>a</valsi>, which is a cmavo.) Likewise, the cmavo for
<phrase role="logical-vowel">E</phrase> in selma'o GIhA is
@@ -1000,21 +1008,25 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .e le zdani .a ke le ckule .e le briju [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and the house or ( the school and the office ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke in sumti grouping</primary><secondary>where allowed</secondary></indexterm> If sumti were allowed to begin with
<valsi>ke</valsi>, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so
<valsi>ke</valsi> grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logical connective. This rule does not apply to
<valsi>tu'e</valsi> grouping of bridi, as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erTb"/> shows.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>German rich man</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now we have enough facilities to handle the problem of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>German rich man</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Now we have enough facilities to handle the problem of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3zE1"/>:
<quote>I am German, rich, and a man – or else none of these.</quote> The following paraphrase has the correct meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KyHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[tu'e] mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu [tu'u] .ije tu'e mi dotco .ijo mi nanmu [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>( I am-German if-and-only-if I am-rich ) and (I am-German if-and-only-if I am-a-man ).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1222,21 +1234,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1asY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu la djan. .inaja mi dunda le cukta la djan. .ijabo mi lebna le cukta la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>[If] I owe some currency-units to John, then I give the book to John or I take the book from John.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent in meaning to:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>owe money</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>owe money</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-901t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu nagi'a dunda gi'abo lebna vau le cukta vau la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>[If] I owe some currency-units then (give or take) a book to/from John.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The literal English translation in
@@ -1463,21 +1479,25 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgoW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu je zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-blue and a-house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unconnected tanru</primary><secondary>contrasted with logically connected version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>contrasted with unconnected version</tertiary></indexterm> But of course
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unconnected tanru</primary><secondary>contrasted with logically connected version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary><tertiary>contrasted with unconnected version</tertiary></indexterm> But of course
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGoH"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qgoW"/> are not necessarily equivalent in meaning! It is the most elementary point about Lojban tanru that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGoH"/> might just as well mean</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-DxVB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d3"/>
</title>
<para>This is a house for blue inhabitants.</para>
</example>
<para>and
@@ -1613,21 +1633,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qf3n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .e pa ninmu</jbo>
<natlang>I see a man and a woman.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>there is a great temptation to reduce further to:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>man-woman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>man-woman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ag8r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu je ninmu</jbo>
<natlang>I see a man and woman.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
@@ -1692,21 +1716,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nago'i</jbo>
<natlang>Fido is not a dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth questions</primary><secondary>contrasted with connection questions</secondary></indexterm> Some English questions seemingly have the same form as the truth questions so far discussed. Consider</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog or cat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog or cat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-mftC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d5"/>
</title>
<para>Is Fido a dog or a cat?</para>
</example>
<para>Superficially,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mftC"/> seems like a truth question with the underlying statement:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-n6Ec">
<title>
@@ -1831,21 +1859,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djica tu'a loi ckafi ji loi tcati</jbo>
<gloss>You desire something-about a-mass-of coffee [truth function?] a-mass-of tea?</gloss>
<natlang>Do you want coffee or tea?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee or tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> the answer
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee or tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ the answer
<valsi>e</valsi>, meaning that I want both, is perfectly plausible, if not necessarily polite.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with forethought for grammatical utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>contrasted with afterthought for grammatical utterances</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connectives</primary><secondary>as ungrammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connectives</primary><secondary>as ungrammatical utterance</secondary></indexterm> The forethought questions
<valsi>ge'i</valsi> and
<valsi>gu'i</valsi> are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids the use of isolated forethought connectives as answers – they sound like the start of forethought-connected bridi. So although
<xref linkend="example-random-id-286J"/> is the forethought version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xtIf"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-286J">
@@ -1873,21 +1905,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu gi'i bajra</jbo>
<gloss>You walk [or?] run?</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connective question answers</primary><secondary>contrasted with other languages</secondary></indexterm> However, Chinese does not use logical connectives in the reply to such a question, so the resemblance, though striking, is superficial.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>if coffee</primary><secondary>bring tea</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Abraham Lincoln</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>and truth</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth</primary><secondary>in imperative sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi connection</primary><secondary>use of imperatives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi connection</primary><secondary>use of truth questions in</secondary></indexterm> Truth questions may be used in bridi connection. This form of sentence is perfectly legitimate, and can be interpreted by using the convention that a truth question is true if the answer is
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>if coffee</primary><secondary>bring tea</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Abraham Lincoln</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>and truth</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth</primary><secondary>in imperative sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi connection</primary><secondary>use of imperatives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi connection</primary><secondary>use of truth questions in</secondary></indexterm> Truth questions may be used in bridi connection. This form of sentence is perfectly legitimate, and can be interpreted by using the convention that a truth question is true if the answer is
<quote>yes</quote> and false if the answer is
<valsi>no</valsi>. Analogously, an imperative sentence (involving the special pro-sumti
<valsi>ko</valsi>, which means
<quote>you</quote> but marks the sentence as a command) is true if the command is obeyed, and false otherwise. A request of Abraham Lincoln's may be translated thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPv0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d17"/>
@@ -1914,21 +1950,25 @@
<quote>and</quote>,
<quote>if ... then</quote>, and so on represents a Lojban logical connective. In particular, consider the
<quote>and</quote> of:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-x6JW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d1"/>
</title>
<para>John and Alice carried the piano.</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carried piano</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>joining elements into a</secondary></indexterm> Given the nature of pianos, this probably means that John carried one end and Alice the other. So it is not true that:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carried piano</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>joining elements into a</secondary></indexterm> Given the nature of pianos, this probably means that John carried one end and Alice the other. So it is not true that:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-58yv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d2"/>
</title>
<para>John carried the piano, and Alice carried the piano.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>joi</primary></indexterm> which would mean that each of them carried the piano by himself/herself. Lojban deals with this particular linguistic phenomenon as a
<quote>mass</quote>. John and Alice are joined together into a mass, John-and-Alice, and it is this mass which carried the piano, not either of them separately. The cmavo
<valsi>joi</valsi> (of selma'o JOI) is used to join two or more components into a mass:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pC5x">
@@ -1957,21 +1997,25 @@
<gloss>The man massed-with the woman go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<valsi>ku</valsi> is the elidable terminator for
<valsi>le</valsi>, which can almost always be elided, but not in this case. If the first
<valsi>ku</valsi> were elided here, Lojban's parsing rules would see
<oldjbophrase>le nanmu joi</oldjbophrase> and assume that another tanru component is to follow; since the second
<valsi>le</valsi> cannot be part of a tanru, a parsing error results. No such problem can occur with logical connectives, because an ek signals a following sumti and a jek a following tanru component unambiguously.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joik</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Single or compound cmavo involving members of selma'o JOI are called joiks, by analogy with the names for logical connectives. It is not grammatical to use joiks to connect bridi-tails.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue and red</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mixed with</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru connection</primary><secondary>connotation of non-logical</secondary></indexterm> In tanru,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue and red</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mixed with</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru connection</primary><secondary>connotation of non-logical</secondary></indexterm> In tanru,
<valsi>joi</valsi> has the connotation
<quote>mixed with</quote>, as in the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Xxp2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu joi xunre bolci</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-(blue mixed-with red) ball.</gloss>
@@ -2040,38 +2084,46 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cwG8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cuxna la .alis. la frank. ce la .alis. ce la djeimyz.</jbo>
<gloss>I choose Alice from Frank and-member Alice and-member James.</gloss>
<natlang>I choose Alice from among Frank, Alice, and James.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>choose from</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with set in distribution of properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass in distribution of properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>as specified by members</secondary></indexterm> The x3 place of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>choose from</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with set in distribution of properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass in distribution of properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>as specified by members</secondary></indexterm> The x3 place of
<valsi>cuxna</valsi> is a set from which the choice is being made. A set is an abstract object which is determined by specifying its members. Unlike those of a mass, the properties of a set are unrelated to its members' properties: the set of all rats is large (since many rats exist), but the rats themselves are small. This chapter does not attempt to explain set theory (the mathematical study of sets) in detail: explaining propositional logic is quite enough for one chapter!</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>by listing members with ce</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-cwG8"/> we specify that set by listing the members with
<valsi>ce</valsi> joining them.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Emw0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti liste mi ce'o do ce'o la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-list-of me and-sequence you and-sequence John.</gloss>
<natlang>This is a list of you, me, and John.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with ordered sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with ordered sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>by listing members</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>as an abstract list</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>as a physical object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with list</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>contrasted with sequence</secondary></indexterm> The x2 place of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with ordered sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with ordered sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordered sequence</primary><secondary>by listing members</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>as an abstract list</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>as a physical object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with list</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>list</primary><secondary>contrasted with sequence</secondary></indexterm> The x2 place of
<valsi>liste</valsi> is a sequence of the things which are mentioned in the list. (It is worth pointing out that
<oldjbophrase>lo liste</oldjbophrase> means a physical object such as a grocery list: a purely abstract list is
<oldjbophrase>lo porsi</oldjbophrase>, a sequence.) Here the three sumti connected by
<valsi>ce'o</valsi> are in a definite order, not just lumped together in a set or a mass.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>result of connection with</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ce'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ce</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jo'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with joi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals into set</primary><secondary>by non-logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals into mass</primary><secondary>by non-logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of individuals into set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of individuals into mass</secondary></indexterm> So
<valsi>joi</valsi>,
<valsi>ce</valsi>, and
<valsi>ce'o</valsi> are parallel, in that the sumti connected are taken to be individuals, and the result is something else: a mass, a set, or a sequence respectively. The cmavo
@@ -2080,21 +2132,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sy2V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. bruna la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>James is-the-brother-of George.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brothers</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> possibly adding a discursive element meaning
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brothers</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ possibly adding a discursive element meaning
<quote>and vice versa</quote>. However,
<quote>James and George are brothers</quote> cannot be correctly translated as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PHN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna</jbo>
<gloss>James and George is-a-brother.</gloss>
@@ -2124,21 +2180,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. joi la djordj. cu bruna remei</jbo>
<gloss>James massed-with George are-a-brother type-of-twosome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>joi</primary></indexterm> where
<valsi>joi</valsi> is used to create the necessary mass.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>respectively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>respectively</primary><secondary>specifying with fa'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>non-distributed</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>respectively</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>respectively</primary><secondary>specifying with fa'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>non-distributed</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
<valsi>fa'u</valsi> can be used to put two individuals together where order matters. Typically, there will be another
<valsi>fa'u</valsi> somewhere else in the same bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MBsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. fa'u la djordj. prami la meris. fa'u la martas.</jbo>
<gloss>James jointly-in-order-with George loves Mary jointly-in-order-with Martha.</gloss>
<natlang>James and George love Mary and Martha, respectively.</natlang>
@@ -2229,21 +2289,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ricfu ku ku'a lo'i dotco cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>The set-of rich-things intersection the-set-of German-things is small.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rich and German</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersection of sets</primary><secondary>compared with and</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>union of sets</primary><secondary>compared with or</secondary></indexterm> There is a parallelism between logic and set theory that makes
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rich and German</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersection of sets</primary><secondary>compared with and</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>union of sets</primary><secondary>compared with or</secondary></indexterm> There is a parallelism between logic and set theory that makes
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGSA"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qgSe"/> equivalent respectively to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-azCQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ricfu ja dotco cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rich-or-German-things is large.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2284,21 +2348,25 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>asserts that there is a set of two items each of which is a mass.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termsets</primary><secondary>non-logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of termsets</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connection is permitted at the joint of a termset; this is useful for associating more than one sumti or tagged sumti with each side of the non-logical connection. The place structure of
<valsi>casnu</valsi> is:</para>
<definition>
casnu: the mass x1 discusses/talks about x2
</definition>
<para>so the x1 place must be occupied by a mass (for reasons not explained here); however, different components of the mass may discuss in different languages. To associate each participant with his or her language, we can say:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>discuss in language</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>discuss in language</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sdba">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ce'e bau la lojban. pe'e joi do ce'e bau la gliban. nu'u casnu</jbo>
<gloss>( I [plus] in-language Lojban massed-with you [plus] in-language English ) discuss.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2337,21 +2405,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e .i tu'e kanji lo ni cteki .ice'o lumci le karce .ice'o dzukansa le gerku tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] do the-referent-of-the-following: ( Compute the quantity of taxes. And-then wash the car. And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. )</gloss>
<natlang>List of things to do: Figure taxes. Wash car. Walk dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list of things to do</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to-do list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>use in lists</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>effect on di'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'e</primary><secondary>effect of tu'e/tu'u on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lists</primary><secondary>use of tu'e/tu'u in</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>list of things to do</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to-do list</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>use in lists</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>effect on di'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'e</primary><secondary>effect of tu'e/tu'u on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lists</primary><secondary>use of tu'e/tu'u in</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-27xU"/> represents a list of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of
<valsi>tu'e</valsi> and
<valsi>tu'u</valsi> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
<xref linkend="section-afterthought-connectives-grouping"/>, because there is no logical connective between the introductory phrase
<oldjbophrase>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e</oldjbophrase> and the rest. The brackets effectively show how large an utterance the word
<valsi>di'e</valsi>, which means
<quote>the following utterance</quote>, refers to.</para>
<para>Similarly,
<oldjbophrase>.ijoi</oldjbophrase> is used to connect sentences that represent the components of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of
@@ -2391,21 +2463,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgsp" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joi</jbo>
<gloss>Mixed-mass-and.</gloss>
<natlang>Both as a mass (i.e, mixed together).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ugh</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee mixed with tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Ugh. (Or in Lojban: <oldjbophrase>.a'unaisairo'o</oldjbophrase>.)</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ugh</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coffee mixed with tea</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Ugh. (Or in Lojban: <oldjbophrase>.a'unaisairo'o</oldjbophrase>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-non-logical-continued-continued">
<title>Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>expressed as endpoints</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>intervals</secondary></indexterm> In addition to the non-logical connectives of selma'o JOI explained in
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="section-non-logical-continued"/>, there are three other connectives which can appear in joiks:
<valsi>bi'i</valsi>,
<valsi>bi'o</valsi>, and
<valsi>mi'i</valsi>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo are used to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. The cmavo
@@ -2421,38 +2497,46 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<natlang>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>un-ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>un-ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-sHhA"/>, it is all the same whether I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt or between Frankfurt and Dresden, so
<valsi>bi'i</valsi> is the appropriate interval connective. The sumti
<oldjbophrase>la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.</oldjbophrase> falls into the x2 place of
<valsi>sanli</valsi>, which is the surface I stand on; the interval specifies that surface by its limits. (Obviously, I am not standing on the whole of the interval; the x2 place of
<valsi>sanli</valsi> specifies a surface which is typically larger in extent than just the size of the stander's feet.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rYv4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu ca la pacac. bi'o la recac.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk simultaneous-with First-hour [ordered-interval] Second-hour.</gloss>
<natlang>I walk from one o'clock to two o'clock.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>from one to two o'clock</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bi'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>from one to two o'clock</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connectives</primary><secondary>ordered intervals</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rYv4"/>, on the other hand, it is essential that
<oldjbophrase>la pacac.</oldjbophrase> comes before
<oldjbophrase>la recac.</oldjbophrase>; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) interval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the whole interval is probably intended, or at least most of it.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rYv4"/> is equivalent to:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sebi'o</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qqIr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d3"/>
</title>
@@ -2461,21 +2545,25 @@
<gloss>I walk simultaneous-with Second-hour [reverse] [ordered] First-hour.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>English cannot readily express
<oldjbophrase>sebi'o</oldjbophrase>, but its meaning can be understood by reversing the two sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>expressed as center and distance</secondary></indexterm> The third cmavo of selma'o BIhI, namely
<valsi>mi'i</valsi>, expresses an interval seen from a different viewpoint: not a pair of endpoints, but a center point and a distance. For example:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bomb destroyed fifty miles</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bomb destroyed fifty miles</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wm5E">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jbama pu daspo la .uacintyn. mi'i lo minli be li muno</jbo>
<gloss>The bomb [past] destroys Washington [center] what-is measured-in-miles by 50.</gloss>
<natlang>The bomb destroyed Washington and fifty miles around.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2522,33 +2610,41 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli la drezdn. ke'i bi'i ke'i la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand Dresden [exclusive] [interval] [exclusive] Frankfurt.</gloss>
<natlang>I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, exclusive of both.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> As these examples should make clear, the GAhO cmavo that applies to a given endpoint is the one that stands physically adjacent to it: the left-hand endpoint is referred to by the first GAhO, and the right-hand endpoint by the second GAhO. It is ungrammatical to have just one GAhO.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GAhO selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> As these examples should make clear, the GAhO cmavo that applies to a given endpoint is the one that stands physically adjacent to it: the left-hand endpoint is referred to by the first GAhO, and the right-hand endpoint by the second GAhO. It is ungrammatical to have just one GAhO.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'i</primary><secondary>etymology of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ga'o</primary><secondary>etymology of</secondary></indexterm> (Etymologically,
<valsi>ga'o</valsi> is derived from
<valsi>ganlo</valsi>, which means
<quote>closed</quote>, and
<valsi>ke'i</valsi> from
<valsi>kalri</valsi>, which means
<quote>open</quote>. In mathematics, inclusive intervals are referred to as closed intervals, and exclusive intervals as open ones.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> BIhI joiks are grammatical anywhere that other joiks are, including in tanru connection and (as ijoiks) between sentences. No meanings have been found for these uses.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>effect of nai on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nai</primary><secondary>effect on intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negated intervals</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Negated intervals, marked with a
<oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> following the BIhI cmavo, indicate an interval that includes everything but what is between the endpoints (with respect to some understood scale):</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>except from 10 to 12</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>except from 10 to 12</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-39EI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do dicra .e'a mi ca la daucac. bi'onai la gaicac.</jbo>
<gloss>You disturb (allowed) me at 10 not-from ... to 12</gloss>
<natlang>You can contact me except from 10 to 12.</natlang>
@@ -2603,21 +2699,25 @@
<listitem>
<para>
GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO GI
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</grammar-template>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>joigiks</primary><secondary>connection types</secondary></indexterm> Joigiks may be used to non-logically connect bridi, sumti, and bridi-tails; and also in termsets.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pC5x"/> in forethought becomes:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry the piano</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry the piano</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-iBpP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joigi la djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>[Together] John and Alice carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2630,21 +2730,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u51K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli ke'i bi'i ga'o gi la drezdn. gi la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand [exclusive] between [inclusive] Dresden and Frankfurt.</gloss>
<natlang>I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclusive).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GAhO position in forethought intervals</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought intervals</primary><secondary>GAhO position</secondary></indexterm> In forethought, unfortunately, the GAhOs become physically separated from the endpoints, but the same rule applies: the first GAhO refers to the first endpoint.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>GAhO position in forethought intervals</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought intervals</primary><secondary>GAhO position</secondary></indexterm> In forethought, unfortunately, the GAhOs become physically separated from the endpoints, but the same rule applies: the first GAhO refers to the first endpoint.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-mekso-connections">
<title>Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>connectives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has a separate grammar embedded within the main grammar for representing mathematical expressions (or mekso in Lojban) such as
<quote>2 + 2</quote>. Mathematical expressions are explained fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. The basic components of mekso are operands, like
<quote>2</quote>, and operators, like
<quote>+</quote>. Both of these may be either logically or non-logically connected.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GUhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connecting operators</primary><secondary>with bo in connective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in joiks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>in jeks for operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>guheks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>connecting operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operators</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>connecting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>geks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>eks</primary><secondary>connecting operands</secondary></indexterm> Operands are connected in afterthought with eks and in forethought with geks, just like sumti. Operators, on the other hand, are connected in afterthought with jeks and in forethought with guheks, just like tanru components. (However, jeks and joiks with
@@ -2660,21 +2764,25 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gMU4"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gMU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three of four people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three of four people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ftNY"/> is equivalent in meaning, but uses forethought connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ftNY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
@@ -2718,21 +2826,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li no ga'o bi'i ke'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>the-number zero (inclusive) from-to (exclusive) one</gloss>
<math>[0,1)</math>
<natlang>the numbers from zero to one, including zero but not including one</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>zero to one</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound subscript</primary></indexterm> You can also combine two operands with
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>zero to one</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound subscript</primary></indexterm> You can also combine two operands with
<valsi>ce'o</valsi>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8rEL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. boi xi vei by. ce'o dy. [ve'o]</jbo>
@@ -2762,55 +2874,67 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-g6iT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu nolraitru .ije la .artr. ba nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>Arthur [past] is-a-noblest-governor. And Arthur [future] is-a-noblest-governor.</gloss>
<natlang>Arthur was a king, and Arthur will be a king.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once and future king</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be reduced to:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once and future king</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ can be reduced to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PLgw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu je ba nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>Arthur [past] and [future] is-a-noblest-governor.</gloss>
<natlang>Arthur was and will be king.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-g6iT"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PLgw"/> are equivalent in meaning; neither says anything about whether Arthur is king now.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logically connected tenses</primary></indexterm> Non-logical connection with joiks is also possible between tenses:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>breathe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>breathe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mcsi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu bi'o ba vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] from ... to [future] breathe.</gloss>
<natlang>I breathe from a past time until a future time.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The full tense system makes more interesting tense intervals expressible, such as
<quote>from a medium time ago until a long time from now</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>grouping of connectives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grouping</primary><secondary>of connection in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>forethought connection in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>in tenses</secondary></indexterm> No forethought connections between tenses are permitted by the grammar, nor is there any way to override the default left-grouping rule; these limitations are imposed to keep the tense grammar simpler. Whatever can be said with tenses or modals can be said with subordinate bridi stating the time, place, or mode explicitly, so it is reasonable to try to remove at least some complications.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connection</primary></indexterm> Tensed logical connections are both more complex and more important than logical connections between tenses. Consider the English sentence:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>went and bought</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>went and bought</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-efav">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d4"/>
</title>
<para>I went to the market, and I bought food.</para>
</example>
<para>The verbatim translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-efav"/>, namely:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PMTu">
<title>
@@ -2855,33 +2979,41 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-129L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .djan .ecabo la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John and [simultaneous] Alice go-to the market.</gloss>
