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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Wed Mar 23 04:21:27 EDT 2011
commit 917340b227e9c168ee145262e89a1eca4b1bf0d7
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Mar 23 00:49:05 2011 -0700
Work on example tags.
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 0545d96..c578834 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -19,33 +19,35 @@
<para>all mean the same thing, even though the first sentence uses the present tense; the second, the future tense; and the third, a compound tense usually called
<quote>present progressive</quote>. Likewise, a newspaper headline says
<quote>JONES DIES</quote>, although it is obvious that the time referred to must be in the past. Tense is a mandatory category of English: every sentence must be marked for tense, even if in a way contrary to logic, because every main verb has a tense marker built into to it. By contrast, Lojban brivla have no implicit tense marker attached to them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elided tense</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space location</primary><secondary>as part of tense system (see also tense</secondary><tertiary>spatial tense)</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time</primary><secondary>as part of tense system (see also tense</secondary><tertiary>temporal tense)</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense system</primary><secondary>and space location</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense system</primary><secondary>and space location</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>selbri types applicable to</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, the concept of tense extends to every selbri, not merely the verb-like ones. In addition, tense structures provide information about location in space as well as in time. All tense information is optional in Lojban: a sentence like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cKSK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e1d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>go to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> can be understood as:</para>
- <!-- FIXME: should these be in an <example>? if so, will any random id work? -->
- <para>I went to the market.</para>
- <para>I am going to the market.</para>
- <para>I have gone to the market.</para>
- <para>I will go to the market.</para>
- <para>I continually go to the market.</para>
+ <para> can be understood as:</para>
+ <simplelist>
+ <member>I went to the market.</member>
+ <member>I am going to the market.</member>
+ <member>I have gone to the market.</member>
+ <member>I will go to the market.</member>
+ <member>I continually go to the market.</member>
+ </simplelist>
<para>as well as many other possibilities: context resolves which is correct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of tense specification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense specification</primary><secondary>effect on "cu"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>position of in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The placement of a tense construct within a Lojban bridi is easy: right before the selbri. It goes immediately after the
<valsi>cu</valsi>, and can in fact always replace the
<valsi>cu</valsi> (although in very complex sentences the rules for eliding terminators may be changed as a result). In the following examples,
<valsi>pu</valsi> is the tense marker for
<quote>past time</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nFgv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e1d2"/>
</title>
@@ -241,27 +243,28 @@
<valsi>zu'a</valsi> means
<quote>on the left</quote> and
<valsi>vi</valsi> means
<quote>nearby</quote>, and there's no more to be said. The imaginary-journey model becomes more useful when so-called compound tenses are involved. A compound tense is exactly like a simple tense, but has several FAhAs run together:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rWtP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>manhole</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [up] [left] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>manhole</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>stages of in compound tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>explanation of</secondary></indexterm> The proper interpretation of
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>stages of in compound tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound spatial tense</primary><secondary>explanation of</secondary></indexterm> The proper interpretation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rWtP"/> is that the imaginary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then to the left. A translation might read:</para>
<para>
Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
</para>
<para>(Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-biting is going on at the edge of the street.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense ordering</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in order of specification</secondary></indexterm> In the English translation, the keywords
<quote>left</quote> and
<quote>above</quote> occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This effect is typical of what happens when we
<quote>unfold</quote> Lojban compound tenses into their English equivalents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Lojban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents.</para>
@@ -426,20 +429,21 @@
<gloss>Shortly earlier than some time later than now, the man will bite the dog.</gloss>
<gloss>Soon before then, the man will have bitten the dog.</gloss>
<natlang>The man will have just bitten the dog.</natlang>
<natlang>The man will just have been biting the dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound temporal tense</primary><secondary>beginning with distance only</secondary></indexterm> What about the analogue of an initial VA without a direction? Lojban does allow an initial ZI with or without following PUs:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qDu0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>nearby in time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [short] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
<natlang>Before a short time from or before now, the man bit or will bite the dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qDw0" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d6"/>
@@ -448,30 +452,31 @@
<jbo>le nanmu zu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [long] bites the dog.</gloss>
<natlang>A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified direction</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with in spatial</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qDu0"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qDw0"/> are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used:
<valsi>zi</valsi> by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be
<quote>about now, but not exactly now</quote>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nearby in time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction (
+ <para>
+ Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction (
<quote>nearby</quote> or
<quote>far away</quote>), but we live only from past to future, and the idea of an event which happens