<natlang>John and Alice go to the market simultaneously.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…ke</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ek…ke</secondary></indexterm> Between an ek (or joik) and
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…ke</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ek…ke</secondary></indexterm> Between an ek (or joik) and
<valsi>ke</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nydK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .epuke le zdani .a le ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and [earlier] ( the house or the school ).</gloss>
<natlang>I walk to the market and, before that, to the house or the school.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in gihek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between a gihek and
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GIhA selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in gihek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between a gihek and
<valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-APPE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta gi'ebabo lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<gloss>I give the book and [later] take some currency-units from/to you.</gloss>
<natlang>I give you the book and then take some dollars (pounds, yen) from you.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2891,60 +3023,76 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-A0yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci gi'ecake cusku zo'e la djan. [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and [simultaneous] express something to-John.</gloss>
<natlang>I walk to the market and at the same time talk to John.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and simultaneously</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…bo</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
<valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AhnP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .ijebabo mi viska pa ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>I see a man. And [later] I see a woman.</gloss>
<natlang>I see a man, and then I see a woman.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>I selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijoik…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in ijek…tu'e</secondary></indexterm> Between an ijek (or ijoik) and
<valsi>tu'e</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GBgP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu .ijebatu'e mi viska pa ninmu [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I see a man. And [later] I see a woman.</gloss>
<natlang>I see a man, and then I see a woman.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in jek…bo</secondary></indexterm> And finally, between a jek (or joik) and
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in joik…bo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logical connectives</primary><secondary>in jek…bo</secondary></indexterm> And finally, between a jek (or joik) and
<valsi>bo</valsi>, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ce09">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mikce jebabo ricfu</jbo>
<gloss>I-am-a doctor and [later] rich</gloss>
<natlang>I am a doctor and future rich person.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doctor and then rich</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with tu'e for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> As can be seen from
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TUhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doctor and then rich</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with tu'e for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke</primary><secondary>contrasted with bo for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bo</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke for tensed logical connection</secondary></indexterm> As can be seen from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AhnP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GBgP"/>, the choice between
<valsi>bo</valsi> and
<valsi>ke</valsi> (or
<valsi>tu'e</valsi>) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neither would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following
<valsi>bo</valsi>,
<valsi>ke</valsi>, or
<valsi>tu'e</valsi> that requires the use of one of these grouping cmavo in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-129L"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-APPE"/> through
@@ -2968,21 +3116,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ge klama le zarci gi tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] both go-to the market and buy some food</gloss>
<natlang>I went to the market and bought some food.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu ge</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>went and bought</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu ge</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>went and bought</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-DxuA"/> is similar to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PMTu"/>. There is no time relationship specified between the going and the buying; both are simply set in the past.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-abstractors">
<title>Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jeks</primary><secondary>connecting abstractors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>logical connection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection of abstractors</primary></indexterm> Last and (as a matter of fact) least: a logical connective is allowed between abstraction markers of selma'o NU. As usual, the connection can be expanded to a bridi connection between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker. Jeks are the appropriate connective.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qGVP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qgVR"/> are equivalent in meaning:</para>
@@ -2998,33 +3150,41 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qgVR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e19d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka je ni la frank. ciska cu xlali</jbo>
<natlang>The quality and quantity of Frank's writing is bad.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quality and quantity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>grouping of connectives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grouping</primary><secondary>of connection in abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>forethought connection in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>in abstractions</secondary></indexterm> As with tenses and modals, there is no forethought and no way to override the left-grouping rule.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quality and quantity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>grouping of connectives in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>grouping</primary><secondary>of connection in abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>forethought connection in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>in abstractions</secondary></indexterm> As with tenses and modals, there is no forethought and no way to override the left-grouping rule.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>inside abstractions</secondary><tertiary>contrasted with outside</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>in abstractions</secondary><tertiary>inner bridi contrasted with outer bridi</tertiary></indexterm> Logical connectives and abstraction are related in another way as well, though. Since an abstraction contains a bridi, the bridi may have a logical connection inside it. Is it legitimate to split the outer bridi into two, joined by the logical connection? Absolutely not. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-f1uT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e19d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jinvi le du'u loi jmive cu zvati gi'onai na zvati vau la .iupiter.</jbo>
<gloss>I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things (is-at or-else isn't-at) Jupiter.</gloss>
<natlang>I believe there either is or isn't life on Jupiter.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jupiter life</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is true, since the embedded sentence is a tautology, but:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jupiter life</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ is true, since the embedded sentence is a tautology, but:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-X69J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e19d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jinvi le du'u loi jmive cu zvati la .iupiter. .ijonai mi jinvi le du'u loi jmive cu zvati la .iupiter.</jbo>
<gloss>I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things is-at Jupiter or-else I opine the fact-that a-mass-of living-things isn't-at Jupiter</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is false, since I have no evidence one way or the other (
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 1d30ee5..033c043 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -81,21 +81,25 @@
<natlang>I see the man/men.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>that there really is a man; the only thing you can conclude is that there is one thing (or more) that I choose to refer to as a man. You cannot even tell which man is meant for sure without asking me (although communication is served if you already know from the context).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>and logic</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logic</primary><secondary>and attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> In addition, the use of attitudinals (see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>) often reduces or removes the ability to make deductions about the bridi to which those attitudinals are applied. From the fact that I hope George will win the election, you can conclude nothing about George's actual victory or defeat.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-da-and-zohu">
<title>Existential claims, prenexes, and variables</title>
<para>Let us consider, to begin with, a sentence that is not in the dialogue:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Mxj3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d1"/>
</title>
<para>Something sees me.</para>
</example>
<para>There are two plausible Lojban translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/>. The simpler one is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b9pV">
<title>
@@ -145,21 +149,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t4qI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X there-is-a-Y such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Somebody loves somebody.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves somebody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of using multiple different</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>somebody</primary><secondary>contrasted with somebody else</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves somebody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of using multiple different</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>somebody</primary><secondary>contrasted with somebody else</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/>, the literal interpretation of the two variables
<valsi>da</valsi> and
<valsi>de</valsi> as
<quote>there-is-an-X</quote> and
<quote>there-is-a-Y</quote> tells us that there are two things which stand in the relationship that one loves the other. It might be the case that the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself; nothing in the Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/> rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say
<quote>Somebody loves somebody else.</quote> The things referred to by different variables may be different or the same. (We use
<quote>somebody</quote> here rather than
<quote>something</quote> for naturalness; lovers and beloveds are usually persons, though the Lojban does not say so.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with multiple appearances in bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly all right for the variables to appear more than once in the main bridi:</para>
@@ -167,21 +175,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da prami da</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such that X loves X</gloss>
<natlang>Somebody loves himself/herself.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami de</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami da</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami da</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami de</secondary></indexterm> What
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami de</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami da</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami da</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami de</secondary></indexterm> What
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wBYE"/> claims is fundamentally different from what
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/> claims, because
<oldjbophrase>da prami da</oldjbophrase> is not structurally the same as
<oldjbophrase>da prami de</oldjbophrase>. However,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3QV5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -195,71 +207,87 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ArXX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u le da gerku cu viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that the of-X dog sees me</gloss>
<natlang>Somebody's dog sees me</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody's dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is perfectly correct even though the
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody's dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ is perfectly correct even though the
<valsi>da</valsi> is used only in a possessive construction. (Possessives are explained in
<xref linkend="section-possessive-sumti"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>when not in main bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is very peculiar, however, even if technically grammatical, for the variable not to appear in the main bridi at all:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mE4m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u la ralf. gerku</jbo>
<natlang>There is something such that Ralph is a dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Ralph</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has a variable bound in a prenex whose relevance to the claim of the following bridi is completely unspecified.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Ralph</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ has a variable bound in a prenex whose relevance to the claim of the following bridi is completely unspecified.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-universal-claims">
<title>Universal claims</title>
<para>What happens if we substitute
<quote>everything</quote> for
<quote>something</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/>? We get:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-UwYG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d1"/>
</title>
<para>Everything sees me.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>explanation</secondary></indexterm> Of course, this example is false, because there are many things which do not see the speaker. It is not easy to find simple truthful examples of so-called universal claims (those which are about everything), so bear with us for a while. (Indeed, some Lojbanists tend to avoid universal claims even in other languages, since they are so rarely true in Lojban.)</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban translation of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UwYG"/> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nraD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X : X sees me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>everything</primary><secondary>expressing with "ro da"</secondary></indexterm> When the variable cmavo
<valsi>da</valsi> is preceded by
<valsi>ro</valsi>, the combination means
<quote>For every X</quote> rather than
<quote>There is an X</quote>. Superficially, these English formulations look totally unrelated:
<xref linkend="section-quantified-variables"/> will bring them within a common viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of
<oldjbophrase>ro da</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>everything</quote> on faith.</para>
<para>Here is a universal claim with two variables:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything loves everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything loves everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jSrU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da ro de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, for-every Y : X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Everything loves everything.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -288,21 +316,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHKo" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da ro de zo'u da viska de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that-for-every-Y : X sees Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Something sees everything.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything sees something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of order in prenex</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything sees something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of order in prenex</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/> mean completely different things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKm"/> says that for everything, there is something which it sees, not necessarily the same thing seen for every seer.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/>, on the other hand, says that there is a particular thing which can see everything that there is (including itself). Both of these are fairly silly, but they are different kinds of silliness.</para>
<para>There are various possible translations of universal claims in English: sometimes we use
<quote>anybody/anything</quote> rather than
<quote>everybody/everything</quote>. Often it makes no difference which of these is used: when it does make a difference, it is a rather subtle one which is explained in
<xref linkend="section-any"/>.</para>
@@ -363,21 +395,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DFen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X : X breathes</gloss>
<natlang>Everything breathes</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything breathes</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything breathes</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-njh0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi gerku zo'u da vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X which is-a-dog : X breathes.</gloss>
<gloss>Every dog breathes.</gloss>
<gloss>Each dog breathes.</gloss>
@@ -465,21 +501,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-c9bq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>de poi gerku cu batci ro da poi prenu</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Y which is-a-dog which-bites every X which is-a-person</gloss>
<natlang>Some dog bites everyone.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog bites</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Fido</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which has the structure of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog bites</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Fido</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which has the structure of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/>: it says that there is a dog (call him Fido) who bites, has bitten, or will bite every person that has ever existed! We can safely rule out Fido's existence, and say that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-c9bq"/> is false, while agreeing to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Cfnb"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>dangers of using</secondary></indexterm> Even so,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Cfnb"/> is most probably false, since some people never experience dogbite. Examples like 5.3 and 4.4 (might there be some dogs which never have breathed, because they died as embryos?) indicate the danger in Lojban of universal claims even when restricted. In English we are prone to say that
<quote>Everyone says</quote> or that
<quote>Everybody does</quote> or that
@@ -513,21 +553,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4nqt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>di poi prenu zo'u ti xarci di di</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Z which is-a-person : this-thing is-a-weapon for-use-against-Z by-Z</gloss>
<natlang>This is a weapon for someone to use against himself/herself.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>weapon against self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (in which
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>weapon against self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ (in which
<valsi>di</valsi> is used rather than
<valsi>da</valsi> just for variety) loses its prenex as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CseH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xarci di poi prenu ku'o di</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing is-a-weapon-for-use-against some-Z which is-a-person by-Z.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -544,21 +588,25 @@
<quote>all persons</quote>, just as
<oldjbophrase>re prenu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>two persons</quote>. In fact, unadorned
<valsi>da</valsi> is also taken to have an implicit number in front of it, namely
<valsi>su'o</valsi>, which means
<quote>at least one</quote>. Why is this? Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/> again, this time with an explicit
<valsi>su'o</valsi>:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>expressing using "su'o"</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>expressing using "su'o"</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TI8K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one X : X sees me.</gloss>
<natlang>Something sees me.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -615,21 +663,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ore da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>At-least-two Xes see me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively, subject to the rules prescribed in
<xref linkend="section-prenex-elision"/>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all persons</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>restricted variable</primary><secondary>compared with indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>compared with restricted variable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Now we can explain the constructions
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all persons</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>restricted variable</primary><secondary>compared with indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>compared with restricted variable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Now we can explain the constructions
<oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>all persons</quote> and
<oldjbophrase>re prenu</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>two persons</quote> which were casually mentioned at the beginning of this Section. In fact,
<oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase>, a so-called
<quote>indefinite description</quote>, is shorthand for
@@ -679,21 +731,25 @@
<valsi>su'o</valsi> is implicit where no explicit quantifier is given):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uovr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku cu batci re nanmu</jbo>
<natlang>Three dogs bite two men.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dogs bite</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three dogs bite two men</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The question raised by
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dogs bite</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three dogs bite two men</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The question raised by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uovr"/> is, does each of the dogs bite the same two men, or is it possible that there are two different men per dog, for six men altogether? If the former interpretation is taken, the number of men involved is fixed at two; but if the latter, then the speaker has to be taken as saying that there might be any number of men between two and six inclusive. Let us transform
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uovr"/> step by step as we did with
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Kr4S"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-neNT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi gerku cu batci re de poi nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xes which are-dogs bite two Ys which are-men.</gloss>
@@ -957,21 +1013,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku de zo'u de zutse</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that: for some Y, Y sits.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that: for at least one Y, Y sits.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that something sits.</gloss>
<natlang>Nothing sits.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nothing sits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> with</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nothing sits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ with</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2Fw3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ode naku zo'u de zutse</jbo>
<gloss>For at least one Y, it is false that: Y sits.</gloss>
<natlang>There is something that doesn't sit.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -980,22 +1040,30 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda su'ode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For every X, there is a Y, such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Everybody loves at least one thing (each, not necessarily the same thing).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everybody loves something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> or:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something is loved by everybody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everybody loves something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ or:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something is loved by everybody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Tj99">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ode roda zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There is a Y, such that for each X, X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>There is at least one particular thing that is loved by everybody.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1281,21 +1349,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>exporting na from left of prenex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>importing na from selbri</secondary></indexterm> A
<valsi>na</valsi> before the selbri is always transformed into a
<oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-na-outside-prenex">
<title>Using
<oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> outside a prenex</title>
<para>Let us consider the English sentence</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some do not go to school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some do not go to school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hp0j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Some children do not go to school.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We cannot express this directly with
<valsi>na</valsi>; the apparently obvious translation</para>
@@ -1565,21 +1637,25 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHPI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djan. klama ga la paris. gi la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>It-is-false that: John goes-to either Paris or Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Paris or Rome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and logically connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logically connected sentences</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negator</primary><secondary>movement from bridi to sumti</secondary></indexterm> It is not an acceptable logical manipulation to move a negator from the bridi level to one or more sumti. However,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Paris or Rome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and logically connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logically connected sentences</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negator</primary><secondary>movement from bridi to sumti</secondary></indexterm> It is not an acceptable logical manipulation to move a negator from the bridi level to one or more sumti. However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHPi"/> and related examples are not sumti negations, but rather expand to form two logically connected sentences. In such a situation, DeMorgan's Law must be applied. For instance,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHPI"/> expands to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KMct">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. la paris. na klama gi la djan. la rom. na klama</jbo>
<gloss>[It is true that] both John, to-Paris, [false] goes, and John, to-Rome, [false] goes.</gloss>
@@ -1712,21 +1788,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationship-F to-John.</gloss>
<natlang>There's some relationship between Jim and John.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some relationship</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri variables</primary><secondary>prenex form as indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> The translations of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some relationship</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri variables</primary><secondary>prenex form as indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> The translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> show how unidiomatic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> need to be totally reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the prenex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as
<valsi>su'o</valsi>; it is ungrammatical to just say
<oldjbophrase>bu'a zo'u</oldjbophrase>. This rule is necessary because only sumti can appear in the prenex, and
<oldjbophrase>su'o bu'a</oldjbophrase> is technically a sumti – in fact, it is an indefinite description like
<oldjbophrase>re nanmu</oldjbophrase>, since
<valsi>bu'a</valsi> is grammatically equivalent to a brivla like
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 69387bb..d60e2b7 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -342,37 +342,45 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>bu</quote></natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bubu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>word "bu"</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>pause requirement in lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>effect of multiple</secondary></indexterm> is needed when discussing
<valsi>bu</valsi> in Lojban. It is also illegal to attach
<valsi>bu</valsi> to itself, but more than one
<valsi>bu</valsi> may be attached to a word; thus
<oldjbophrase>.abubu</oldjbophrase> is legal, if ugly. (Its meaning is not defined, but it is presumably different from
<oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase>.) It does not matter if the word is a cmavo, a cmene, or a brivla. All such words suffixed by
<valsi>bu</valsi> are treated grammatically as if they were cmavo belonging to selma'o BY. However, if the word is a cmene it is always necessary to precede and follow it by a pause, because otherwise the cmene may absorb preceding or following words.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happy face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logograms</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unusual characters</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> The ability to attach
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happy face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logograms</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>smiley face</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unusual characters</primary><secondary>words for</secondary></indexterm> The ability to attach
<valsi>bu</valsi> to words has been used primarily to make names for various logograms and other unusual characters. For example, the Lojban name for the
<quote>happy face</quote> is
<oldjbophrase>.uibu</oldjbophrase>, based on the attitudinal
<diphthong>.ui</diphthong> that means
<quote>happiness</quote>. Likewise, the
<quote>smiley face</quote>, written
<quote>:-)</quote> and used on computer networks to indicate humor, is called
<oldjbophrase>zo'obu</oldjbophrase> The existence of these names does not mean that you should insert
<oldjbophrase>.uibu</oldjbophrase> into running Lojban text to indicate that you are happy, or
<oldjbophrase>zo'obu</oldjbophrase> when something is funny; instead, use the appropriate attitudinal directly.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ampersand</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ampersand character</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"&"</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ampersand</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ampersand character</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"&"</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> Likewise,
<oldjbophrase>joibu</oldjbophrase> represents the ampersand character,
<quote>&</quote>, based on the cmavo
<valsi>joi</valsi> meaning
<quote>mixed and</quote>. Many more such lerfu words will probably be invented in future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"</primary><secondary>"</secondary><tertiary>word for</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"."</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>word for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>symbol for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>symbol for</secondary></indexterm> The
<letteral>.</letteral> and
<letteral>,</letteral> characters used in Lojbanic writing to represent pause and syllable break respectively have been assigned the lerfu words
@@ -386,21 +394,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">denPAbu</oldjbophrase>. No pause is required between
<valsi>denpa</valsi> (or
<valsi>slaka</valsi>) and
<valsi>bu</valsi>, though.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-alien-alphabets">
<title>Alien alphabets</title>
<para>As stated in
<xref linkend="section-letterals-introduction"/>, Lojban's goal of cultural neutrality demands a standard set of lerfu words for the lerfu of as many other writing systems as possible. When we meet these lerfu in written text (particularly, though not exclusively, mathematical text), we need a standard Lojbanic way to pronounce them.</para>
<para>There are certainly hundreds of alphabets and other writing systems in use around the world, and it is probably an unachievable goal to create a single system which can express all of them, but if perfection is not demanded, a usable system can be created from the raw material which Lojban provides.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>alpha</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with names</tertiary></indexterm> One possibility would be to use the lerfu word associated with the language itself, Lojbanized and with
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>alpha</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with names</tertiary></indexterm> One possibility would be to use the lerfu word associated with the language itself, Lojbanized and with
<valsi>bu</valsi> added. Indeed, an isolated Greek
<quote>alpha</quote> in running Lojban text is probably most easily handled by calling it
<oldjbophrase>.alfas. bu</oldjbophrase>. Here the Greek lerfu word has been made into a Lojbanized name by adding
<letteral>s</letteral> and then into a Lojban lerfu word by adding
<valsi>bu</valsi>. Note that the pause after
<oldjbophrase>.alfas.</oldjbophrase> is still needed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation with consonant-word + bu</tertiary></indexterm> Likewise, the easiest way to handle the Latin letters
<quote>h</quote>,
<quote>q</quote>, and
@@ -410,21 +422,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<varlistentry>
<term><oldjbophrase>.y'y.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>h</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><oldjbophrase>ky.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>q</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><oldjbophrase>vy.bu</oldjbophrase></term><listitem><para>w</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> As an example, the English word
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ As an example, the English word
<quote>quack</quote> would be spelled in Lojban thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0oAR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ky.bu .ubu .abu cy. ky.</jbo>
<natlang>
<quote>q</quote>
@@ -528,23 +544,31 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<jbo>zai .xiragan. bu</jbo>
<natlang>Japanese hiragana syllabary</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Devanagari</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>standardization of</secondary></indexterm> Unlike the cmavo above, these shift words have not been standardized and probably will not be until someone actually has a need for them. (Note the
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hiragana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Japanese katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>katakana</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Devanagari</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>language shift</primary><secondary>standardization of</secondary></indexterm> Unlike the cmavo above, these shift words have not been standardized and probably will not be until someone actually has a need for them. (Note the