<quote>nearby in time</quote> is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limitation of English.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>with both temporal and spatial</secondary></indexterm> Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial tense:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>long ago and far away</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vtUw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e4d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>long ago and far away</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu puzu vu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [past] [long time] [long space] bites the dog.</gloss>
<natlang>Long ago and far away, the man bit the dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Alternatively,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jsw5">
<title>
@@ -520,29 +525,30 @@
<description>long time interval</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>VEhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>interval contrasted with point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>point contrasted with interval</secondary></indexterm> So far, we have considered only events that are usually thought of as happening at a particular point in space and time: a man biting a dog at a specified place and time. But Lojbanic events may be much more
<quote>spread out</quote> than that:
<oldjbophrase>mi vasxu</oldjbophrase> (I breathe) is something which is true during the whole of my life from birth to death, and over the entire part of the earth where I spend my life. The cmavo of VEhA (for space) and ZEhA (for time) can be added to any of the tense constructs we have already studied to specify the size of the space or length of the time over which the bridi is claimed to be true.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pgzz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>child on ice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ve'i cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [small space interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<gloss>In a small space, the child walks on the ice.</gloss>
<natlang>The child walks about a small area of the ice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>child on ice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> means that her walking was done in a small area. Like the distances, the interval sizes are classified only roughly as
+ <para> means that her walking was done in a small area. Like the distances, the interval sizes are classified only roughly as
<quote>small, medium, large</quote>, and are relative to the context: a small part of a room might be a large part of a table in that room.</para>
<para>Here is an example using a time interval:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ap7g">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<natlang>For a medium time, the child walks/walked/will walk on the ice.</natlang>
@@ -613,24 +619,24 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - present] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
<natlang>I ate my meal for a while.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the interval would then be centered on the past moment rather than oriented toward the future of that moment. The colloquial English translations are the same – English is not well-suited to representing this distinction.</para>
<para>Here are some examples of the use of space intervals with and without specified directions:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>fish on right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mrzt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d8"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>fish on right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ri'u ve'i finpe</jbo>
<gloss>That-there [right] [short space interval] is-a-fish.</gloss>
<natlang>That thing on my right is a fish.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mrzt"/>, there is no equivalent in the colloquial English translation of the
<quote>small interval</quote> which the fish occupies. Neither the Lojban nor the English expresses the orientation of the fish. Compare
@@ -769,21 +775,21 @@
<selmaho>MOhI</selmaho>
<description>movement flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MOhI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement specification</primary><secondary>interaction with direction in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>interaction with movement specification in tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>expressing movement in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>static contrasted with moving</secondary></indexterm> All the information carried by the tense constructs so far presented has been presumed to be static: the bridi is occurring somewhere or other in space and time, more or less remote from the speaker. Suppose the truth of the bridi itself depends on the result of a movement, or represents an action being done while the speaker is moving? This too can be represented by the tense system, using the cmavo
<valsi>mo'i</valsi> (of selma'o MOhI) plus a spatial direction and optional distance; the direction now refers to a direction of motion rather than a static direction from the speaker.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>on right</primary><secondary>contrasted with toward right</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>toward right</primary><secondary>contrasted with on right</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d8yP">
<title>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>toward my right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<natlang>The child walks toward my right on the ice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This is quite different from:</para>
@@ -797,30 +803,31 @@
<natlang>To the right of me, the child walks on the ice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference frame</primary><secondary>specifying for direction tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>direction</primary><secondary>reference frame for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reference frame for directions in tenses</primary></indexterm> In either case, however, the reference frame for defining
<quote>right</quote> and
<quote>left</quote> is the speaker's, not the child's. This can be changed thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mfgA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>toward her right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli ma'i vo'a</jbo>
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-frame the-x1-place.</gloss>
<natlang>The child walks toward her right on the ice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>toward her right</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mfgA"/> is analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-d8yP"/>. The cmavo
<valsi>ma'i</valsi> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in
<xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of movement specification in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>order in tense constructs</secondary></indexterm> Both a regular and a
<valsi>mo'i</valsi>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the
<valsi>mo'i</valsi> construct coming last:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fusc">