<letteral>.</letteral> characters marking leading and following pauses.)</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bold</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>italic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for face</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for font</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>face</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> In addition, there may be multiple visible representations within a single alphabet for a given letter: roman vs. italics, handwriting vs. print, Bodoni vs. Helvetica. These traditional
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bold</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>italic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for face</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>for font</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>face</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>specifying for letters</secondary></indexterm> In addition, there may be multiple visible representations within a single alphabet for a given letter: roman vs. italics, handwriting vs. print, Bodoni vs. Helvetica. These traditional
<quote>font and face</quote> distinctions are also represented by shift words, indicated with the cmavo
<valsi>ce'a</valsi> (of selma'o LAU) and a following BY word:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhV0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -570,34 +594,42 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ce'a .pavrel. bu</jbo>
<gloss>12-point font size</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>12-point</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>handwriting</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Helvetica font</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with na'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>canceling letter shifts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>canceling effect</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BY selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>font</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>12-point</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>handwriting</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Helvetica font</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with na'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo'a</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>canceling letter shifts</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shift words</primary><secondary>canceling effect</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>na'a</valsi> (of selma'o BY) is a universal shift-word cancel: it returns the interpretation of lerfu words to the default of lower-case Lojban with no specific font. It is more general than
<valsi>lo'a</valsi>, which changes the alphabet only, potentially leaving font and case shifts in place.</para>
<para>Several sections at the end of this chapter contain tables of proposed lerfu word assignments for various languages.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-accents">
<title>Accent marks and compound lerfu words</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tilde</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cedilla</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>circumflex</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>umlaut</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation of diacritical marks on</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>as lerfu</secondary></indexterm> Many languages that make use of the Latin alphabet add special marks to some of the lerfu they use. French, for example, uses three accent marks above vowels, called (in English)
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tilde</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cedilla</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>circumflex</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>umlaut</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>a diacritical mark</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>letters</primary><secondary>non-Lojban</secondary><tertiary>representation of diacritical marks on</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>as lerfu</secondary></indexterm> Many languages that make use of the Latin alphabet add special marks to some of the lerfu they use. French, for example, uses three accent marks above vowels, called (in English)
<quote>acute</quote>,
<quote>grave</quote>, and
<quote>circumflex</quote>. Likewise, German uses a mark called
<quote>umlaut</quote>; a mark which looks the same is also used in French, but with a different name and meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>problem of position</secondary></indexterm> These marks may be considered lerfu, and each has a corresponding lerfu word in Lojban. So far, no problem. But the marks appear over lerfu, whereas the words must be spoken (or written) either before or after the lerfu word representing the basic lerfu. Typewriters (for mechanical reasons) and the computer programs that emulate them usually require their users to type the accent mark before the basic lerfu, whereas in speech the accent mark is often pronounced afterwards (for example, in German
@@ -616,29 +648,37 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<anchor xml:id="c17e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tei .ebu .akut. bu foi ty. tei .akut. bu .ebu foi</jbo>
<natlang>(
<quote>e</quote> acute )
<quote>t</quote> ( acute
<quote>e</quote>)</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ete</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>order of specification within tei…foi</secondary></indexterm> and it does not matter whether
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ete</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>accent mark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>order of specification within tei…foi</secondary></indexterm> and it does not matter whether
<oldjbophrase>akut. bu</oldjbophrase> appears before or after
<oldjbophrase>.ebu</oldjbophrase>; the
<oldjbophrase>tei ... foi</oldjbophrase> grouping guarantees that the acute accent is associated with the correct lerfu. Of course, the level of precision represented by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-NQgb"/> would rarely be required: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French word for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know French.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>problem with multiple on one lerfu</secondary></indexterm> This system breaks down in languages which use more than one accent mark on a single lerfu; some other convention must be used for showing which accent marks are written where in that case. The obvious convention is to represent the mark nearest the basic lerfu by the lerfu word closest to the word representing the basic lerfu. Any remaining ambiguities must be resolved by further conventions not yet established.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ch</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ll</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound letters</primary><secondary>native language</secondary><tertiary>representing as distinct letters</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accented letters</primary><secondary>considered as distinct from unaccented</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>considered as forming distinct letters</secondary></indexterm> Some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, consider certain accented lerfu to be completely distinct from their unaccented equivalents, but Lojban does not make a formal distinction, since the printed characters look the same whether they are reckoned as separate letters or not. In addition, some languages consider certain 2-letter combinations (like
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ch</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Spanish ll</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound letters</primary><secondary>native language</secondary><tertiary>representing as distinct letters</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>accented letters</primary><secondary>considered as distinct from unaccented</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diacritical marks</primary><secondary>considered as forming distinct letters</secondary></indexterm> Some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, consider certain accented lerfu to be completely distinct from their unaccented equivalents, but Lojban does not make a formal distinction, since the printed characters look the same whether they are reckoned as separate letters or not. In addition, some languages consider certain 2-letter combinations (like
<quote xml:lang="es">ll</quote> and
<quote xml:lang="es">ch</quote> in Spanish) to be letters; this may be represented by enclosing the combination in
<oldjbophrase>tei ... foi</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu words</primary><secondary>forming new for non-Lojban letters using bu</secondary></indexterm> In addition, when discussing a specific language, it is permissible to make up new lerfu words, as long as they are either explained locally or well understood from context: thus Spanish
<quote xml:lang="es">ll</quote> or Croatian
<quote xml:lang="hr">lj</quote> could be called
<oldjbophrase>libu</oldjbophrase>, but that usage would not necessarily be universally understood.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="section-accents-multiple-letters"/> contains a table of proposed lerfu words for some common accent marks.</para>
@@ -732,37 +772,45 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<quote>s</quote>
<quote>u</quote>
<quote>b</quote>
<quote>i</quote>
<quote>s</quote>
<quote>h</quote>
<quote>i</quote>
</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mitsubishi</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, a really ambitious Lojbanist could assign lerfu words to the individual strokes used to write Chinese characters (there are about seven or eight of them if you are a flexible human being, or about 40 if you are a rigid computer program), and then represent each character with a
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mitsubishi</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>kanji</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Chinese characters</primary><secondary>representing based on strokes</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, a really ambitious Lojbanist could assign lerfu words to the individual strokes used to write Chinese characters (there are about seven or eight of them if you are a flexible human being, or about 40 if you are a rigid computer program), and then represent each character with a
<valsi>tei</valsi>, the stroke lerfu words in the order of writing (which is standardized for each character), and a
<valsi>foi</valsi>. No one has as yet attempted this project.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-lerfu-pro-sumti">
<title>lerfu words as pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far, lerfu words have only appeared in Lojban text when spelling out words. There are several other grammatical uses of lerfu words within Lojban. In each case, a single lerfu word or more than one may be used. Therefore, the term
<quote>lerfu string</quote> is introduced: it is short for
<quote>sequence of one or more lerfu words</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string may be used as a pro-sumti (a sumti which refers to some previous sumti), just like the pro-sumti
<valsi>ko'a</valsi>,
<valsi>ko'e</valsi>, and so on:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A loves B</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A loves B</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2wo8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu prami by.</jbo>
<natlang>A loves B</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -790,37 +838,45 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku cu xekri. .i gy. klama le zdani</jbo>
<natlang>The dog is black. G goes to the house.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(A less literal English translation would use
<quote>D</quote> for
<quote>dog</quote> instead.)</para>
<para>Here is an example using two names and longer lerfu strings:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Steven Mark Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Steven Mark Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uAAF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la stivn. mark. djonz. merko .i la .aleksandr. paliitc. kuzNIETsyf. rusko .i symyjy. tavla .abupyky. bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>Steven Mark Jones is-American. Alexander Pavlovitch Kuznetsov is-Russian.</gloss>
<gloss>SMJ talks-to APK in Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Perhaps Alexander's name should be given as
<oldjbophrase>ru'o.abupyky</oldjbophrase> instead.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as pro-sumti</secondary><tertiary>for multiple sumti separated by boi</tertiary></indexterm> What about</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives BC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives BC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gJFz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu dunda by. cy.</jbo>
<natlang>A gives B C</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>eliding from lerfu strings</secondary></indexterm> Does this mean that A gives B to C? No.
@@ -832,21 +888,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Hdwz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu [boi] dunda by. boi cy. [boi]</jbo>
<natlang>A gives B to C</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives B to C</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> where the two occurrences of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>A gives B to C</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ where the two occurrences of
<valsi>boi</valsi> in brackets are elidable, but the remaining occurrence is not. Likewise:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L9op">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. boi ro [boi] prenu cu prami</jbo>
<gloss>X all persons loves.</gloss>
<natlang>X loves everybody.</natlang>
@@ -868,34 +928,42 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu. cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>A is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>referring to with me'o</secondary></indexterm> the hearer would try to find what previous sumti
<oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> refers to. The solution to this problem makes use of the cmavo
<valsi>me'o</valsi> of selma'o LI, which makes a lerfu string into a sumti representing that very string of lerfu. This use of
<valsi>me'o</valsi> is a special case of its mathematical use, which is to introduce a mathematical expression used literally rather than for its value.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>"a" is letteral</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>"a" is letteral</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Yy32">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o .abu cu lerfu</jbo>
<natlang>The-expression
<quote>a</quote> is-a-letteral.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now we can translate
<xref linkend="example-random-id-tvHm"/> into Lojban:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>four "e"s</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>four "e"s</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UT1J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>dei vasru vo lerfu po'u me'o .ebu</jbo>
<gloss>this-sentence contains four letterals which-are the-expression <quote>e</quote>.</gloss>
<natlang>This sentence contains four
<quote>e</quote> s.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -921,21 +989,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<valsi>zo</valsi> cannot be used, because
<oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> is a compound cmavo.) But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-pbDf"/> is false, because it says:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-P8Ag">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d5"/>
</title>
<para>The word
<oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> is a letteral</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>word "abu"</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which is not the case; rather, the thing symbolized by the word
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>word "abu"</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ which is not the case; rather, the thing symbolized by the word
<oldjbophrase>.abu</oldjbophrase> is a letteral. In Lojban, that would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Da4r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>The-referent-of [quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -961,21 +1033,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<natlang>a = b + c</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>function name</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as function name</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as function name (preceded by
<valsi>ma'o</valsi> of selma'o MAhO):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>function f of x</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>function f of x</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H0SM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .y.bu du li ma'o fy. boi xy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number y equals the number the-function f of x</gloss>
<math>y = f(x)</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -995,66 +1071,82 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi ratcu ny.moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>the here rat is-nth-of the-set-of my rats</gloss>
<natlang>This rat is my Nth rat.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance ordinal</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as utterance ordinal</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as utterance ordinal (followed by a cmavo of selma'o MAI):</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance ordinal</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as utterance ordinal</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as utterance ordinal (followed by a cmavo of selma'o MAI):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jw40">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ny.mai</jbo>
<natlang>Nthly</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nthly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as subscript</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as subscript (preceded by
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nthly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as subscript</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as subscript (preceded by
<valsi>xi</valsi> of selma'o XI):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oTgS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy. xi ky.</jbo>
<gloss>x sub k</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x sub k</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifier</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as quantifier (enclosed in
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x sub k</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifier</primary><secondary>lerfu string as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>as quantifier</secondary></indexterm> A lerfu string as quantifier (enclosed in
<oldjbophrase>vei ... ve'o</oldjbophrase> parentheses):</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bbnL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ny. [ve'o] lo prenu</jbo>
<gloss>(
<quote>n</quote>) persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>n people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as quantifiers</secondary><tertiary>avoiding interaction with sumti quantified</tertiary></indexterm> The parentheses are required because
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>n people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>as quantifiers</secondary><tertiary>avoiding interaction with sumti quantified</tertiary></indexterm> The parentheses are required because
<oldjbophrase>ny. lo prenu</oldjbophrase> would be two separate sumti,
<oldjbophrase>ny.</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>lo prenu</oldjbophrase>. In general, any mathematical expression other than a simple number must be in parentheses when used as a quantifier; the right parenthesis mark, the cmavo
<valsi>ve'o</valsi>, can usually be elided.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu juxtaposition interpretation</primary><secondary>contrasted with mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu string</primary><secondary>interpretation</secondary><tertiary>contrasted with mathematical interpretation</tertiary></indexterm> All the examples above have exhibited single lerfu words rather than lerfu strings, in accordance with the conventions of ordinary mathematics. A longer lerfu string would still be treated as a single variable or function name: in Lojban,
<oldjbophrase>.abu by. cy.</oldjbophrase> is not the multiplication
<quote><inlinemath>a × b × c</inlinemath></quote> but is the variable
<varname>abc</varname>. (Of course, a local convention could be employed that made the value of a variable like
@@ -1093,21 +1185,25 @@ ty. .ubu vy. xy. .ybu zy.
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la dyny'abub. .i la ny'abuty'obub. .i la cy'ibu'abub. .i la sykybulyl. .i la .ibubymym. .i la ny'ybucyc.</jbo>
<natlang>DNA. NATO. CIA. SQL. IBM. NYC.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NYC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>SQL</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NATO</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>IBM</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>CIA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>DNA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronym names from lerfu words</primary><secondary>assigning final consonant</secondary></indexterm> There is no fixed convention for assigning the final consonant. In
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NYC</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>SQL</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>NATO</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>IBM</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>CIA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>DNA</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronym names from lerfu words</primary><secondary>assigning final consonant</secondary></indexterm> There is no fixed convention for assigning the final consonant. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-736i"/>, the last consonant of the lerfu string has been replicated into final position.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu</primary><secondary>omitting in acronyms names based on lerfu words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>acronyms names based on lerfu words</primary><secondary>omitting bu</secondary></indexterm> Some compression can be done by leaving out
<valsi>bu</valsi> after vowel lerfu words (except for
<oldjbophrase>.y.bu</oldjbophrase>, wherein the
<valsi>bu</valsi> cannot be omitted without ambiguity). Compression is moderately important because it's hard to say long names without introducing an involuntary (and illegal) pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0sin">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 6750f74..aac3a1c 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -123,21 +123,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so no</jbo>
<gloss>one two three four five six seven eight nine zero</gloss>
<math>1234567890</math>
<natlang>one billion, two hundred and thirty-four million, five hundred and sixty-seven thousand, eight hundred and ninety.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>123</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>greater than 9</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, there are no separate cmavo for
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>123</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>greater than 9</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, there are no separate cmavo for
<quote>ten</quote>,
<quote>hundred</quote>, etc.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number words</primary><secondary>pattern in</secondary></indexterm> There is a pattern to the digit cmavo (except for
<valsi>no</valsi>, 0) which is worth explaining. The cmavo from 1 to 5 end in the vowels
<letteral>a</letteral>,
<letteral>e</letteral>,
<letteral>i</letteral>,
<letteral>o</letteral>,
<letteral>u</letteral> respectively; and the cmavo from 6 to 9 likewise end in the vowels
@@ -202,52 +206,64 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6A5H">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ni'u pa</jbo>
<gloss>negative-sign 1</gloss>
<math>-1</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>-1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signs on numbers</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, the signs are part of the number to which they are attached. It is also possible to use
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pa</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>-1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>signs on numbers</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, the signs are part of the number to which they are attached. It is also possible to use
<valsi>ma'u</valsi> and
<valsi>ni'u</valsi> by themselves as numbers; the meaning of these numbers is explained in
<xref linkend="section-indefinite-numbers"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>punctuation</primary><secondary>in numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical punctuation</primary></indexterm> Various numerical punctuation marks are likewise expressed by cmavo, as illustrated in the following examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ust4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci pi pa vo pa mu</jbo>
<gloss>three point one four one five</gloss>
<math>3.1415</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3.1415</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>effect of different notations</secondary></indexterm> (In some cultures, a comma is used instead of a period in the symbolic version of
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3.1415</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>effect of different notations</secondary></indexterm> (In some cultures, a comma is used instead of a period in the symbolic version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ust4"/>;
<valsi>pi</valsi> is still the Lojban representation for the decimal point.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AeRL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re fi'u ze</jbo>
<gloss>two fraction seven</gloss>
<math>2/7</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2/7</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocal</primary><secondary>expression of mathematical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fractions</primary><secondary>numerator default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fractions</primary><secondary>expressing with numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2/7</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocal</primary><secondary>expression of mathematical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fractions</primary><secondary>numerator default</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fractions</primary><secondary>expressing with numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-AeRL"/> is the name of the number two-sevenths; it is not the same as
<quote>the result of 2 divided by 7</quote> in Lojban, although numerically these two are equal. If the denominator of the fraction is present but the numerator is not, the numerator is taken to be 1, thus expressing the reciprocal of the following number:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qhvj" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi'u ze</jbo>
@@ -385,30 +401,42 @@
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2VC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci ka'o re</jbo>
<natlang>3i2 (a complex number equivalent to <inlinemath>3 + 2i</inlinemath>) </natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary><secondary>as special number compared with as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Note that
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ka'o</primary><secondary>as special number compared with as numerical punctuation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<valsi>ka'o</valsi> is both a special number (meaning
<quote>i</quote>) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number).</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d3"/>
<indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>aleph null</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>transfinite cardinal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>aleph null</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>transfinite cardinal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci'i no</jbo>
<natlang>infinity zero</natlang>
<natlang><inlinemath>ℵ<subscript>0</subscript></inlinemath> (a transfinite cardinal) </natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The special numbers
<valsi>pai</valsi> and
@@ -500,21 +528,25 @@
<cmavo>vei</cmavo>
<selmaho>VEI</selmaho>
<description>left parenthesis</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ve'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>VEhO</selmaho>
<description>right parenthesis</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>1 + 1 = 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>infix</secondary></indexterm> Let us begin at the beginning: one plus one equals two. In Lojban, that sentence translates to:</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>1 + 1 = 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical notation</primary><secondary>infix</secondary></indexterm> Let us begin at the beginning: one plus one equals two. In Lojban, that sentence translates to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CUeK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pa su'i pa du li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number one plus one equals the-number two.</gloss>
<math>1 + 1 = 2</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -546,21 +578,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BNFi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>levi sfani cu grake li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This fly masses-in-grams the-number three.</gloss>
<natlang>This fly has a mass of 3 grams.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 grams</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>units of measurement</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>measurements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> requires
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 grams</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>units of measurement</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>measurements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> requires
<valsi>li</valsi> because
<valsi>ci</valsi> is being used as a sumti. Note that this is the way in which measurements are stated in Lojban: all the predicates for units of length, mass, temperature, and so on have the measured object as the first place and a number as the second place. Using
<valsi>li</valsi> for
<valsi>le</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nSU9"/> would produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gJe1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d4"/>
</title>
@@ -569,21 +605,25 @@
<gloss>The-number 3 is-a-person.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is grammatical but nonsensical: numbers are not persons.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition operator</primary><secondary>contrasted with positive sign</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>positive sign</primary><secondary>contrasted with addition operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>addition</primary><secondary>a mathematical operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>su'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o VUhU, which is composed of mathematical operators, and means
<quote>addition</quote>. As mentioned before, it is distinct from
<valsi>ma'u</valsi> which means the positive sign as an indication of a positive number:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>+1 + -1 = 0</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4gsp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ma'u pa su'i ni'u pa du li no</jbo>
<gloss>The-number positive-sign one plus negative-sign one equals the-number zero.</gloss>
<math>+1 + -1 = 0</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -676,21 +716,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du li ny. [bi'e] te'a re su'i re bi'e pi'i ny. su'i pa</jbo>
<gloss>The-number (<varname>n</varname> plus one) times (<varname>n</varname> plus one) equals the-number n-power-two plus two-times- <varname>n</varname> plus 1.</gloss>
<math>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ny</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n^2 + 2n + 1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>interpretation of contrasted with normal mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> There are several new usages in
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ny</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n + 1)(n + 1) = n^2 + 2n + 1</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>interpretation of contrasted with normal mathematical interpretation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu strings</primary><secondary>in mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> There are several new usages in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wfFV"/>:
<valsi>te'a</valsi> means
<quote>raised to the power</quote>, and we also see the use of the lerfu word
<oldjbophrase>ny</oldjbophrase>, representing the letter
<quote>n</quote>. In mekso, letters stand for just what they do in ordinary mathematics: variables. The parser will accept a string of lerfu words (called a
<quote>lerfu string</quote>) as the equivalent of a single lerfu word, in agreement with computer-science conventions;
<quote>abc</quote> is a single variable, not the equivalent of
<quote>a × b × c</quote>. (Of course, a local convention could state that the value of a variable like
<quote>abc</quote>, with a multi-lerfu name, was equal to the values of the variables
@@ -1255,21 +1299,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro ratcu ka'e citka da'a ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>All rats can eat all-but-one rats.</gloss>
<natlang>All rats can eat all other rats.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat themselves</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (The use of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat themselves</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ (The use of
<valsi>da'a</valsi> means that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3z2U"/> does not require that all rats can eat themselves, but does allow it. Each rat has one rat it cannot eat, but that one might be some rat other than itself. Context often dictates that
<quote>itself</quote> is, indeed, the
<quote>other</quote> rat.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'u</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma'u</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-signs-punctuation"/>,
<valsi>ma'u</valsi> and
<valsi>ni'u</valsi> are also legal numbers, and they mean
<quote>some positive number</quote> and
@@ -1317,21 +1365,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d17"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse rau rupnu</jbo>
<gloss>I possess enough currency-units.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough currency</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite portions</primary><secondary>subjective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective portions</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Like the
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough currency</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite portions</primary><secondary>subjective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective portions</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Like the
<valsi>so'a</valsi>-series,
<valsi>rau</valsi>,
<valsi>du'e</valsi>, and
<valsi>mo'a</valsi> can be preceded by
<valsi>pi</valsi>; for example,
<oldjbophrase>pirau</oldjbophrase> means
@@ -1353,21 +1405,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d19"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi speni so'ici prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I am-married-to many/three persons.</gloss>
<natlang>I am married to three persons (which is
<quote>many</quote> in the circumstances).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>both dogs</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>both dogs</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIBi"/> assumes a mostly monogamous culture by stating that three is
<quote>many</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-approximation">
<title>Approximation and inexact numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ji'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
@@ -1405,21 +1461,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ji'i vo no</jbo>
<gloss>approximation four zero</gloss>
<natlang>approximately 40</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>approximately 40</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>approximate numbers</primary><secondary>expressing some exactness of</secondary></indexterm> If
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>approximately 40</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>approximate numbers</primary><secondary>expressing some exactness of</secondary></indexterm> If
<valsi>ji'i</valsi> appears in the middle of a number, all the digits following it are approximate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BANC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vo no ji'i mu no</jbo>
<gloss>four zero approximation five zero</gloss>
<natlang>roughly 4050 (where the
<quote>four thousand</quote> is exact, but the
@@ -1456,21 +1516,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re pi ze pa ji'i ni'u</jbo>
<gloss>two point seven one approximation negative-sign</gloss>
<natlang>2.71 (rounded down)</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rounded down</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rounded up</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rounded down</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rounded up</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ji'i</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIc5"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiDE"/> are all approximations to
<valsi>te'o</valsi> (exponential e).
<valsi>ji'i</valsi> can also appear by itself, in which case it means
<quote>approximately the typical value in this context</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inexact numbers with bounds</primary></indexterm> The four cmavo
<valsi>su'e</valsi>,
<valsi>su'o</valsi>,
@@ -1510,21 +1574,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIfM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu za'u re prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I look-at more-than two persons</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>exactly two</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>more than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>less than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>at least</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>at most</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plural</primary><secondary>Lojban equivalent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exact number</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>at most</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>at least, less than</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>at least</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>less than, at most</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>more than</primary><secondary>contrasted with less than</secondary><tertiary>at least, at most</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>less than</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>at least, at most</tertiary></indexterm> Each of these is a subtly different claim:
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>exactly two</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>more than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>less than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>at least</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>at most</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plural</primary><secondary>Lojban equivalent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exact number</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>at most</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>at least, less than</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>at least</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>less than, at most</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>more than</primary><secondary>contrasted with less than</secondary><tertiary>at least, at most</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>less than</primary><secondary>contrasted with more than</secondary><tertiary>at least, at most</tertiary></indexterm> Each of these is a subtly different claim:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qiE3"/> is true of two or any greater number, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIfM"/> requires three persons or more. Likewise,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qidi"/> refers to zero, one, or two;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIe7"/> to zero or one. (Of course, when the context allows numbers other than non-negative integers,
<oldjbophrase>me'i re</oldjbophrase> can be any number less than 2, and likewise with the other cases.) The exact quantifier,
<quote>exactly 2, neither more nor less</quote> is just
<valsi>re</valsi>. Note that
<oldjbophrase>su'ore</oldjbophrase> is the exact Lojban equivalent of English plurals.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>za'u</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'i</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'e</primary><secondary>with elided number</secondary></indexterm> If no number follows one of these cmavo,
@@ -1626,38 +1694,46 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIha" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li jaureivai ju'u paxa du li cimuxaze</jbo>
<gloss>The-number DEF base 16 equals the-number 3567.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ABC base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits beyond 9</primary><secondary>word pattern</secondary></indexterm> Note the pattern in the cmavo: the diphthongs
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ABC base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digits beyond 9</primary><secondary>word pattern</secondary></indexterm> Note the pattern in the cmavo: the diphthongs
<valsi>au</valsi>,
<valsi>ei</valsi>,
<valsi>ai</valsi> are used twice in the same order. The digits for A to D use consonants different from those used in the decimal digit cmavo; E and F unfortunately overlap 2 and 4 – there was simply not enough available cmavo space to make a full differentiation possible. The cmavo are also in alphabetical order.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>decimal point</primary><secondary>in bases other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base point</primary><secondary>in bases other than 10</secondary></indexterm> The base point
<valsi>pi</valsi> is used in non-decimal bases just as in base 10:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gCo4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vai pi bi ju'u paxa du li pamu pi mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number F.8 base 16 equals the-number 15.5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>F.8 base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>non-constant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ju'u</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Since
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VUhU selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>F.8 base 16</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base</primary><secondary>non-constant</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ju'u</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Since
<valsi>ju'u</valsi> is an operator of selma'o VUhU, it is grammatical to use any operand as the left argument. Semantically, however, it is undefined to use anything but a numeral string on the left. The reason for making
<valsi>ju'u</valsi> an operator is to allow reference to a base which is not a constant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hours</primary><secondary>minutes</secondary><tertiary>seconds: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound base</primary><secondary>separator for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>base varying for each digit</primary><secondary>separator for</secondary></indexterm> There are some numerical values that require a
<quote>base</quote> that varies from digit to digit. For example, times represented in hours, minutes, and seconds have, in effect, three
<quote>digits</quote>: the first is base 24, the second and third are base 60. To express such numbers, the compound base separator
<valsi>pi'e</valsi> is used:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-17HR">
<title>
@@ -1798,37 +1874,45 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>special</secondary></indexterm> Lojban possesses a special category of selbri which are based on mekso. The simplest kind of such selbri are made by suffixing a member of selma'o MOI to a number. There are five members of MOI, each of which serves to create number-based selbri with specific place structures.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>mei</valsi> creates cardinal selbri. The basic place structure is:</para>
<definition>
x1 is a mass formed from the set x2 of n members, one or more of which is/are x3
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set forming</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individuals</primary><secondary>expressing relation with set formed</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with individuals forming set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>expressing relation with mass formed from set</secondary></indexterm> A cardinal selbri interrelates a set with a given number of members, the mass formed from that set, and the individuals which make the set up. The mass argument is placed first as a matter of convenience, not logical necessity.</para>
<para>Some examples:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ujSA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei mi ratcu cu cimei</jbo>
<gloss>Those-I-describe-as-the-mass-of my rats are-a-threesome.</gloss>
<gloss>My rats are three.</gloss>
<natlang>I have three rats.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here, the mass of my rats is said to have three components; that is, I have three rats.</para>
<para>Another example, with one element this time:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>singular me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>individual</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>singular me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>individual</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Pen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi poi pamei cu cusku dei</jbo>
<gloss>I who am-an-individual express this-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
@@ -1847,27 +1931,35 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei ratcu poi zvati le panka cu so'umei fo lo'i ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of rats which are-in the park are a-fewsome with-respect-to the-set-of rats.</gloss>
<natlang>The rats in the park are a small number of all the rats there are.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of all rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fewsome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>with elided quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of all rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fewsome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>with elided quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GJsg"/>, the x2 and x3 places are vacant, and the x4 place is filled by
<oldjbophrase>lo'i ratcu</oldjbophrase>, which (because no quantifiers are explicitly given) means
<quote>the whole of the set of all those things which are rats</quote>, or simply
<quote>the set of all rats.</quote></para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manysome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manysome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-n52D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'i ratcu poi zvati le panka cu se so'imei</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats which-are in the park is-a manysome.</gloss>
<natlang>There are many rats in the park.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1912,21 +2004,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi raumoi le velskina porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-enough-th-in the movie-audience sequence</gloss>
<gloss>I am enough-th in the movie line.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>first rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>enough-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all-th</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>first rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qIiA"/> means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>si'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>si'e</valsi> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<definition>
x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
</definition>
<para>Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-i8r4">
@@ -1950,21 +2046,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9sf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu lo sicni cu sedja'o cu pimucu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event of a coin being a head-displayer has probability .5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coin heads</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>probability .5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>va'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>coin heads</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>probability .5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>va'e</valsi> creates a scale selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<definition>
x1 is at scale position (n) on the scale x2
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unreduced fractions</primary><secondary>use in granular scales</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale</primary><secondary>granular contrasted with continuous</secondary></indexterm> If the scale is granular rather than continuous, a form like
<oldjbophrase>cifi'uxa</oldjbophrase> (3/6) may be used; in this case, 3/6 is not the same as 1/2, because the third position on a scale of six positions is not the same as the first position on a scale of two positions. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XiTd">
@@ -1972,21 +2072,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi rozgu cu sofi'upanova'e xunre</jbo>
<gloss>This rose is 9/10-scale red.</gloss>
<gloss>This rose is 9 out of 10 on the scale of redness.</gloss>
<natlang>This rose is very red.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>rau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>scale of redness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>8 out of ten</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for scale selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for probability selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for portion selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for ordinal selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for cardinal selbri</secondary></indexterm> When the quantifier preceding any MOI cmavo includes the subjective numbers
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>rau</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>scale of redness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>8 out of ten</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scale selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>probability selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinal selbri</primary><secondary>place structure effect from subjective numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for scale selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for probability selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for portion selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for ordinal selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subjective numbers</primary><secondary>effect on place structure for cardinal selbri</secondary></indexterm> When the quantifier preceding any MOI cmavo includes the subjective numbers
<valsi>rau</valsi>,
<valsi>du'e</valsi>, or
<valsi>mo'a</valsi> (enough, too many, too few) then an additional place is added for
<quote>by standard</quote>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aGLh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d11"/>
@@ -2013,25 +2117,33 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cyLo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ny.moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is-nth-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<natlang>That is my nth rat.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>restriction on numbers used for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> More complex mekso cannot be placed directly in front of MOI, due to the resulting grammatical ambiguities. Instead, a somewhat artificial form of expression is required.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nth rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>restriction on numbers used for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>grammar</secondary></indexterm> More complex mekso cannot be placed directly in front of MOI, due to the resulting grammatical ambiguities. Instead, a somewhat artificial form of expression is required.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>alternative to compensate for restriction on numbers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"me"</primary><secondary>effect of MOI on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical selbri</primary><secondary>use of "me" with</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>me</valsi> (of selma'o ME) has the function of making a sumti into a selbri. A whole
<valsi>me</valsi> construction can have a member of MOI added to the end to create a complex mekso selbri:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n+1)-th rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>(n+1)-th rat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xaYd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e11d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me li ny. su'i pa me'u moi le'i mi ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>That is the-number n plus one-th-of the-set-of my rats.</gloss>
<gloss>That is my (n+1)-th rat.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2052,21 +2164,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi nolraitru cu me le'e snime bolci be vi la xel. cu'o</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of me being-a-nobly-superlative-ruler has-the-stereotypical snow type-of-ball at Hell probability.</gloss>
<natlang>I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>snowball's chance</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary><secondary>use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi with MOI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MOI</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>snowball's chance</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of me'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary><secondary>use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PA selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi with MOI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MOI</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
<valsi>boi</valsi> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
<valsi>me'u</valsi> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xaYd"/> could also be replaced by a
<valsi>boi</valsi>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
<valsi>pa</valsi> and
<valsi>moi</valsi> from joining into a compound.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-number-questions">
<title>Number questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
@@ -2136,21 +2252,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li xy.boixici du li xy.boixipa su'i xy.boixire</jbo>
<gloss>The-number x-sub-3 equals the-number x-sub-1 plus x-sub-2.</gloss>
<math>x<subscript>3</subscript> = x<subscript>1</subscript> + x<subscript>2</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x-sub-3</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts always begin with the flag
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>XI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xi</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>x-sub-3</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> Subscripts always begin with the flag
<valsi>xi</valsi> (of selma'o XI).
<valsi>xi</valsi> may be followed by a number, a lerfu string, or a general mekso expression in parentheses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiIs" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boixino</jbo>
<math>x<subscript>0</subscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2250,34 +2370,42 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VjtV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li cinonoki'oki'o du li bi gei ci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three-zero-zero-comma-comma equals the-number eight scientific three.</gloss>
<math>300,000,000 = 3 × 10<superscript>8</superscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 ( 10^8</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> Why are the arguments to
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>3 ( 10^8</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scientific notation</primary><secondary>rationale for order of places</secondary></indexterm> Why are the arguments to
<valsi>gei</valsi> in reverse order from the conventional symbolic notation? So that
<valsi>gei</valsi> can be used in forethought to allow easy specification of a large (or small) imprecise number:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-zmqy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gei reno</jbo>
<gloss>(scientific) two-zero</gloss>
<math>10 <superscript>20</superscript></math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>10^20</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>floating point numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with base other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a ternary operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too many for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operator</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> Note, however, that although 10 is far and away the most common exponent base, it is not the only possible one. The third operand of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>10^20</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>floating point numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>exponential notation</primary><secondary>with base other than 10</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gei</primary><secondary>as a ternary operator</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operands</primary><secondary>too many for infix operation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>null operator</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary><secondary>for infix operations with too many operands</secondary></indexterm> Note, however, that although 10 is far and away the most common exponent base, it is not the only possible one. The third operand of
<valsi>gei</valsi>, therefore, is the base, with 10 as the default value. Most computers internally store so-called
<quote>floating-point</quote> numbers using 2 as the exponent base. (This has nothing to do with the fact that computers also represent all integers in base 2; the IBM 360 series used an exponent base of 16 for floating point, although each component of the number was expressed in base 2.) Here is a computer floating-point number with a value of 40:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7nMz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>papano bi'eju'u re gei pipanopano bi'eju'u re ge'a re</jbo>
<gloss>(one-one-zero base 2) scientific (point-one-zero-one-zero base 2) with-base 2</gloss>
@@ -2329,21 +2457,25 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sa'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>with ge'a for more than 2 rows/columns</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix</primary><secondary>as combination of vectors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix column operator</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>matrix row operator</primary></indexterm> Vectors can be combined into matrices using either
<valsi>pi'a</valsi>, the matrix row operator, or
<valsi>sa'i</valsi>, the matrix column operator. The first combines vectors representing rows of the matrix, and the second combines vectors representing columns of the matrix. Both of them allow any number of arguments: additional arguments are tacked on with the null operator
<valsi>ge'a</valsi>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>magic square</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Therefore, the
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>magic square</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Therefore, the
<quote>magic square</quote> matrix</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>8</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>6</entry>
</row>
@@ -2526,21 +2658,25 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-e9Xi"/> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-e9Xi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three or four people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three or four people</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-eiTM"/> is equivalent in meaning, but uses forethought connection:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eiTM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</gloss>
@@ -2596,21 +2732,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy. su'i cy. du li no gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu</jbo>
<gloss>If-and-only-if the-number <quote>a</quote>-times-(<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus <quote>b</quote>-times- <quote>x</quote> plus <quote>c</quote> equals the-number zero then the-number x equals the-number [ the-negation-of( b ) plus or minus the-root-of (<quote>b</quote>-power-2 minus four-times- <quote>a</quote>-times- <quote>c</quote> ) ] divided-by two-times- <quote>a</quote>.</gloss>
<natlang>Iff ax <superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c = 0, then x = -b ± √ <!--sqrt-->(b <superscript>2</superscript> − 4ac) <!-- fraction bar --> 2a</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quadratic formula</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>infix notation mixed with Polish</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Polish notation mixed with infix</primary></indexterm> Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/>: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
<valsi>bi'e</valsi>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
<valsi>fe'a</valsi> and
<valsi>ku'e</valsi> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k36J"/> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
<valsi>bi'e</valsi> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BIhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of operands</secondary></indexterm> Non-logical connection with JOI and BIhI is also permitted between operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect operands with
@@ -2713,59 +2853,71 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i</jbo>
<gloss>The-number the-operator tangent (π / 2 ) = the-number infinity.</gloss>
<math>tan(π/2) = ∞</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tan(pi/2) = infinity</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<valsi>tanjo</valsi> is the gismu for
<quote>x1 is the tangent of x2</quote>, and the
<valsi>na'u</valsi> here makes it into an operator which is then used in forethought</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>formulae</primary><secondary>expressing based on pure dimensions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of selbri into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting selbri into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>ni'e</valsi> makes a selbri into an operand. The x1 place of the selbri generally represents a number, and therefore is often a
<valsi>ni</valsi> abstraction, since
<valsi>ni</valsi> abstractions represent numbers. The
<valsi>ni'e</valsi> makes that number available as a mekso operand. A common application is to make equations relating pure dimensions:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wCJQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.</gloss>
<math>Length × Width × Depth = Volume</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Length ( Width ( Depth = Volume</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensioned numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting sumti into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Length ( Width ( Depth = Volume</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimensioned numbers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into operand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand</primary><secondary>converting sumti into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>converting into an operand</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>mo'e</valsi> operates similarly to
<valsi>ni'e</valsi>, but makes a sumti (rather than a selbri) into an operand. This construction is useful in stating equations involving dimensioned numbers:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ETmX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals.</gloss>
<math>2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals.</math>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pride of lions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>folk quantifiers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Another use is in constructing Lojbanic versions of so-called
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>pride of lions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>folk quantifiers</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Another use is in constructing Lojbanic versions of so-called
<quote>folk quantifiers</quote>, such as
<quote>a pride of lions</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-D4y4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska vei mo'e lo'e lanzu ve'o cinfo</jbo>
@@ -2904,21 +3056,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u nu'a su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two (the-operator the-selbri plus) two equals the-number four.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
<oldjbophrase>na'u nu'a</oldjbophrase> cancels out, leaving a truthful bridi</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digit string</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>section numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>sub-division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> Numerical free modifiers, corresponding to English
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mai</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>digit string</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>section numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>sub-division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> Numerical free modifiers, corresponding to English
<quote>firstly</quote>,
<quote>secondly</quote>, and so on, can be created by suffixing a member of selma'o MAI to a digit string or a lerfu string. (Digit strings are compound cmavo beginning with a cmavo of selma'o PA, and containing only cmavo of PA or BY; lerfu strings begin with a cmavo of selma'o BY, and likewise contain only PA or BY cmavo.) Here are some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qimN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2957,29 +3113,37 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiPq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pasomo'o</jbo>
<natlang>nineteenthly (higher order)</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chapter numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with mai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mai</primary><secondary>contrasted with mo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>firstly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>chapter numbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with mai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mai</primary><secondary>contrasted with mo'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text</primary><secondary>division numbering with -mai</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
<valsi>mai</valsi> and
<valsi>mo'o</valsi> is that
<valsi>mo'o</valsi> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
<valsi>mo'o</valsi> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
<valsi>mai</valsi>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
<valsi>mo'o</valsi>. (See
<xref linkend="section-utterance-ordinals"/> for more on these words.)</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>numerical</secondary></indexterm> A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>numerical</secondary></indexterm> A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
<valsi>roi</valsi>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed discussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in
<xref linkend="section-interval-properties"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>boi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numerical tenses</primary><secondary>effect on use of boi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>boi</primary><secondary>exception before MAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>MAI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary><secondary>exception on use of boi before</secondary></indexterm> Note: the elidable terminator
<valsi>boi</valsi> is not used between a number and a member of MAI or ROI.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-explicit-operator-precedence">
@@ -3021,21 +3185,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>of operator</secondary></indexterm> Members of selma'o NAhE are also legal on an operator to produce a scalar negation of it. The implication is that some other operator would apply to make the bridi true:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIPR" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci na'e su'i vo du li pare</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 non-plus 4 equals the-number 12.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opposite-of-minus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>opposite-of-minus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiqd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e21d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci to'e vu'u re du li mu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3 opposite-of-minus 2 equals the-number 5.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3127,21 +3295,25 @@
<valsi>ma'o</valsi> can be followed by any mekso operand, using the elidable terminator
<valsi>te'u</valsi> if necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma'o</primary><secondary>potential ambiguity caveat</secondary></indexterm> There is a potential semantic ambiguity in
<oldjbophrase>ma'o fy. [te'u]</oldjbophrase> if
<oldjbophrase>fy.</oldjbophrase> is already in use as a variable: it comes to mean
<quote>the function whose value is always <varname>f</varname></quote>. However, mathematicians do not normally use the same lerfu words or strings as both functions and variables, so this case should not arise in practice.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-four-score-and-seven">
<title>Four score and seven: a mekso problem</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Four score and seven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Gettysburg Address</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>and literary translation</secondary></indexterm> Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begins with the words
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Four score and seven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Gettysburg Address</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mekso</primary><secondary>and literary translation</secondary></indexterm> Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begins with the words
<quote>Four score and seven years ago</quote>. This section exhibits several different ways of saying the number
<quote>four score and seven</quote>. (A
<quote>score</quote>, for those not familiar with the term, is 20; it is analogous to a
<quote>dozen</quote> for 12.) The trivial way:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DzMH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d1"/>
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 71e5ae1..d2de2b9 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -164,21 +164,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<natlang xml:lang="zh">
zhe<superscript>4</superscript> xiao<superscript>1</superscript>xi<superscript>2</superscript> wo<superscript>3</superscript> zhi<superscript>1</superscript>dao le
</natlang> <!-- FIXME: instead of three spaces, why not a colon? -->
<gloss>this news I know [perfective]</gloss>
<natlang>As for this news, I knew it.</natlang>
<natlang>I've heard this news already.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>news</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The wide space in the first two versions of
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'u</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>news</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The wide space in the first two versions of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ovFJ"/> separate the topic (
<quote>this news</quote>) from the comment (
<quote>I know already</quote>).</para>
<para>Lojban uses the cmavo
<valsi>zo'u</valsi> (of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-p4ww">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d3"/>
</title>
@@ -198,21 +202,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba'o djuno le nuzba</jbo>
<gloss>I [perfective] know the news.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-V2B4"/> means the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-p4ww"/>, and it is simpler. However, often the position of the topic in the place structure of the selbri within the comment is vague:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish eat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish eat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tpcK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le finpe zo'u citka</jbo>