@@ -835,28 +842,30 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>with multiple directions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>directions</primary><secondary>multiple with movement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex movements</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> It is not grammatical to use multiple directions like
<oldjbophrase>zu'a ca'u</oldjbophrase> after
<valsi>mo'i</valsi>, but complex movements can be expressed in a separate bridi.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a movement tense on a bridi not inherently involving movement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Avnq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e8d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>eat in airplane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mo'i ca'uvu citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [movement] [front] [long] eat my meal.</gloss>
<natlang>While moving a long way forward, I eat my meal.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>eat in airplane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Perhaps I am eating in an airplane.)</para>
+ <para>
+ (Perhaps I am eating in an airplane.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>time travel</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>movement</primary><secondary>time</secondary></indexterm> There is no parallel facility in Lojban at present for expressing movement in time – time travel – but one could be added easily if it ever becomes useful.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-interval-properties">
<title>Interval properties: TAhE and
<valsi>roi</valsi></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -929,40 +938,44 @@
<selmaho>VEhA</selmaho>
<description>whole space interval</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>TAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intervals</primary><secondary>spread of actions over</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>discrete</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>continuous</primary><secondary>of tense intervals</secondary></indexterm> Consider Lojban bridi which express events taking place in time. Whether a very short interval (a point) or a long interval of time is involved, the event may not be spread consistently throughout that interval. Lojban can use the cmavo of selma'o TAhE to express the idea of continuous or non-continuous actions.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GCXM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>attend school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puzu ze'u velckule</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] am-a-school-attendee (pupil).</gloss>
<natlang>Long ago I attended school for a long time.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>attend school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> probably does not mean that I attended school continuously throughout the whole of that long-ago interval. Actually, I attended school every day, except for school holidays. More explicitly,</para>
+ <para>
+ probably does not mean that I attended school continuously throughout the whole of that long-ago interval. Actually, I attended school every day, except for school holidays. More explicitly,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JM1W">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>regularly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puzu ze'u di'i velckule</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [long distance] [long interval] [regularly] am-a-pupil.</gloss>
<natlang>Long ago I regularly attended school for a long time.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>regularly</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>mutually contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The four TAhE cmavo are differentiated as follows:
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ru'i</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>mutually contrasted</secondary></indexterm> The four TAhE cmavo are differentiated as follows:
<valsi>ru'i</valsi> covers the entirety of the interval,
<valsi>di'i</valsi> covers the parts of the interval which are systematically spaced subintervals;
<valsi>na'o</valsi> covers part of the interval, but exactly which part is determined by context;
<valsi>ta'e</valsi> covers part of the interval, selected with reference to the behavior of the actor (who often, but not always, appears in the x1 place of the bridi).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>with unspecified interval</secondary></indexterm> Using TAhE does not require being so specific. Either the time direction or the time interval or both may be omitted (in which case they are vague). For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eb2h">
@@ -983,58 +996,62 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'o klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [typically] go-to the market.</gloss>
<natlang>I typically go/went/will go to the market.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>illustrates an interval property in isolation. There are no distance or direction cmavo, so the point of time is vague; likewise, there is no interval cmavo, so the length of the interval during which these goings-to-the-market take place is also vague. As always, context will determine these vague values.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>intermittently</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>expressing English "intermittently"</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>expressing English "intermittently"</secondary></indexterm>
<quote>Intermittently</quote> is the polar opposite notion to
<quote>continuously</quote>, and is expressed not with its own cmavo, but by adding the negation suffix
<oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o NAI) to
<valsi>ru'i</valsi>. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mvdN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>intermittently</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ru'inai cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [continuously-not] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<natlang>The child intermittently walks on the ice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval spread</primary><secondary>negation with nai</secondary></indexterm> As shown in the cmavo table above, all the cmavo of TAhE may be negated with
<oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase>;
<oldjbophrase>ru'inai</oldjbophrase> and
<oldjbophrase>di'inai</oldjbophrase> are probably the most useful.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>quantified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An intermittent event can also be specified by counting the number of times during the interval that it takes place. The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>quantified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An intermittent event can also be specified by counting the number of times during the interval that it takes place. The cmavo
<valsi>roi</valsi> (which belongs to selma'o ROI) can be appended to a number to make a quantified tense. Quantified tenses are common in English, but not so commonly named: they are exemplified by the adverbs
<quote>never</quote>,
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>,
<quote>thrice</quote>, ...