<gloss>the fish : eat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is the fish eating or being eaten? The sentence doesn't say. The Chinese equivalent of
@@ -1520,21 +1528,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki la djein.</jbo>
<natlang>Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The grammar of the bridi following
<valsi>sei</valsi> has an unusual limitation: the sumti must either precede the selbri, or must be glued into the selbri with
<valsi>be</valsi> and
<valsi>bei</valsi>:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Susan</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Susan</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sz7v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. prami sei gleki be fa la suzn. la djein.</jbo>
<natlang>Frank loves (Susan is happy) Jane.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1551,21 +1563,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DY0u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u</jbo>
<gloss>John expresses
<quote>I go to-the store</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>said John</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which literally claims that John uttered the quoted text. If the central claim is that John made the utterance, as is likely in conversation, this style is the most sensible. However, in written text which quotes a conversation, you don't want the
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>said John</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ which literally claims that John uttered the quoted text. If the central claim is that John made the utterance, as is likely in conversation, this style is the most sensible. However, in written text which quotes a conversation, you don't want the
<quote>he said</quote> or
<quote>she said</quote> to be considered part of the conversation. If unmarked, it could mess up the anaphora counting. Instead, you can use:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b7Fi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu mi klama le zarci seisa'a la djan. cusku be dei li'u</jbo>
<gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 3b850b9..e997275 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-tour">
<title>A Quick Tour of Lojban Grammar, With Diagrams</title>
<section xml:id="section-bridi">
<title>The concept of the bridi</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>concept of</secondary></indexterm> This chapter gives diagrammed examples of basic Lojban sentence structures. The most general pattern is covered first, followed by successive variations on the basic components of the Lojban sentence. There are many more capabilities not covered in this chapter, but covered in detail in later chapters, so this chapter is a
<quote>quick tour</quote> of the material later covered more slowly throughout the book. It also introduces most of the Lojban words used to discuss Lojban grammar.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>taller</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>father</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John and Sam</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Let us consider John and Sam and three statements about them:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>taller</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>father</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John and Sam</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Let us consider John and Sam and three statements about them:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIuj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>John is the father of Sam.</para>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qiuQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d2"/>
@@ -53,21 +57,25 @@
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<!--fallback for text-based browsers w/o css:-->
<!-- FIXME -->
<cmavo-list>John is the father of Sam| | |
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>sumti</cmavo>
<selmaho>selbri</selmaho>
<description>sumti (argument)</description>
</cmavo-entry></cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In a relationship, there are a definite number of things being related. In English, for example,
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ In a relationship, there are a definite number of things being related. In English, for example,
<quote>give</quote> has three places: the donor, the recipient and the gift. For example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-DE08">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e1d4"/>
</title>
<para>John gives Sam the book.</para>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-IBBE">
<title>
@@ -86,21 +94,25 @@
</example>
<para>seems strange to us merely because the places are being filled by unorthodox arguments. The relationship expressed by
<quote>give</quote> has not changed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, each selbri has a specified number and type of arguments, known collectively as its
<quote>place structure</quote>. The simplest kind of selbri consists of a single root word, called a
<valsi>gismu</valsi>, and the definition in a dictionary gives the place structure explicitly. The primary task of constructing a Lojban sentence, after choosing the relationship itself, is deciding what you will use to fill in the sumti places.</para>
<para>This book uses the Lojban terms
<valsi>bridi</valsi>,
<valsi>sumti</valsi>, and
<oldjbophrase>selbri</oldjbophrase>, because it is best to come to understand them independently of the English associations of the corresponding words, which are only roughly similar in meaning anyhow.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>underlines</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double underscore notation convention for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>underscore notation for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>notation conventions</primary><secondary>for Quick Tour chapter</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>underlines</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>double underscore notation convention for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>underscore notation for Quick Tour chapter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>notation conventions</primary><secondary>for Quick Tour chapter</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban examples in this chapter (but not in the rest of the book) use a single underline (---) under each sumti, and a double underline (===) under each selbri, to help you to tell them apart.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pronunciation">
<title>Pronunciation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Detailed pronunciation and spelling rules are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-phonology"/>, but what follows will keep the reader from going too far astray while digesting this chapter.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowels</primary><secondary>pronunciation of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> Lojban has six recognized vowels:
<letteral>a</letteral>,
<letteral>e</letteral>,
<letteral>i</letteral>,
<letteral>o</letteral>,
@@ -325,21 +337,25 @@
</example>
<para>where the
<quote>x</quote> es with following numbers represent the various arguments that could be inserted at the given positions in the English sentence. For example:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-3bc3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d2"/>
</title>
<para>John talks to Sam about engineering in Lojban.</para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>engineering</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>engineering</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ has
<quote>John</quote> in the x1 place,
<quote>Sam</quote> in the x2 place,
<quote>engineering</quote> in the x3 place, and
<quote>Lojban</quote> in the x4 place, and could be paraphrased:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-pVMH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d3"/>
</title>
<para>Talking is going on, with speaker John and listener Sam and subject matter engineering and language Lojban.</para>
@@ -733,51 +749,63 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-ANfh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d2"/>
</title>
<para><definition>x1 is a fast type-of talker to x2 about x3 in language x4</definition></para>
<para><definition>x1 talks fast to x2 about x3 in language x4</definition></para>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru default grouping</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When three or more gismu are in a row, the first modifies the second, and that combined meaning modifies the third, and that combined meaning modifies the fourth, and so on. For example</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru default grouping</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> When three or more gismu are in a row, the first modifies the second, and that combined meaning modifies the third, and that combined meaning modifies the fourth, and so on. For example</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzS9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla cutci</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast-talker shoe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> has the place structure</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fast-talker shoe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ has the place structure</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7KPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d4"/>
</title>
<para><definition>s1 is a fast-talker type of shoe worn by s2 of material s3</definition></para>
</example>
<para>That is, it is a shoe that is worn by a fast talker rather than a shoe that is fast and is also worn by a talker.</para>
<para>Note especially the use of
<quote>type-of</quote> as a mechanism for connecting the English translations of the two or more gismu; this convention helps the learner understand each tanru in its context. Creative interpretations are also possible, however:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jE94">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bajra cutci</jbo>
<natlang>runner shoe</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>runner shoe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> most probably refers to shoes suitable for runners, but might be interpreted in some imaginative instances as
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>runner shoe</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ most probably refers to shoes suitable for runners, but might be interpreted in some imaginative instances as
<quote>shoes that run (by themselves?)</quote>. In general, however, the meaning of a tanru is determined by the literal meaning of its components, and not by any connotations or figurative meanings. Thus</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HcV5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sutra tavla</jbo>
<natlang>fast-talker</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -786,21 +814,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>jikca toldi</jbo>
<natlang>social butterfly</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lepidoptera</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butterfly</primary><secondary>social</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>social butterfly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of the family
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lepidoptera</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butterfly</primary><secondary>social</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>social butterfly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of the family
<emphasis>Lepidoptera</emphasis>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary><tertiary>quick-tour version</tertiary></indexterm> The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final component of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of
<valsi>klama</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
@@ -927,21 +959,25 @@
<sumti>Tom</sumti>
<selbri>is audiencely-beautiful</selbri>
<sumti>to Mary.</sumti>
</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, the observer of beauty.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-description-sumti">
<title>Description sumti</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>talker</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
<valsi>mi</valsi>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
<valsi>tavla</valsi>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
<quote>description sumti</quote>. The description sumti
<oldjbophrase>le tavla ku</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>the talker</quote>, and may be used wherever any sumti may be used.</para>
<para>For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0Pj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d1"/>
</title>
@@ -1187,21 +1223,25 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-dihu-and-lahe-dihu">
<title>The sumti
<valsi>di'u</valsi> and
<oldjbophrase>la'e di'u</oldjbophrase></title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> In English, I might say
<quote>The dog is beautiful</quote>, and you might reply
<quote>This pleases me.</quote> How do you know what
<quote>this</quote> refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to convey the possible meanings of the English:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beautiful dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>le gerku</sumti>
<elidable>ku</elidable>
<elidable elidable="false">cu</elidable>
<selbri>melbi</selbri>
@@ -1362,21 +1402,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>tavla</selbri>
</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Talk!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Talk!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k11I"/> true; it means
<quote>Talk!</quote> Other examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k13h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>sutra</selbri>
@@ -1421,21 +1465,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<sumti>ko</sumti>
<selbri>kurji</selbri>
</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Take care!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> both mean
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Take care!</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ both mean
<quote>You take care of you</quote> and
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-basic-questions">
<title>Questions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>quick-tour version</secondary></indexterm> There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
<xref linkend="section-questions-and-answers"/> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
@@ -1631,21 +1679,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<sumti>do</sumti>
<selbri>kanro</selbri>
</jbo>
<natlang>Are you healthy?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>healthy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be answered with</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>healthy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ can be answered with</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k1iE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<sumti>mi</sumti>
<selbri>kanro</selbri>
</jbo>
<natlang>I am healthy.</natlang>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index da322b4..526b6fb 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -340,21 +340,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>main use of</secondary></indexterm> Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabic
<letteral>l</letteral>,
<letteral>m</letteral>,
<letteral>n</letteral>, or
<letteral>r</letteral> (discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>example of</secondary></indexterm> Here is a somewhat artificial example of the difference in pronunciation between periods, commas and apostrophes. In the English song about Old MacDonald's Farm, the vowel string which is written as
<quote>ee-i-ee-i-o</quote> in English could be Lojbanized with periods as:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2B4">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Old McDonald</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Old McDonald</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.i.ai.i.ai.o</jbo>
<ipa>[ʔi ʔaj ʔi ʔaj ʔo]</ipa>
<natlang>Ee! Eye! Ee! Eye! Oh!</natlang>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>However, this would sound clipped, staccato, and unmusical compared to the English. Furthermore, although
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2B4"/> is a string of meaningful Lojban words, as a sentence it makes very little sense. (Note the use of periods embedded within the written word.)</para>
@@ -546,21 +550,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c3e4d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>brlgan.</jbo>
<ipa>[br̩l gan]</ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa>[brl̩ gan]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>is a hypothetical Lojbanized name with more than one valid pronunciation; however it is pronounced, it remains the same word.</para>
- <para> <!--FIXME: there's no example for this "Earl" to go in--><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Earl</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary><secondary>final in word</secondary></indexterm> Syllabic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels from the standpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are generally required to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllabic consonant. An example is
+ <para> <!--FIXME: there's no example for this "Earl" to go in-->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Earl</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary><secondary>final in word</secondary></indexterm> Syllabic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels from the standpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are generally required to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllabic consonant. An example is
<oldjbophrase>rl.</oldjbophrase>, which is an approximation of the English name
<quote>Earl</quote>, and has two syllabic consonants.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary><secondary>effect on stress</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>effect of syllabic consonants on</secondary></indexterm> Syllables with syllabic consonants and no vowel are never stressed or counted when determining which syllables to stress (see
<xref linkend="section-stress"/>).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-vowel-pairs">
@@ -756,21 +764,25 @@
<morphology>xk</morphology>, and
<morphology>mz</morphology> are forbidden.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>use in avoiding forbidden consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> These rules apply to all kinds of words, even Lojbanized names. If a name would normally contain a forbidden consonant pair, a
<letteral>y</letteral> can be inserted to break up the pair:
</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2cK">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>James</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>James</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c3e6d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>djeimyz.</jbo>
<ipa>[dʒɛj məzʔ]</ipa>
<natlang>James</natlang>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>The regular English pronunciation of
<quote>James</quote>, which is
@@ -1021,21 +1033,25 @@
<pronunciation>
<jbo>vrusi</jbo>
<ipa>[ˈvru si]</ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa>[vɪ ˈru si]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2dI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d2"/>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Amsterdam</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Amsterdam</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo role="pronunciation">.AMsterdam.</jbo>
<ipa>[ʔam ster damʔ]</ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa>[ˈʔa mɪ sɪ tɛ rɪ da mɪʔ]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>effect of buffer vowel on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>buffer vowel</primary><secondary>and stress</secondary></indexterm> When a buffer vowel is used, it splits each buffered consonant into its own syllable. However, the buffering syllables are never stressed, and are not counted in determining stress. They are, in effect, not really syllables to a Lojban listener, and thus their impact is ignored.</para>
@@ -1073,21 +1089,25 @@
<jbo>ponyni'u</jbo>
<ipa>[po nə 'ni hu]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y sound</primary><secondary>contrasted with vowel buffer</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel buffer</primary><secondary>contrasted with y sound</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2hN"/> cannot contain any buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel
<letteral>y</letteral>, which is pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, with the buffer, which has a variety of possible pronunciations and is never written. Consider the contrast between</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2jU">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bone bread</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bone bread</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bongynanba</jbo>
<ipa>[boŋ gə ˈnan ba]</ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>an unlikely Lojban compound word meaning
<quote>bone bread</quote> (note the use of
@@ -1230,21 +1250,25 @@
<jbo>dikyjvo</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">DI,ky,jvo</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>(In a fully-buffered dialect, the pronunciation would be:
<phrase role="IPA">['di kə ʒɪ vo]</phrase>.) Note that the syllable
<oldjbophrase>ky</oldjbophrase> is not counted in determining stress. The vowel
<letteral>y</letteral> is never stressed in a normal Lojban context.</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Sz52">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Armstrong</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Armstrong</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d7"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.armstrong.</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">.ARM,strong.</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This is a Lojbanized version of the name
<quote>Armstrong</quote>. The final
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 33cacca..925628d 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -537,50 +537,66 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>combination of</secondary></indexterm> The simplest Lojban tanru are pairings of two concepts or ideas. Such tanru take two simpler ideas that can be represented by gismu and combine them into a single more complex idea. Two-part tanru may then be recombined in pairs with other tanru, or with individual gismu, to form more complex or more specific ideas, and so on.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>ambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> The meaning of a tanru is usually at least partly ambiguous:
<oldjbophrase>skami pilno</oldjbophrase> could refer to a computer that is a user, or to a user of computers. There are a variety of ways that the modifier component can be related to the modified component. It is also possible to use cmavo within tanru to provide variations (or to prevent ambiguities) of meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and creativity</secondary></indexterm> Making tanru is essentially a poetic or creative act, not a science. While the syntax expressing the grouping relationships within tanru is unambiguous, tanru are still semantically ambiguous, since the rules defining the relationships between the gismu are flexible. The process of devising a new tanru is dealt with in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>expression of</secondary></indexterm> To express a simple tanru, simply say the component gismu together. Thus the binary metaphor
<quote>big boat</quote> becomes the tanru</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oLE3">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda bloti</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>representing roughly the same concept as the English word
<quote>ship</quote>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>paternal grandmother</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The binary metaphor
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>paternal grandmother</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The binary metaphor
<quote>father mother</quote> can refer to a paternal grandmother (
<quote>a father-ly type of mother</quote>), while
<quote>mother father</quote> can refer to a maternal grandfather (
<quote>a mother-ly type of father</quote>). In Lojban, these become the tanru</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4wK9">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>father mother</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>father mother</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>patfu mamta</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KQ4s">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mother father</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mother father</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mamta patfu</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>ambiguity in</secondary></indexterm> The possibility of semantic ambiguity can easily be seen in the last case. To interpret
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KQ4s"/>, the listener must determine what type of motherliness pertains to the father being referred to. In an appropriate context,
<oldjbophrase>mamta patfu</oldjbophrase> could mean not
@@ -646,21 +662,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>y-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>and stress determination</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> A
<letteral>y</letteral> (which is ignored in determining stress or consonant clusters) is inserted in the middle of the consonant cluster to glue the word together when the resulting cluster is either not permissible or the word is likely to break up. There are specific rules describing these conditions, detailed in
<xref linkend="section-rafsi"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>n-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>n-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>glue in lujvo</primary><secondary>r-hyphen as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>r-hyphen</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> An
<letteral>r</letteral> (in some cases, an
<letteral>n</letteral>) is inserted when a CVV-form rafsi attaches to the beginning of a lujvo in such a way that there is no consonant cluster. For example, in the lujvo</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3Qtv">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>field rations</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>field rations</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d8"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>soirsai</jbo>
<veljvo>sonci sanmi</veljvo>
<gloss>soldier meal</gloss>
<natlang>field rations</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>contrasted with same-form rafsi in meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>contrasted with same-form cmavo in meaning</secondary></indexterm> the rafsi
@@ -728,21 +748,25 @@
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>prunyplipe</jbo>
<veljvo>pruni plipe</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>elastic (springy) leap</quote></gloss>
<natlang>or <quote>spring</quote> (the verb)</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjbP" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>supper</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>supper</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d5"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>vancysanmi</jbo>
<veljvo>vanci sanmi</veljvo>
<gloss><quote>evening meal</quote></gloss>
<natlang>or <quote>supper</quote></natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
@@ -1000,71 +1024,91 @@
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>bridi zei valsi</jbo>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo without rafsi</primary><secondary>method of including in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>method of including in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>method of including in lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>lack of</secondary><tertiary>effect on forming lujvo</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>from cmavo with no rafsi</secondary></indexterm> is the exact equivalent of
<oldjbophrase>brivla</oldjbophrase> (but not necessarily the same as the underlying tanru
<oldjbophrase>bridi valsi</oldjbophrase>, which could have other meanings.) Using
<valsi>zei</valsi> is the only way to get a cmavo lacking a rafsi, a cmene, or a fu'ivla into a lujvo:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJe1" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>X-ray</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>X-ray</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d13"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>xy. zei kantu</jbo>
<natlang>X ray</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJeE" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Persian rug</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Persian rug</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rug</primary><secondary>Persian</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d14"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>kulnr,farsi zei lolgai</jbo>
<gloss>Farsi floor-cover</gloss>
<natlang>Persian rug</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJef" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d15"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. livgyterbilma</jbo>
<gloss>non-A, non-B liver-disease</gloss>
<natlang>non-A, non-B hepatitis</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJEh" role="lujvo-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Sherman tank</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Sherman tank</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>tank</primary><secondary>Sherman</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d16"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>.cerman. zei jamkarce</jbo>
<gloss>Sherman war-car</gloss>
<natlang>Sherman tank</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<para><xref linkend="example-random-id-qJef"/> is particularly noteworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the
<valsi>zei</valsi>s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two components, but by adding a
<valsi>zei</valsi> between
<oldjbophrase>by.</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>livgyterbilma</oldjbophrase> to produce</para>
<example role="lujvo-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wnaz">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hepatitis</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d17"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma</jbo>
<natlang>non-A-non-B-hepatitis</natlang>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
<para>the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Wnaz"/> may be preferable, because its place structure can be built from that of
<valsi>bilma</valsi>, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be constructed ad hoc.</para>
@@ -1182,43 +1226,59 @@
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Remember that the stress necessarily appears on the penultimate (next-to-the-last) syllable.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the examples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not be pronounced as a separate syllable.</para>
<para>Here are a few examples:</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ufin">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spaghetti</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>spaghetti</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>syllabic pronunciations of consonants</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla category attachment</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm fits with five different examples; should it go in all five or just the first? -->
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d3"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>spaghetti <comment>from English or Italian</comment></jbo>
<jbo>spageti <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>cidj,r,spageti <comment>prefix long rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>dja,r,spageti <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<rafsi>cidj-</rafsi> is the 4-letter rafsi for
<valsi>cidja</valsi>, the Lojban gismu for
<quote>food</quote>, thus categorizing
<oldjbophrase>cidjrspageti</oldjbophrase> as a kind of food. The form with the short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: in any event, it means the same thing.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pzXe">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple trees</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Acer</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>maple sugar</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d4"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>Acer <comment>the scientific name of maple trees</comment></jbo>
<jbo>acer <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>xaceru <comment>add initial consonant and final vowel</comment></jbo>
<jbo>tric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
<jbo>ric,r,xaceru <comment>prefix short rafsi</comment></jbo>
@@ -1230,53 +1290,65 @@
<valsi>tricu</valsi>, the gismu for
<quote>tree</quote>. Note that by the same principles,
<quote>maple sugar</quote> could get the fu'ivla
<oldjbophrase>saktrxaceru</oldjbophrase>, or could be represented by the tanru
<oldjbophrase>tricrxaceru sakta</oldjbophrase>. Technically,
<oldjbophrase>ricrxaceru</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>tricrxaceru</oldjbophrase> are distinct fu'ivla, but they would surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use.</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-C0YS">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>brie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d5"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>brie <comment>from French</comment></jbo>
<jbo>bri <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>cirl,r,bri <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<rafsi>cirl-</rafsi> represents
<valsi>cirla</valsi> (
<quote>cheese</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DQju">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cobra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d6"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>cobra</jbo>
<jbo>kobra <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>sinc,r,kobra <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para> where
<rafsi>sinc-</rafsi> represents
<valsi>since</valsi> (
<quote>snake</quote>).</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TFzH">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quark</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>quark</jbo>
<jbo>kuark <comment>Lojbanize</comment></jbo>
<jbo>kuarka <comment>add final vowel</comment></jbo>
<jbo>sask,r,kuarka <comment>prefix rafsi</comment></jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
@@ -1349,164 +1421,212 @@
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d10"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kuln,r,blgaria</jbo>
<natlang>Bulgarian <comment>in culture</comment></natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjGf" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bulgarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bulgarian</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d11"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">gugd,r,blgaria</jbo>
<natlang>Bulgaria <comment>the country</comment></natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJGv" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d12"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">bang,r,kore,a</jbo>
<natlang>Korean <comment>the language</comment></natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjh0" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Korean</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Korean</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e7d13"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kuln,r,kore,a</jbo>
<natlang>Korean <comment>the culture</comment></natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
- <para><!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Navajo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>considerations for choosing basis word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>with invalid diphthongs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invalid diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> Note the commas in
+ <para><!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Navajo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>considerations for choosing basis word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>with invalid diphthongs</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>invalid diphthongs</primary><secondary>in fu'ivla</secondary></indexterm> Note the commas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qJGv"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjh0"/>, used because
<diphthong>ea</diphthong> is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name
<quote>Chosen</quote> should have been used instead of the internationally known
<quote>Korea</quote>; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. In general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severely impede understanding:
<quote>Navajo</quote> is far more widely known than
<quote>Dine'e</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cmene">
<title>cmene</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names in Lojban (see also cmene)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names, called
<valsi>cmene</valsi>, are very much like their counterparts in other languages. They are labels applied to things (or people) to stand for them in descriptions or in direct address. They may convey meaning in themselves, but do not necessarily do so.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>rationale for lojbanizing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rationale for lojbanizing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>and analyzability of speech stream</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>examples of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>examples of</secondary></indexterm> Because names are often highly personal and individual, Lojban attempts to allow native language names to be used with a minimum of modification. The requirement that the Lojban speech stream be unambiguously analyzable, however, means that most names must be modified somewhat when they are Lojbanized. Here are a few examples of English names and possible Lojban equivalents:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjhN" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d1"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>djim.</jbo>
<natlang>Jim</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjHo" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d2"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>djein.</jbo>
<natlang>Jane</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjIj" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Arnold</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Arnold</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d3"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>.arnold.</jbo>
<natlang>Arnold</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjim" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Pete</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Pete</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d4"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>pit.</jbo>
<natlang>Pete</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjin" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Katrina</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Katrina</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d5"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>katrinas.</jbo>
<natlang>Katrina</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjIq" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Catherine</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Catherine</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d6"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>kat,r,in.</jbo>
<natlang>Catherine</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonant</primary><secondary>effect on stress determination</secondary></indexterm> (Note that syllabic
<letteral>r</letteral> is skipped in determining the stressed syllable, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjIq"/> is stressed on the
<valsi>ka</valsi>.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJiv" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Cathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Cathy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d7"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>katis.</jbo>
<natlang>Cathy</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjIy" role="lojbanization-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Kate</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Kate</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d8"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>keit.</jbo>
<natlang>Kate</natlang>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>unusual stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>unusual stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>stress in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>rules for formation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>rules for formation</secondary></indexterm> Names may have almost any form, but always end in a consonant, and are followed by a pause. They are penultimately stressed, unless unusual stress is marked with capitalization. A name may have multiple parts, each ending with a consonant and pause, or the parts may be combined into a single word with no pause. For example,</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-43uP">
<title>
<!-- FIXME: these two indexterms match two different examples; should they go in both or just the first? -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Brown</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Brown</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Brown</primary><secondary>John</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d9"/>
</title>
<lojbanization>
<jbo>djan. braun.</jbo>
</lojbanization>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="lojbanization-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QnyL">
<title>
@@ -1525,21 +1645,25 @@
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">maris.</oldjbophrase>,
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">meiris.</oldjbophrase>,
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">merix.</oldjbophrase>, or even
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">marys.</oldjbophrase>. The last alternative is not pronounced much like its English equivalent, but may be desirable to someone who values spelling over pronunciation. The final consonant need not be an
<letteral>s</letteral>; there must, however, be some Lojban consonant at the end.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>restrictions on form of</secondary></indexterm> Names are not permitted to have the sequences
<valsi>la</valsi>,
<valsi>lai</valsi>, or
<valsi>doi</valsi> embedded in them, unless the sequence is immediately preceded by a consonant. These minor restrictions are due to the fact that all Lojban cmene embedded in a speech stream will be preceded by one of these words or by a pause. With one of these words embedded, the cmene might break up into valid Lojban words followed by a shorter cmene. However, break-up cannot happen after a consonant, because that would imply that the word before the
<valsi>la</valsi>, or whatever, ended in a consonant without pause, which is impossible.</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nederlands</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Laplace</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> For example, the invalid name
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Nederlands</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Laplace</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> For example, the invalid name
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">laplas.</oldjbophrase> would look like the Lojban words
<oldjbophrase>la plas.</oldjbophrase>, and
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">ilanas.</oldjbophrase> would be misunderstood as
<oldjbophrase>.i la nas.</oldjbophrase>. However,
<pronunciation><jbo>NEderlants.</jbo></pronunciation> cannot be misheard as
<pronunciation><jbo>NEder lants.</jbo></pronunciation>, because
<pronunciation><jbo>NEder</jbo></pronunciation> with no following pause is not a possible Lojban word.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>alternatives for restricted sequences in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>alternatives for restricted sequences in</secondary></indexterm> There are close alternatives to these forbidden sequences that can be used in Lojbanizing names, such as
<oldjbophrase>ly</oldjbophrase>,
<valsi>lei</valsi>, and
@@ -1584,33 +1708,45 @@
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>sol.</jbo>
<natlang>the Sun</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the gismu <valsi>solri</valsi>, meaning <quote>solar</quote>, or actually <quote>pertaining to the Sun</quote></para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjJz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chief</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chief</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ralj.</jbo>
<natlang>Chief <comment>as a title</comment></natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the gismu <valsi>ralju</valsi>, meaning <quote>principal</quote>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJKt" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lord</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lady</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nol.</jbo>
<natlang>Lord/Lady</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the gismu <valsi>nobli</valsi>, with rafsi <rafsi>nol</rafsi>, meaning <quote>noble</quote>.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmene</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>algorithm for</secondary></indexterm> To Lojbanize a name from the various natural languages, apply the following rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
@@ -2101,21 +2237,25 @@
<listitem>
<para>Count the number of vowels, not including
<letteral>y</letteral>; call it
<varname>V</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo form</primary><secondary>hierarchy of priorities for selection of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>hierarchy of priorities for selecting lujvo form</primary></indexterm> The score is then:
<math>(1000 * L) - (500 * A) + (100 * H) - (10 * R) - V</math>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>scored examples of</secondary></indexterm> In case of ties, there is no preference. This should be rare. Note that the algorithm essentially encodes a hierarchy of priorities: short words are preferred (counting apostrophes as half a letter), then words with fewer hyphens, words with more pleasing rafsi (this judgment is subjective), and finally words with more vowels are chosen. Each decision principle is applied in turn if the ones before it have failed to choose; it is possible that a lower-ranked principle might dominate a higher-ranked one if it is ten times better than the alternative.</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>examples of making</secondary></indexterm> Here are some lujvo with their scores (not necessarily the lowest scoring forms for these lujvo, nor even necessarily sensible lujvo):</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>doghouse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>examples of making</secondary></indexterm> Here are some lujvo with their scores (not necessarily the lowest scoring forms for these lujvo, nor even necessarily sensible lujvo):</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJKu" role="lujvo-making-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e12d1"/>
</title>
<lujvo-making>
<jbo>zbasai</jbo>
<rafsi>zba + sai</rafsi>
<score><inlinemath>(1000 * 6) - (500 * 0) + (100 * 0) - (10 * 15) - 3 = 5847</inlinemath></score>
</lujvo-making>
</example>
@@ -2202,21 +2342,25 @@
<para>The fourth form,
<oldjbophrase valid="false">ge'u-zdani</oldjbophrase>, however, requires an
r-hyphen; otherwise, the
<rafsi>ge'u-</rafsi> part would fall off as a cmavo. So this form of the lujvo is
<oldjbophrase>ge'urzdani</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>The last two forms require
y-hyphens, as all 4-letter rafsi do, and so are
<oldjbophrase>gerkyzda</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>gerkyzdani</oldjbophrase> respectively.</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>boat class</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The scoring algorithm is heavily weighted in favor of short lujvo, so we might expect that
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for this indexterm to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>boat class</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The scoring algorithm is heavily weighted in favor of short lujvo, so we might expect that
<oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase> would win. Its <varname>L</varname> score is 6, its <varname>A</varname> score is 0, its <varname>H</varname> score is 0, its <varname>R</varname> score is 12, and its <varname>V</varname> score is 3, for a final score of 5878. The other forms have scores of 7917, 6367, 9506, 8008, and 10047 respectively. Consequently, this lujvo would probably appear in the dictionary in the form
<oldjbophrase>gerzda</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para>For the next example, we will use the tanru
<oldjbophrase>bloti klesi</oldjbophrase> (
<quote>boat class</quote>) presumably referring to the category (rowboat, motorboat, cruise liner) into which a boat falls. We will omit the long rafsi from the process, since lujvo containing long rafsi are almost never preferred by the scoring algorithm when there are short rafsi available.</para>
<para>The rafsi for
<valsi>bloti</valsi> are
<rafsi>-lot-</rafsi>,
<rafsi>-blo-</rafsi>, and
<rafsi>-lo'i-</rafsi>; for
@@ -2260,21 +2404,25 @@
<entry><oldjbophrase>blolei</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>5847</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><oldjbophrase>lo'irlei</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry>7456</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Logical Language Group</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> So the form
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Logical Language Group</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ So the form
<oldjbophrase>blolei</oldjbophrase> is preferred, but only by a tiny margin over
<oldjbophrase>blokle</oldjbophrase>; "lotlei" and "lotkle" are only slightly worse;
<oldjbophrase>lo'ikle</oldjbophrase> suffers because of its apostrophe, and
<oldjbophrase>lo'irlei</oldjbophrase> because of having both apostrophe and hyphen.</para>
<para>Our third example will result in forming both a lujvo and a name from the tanru
<oldjbophrase>logji bangu girzu</oldjbophrase>, or
<quote>logical-language group</quote> in English. (
<quote>The Logical Language Group</quote> is the name of the publisher of this book and the organization for the promotion of Lojban.)</para>
<para>The available rafsi are
<rafsi>-loj-</rafsi> and
@@ -2348,21 +2496,25 @@
<member><oldjbophrase>logjybangygir</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><oldjbophrase>lojbangirz</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><oldjbophrase>lojbaugirz</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><oldjbophrase>lojbangygirz</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><oldjbophrase>logjybangirz</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><oldjbophrase>logjybaugirz</oldjbophrase></member>
<member><oldjbophrase>logjybangygirz</oldjbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual teacher</primary><secondary>male</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>male sexual teacher</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> The only fully reduced lujvo forms are
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: there's nowhere for these two indexterms to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sexual teacher</primary><secondary>male</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>male sexual teacher</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ The only fully reduced lujvo forms are
<oldjbophrase>lojbangri</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>lojbaugri</oldjbophrase>, of which the latter has a slightly lower score: 8827 versus 8796, respectively. However, for the name of the organization, we chose to make sure the name of the language was embedded in it, and to use the clearer long-form rafsi for
<valsi>girzu</valsi>, producing
<oldjbophrase glossary="false">lojbangirz.</oldjbophrase></para>
<para>Finally, here is a four-part lujvo with a cmavo in it, based on the tanru
<oldjbophrase>nakni ke cinse ctuca</oldjbophrase> or
<quote>male (sexual teacher)</quote>. The
<valsi>ke</valsi> cmavo ensures the interpretation
@@ -3120,21 +3272,25 @@
<title>rafsi fu'ivla: a proposal</title>
<para>The list of cultures represented by gismu, given in
<xref linkend="section-cultural-gismu"/>, is unavoidably controversial. Much time has been spent debating whether this or that culture
<quote>deserves a gismu</quote> or
<quote>must languish in fu'ivla space</quote>. To help defuse this argument, a last-minute proposal was made when this book was already substantially complete. I have added it here with experimental status: it is not yet a standard part of Lojban, since all its implications have not been tested in open debate, and it affects a part of the language (lujvo-making) that has long been stable, but is known to be fragile in the face of small changes. (Many attempts were made to add general mechanisms for making lujvo that contained fu'ivla, but all failed on obvious or obscure counterexamples; finally the general
<valsi>zei</valsi> mechanism was devised instead.)</para>
<para>The first part of the proposal is uncontroversial and involves no change to the language mechanisms. All valid Type 4 fu'ivla of the form CCVVCV would be reserved for cultural brivla analogous to those described in
<xref linkend="section-cultural-gismu"/>. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PMb2">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chilean desert</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chilean desert</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c4e16d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="false">tci'ile</jbo>
<natlang>Chilean</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> is of the appropriate form, and passes all tests required of a Stage 4 fu'ivla. No two fu'ivla of this form would be allowed to coexist if they differed only in the final vowel; this rule was applied to gismu, but does not apply to other fu'ivla or to lujvo.</para>
<para>The second, and fully experimental, part of the proposal is to allow rafsi to be formed from these cultural fu'ivla by removing the final vowel and treating the result as a 4-letter rafsi (although it would contain five letters, not four). These rafsi could then be used on a par with all other rafsi in forming lujvo. The tanru</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hcR6">
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 9ce5317..e73023d 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -45,21 +45,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta brablo</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-large-boat.</gloss>
<natlang>That is a ship.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UMjE">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>schooner</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>schooner</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blotrskunri</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(boat)-schooner.</gloss>
<natlang>That is a schooner.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> illustrate the three types of brivla (gismu, lujvo, and fu'ivla respectively), but in each case the selbri is composed of a single word whose meaning can be learned independent of its origins.</para>
@@ -82,21 +86,25 @@
<quote>What kind of tree is lemon-colored?</quote></para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adjective-noun combination</primary><secondary>with tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>adverb-verb combination</primary><secondary>with tanru</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, tanru are also used for the same purposes as English adjective-noun combinations like
<quote>big boy</quote> and adverb-verb combinations like
<quote>quickly run</quote>. This is a consequence of Lojban not having any such categories as
<quote>noun</quote>,
<quote>verb</quote>,
<quote>adjective</quote>, or
<quote>adverb</quote>. English words belonging to any of these categories are translated by simple brivla in Lojban. Here are some examples of tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-lemon-tree">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lemon tree</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lemon tree</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu pelnimre tricu</jbo>
<gloss>That-yonder is-a-(lemon tree).</gloss>
<natlang>That is a lemon tree.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qHNA">
@@ -104,21 +112,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. barda nanla</jbo>
<gloss>That-named John is-a-big boy.</gloss>
<natlang>John is a big boy.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eD63">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quick runner</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>quick runner</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi sutra bajra</jbo>
<gloss>I quick run</gloss>
<natlang>I quickly run./I run quickly.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<oldjbophrase>pelnimre</oldjbophrase> is a lujvo for
@@ -171,21 +183,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d7"/>
</title>
<para>John is a boy who is big in the way that boys are big.</para>
</example>
<para>This
<quote>way that boys are big</quote> would be quite different from the way in which elephants are big; big-for-a-boy is small-for-an-elephant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ambiguity of tanru</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>ambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> All tanru are ambiguous semantically. Possible translations of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aIfM">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>goer table</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>goer table</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta klama jubme</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-goer type-of-table.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>include:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
@@ -629,21 +645,25 @@
<cmavo>gi</cmavo>
<selmaho>GI</selmaho>
<description>forethought connection separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> Consider the English phrase
<quote>big red dog</quote>. How shall this be rendered as a Lojban tanru? The naive attempt:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-riAq">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="iffy">barda xunre gerku</jbo>
<gloss>(big type-of red) type-of dog</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>will not do, as it means a dog whose redness is big, in whatever way redness might be described as
<quote>big</quote>. Nor is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6MqF">
@@ -996,21 +1016,25 @@
<valsi>zdani</valsi>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
<para>What about the places of
<valsi>blanu</valsi>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
<valsi>blanu</valsi> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
<valsi>zdani</valsi>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
<valsi>blanu</valsi> with
<valsi>xamgu</valsi>, we get:</para>
<para> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tffW">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>good house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>good house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good house.</gloss>
<natlang>This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
@@ -1028,21 +1052,25 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BEhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BEI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti</primary><secondary>in tanru</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltau</primary><secondary>filling sumti places in</secondary></indexterm> Here, the gismu
<valsi>xamgu</valsi> has been followed by the cmavo
<valsi>be</valsi> (of selma'o BE), which signals that one or more sumti follows. These sumti are not part of the overall bridi place structure, but fill the places of the brivla they are attached to, starting with x2. If there is more than one sumti, they are separated by the cmavo
<valsi>bei</valsi> (of selma'o BEI), and the list of sumti is terminated by the elidable terminator
<valsi>be'o</valsi> (of selma'o BEhO).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linked sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Grammatically, a brivla with sumti linked to it in this fashion plays the same role in tanru as a simple brivla. To illustrate, here is a fully fleshed-out version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, with all places filled in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7vxB">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Brooklyn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Brooklyn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti cmalu be le ka canlu bei lo'e ckule be'o</jbo>
<gloss>This is a small (in-dimension the property-of volume by-standard the-typical school)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nixli be li mu bei lo merko be'o bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>(girl (of-years the-number five by-standard some American-thing) school)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1265,21 +1293,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier.</gloss>
<natlang>I try to go to the market from the house.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjVx" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>try to go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>try to go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).</gloss>
<natlang>I try to go to the market from the house.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
@@ -1522,49 +1554,61 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo nu'a su'i li re li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 4 is-the-sum-of the-number 2 and-the-number 2.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A possible tanru example might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-K7yz">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>addition problems</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>addition problems</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jimpe tu'a loi nu'a su'i nabmi</jbo>
<gloss>I understand something-about the-mass-of is-the-sum-of problems.</gloss>
<natlang>I understand addition problems.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> More usefully, it is possible to combine a mathematical expression with a cmavo of selma'o MOI to create one of various numerical selbri. Details are available in
<xref linkend="section-mekso-selbri"/>. Here are a few tanru:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qjWh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Preem Palver</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Preem Palver</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la prim. palvr. pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Preem Palver is-the-1-th speaker.</gloss>
<natlang>Preem Palver is the first speaker.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJwU" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>two brothers</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>two brothers</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la an,iis. joi la .asun. bruna remei</jbo>
<gloss>Anyi massed-with Asun are-a-brother type-of-twosome.</gloss>
<natlang>Anyi and Asun are two brothers.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1611,21 +1655,25 @@
<description>terminator for <valsi>me</valsi></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri from sumti</primary></indexterm> A sumti can be made into a simple selbri by preceding it with
<valsi>me</valsi> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
<valsi>me'u</valsi> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
<definition>x1 is one of the referents of <quote>[the sumti]</quote></definition>
<para>which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6QW">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>the three noblest-governors</gloss>
<natlang>the three kings</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> If these are understood to be the Three Kings of Christian tradition, who arrive every year on January 6, then we may say:</para>
@@ -1683,21 +1731,25 @@
<gloss>You are-the-referent-of
<quote>the-one-called <quote>John</quote></quote>.</gloss>
<natlang>You are John.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>used with names</secondary></indexterm> It is common to use
<valsi>me</valsi> selbri, especially those based on name sumti using
<valsi>la</valsi>, as seltau. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-raQG">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chrysler</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Chrysler</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta me lai kraislr. [me'u] karce</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-referent of
<quote>the-mass-called <quote>Chrysler</quote></quote>) car.</gloss>
<natlang>That is a Chrysler car.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1796,21 +1848,25 @@
<jbo>do se prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>You [swap x1 and x2] love me.</gloss>
<natlang>You are loved by me.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Conversion is fully explained in
<xref linkend="section-SE"/>. For the purposes of this chapter, the important point about conversion is that it applies only to the following simple selbri. When trying to convert a tanru, therefore, it is necessary to be careful! Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mPX8"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mPX8">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>walk to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>walk to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice is-a-walker type-of goer to-the market.</gloss>
<gloss>Alice walkingly goes to the market.</gloss>
<natlang>Alice walks to the market.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>To convert this sentence so that
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index d66aae6..3bbc4fa 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -161,21 +161,25 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plurals</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking</secondary></indexterm> Note that English-speakers must state whether a reference to markets is to just one (
<quote>the market</quote>) or to more than one (
<quote>the markets</quote>). Lojban requires no such forced choice, so both colloquial translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ULGC"/> are valid. Only the context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechanism is explained in
<xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>.)</para>
<para>Now consider the following strange-looking example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PutX">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>The men are women</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>The men are women</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>men</quote> are women.</gloss>
<natlang>The man is a woman.</natlang>
<natlang>The men are women.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -225,21 +229,25 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
<valsi>lo</valsi> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
<valsi>la</valsi>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
<valsi>le</valsi> descriptions,
<valsi>la</valsi> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
<valsi>la</valsi> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-names"/>.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PrGp">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bear wrote story</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bear wrote story</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la cribe pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named
<quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the story.</gloss>
<natlang>Bear wrote the story.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>naming predicate</primary></indexterm> In
@@ -384,21 +392,25 @@
<para>(Of course the second
<valsi>le</valsi> should really get the same translation as the first, but I am putting the focus of this discussion on the first
<valsi>le</valsi>, the one preceding
<valsi>prenu</valsi>. I will assume that there is only one piano under discussion.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individual objects</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>meaning of in the plural</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plurals with le</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Suppose the context of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mwhq"/> is such that you can determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I am claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in a variety of other ways. But in order for
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mwhq"/> to be true, I must be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 carried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano.</para>
<para>But suppose I am not willing to claim that. For in fact pianos are heavy, and very few persons can carry a piano all by themselves. The most likely factual situation is that person 1 carried one end of the piano, and person 2 the other end, while person 3 either held up the middle or else supervised the whole operation without actually lifting anything. The correct way of expressing such a situation in Lojban is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eCsh">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
<quote>mass entity</quote>, or just
@@ -408,58 +420,70 @@
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
<valsi>loi</valsi> and
<valsi>lai</valsi> are analogous to
<valsi>lo</valsi> and
<valsi>la</valsi> respectively, but refer to masses either by property (
<valsi>loi</valsi>) or by name (
<valsi>lai</valsi>). A classic example of
<valsi>loi</valsi> use is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-T1pF">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lions in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lions in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi cinfo cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-lions dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
<natlang>The lion dwells in Africa.</natlang>
<natlang>Lions dwell in Africa.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>contrasted with lei in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lei</primary><secondary>contrasted with loi in specificity</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
<valsi>lei</valsi> and
<valsi>loi</valsi> is that
<oldjbophrase>lei cinfo</oldjbophrase> refers to a mass of specific individuals which the speaker calls lions, whereas
<oldjbophrase>loi cinfo</oldjbophrase> refers to some part of the mass of all those individuals which actually are lions. The restriction to
<quote>some part of the mass</quote> allows statements like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-T1pF"/> to be true even though some lions do not dwell in Africa – they live in various zoos around the world. On the other hand,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-T1pF"/> doesn't actually say that most lions live in Africa: equally true is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JzXc">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Englishman in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Englishman in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-English-persons dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
<natlang>The English dwell in Africa.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since there is at least one English person living there.