<quote>always</quote>, and by the related phrases
<quote>many times</quote>,
<quote>a few times</quote>,
<quote>too many times</quote>, and so on. All of these are handled in Lojban by a number plus
<oldjbophrase>-roi</oldjbophrase>:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qdW2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d6"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi paroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [one time] go-to the market.</gloss>
<natlang>I go to the market once.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qdwP" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d7"/>
@@ -1055,69 +1072,73 @@
<gloss>I [past] [two times] go-to the market.</gloss>
<natlang>I went to the market twice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense with direction</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implications</secondary></indexterm> The English is slightly over-specific here: it entails that both goings-to-the-market were in the past, which may or may not be true in the Lojban sentence, since the implied interval is vague. Therefore, the interval may start in the past but extend into the present or even the future.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tense</primary><secondary>negating with nai</secondary></indexterm> Adding
<oldjbophrase>-nai</oldjbophrase> to
<valsi>roi</valsi> is also permitted, and has the meaning
<quote>other than (the number specified)</quote>:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rXXf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d9"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu reroinai citka le cirla</jbo>
<gloss>The rat [twice-not] eats the cheese.</gloss>
<natlang>The rat eats the cheese other than twice.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This may mean that the rat eats the cheese fewer times, or more times, or not at all.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>only once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>whole time interval</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tenses</primary><secondary>"once" contrasted with "only once"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tenses</primary><secondary>caveat on implication of</secondary></indexterm> It is necessary to be careful with sentences like
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>whole time interval</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tenses</primary><secondary>"once" contrasted with "only once"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified temporal tenses</primary><secondary>caveat on implication of</secondary></indexterm> It is necessary to be careful with sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdW2"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-TYve"/>, where a quantified tense appears without an interval. What
<xref linkend="example-random-id-TYve"/> really says is that during an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set in the past, the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example says nothing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is often less than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market once and only once, we can use the cmavo
<valsi>ze'e</valsi> which represents the
<quote>whole time interval</quote>: conceptually, an interval which stretches from time's beginning to its end:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8WJS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d10"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>only once</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ze'e paroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [whole interval] [once] go-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since specifying no ZEhA leaves the interval vague,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-TYve"/> might in appropriate context mean the same as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8WJS"/> after all – but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8WJS"/> allows us to be specific when specificity is necessary.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'eca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'eba</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'epu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>have never</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'eca</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'eba</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'epu</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'e</primary><secondary>effect on following PU direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal direction</primary><secondary>exception in meaning when following ze'e</secondary></indexterm> A PU cmavo following
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'eca</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'eba</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ze'epu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>PU selma'o</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'eca</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'eba</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'epu</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ze'e</primary><secondary>effect on following PU direction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>temporal direction</primary><secondary>exception in meaning when following ze'e</secondary></indexterm> A PU cmavo following
<valsi>ze'e</valsi> has a slightly different meaning from one that follows another ZEhA cmavo. The compound cmavo
<oldjbophrase>ze'epu</oldjbophrase> signifies the interval stretching from the infinite past to the reference point (wherever the imaginary journey has taken you);
<oldjbophrase>ze'eba</oldjbophrase> is the interval stretching from the reference point to the infinite future. The remaining form,
<oldjbophrase>ze'eca</oldjbophrase>, makes specific the
<quote>whole of time</quote> interpretation just given. These compound forms make it possible to assert that something has never happened without asserting that it never will.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gA7X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e9d11"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>have never</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ze'epu noroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [whole interval] [past] [never] go-to the market.</gloss>
<natlang>I have never gone to the market.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>says nothing about whether I might go in future.</para>
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