<xref linkend="section-sets"/> explains another method of saying what is usually meant by
<quote>The lion lives in Africa</quote> which does imply that living in Africa is normal, not exceptional, for lions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass objects</primary><secondary>peculiarities of English translation of</secondary></indexterm> Note that the Lojban mass articles are sometimes translated by English plurals (the most usual case), sometimes by English singulars (when the singular is used to express typicalness or abstraction), and sometimes by singulars with no article:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yDCF">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butter is soft</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butter is soft</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi matne cu ranti</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-that-which-really is-a-quantity-of-butter is-soft.</gloss>
<natlang>Butter is soft.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>as dependent on intention</secondary></indexterm> Of course, some butter is hard (for example, if it is frozen butter), so the
@@ -471,21 +495,25 @@
<quote>x1 is a quantity of butter from source x2</quote>, so the single English word
<quote>butter</quote> is translated as something like
<quote>a part of the mass formed from all the quantities of butter that exist</quote>. (Note that the operation of forming a mass entity does not imply, in Lojban, that the components of the mass are necessarily close to one another or even related in any way other than conceptually. Masses are formed by the speaker's intention to form a mass, and can in principle contain anything.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass name</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The mass name descriptor
<valsi>lai</valsi> is used in circumstances where we wish to talk about a mass of things identified by a name which is common to all of them. It is not used to identify a mass by a single name peculiar to it. Thus the mass version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/>,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H8z5">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bears wrote book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bears wrote book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lai cribe pu finti le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of-those-named
<quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the nearby book.</gloss>
<natlang>The Bears wrote this book.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>contrasted with la in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>contrasted with lai in implications</secondary></indexterm> in a context where
@@ -524,21 +552,25 @@
<valsi>lo'i</valsi> and
<valsi>la'i</valsi> correspond exactly to the mass descriptors
<valsi>lei</valsi>,
<valsi>loi</valsi>, and
<valsi>lai</valsi> except that normally we talk of the whole of a set, not just part of it. Here are some examples contrasting
<valsi>lo</valsi>,
<valsi>loi</valsi>, and
<valsi>lo'i</valsi>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL1E" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats are brown</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rats are brown</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ratcu cu bunre</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-those-which-really-are rats are-brown.</gloss>
<natlang>Some rats are brown.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL2Y" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -565,21 +597,25 @@
<para>The mass of rats is small because at least one rat is small; the mass of rats is also large; the set of rats, though, is unquestionably large – it has billions of members. The mass of rats is also brown, since some of its components are; but it would be incorrect to call the set of rats brown – brown-ness is not the sort of property that sets possess.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>use in Lojban place structure</secondary></indexterm> Lojban speakers should generally think twice before employing the set descriptors. However, certain predicates have places that require set sumti to fill them. For example, the place structure of
<valsi>fadni</valsi> is:</para>
<definition>x1 is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 among the members of set x3</definition>
<para>Why is it necessary for the x3 place of
<valsi>fadni</valsi> to be a set? Because it makes no sense for an individual to be typical of another individual: an individual is typical of a group. In order to make sure that the bridi containing
<valsi>fadni</valsi> is about an entire group, its x3 place must be filled with a set:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIXo">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Lojban user</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Lojban user</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fadni zo'e lo'i lobypli</jbo>
<gloss>I am-ordinary among the-set-of Lojban-users.</gloss>
<natlang>I am a typical Lojban user.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the x2 place has been omitted; I am not specifying in exactly which way I am typical – whether in language knowledge, or age, or interests, or something else. If
@@ -606,35 +642,43 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>As promised in
<xref linkend="section-masses"/>, Lojban has a method for discriminating between
<quote>the lion</quote> who lives in Africa and
<quote>the Englishman</quote> who, generally speaking, doesn't live in Africa even though some Englishmen do. The descriptor
<valsi>lo'e</valsi> means
<quote>the typical</quote>, as in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AJKt">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lion in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lion in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'e cinfo cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>The-typical lion dwells-in the African-land.</gloss>
<natlang>The lion dwells in Africa.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical objects</primary><secondary>and instantiation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical objects</primary><secondary>determining characteristics of</secondary></indexterm> What is this
<quote>typical lion</quote>? Surely it is not any particular lion, because no lion has all of the
<quote>typical</quote> characteristics, and (worse yet) some characteristics that all real lions have can't be viewed as typical. For example, all real lions are either male or female, but it would be bizarre to suppose that the typical lion is either one. So the typical lion has no particular sex, but does have a color (golden brown), a residence (Africa), a diet (game), and so on. Likewise we can say that</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8PoG">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Englishman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Englishman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'e glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a na.e le gligugde</jbo>
<gloss>The-typical English-person dwells-in the African-land (Not!) and the English-country.</gloss>
<natlang>The typical English person dwells not in Africa but in England.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>relationship to le'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'e</primary><secondary>relationship to le'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>relationship to lo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'e</primary><secondary>relationship to lo'i</secondary></indexterm> The relationship between
<oldjbophrase>lo'e cinfo</oldjbophrase> and
@@ -656,32 +700,40 @@
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
<quote>stereotypical</quote> is often derogatory in English, but
<valsi>le'e</valsi> need not be derogatory in Lojban: it simply suggests that the example is typical in the speaker's imagination rather than in some objectively agreed-upon way. Of course, different speakers may disagree about what the features of
<quote>the typical lion</quote> are (some would include having a short intestine, whereas others would know nothing of lions' intestines), so the distinction between
<oldjbophrase>lo'e cinfo</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>le'e cinfo</oldjbophrase> may be very fine.</para>
<para>Furthermore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NVFy">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Hollywood</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Hollywood</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e skina cu se finti ne'i la xali,uyd.</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical movie is-invented in Hollywood.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is probably true to an American, but might be false (not the stereotype) to someone living in India or Russia.</para>
- <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name equivalent for <quote>typical</quote></primary><secondary>rationale for lack of</secondary></indexterm> Note that there is no naming equivalent of
+ <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name equivalent for <quote>typical</quote></primary><secondary>rationale for lack of</secondary></indexterm> Note that there is no naming equivalent of
<valsi>lo'e</valsi> and
<valsi>le'e</valsi>, because there is no need, as a rule, for a
<quote>typical George</quote> or a
<quote>typical Smith</quote>. People or things who share a common name do not, in general, have any other common attributes worth mentioning.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quantified-sumti">
<title>Quantified sumti</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -849,21 +901,25 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>piro</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>the whole of</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantification</primary><secondary>before description sumti compared with before non-description sumti</secondary></indexterm> Like other sumti, descriptions can be quantified. When a quantifier appears before a description, it has the same meaning as one appearing before a non-description sumti: it specifies how many things, of all those referred to by the description, are being talked about in this particular bridi. Suppose that context tells us that
<oldjbophrase>le gerku</oldjbophrase> refers to three dogs. Then we can say that exactly two of them are white as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WtUh">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>two dogs are white</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>two dogs are white</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the dogs are-white.</gloss>
<natlang>Two of the dogs are white.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>contrasted with outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>contrasted with inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> When discussing descriptions, this ordinary quantifier is called an
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>, since it appears outside the description. But there is another possible location for a quantifier: between the descriptor and the selbri. This quantifier is called an
@@ -1117,21 +1173,25 @@
<title>sumti-based descriptions</title>
<para>As stated in
<xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>, most descriptions consist of just a descriptor and a selbri. (In this chapter, the selbri have always been single gismu, but of course any selbri, however complex, can be employed in a description. The syntax and semantics of selbri are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.) In the intervening sections, inner and outer quantifiers have been added to the syntax. Now it is time to discuss a description of a radically different kind: the sumti-based description.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>outer quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>inner quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A sumti-based description has a sumti where the selbri would normally be, and the inner quantifier is required – it cannot be implicit. An outer quantifier is permitted but not required.</para>
<para>A full theory of sumti-based descriptions has yet to be worked out. One common case, however, is well understood. Compare the following:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLaQ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the two of you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the two of you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of you are-men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d2"/>
@@ -1146,21 +1206,25 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAr"/>, which has the sumti-based description
<oldjbophrase>le re do</oldjbophrase>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
<valsi>ro</valsi>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
<valsi>re</valsi> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
<valsi>do</valsi> refers to.</para>
<para>Here is another group of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -1263,21 +1327,25 @@
<valsi>lu'u</valsi> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>as short forms for common special cases</secondary></indexterm> Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain common special cases. Suppose you want to say
<quote>I see 'The Red Pony'</quote>, where
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is the title of a book. How about:</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unqualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>qualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with unqualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6W3v">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Red Pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Red Pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/> doesn't work: it says that you see a piece of text
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. That might be all right if you were looking at the cover of the book, where the words
@@ -1318,21 +1386,25 @@
<valsi>la'e</valsi> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
<para>By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/>), which too closely resembles its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ajty"/>), without having to change it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the uses of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
<valsi>lu'e</valsi> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <oldjbophrase>le sinxa be</oldjbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7ytm">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
<natlang>I said the title of this book.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The equivalent form not using a sumti qualifier would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aC9Q">
@@ -1368,21 +1440,25 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>as being deliberately vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ioCu"/> might mean that I try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para>
<para>Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo
<valsi>ri</valsi>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means
<quote>the thing last mentioned</quote>; it is equivalent to repeating the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda .iku'i lu'a ri cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats is-large. But some-members-of it-last-mentioned is-small.</gloss>
<natlang>The set of rats is large, but some of its members are small.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1423,21 +1499,25 @@
<gloss>I see something-other-than the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This compound,
<oldjbophrase>na'ebo</oldjbophrase>, is the most common of the four negation sumti qualifiers. The others usually only make sense in the context of repeating, with modifications, something already referred to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JwCb">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lukewarm food</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lukewarm food</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci loi glare cidja .ije do nelci to'ebo ri .ije la djein. nelci no'ebo ra</jbo>
<gloss>I like part-of-the-mass-of hot-type-of food. And you like the-opposite-of the-last-mentioned. And Jane likes the-neutral-value-of something-mentioned.</gloss>
<natlang>I like hot food, and you like cold food, and Jane likes lukewarm food.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(In
@@ -1682,22 +1762,30 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLiB"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIJ"/>,
<oldjbophrase>.djan.</oldjbophrase> appears with a pause before it as well as after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stream.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> Unless some other rule prevents it (such as the rule that
<valsi>zo</valsi> is always followed by a single word, which is quoted), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each with its terminating pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cw3p">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Newport News</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Paul Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Newport News</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John Paul Jones</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan. pol. djonz. le bloti cu klama fi la niuport. niuz.</jbo>
<natlang>John Paul Jones, the boat comes (to somewhere) from Newport News.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>permissible consonant combinations</secondary></indexterm> A name may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban words generally: the
@@ -1735,21 +1823,25 @@
<entry><oldjbophrase>ly'iras</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><oldjbophrase>Lottie</oldjbophrase> (American pronunciation)</entry>
<entry><oldjbophrase valid="false">*latis</oldjbophrase></entry>
<entry><oldjbophrase>LYtis.</oldjbophrase> or <oldjbophrase>lotis.</oldjbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
- <para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
+ <para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
<rafsi>loj-</rafsi> for
<valsi>logji</valsi> (logical) and
<rafsi>ban-</rafsi> for
<valsi>bangu</valsi> (language) unite to form the name of this language:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uXAY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lojban.</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index f44bb54..9f857c8 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -8,21 +8,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d1"/>
</title>
<para>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time speakers of Lojban referred to a thing to which speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to express a complete description of what speakers of Lojban referred to, life would be too short to say what speakers of Lojban have to say.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns in English</primary><secondary>as independent of abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> Speakers of this kind of English would get mightily sick of talking. Furthermore, there are uses of pronouns in English which are independent of abbreviation. There is all the difference in the world between:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-VISf">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in two examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shook stick</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shook stick</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d2"/>
</title>
<para>John picked up a stick and shook it.</para>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-GoqJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d3"/>
</title>
<para>John picked up a stick and shook a stick.</para>
@@ -92,21 +96,25 @@
<series>mi-series</series>
<description>you and others</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ko</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<series>mi-series</series>
<description>you-imperative</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <oldjbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <oldjbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
+ <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <oldjbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <oldjbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
<valsi>mi</valsi> refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.
<valsi>do</valsi> refers to the listener or listeners. Neither
<valsi>mi</valsi> nor
<valsi>do</valsi> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
<valsi>mi</valsi>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "do"<!-- FIXME: what should these "s become? --></secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "mi"</secondary></indexterm> The referents of
<valsi>mi</valsi> and
<valsi>do</valsi> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
<xref linkend="section-vocative-scales"/>. The vocative
@@ -282,21 +290,25 @@
<quote>near</quote> and
<quote>far away</quote> is relative to the current situation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>pronoun expression with ti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti</primary><secondary>as pronoun expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective usage contrasted with pronoun usage</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>pronoun usage contrasted with adjective usage</secondary></indexterm> It is important to distinguish between the English pronoun
<quote>this</quote> and the English adjective
<quote>this</quote> as in
<quote>this boat</quote>. The latter is not represented in Lojban by
<valsi>ti</valsi>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IWi7">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ti bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the this boat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with vi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> does not mean
<quote>this boat</quote> but rather
@@ -428,21 +440,25 @@
<letteral>a</letteral> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been said), so
<valsi>di'e</valsi>,
<valsi>de'e</valsi>, and
<valsi>da'e</valsi> are not very useful when speaking. In writing, they are frequently handy:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erEL">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la saimn. cusku di'e</jbo>
<gloss>Simon expresses the-following-utterance.</gloss>
<natlang>Simon says:</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -694,28 +710,36 @@
<valsi>goi</valsi> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hereafter known as</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>legal jargon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Again,
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hereafter known as</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>legal jargon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Again,
<oldjbophrase>ko'a goi la .alis.</oldjbophrase> would have been entirely acceptable in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1FJV"/>. This last form is reminiscent of legal jargon: <quote>The party of the first part, hereafter known as Buyer, ...</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>as abbreviation for bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series for pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared with ko'a-series for pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series for pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with broda-series for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>broda-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> Just as the ko'a-series of pro-sumti allows a substitute for a sumti which is long or complex, or which for some other reason we do not want to repeat, so the broda-series of pro-bridi allows a substitute for a selbri or even a whole bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yXYT">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thingy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thingy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda .i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu</jbo>
<natlang>These are plastic cat-food can covers or thingies. The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>broda</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>word-form rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei</primary><secondary>for broda-series pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>assigning with cei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi for ko'a-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with cei for broda-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei for broda-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with goi for ko'a-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
<valsi>broda</valsi> has as its antecedent the selbri
<oldjbophrase>slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri</oldjbophrase>. The cmavo
@@ -1321,21 +1345,25 @@
<valsi>zu'i</valsi> in
<quote>by standard</quote> places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irrelevant</primary><secondary>specifying of sumti place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>irrelevant to relationship</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
<valsi>zi'o</valsi> represents a value which does not even exist. When a bridi fills one of its places with
<valsi>zi'o</valsi>, what is really meant is that the selbri has a place which is irrelevant to the true relationship the speaker wishes to express. For example, the place structure of
<valsi>zbasu</valsi> is</para>
<definition> zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3 </definition> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>living things</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>living things</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Consider the sentence</para>
<definition>Living things are made from cells.</definition> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para>This cannot be correctly expressed as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ipCV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass-of cells</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1484,21 +1512,25 @@
<cmavo>se'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>SEhU</selmaho>
<series></series>
<description>soi terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of same bridi with vo'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>vo'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-sumti vo'a-series as</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are pro-sumti anaphora, like those of the ri-series, but have a specific function. These cmavo refer to the other places of the same bridi; the five of them represent up to five places. The same vo'a-series cmavo mean different things in different bridi. Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLqT" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi lumci vo'a</jbo>
<natlang>I wash myself</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLqV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d2"/>
@@ -1511,21 +1543,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'a</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of different bridi with go'i-series</secondary></indexterm> To refer to places of neighboring bridi, constructions like
<oldjbophrase>le se go'i ku</oldjbophrase> do the job: this refers to the 2nd place of the previous main bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>soi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>English</secondary><tertiary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vo'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with soi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with vo'a-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocity</primary><secondary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are also used with
<valsi>soi</valsi> (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like
<quote>vice versa</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vpb3">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do soi vo'a vo'e</jbo>
<gloss>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi] [x2 of this bridi].</gloss>
<natlang>I love you and vice versa (swapping
<quote>I</quote> and
<quote>you</quote>).</natlang>
@@ -1627,21 +1663,25 @@
<natlang>What are you?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8HKo"/> is a truly pregnant question that will have several meanings depending on context.</para>
<para>(One thing it probably does not mean is
<quote>Who are you?</quote> in the sense
<quote>What is your name/identity?</quote>, which is better expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8HKo">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>what is your name</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>what is your name</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma cmene do</jbo>
<gloss>What sumti is-the-name-of you?</gloss>
<natlang>What is your name?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or even</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y4Yi">
@@ -1691,21 +1731,25 @@
<cmavo>ke'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>relativized sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use of ke'a for referral to relativized sumti in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>) to indicate how the sumti being relativized fits within the clause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UNBb">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu ke'a lei slasi</jbo>
<gloss>I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<natlang>I see a cat made of plastic.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>ambiguity when omitted</secondary></indexterm> If
<valsi>ke'a</valsi> were omitted from
@@ -1749,21 +1793,25 @@
<valsi>ka</valsi>. Abstractions, including the uses of
<valsi>ce'u</valsi>, are discussed in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary><secondary>use in specifying sumti place of property in abstraction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstraction</primary><secondary>specifying sumti place of property with ce'u</secondary></indexterm> In brief: Every property abstraction specifies a property of one of the sumti in it; that sumti place is filled by using
<valsi>ce'u</valsi>. This convention enables us to distinguish clearly between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ELxF">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happiness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happiness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<anchor xml:id="c7e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka ce'u gleki</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (X being-happy)</gloss>
<gloss>the property of being happy</gloss>
<natlang>happiness</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1924,34 +1972,42 @@
<valsi>dunli</valsi>, but
<valsi>dunli</valsi> has a third place which
<valsi>du</valsi> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anaphoric-rafsi">
<title>lujvo based on pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>based on pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but they are rarely used. (See
<xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
<oldjbophrase>donta'a</oldjbophrase>, meaning
<quote>you-talk</quote>, would be interpreted as
<oldjbophrase>tavla be do</oldjbophrase>, and would have the place structure</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-unmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d1"/>
</title>
<definition>t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4</definition>
</example>
<para>since <varname>t2</varname> (the addressee) is already known to be
<valsi>do</valsi>.</para>
- <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-cmavo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-cmavo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ On the other hand, the lujvo
<oldjbophrase>donma'o</oldjbophrase>, literally
<quote>you-cmavo</quote>, which means
<quote>a second person personal pronoun</quote>, would be interpreted as
<oldjbophrase>cmavo be zo do</oldjbophrase>, and have the place structure:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H5NB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d2"/>
</title>
@@ -1968,21 +2024,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tH6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga</jbo>
<gloss>x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beverage</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>zi'o rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, lujvo involving
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go -->
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beverage</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>zi'o rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, lujvo involving
<valsi>zi'o</valsi> are also possible, and are fully discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>. In brief, the convention is to use the rafsi for <!-- FIXME: chapter 12 does not talk about zi'o, it's probably supposed to -->
<valsi>zi'o</valsi> as a prefix immediately followed by the rafsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a beverage (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a
<oldjbophrase>se pinxe be zi'o</oldjbophrase>, the lujvo corresponding to this is
<oldjbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</oldjbophrase> (deleting the second place of
<oldjbophrase>se pinxe</oldjbophrase>). Deleting the x1 place in this fashion would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that
<oldjbophrase>zilpavypinxe</oldjbophrase> has the same place structure as
<oldjbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</oldjbophrase>, and
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index 3d9ea97..1896d75 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -80,21 +80,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi ke'a nazbi kapkevna ku'o cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing such-that-(IT is-a-nose-type-of skin-hole) is-big.</gloss>
<gloss>These things which are nose-pores are big.</gloss>
<natlang>These nose-pores are big.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big nose-pores</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big person</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IT</primary><secondary>as notation convention in relative clause chapter</secondary></indexterm> In the literal translations throughout this chapter, the word
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big nose-pores</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big nose</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big person</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>IT</primary><secondary>as notation convention in relative clause chapter</secondary></indexterm> In the literal translations throughout this chapter, the word
<quote>IT</quote>, capitalized, is used to represent the cmavo
<valsi>ke'a</valsi>. In each case, it serves to represent the sumti (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLt8"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLuj"/>, the cmavo
<valsi>ti</valsi>) to which the relative clause is attached.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>non-initial place use in relative clause</secondary></indexterm> Of course, there is no reason why
<valsi>ke'a</valsi> needs to appear in the x1 place of a relative clause bridi; it can appear in any place, or indeed even in a sub-bridi within the relative clause bridi. Here are two more examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLUV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d5"/>
@@ -435,21 +439,25 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qm7W" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le botpi po mi cu spofu</jbo>
<gloss>The bottle specific-to me is-broken</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>person's arm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alienable possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>extrinsic possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inalienable possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intrinsic possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>contrasted with po'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with po</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>person's arm</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alienable possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>extrinsic possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inalienable possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intrinsic possession</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po</primary><secondary>contrasted with po'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with po</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM3Q"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qm5E"/> on the one hand, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qm7W"/> on the other, illustrate the contrast between two types of possession called
<quote>intrinsic</quote> and
<quote>extrinsic</quote>, or sometimes
<quote>inalienable</quote> and
<quote>alienable</quote>, respectively. Something is intrinsically (or inalienably) possessed by someone if the possession is part of the possessor, and cannot be changed without changing the possessor. In the case of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qM3Q"/>, people are usually taken to intrinsically possess their arms: even if an arm is cut off, it remains the arm of that person. (If the arm is transplanted to another person, however, it becomes intrinsically possessed by the new user, though, so intrinsic possession is a matter of degree.)</para>
@@ -530,21 +538,25 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmaY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la nu,iork po'u le tcadu</jbo>
<natlang>New York the city (not the state or some other New York)</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>New York state</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>New York city</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessed in relative phrases</primary><secondary>compared with possessor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessor in relative phrases</primary><secondary>compared with possessed</secondary></indexterm> The principle that the possessor and the possessed may change places applies to all the GOI cmavo, and allows for the possibility of odd effects:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>New York state</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>New York city</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessed in relative phrases</primary><secondary>compared with possessor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessor in relative phrases</primary><secondary>compared with possessed</secondary></indexterm> The principle that the possessor and the possessed may change places applies to all the GOI cmavo, and allows for the possibility of odd effects:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMb2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le kabri pe le mi pendo cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>The cup associated-with my friend is small.</gloss>
<natlang>My friend's cup is small</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -552,21 +564,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmbn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi pendo pe le kabri cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>My friend associated-with the cup is small.</gloss>
<natlang>My friend, the one with the cup, is small.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cup's friend</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>friend's cup</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cup's friend</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>friend's cup</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMb2"/> is useful in a context which is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmbn"/> is useful in a context that is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about
<quote>my friend of the cup</quote>, as opposed to some other friend of mine. Here the cup appears to
<quote>possess</quote> the person! English can't even express this relationship with a possessive –
<quote>the cup's friend of mine</quote> looks like nonsense – but Lojban has no trouble doing so.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>incidental identification</primary><secondary>expressing with no'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>incidental association</primary><secondary>expressing with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>po'u</primary><secondary>compared with no'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pe</primary><secondary>compared with ne</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>no'u</primary><secondary>compared with po'u</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ne</primary><secondary>compared with pe</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
<valsi>ne</valsi> and
<valsi>no'u</valsi> stand to
@@ -623,21 +639,25 @@
<para>seems strange to a French- or German-speaking person: whose pockets would he put his hands into? and even odder, whose hands would he put into his pockets? In Lojban, the sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-V4R1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d20"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu punji le xance le daski</jbo>
<gloss>The man puts the hand at-locus-the pocket.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hands in pockets</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is very natural. Of course, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or another's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified.</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hands in pockets</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ is very natural. Of course, if the man is in fact putting his hands into another's pockets, or another's hands into his pockets, the fact can be specified.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>rationale for non-inclusion in relative clause chapter</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary><secondary>effect of following logical connective on elidability</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ge'u from preceding relative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary><secondary>elidability of from relative phrases</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for GOI cmavo is
<valsi>ge'u</valsi> of selma'o GEhU; it is almost never required. However, if a logical connective immediately follows a sumti modified by a relative phrase, then an explicit
<valsi>ge'u</valsi> is needed to allow the connective to affect the relativized sumti rather than the sumti of the relative phrase. (What about the cmavo after which selma'o GOI is named? It is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-koha-broda-series"/>, as it is not semantically akin to the other kinds of relative phrases, although the syntax is the same.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-zihe">
<title>Multiple relative clauses:
<valsi>zi'e</valsi></title>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -702,21 +722,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba zutse le stizu pe mi zi'e po do zi'e poi xunre</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] sit-in the chair associated-with me and specific-to you and which-is red.</gloss>
<natlang>I will sit in my chair (really yours), the red one.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>my chair</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>my chair</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FapT"/> illustrates that more than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with
<valsi>zi'e</valsi>. It almost defies colloquial translation because of the very un-English contrast between
<oldjbophrase>pe mi</oldjbophrase>, implying that the chair is temporarily connected with me, and
<oldjbophrase>po do</oldjbophrase>, implying that the chair has a more permanent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which case the chair would naturally be your property.)</para>
<para>Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relative clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erma">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -970,21 +994,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la nanmu poi terpa le ke'a xirma [ku]</jbo>
<gloss>I see that-named (
<quote>man which fears the of-IT horse</quote>).</gloss>
<natlang>I see Man Afraid Of His Horse.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>afraid of horse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> says that the speaker sees a person with a particular name, who does not necessarily fear any horses, whereas</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>afraid of horse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ says that the speaker sees a person with a particular name, who does not necessarily fear any horses, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9GWR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la nanmu ku poi terpa le ke'a xirma.</jbo>
<gloss>I see that-named(
<quote>Man</quote>) which fears the of-IT horse.</gloss>
<natlang>I see the person named
<quote>Man</quote> who is afraid of his horse.</natlang>
@@ -1025,21 +1053,25 @@
<valsi>pe</valsi> relative phrase. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pALv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi karce cu xunre</jbo>
<gloss>My car is-red.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>my</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>my</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1ng6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le pe mi karce cu xunre</jbo>
<gloss>The (associated-with me) car is-red.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>mean exactly the same thing. Furthermore, since there are no special considerations of quantifiers here,</para>
@@ -1094,21 +1126,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pYfN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le li mu jdice se bende</jbo>
<gloss>The of-the-number-five judging team-member</gloss>
<natlang>Juror number 5</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>juror 5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which is not quite the same as
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>juror 5</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ which is not quite the same as
<quote>the fifth juror</quote>; it simply indicates a weak association between the particular juror and the number 5.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti with relative clauses</primary><secondary>effect of placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses with possessive sumti</primary><secondary>effect of placement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>with relative clauses on possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>possessive sumti</primary><secondary>relative clauses on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on possessive sumti</secondary></indexterm> A possessive sumti may also have regular relative clauses attached to it. This would need no comment if it were not for the following special rule: a relative clause immediately following the possessor sumti is understood to affect the possessor sumti, not the possessive. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cVjs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi noi sipna vau karce cu na klama</jbo>
<gloss>The of-me incidentally-which-(is-sleeping) car isn't going.</gloss>
@@ -1149,21 +1185,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pai noi na'e frinu namcu</jbo>
<gloss>The-number pi, incidentally-which is-a-non- fraction number</gloss>
<natlang>The irrational number pi</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>irrational number</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on quotation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on number</secondary></indexterm> And here is an incidental relative clause attached to a quotation:</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>irrational number</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on quotation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>on number</secondary></indexterm> And here is an incidental relative clause attached to a quotation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WuBh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu mi klama le zarci li'u noi mi cusku ke'a cu jufra</jbo>
<gloss>[quote] I go to-the market [unquote] incidentally-which-(I express IT) is-a-sentence.</gloss>
<natlang>
<quote>I'm going to the market</quote>, which I'd said, is a sentence.</natlang>
@@ -1179,21 +1219,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e poi tolcitno vau lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u cu zvati le vu kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote] is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
<natlang>An old
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is in the far room.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>red pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>red pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> is a bit complex, and may need some picking apart. The quotation
<oldjbophrase>lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</oldjbophrase> means the string of words
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. If the
<valsi>la'e</valsi> at the beginning of the sentence were omitted,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4sqi"/> would claim that a certain string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obviously a string of words can't be in a room! The effect of the
<valsi>la'e</valsi> is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is identified by the restrictive relative clause.
@@ -1395,21 +1439,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu poi zvati le kumfa poi ke'axire zbasu ke'a cu masno</jbo>
<gloss>The person who is-in the room which IT-sub-2 built IT is-slow.</gloss>
<natlang>The person who is in the room which he built is slow.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>room which he built</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Here, the meaning of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>room which he built</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ Here, the meaning of
<quote>IT-sub-2</quote> is that sumti attached to the second relative clause, counting from the innermost, is used. Therefore,
<oldjbophrase>ke'axipa</oldjbophrase> (IT-sub-1) means the same as plain
<valsi>ke'a</valsi>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex</primary><secondary>use for outer sumti reference</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer sumti</primary><secondary>prenex for referring to from within relative clause within relative clause</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, you can use a prenex (explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>), which is syntactically a series of sumti followed by the special cmavo
<valsi>zo'u</valsi>, prefixed to the relative clause bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5TuF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d3"/>
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index f40ac76..5b8d3ed 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -2,21 +2,25 @@
<title>To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-tcita-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>objects of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>as basis of sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentence</primary><secondary>basic Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The basic type of Lojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects are related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical forms called
<valsi>sumti</valsi>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
<oldjbophrase>selbri</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>as objects in place structure slots</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>empty slots in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti are not randomly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known as the
<quote>place structure</quote> of the selbri. This chapter describes the various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed and by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a sequence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are placed. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure of selbri</primary><secondary>determining</secondary></indexterm> For our present purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structure. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dictionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from the principles of lujvo construction as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>in place structure notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>in place structure notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
<valsi>klama</valsi>:</para>
<definition>
<valsi>klama</valsi>: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 employing means of transport x5.
</definition>
<para>The
<quote>x1 ... x5</quote> indicates that
<valsi>klama</valsi> is a five-place predicate, and show the natural order (as assigned by the language engineers) of those places: agent, destination, origin, route, means.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>instability of</secondary></indexterm> The place structures of brivla are not absolutely stable aspects of the language. The work done so far has attempted to establish a basic place structure on which all users can, at first, agree. In the light of actual experience with the individual selbri of the language, there will inevitably be some degree of change to the brivla place structures.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cu">
@@ -26,21 +30,25 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu</cmavo>
<selmaho>CU</selmaho>
<description>prefixed selbri separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>building from selbri and sumti</secondary></indexterm> The most usual way of constructing a bridi from a selbri such as
<valsi>klama</valsi> and an appropriate number of sumti is to place the sumti intended for the x1 place before the selbri, and all the other sumti in order after the selbri, thus:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ji94">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the sumti are assigned to the places as follows:</para>
@@ -142,21 +150,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Eqa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas.</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using an unspecified means).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>unspecified route</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified sumti</primary><secondary>non-trailing</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>unspecified route</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified sumti</primary><secondary>non-trailing</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5Eqa"/> has empty x4 and x5 places: the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport. However, simple omission will not work for a place when the places around it are to be specified: in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jh7T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce</jbo>
<gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -397,21 +409,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to [x2=] the movie x2= the house x2= the office</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to movie</primary><secondary>house</secondary><tertiary>office: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> may be taken to say that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, merging six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the listener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give or receive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>place structure position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give or receive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>place structure position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>fi'a</valsi> also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing
<valsi>fi'a</valsi> is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GnTu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi'a do dunda [fe] le vi rozgu</jbo>
@@ -536,24 +552,32 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3YoA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le klama</jbo>
<gloss>the go-er, the one who goes</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the go-er</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>to access non-first place in description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>use of SE in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>as based on first place of following selbri</secondary></indexterm> In every case, the description is about something which fits into the x1 place of the selbri. In order to get a description of a destination (that is, something fitting the x2 place of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the go-er</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>to access non-first place in description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>use of SE in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>as based on first place of following selbri</secondary></indexterm> In every case, the description is about something which fits into the x1 place of the selbri. In order to get a description of a destination (that is, something fitting the x2 place of
<valsi>klama</valsi>), we must convert the selbri to
<oldjbophrase>se klama</oldjbophrase>, whose x1 place is a destination. The result is</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the destination</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the destination</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brDN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le se klama</jbo>
<natlang>the destination gone to by someone</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -579,39 +603,47 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmji" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le xe klama</jbo>
<natlang>the means by which someone goes</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pluta</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mars road</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pluta</primary><secondary>contrasted with ve klama</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ve klama</primary><secondary>contrasted with pluta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>retention of basic meaning in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted with other similar selbri</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pluta</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Mars road</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pluta</primary><secondary>contrasted with ve klama</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ve klama</primary><secondary>contrasted with pluta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>retention of basic meaning in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted with other similar selbri</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMjE"/> does not mean
<quote>the route</quote> plain and simple: that is
<oldjbophrase>le pluta</oldjbophrase>, using a different selbri. It means a route that is used by someone for an act of
<valsi>klama</valsi>; that is, a journey with origin and destination. A
<quote>road</quote> on Mars, on which no one has traveled or is ever likely to, may be called
<oldjbophrase>le pluta</oldjbophrase>, but it cannot be
<oldjbophrase>le ve klama</oldjbophrase>, since there exists no one for whom it is
<oldjbophrase>le ve klama be fo da</oldjbophrase> (the route taken in an actual journey by someone [da]).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>extending scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>extending scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> When converting selbri that are more complex than a single brivla, it is important to realize that the scope of a SE cmavo is only the following brivla (or equivalent unit). In order to convert an entire tanru, it is necessary to enclose the tanru in
<oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> brackets:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wQbB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] ti</jbo>
<gloss>I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
@@ -673,21 +705,25 @@
<selmaho>FEhU</selmaho>
<description>modal terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Sometimes the place structures engineered into Lojban are inadequate to meet the needs of actual speech. Consider the gismu
<valsi>viska</valsi>, whose place structure is:</para>
<definition>
viska: x1 sees x2 under conditions x3
</definition>
<para>Seeing is a threefold relationship, involving an agent (le viska), an object of sight (le se viska), and an environment that makes seeing possible (le te viska). Seeing is done with one or more eyes, of course; in general, the eyes belong to the entity in the x1 place.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>see with left eye</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>use in adding places to place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>adding new places to with modal sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>as modal tag</secondary></indexterm> Suppose, however, that you are blind in one eye and are talking to someone who doesn't know that. You might want to say,
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>see with left eye</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>use in adding places to place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>adding new places to with modal sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>as modal tag</secondary></indexterm> Suppose, however, that you are blind in one eye and are talking to someone who doesn't know that. You might want to say,
<quote>I see you with the left eye.</quote> There is no place in the place structure of
<valsi>viska</valsi> such as
<quote>with eye x4</quote> or the like. Lojban allows you to solve the problem by adding a new place, changing the relationship:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BSAc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing</gloss>
@@ -830,21 +866,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .eivn. cu vecnu loi flira cinta ka'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>Avon sells a-mass-of face paint with-goer me.</gloss>
<natlang>I am a traveling cosmetics salesperson for Avon.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Avon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>traveling salesperson</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Avon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>traveling salesperson</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-r0QA"/> may seem a bit strained, but it illustrates the way in which an existing selbri,
<valsi>vecnu</valsi> in this case, may have a place added to it which might otherwise seem utterly unrelated.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmJM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu seka'a la bratfyd.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk with-destination Bradford.</gloss>
<natlang>I am walking to Bradford.</natlang>
@@ -1019,21 +1059,25 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la sokrates. morsi binxo ni'i le nu la sokrates. remna</jbo>
<gloss>Socrates dead-became with-logical-justification Socrates is-human.</gloss>
<natlang>Socrates died because Socrates is human.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Socrates</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"because"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>four varieties of</tertiary></indexterm> In
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Socrates</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"because"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>four varieties of</tertiary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMNc"/>, the same English word
<quote>because</quote> is used to translate all four modals, but the types of cause being expressed are quite different. Let us now focus on
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz"/>, and explore some variations on it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>causals</primary><secondary>claiming the relation contrasted with claiming cause and/or effect and/or relation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstraction bridi</primary><secondary>effect on claim of bridi</secondary></indexterm> As written,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz"/> claims that the plant grows, but only refers to the event of watering it in an abstraction bridi (abstractions are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>) without actually making a claim. If I express
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmMz"/>, I have said that the plant in fact grows, but I have not said that you actually water it, merely that there is a causal relationship between watering and growing. This is semantically asymmetrical. Suppose I wanted to claim that the plant was being watered, and only mention its growth as ancillary information? Then we could reverse the main bridi and the abstraction bridi, saying:</para>
@@ -1133,21 +1177,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari lei djacu .iri'abo mi jgari le kabri</jbo>
<gloss>I grasp the-mass-of water with-physical-cause I grasp the cup.</gloss>
<gloss>Causing the mass of water to be grasped by me, I grasped the cup.</gloss>
<natlang>I grasp the water because I grasp the cup.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>grasp water</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An afterthought connection is one that is signaled only by a cmavo (or a compound cmavo, in this case) between the two constructs being connected. Forethought connection uses a signal both before the first construct and between the two: the use of
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>grasp water</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An afterthought connection is one that is signaled only by a cmavo (or a compound cmavo, in this case) between the two constructs being connected. Forethought connection uses a signal both before the first construct and between the two: the use of
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote> in the first half of this sentence represents a forethought connection (though not a modal one).</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary></indexterm> To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojban, place the modal plus
<valsi>gi</valsi> before the first bridi, and
<valsi>gi</valsi> between the two. No
<valsi>i</valsi> is used within the construct. The forethought equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/> is:</para>
@@ -1303,21 +1351,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban with-compeller some-act-by Frank.</gloss>
<natlang>I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under compulsion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>leaving vague</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bai</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under compulsion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>leaving vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bT4c"/> has two modal sumti, using the modals
<valsi>bau</valsi> and
<valsi>bai</valsi>. Suppose we wanted to specify the language explicitly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bT4c"/> to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dbSy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d2"/>
</title>
@@ -1387,21 +1439,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SfwV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do</jbo>
<gloss>I with-eye see you.</gloss>
<natlang>I see you with my eye(s).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bai ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>see with eye</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over inner modal connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over non-logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over logical connection with ke ... ke'e</secondary></indexterm> There are two other uses of modals. A modal can be attached to a pair of bridi-tails that have already been connected by a logical, non-logical, or modal connection (see
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bai ke</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>see with eye</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over inner modal connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over non-logical connection</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over logical connection with ke ... ke'e</secondary></indexterm> There are two other uses of modals. A modal can be attached to a pair of bridi-tails that have already been connected by a logical, non-logical, or modal connection (see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> for more on logical and non-logical connections):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vCzL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I under-compulsion (both go to-the market and walk on-the ice).</gloss>
<natlang>Under compulsion, I both go to the market and walk on the ice.</natlang>
@@ -1474,21 +1530,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Beethoven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Artur Rubenstein</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Appassionata</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Beethoven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Artur Rubenstein</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Appassionata</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/>,
<oldjbophrase>la .apasionatas.</oldjbophrase> refers to a particular performance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the relative clause
<oldjbophrase>poi se cusku</oldjbophrase> uses the cmavo
<valsi>poi</valsi> (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of
<oldjbophrase>la .apasionatas</oldjbophrase> to the performance in question.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/>, however,
<oldjbophrase>la .apasionatas.</oldjbophrase> refers to the sonata as a whole, and the information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incidental. The cmavo
<valsi>noi</valsi> (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental nature of this relationship.</para>
@@ -1583,21 +1643,25 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jr4V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la betis. ne semau la meiris.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Betty, which-is more-than Mary.</gloss>
<natlang>Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>likes more than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>likes more than</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Jr4V"/> requires that Frank likes Betty, but adds the information that his liking for Betty exceeds his liking for Mary. The modal appears in the form
<oldjbophrase>semau</oldjbophrase> because the x2 place of
<valsi>zmadu</valsi> is the basis for comparison: in this case, Frank's liking for Mary.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ecf1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1762,21 +1826,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMSb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog).</gloss>
<natlang>I carry the sack, and as a result the cat or the dog equally.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry sack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry sack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMRB"/>, the
<oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> brackets are the equivalent of the
<oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> brackets in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmRL"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMSb"/>, because
<oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
<oldjbophrase>.ijeseri'abo</oldjbophrase> to
<oldjbophrase>.ije seri'a</oldjbophrase>, which would show that the
<oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
<oldjbophrase>mi bevri le dakli</oldjbophrase> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
@@ -1897,21 +1965,25 @@
<valsi>na'e</valsi> (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9WC5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of you water-give to the plant.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation of modals</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation of modals</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9WC5"/> says that the relationship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of motivation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something which can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship between watering and growth exists, but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9WC5"/> doesn't say what it is (presumably
<valsi>ri'a</valsi>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modals</primary><secondary>negation of by negating selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of fi'o modals</primary><secondary>by negating selbri</secondary></indexterm> Note: Modals made with
<valsi>fi'o</valsi> plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation, however.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sticky-modals">
<title>Sticky modals</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index 8bd8c93..93ce567 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -36,20 +36,22 @@ entry, when it should actually be <natlang>.
All instances of <definition> need to be checked, because many of
them do not, in fact, denote definitions (in which case they should
be replaced be <quote>).
------
Entries like <indexterm type="example-imported"> (NOTE the type)
need to be moved into examples.
+They have been seperated out by blank lines to make it easier.
+
Especially things like this:
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lemon tree</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
which are artificial paragraphs solely for index importing.
All such indexterm entries should end up in the example itself, like so:
<title>
<indexterm type="example"><primary>lemon tree</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "BPFK" group.
To post to this group, send email to bpfk-list@googlegroups.com.
To unsubscribe from this group, send email to bpfk-list+unsubscribe@googlegroups.com.
For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-list?hl=en.