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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Mar 27 20:21:02 EDT 2011
commit c3a16adcaa47ca1bbfc3d3b84e18d33760d22225
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Mar 27 17:14:29 2011 -0700
Fixed the example-importeds for 10.xml
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index c578834..27a6c4a 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -1225,75 +1225,79 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>order with respect to TAhE and ROI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>events</primary><secondary>considered as a process</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The
<quote>event contours</quote> of selma'o ZAhO, with their bizarre keywords, represent the natural portions of an event considered as a process, an occurrence with an internal structure including a beginning, a middle, and an end. Since the keywords are scarcely self-explanatory, each ZAhO will be explained in detail here. Note that from the viewpoint of Lojban syntax, ZAhOs are interval modifiers like TAhEs or ROI compounds; if both are found in a single tense, the TAhE/ROI comes first and the ZAhO afterward. The imaginary journey described by other tense cmavo moves us to the portion of the event-as-process which the ZAhO specifies.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as characteristic portions of events</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>speaker-relative viewpoint</primary><secondary>contrasted with event-relative viewpoint</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event-relative viewpoint</primary><secondary>contrasted with speaker-relative viewpoint</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>viewpoint of PU contrasted with viewpoint of ZAhO</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>PU tenses</primary><secondary>contrasted with ZAhO tenses in viewpoint</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as timeless in perspective</secondary></indexterm> It is important to understand that ZAhO cmavo, unlike the other tense cmavo, specify characteristic portions of the event, and are seen from an essentially timeless perspective. The
<quote>beginning</quote> of an event is the same whether the event is in the speaker's present, past, or future. It is especially important not to confuse the speaker-relative viewpoint of the PU tenses with the event-relative viewpoint of the ZAhO tenses.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ca'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ca'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>derivation of word</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<valsi>pu'o</valsi>,
<valsi>ca'o</valsi>, and
<valsi>ba'o</valsi> (etymologically derived from the PU cmavo) refer to an event that has not yet begun, that is in progress, or that has ended, respectively:</para>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qdwz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c10e10d1"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi pu'o damba</jbo>
- <gloss>I [inchoative] fight.</gloss>
- <natlang>I'm on the verge of fighting.</natlang>
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qdX7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c10e10d2"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la stiv. ca'o bacru</jbo>
- <gloss>Steve [continuitive] utters.</gloss>
- <natlang>Steve continues to talk.</natlang>
-
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <example xml:id="example-random-id-qdxB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c10e10d3"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le verba ba'o cadzu le bisli</jbo>
- <gloss>The child [perfective] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
- <natlang>The child is finished walking on the ice.</natlang>
-
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>finished</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>continues</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>on verge</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>contrasted with event contours in implication of extent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense direction in implication of extent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>perfective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>continuitive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>inchoative</secondary></indexterm> As discussed in
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qdwz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c10e10d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>on verge</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>mi pu'o damba</jbo>
+ <gloss>I [inchoative] fight.</gloss>
+ <natlang>I'm on the verge of fighting.</natlang>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qdX7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c10e10d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>continues</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>la stiv. ca'o bacru</jbo>
+ <gloss>Steve [continuitive] utters.</gloss>
+ <natlang>Steve continues to talk.</natlang>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+ <example xml:id="example-random-id-qdxB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
+ <title>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>finished</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <anchor xml:id="c10e10d3"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>le verba ba'o cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+ <gloss>The child [perfective] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+ <natlang>The child is finished walking on the ice.</natlang>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction</primary><secondary>contrasted with event contours in implication of extent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense direction in implication of extent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>implications on scope of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>perfective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>continuitive</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>inchoative</secondary></indexterm> As discussed in
<xref linkend="section-vagueness"/>, the simple PU cmavo make no assumptions about whether the scope of a past, present, or future event extends into one of the other tenses as well.
-
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdxB"/> illustrate that these ZAhO cmavo do make such assumptions possible: the event in 10.1 has not yet begun, definitively; likewise, the event in 10.3 is definitely over.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>as futureward of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>as pastward of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>explanation of derivation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of derivation</secondary></indexterm> Note that in
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>as futureward of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>as pastward of event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ba'o</primary><secondary>explanation of derivation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of derivation</secondary></indexterm> Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdxB"/>,
<valsi>pu'o</valsi> and
<valsi>ba'o</valsi> may appear to be reversed:
<valsi>pu'o</valsi>, although etymologically connected with
<valsi>pu</valsi>, is referring to a future event; whereas
-
+
<valsi>ba'o</valsi>, connected with
<valsi>ba</valsi>, is referring to a past event. This is the natural result of the event-centered view of ZAhO cmavo. The inchoative, or
-
+
<valsi>pu'o</valsi>, part of an event, is in the
<quote>pastward</quote> portion of that event, when seen from the perspective of the event itself. It is only by inference that we suppose that
-
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> refers to the speaker's future: in fact, no PU tense is given, so the inchoative part of the event need not be coincident with the speaker's present:
<valsi>pu'o</valsi> is not necessarily, though in fact often is, the same as
<oldjbophrase>ca pu'o</oldjbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>cessative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>initiative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>division of the event into</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>points associated with</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdwz"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdxB"/> refer to spans of time. There are also two points of time that can be usefully associated with an event: the beginning, marked by
<valsi>co'a</valsi>, and the end, marked by
<valsi>co'u</valsi>. Specifically,
<valsi>co'a</valsi> marks the boundary between the
<valsi>pu'o</valsi> and
@@ -1381,64 +1385,65 @@
<gloss>I [future] [resumptive] eat my meal.</gloss>
<natlang>I will resume eating my meal.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>superfective</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>natural end</primary><secondary>continuing beyond</secondary></indexterm> In addition, it is possible for a process to continue beyond its natural end. The span of time between the natural and the actual end points is represented by
<valsi>za'o</valsi>:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>kept on too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jSQ4">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c10e10d10"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le ctuca pu za'o ciksi le cmaci seldanfu le tadgri</jbo>
-
- <gloss>The teacher [past] [superfective] explained the mathematics problem to the student-group.</gloss>
- <natlang>The teacher kept on explaining the mathematics problem to the class too long.</natlang>
-
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para>That is, the teacher went on explaining after the class already understood the problem.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point</primary><secondary>event considered as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>achievative</secondary></indexterm> An entire event can be treated as a single moment using the cmavo
+ <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jSQ4">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c10e10d10"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>kept on too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>le ctuca pu za'o ciksi le cmaci seldanfu le tadgri</jbo>
+
+ <gloss>The teacher [past] [superfective] explained the mathematics problem to the student-group.</gloss>
+ <natlang>The teacher kept on explaining the mathematics problem to the class too long.</natlang>
+
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+ <para>That is, the teacher went on explaining after the class already understood the problem.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point</primary><secondary>event considered as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>achievative</secondary></indexterm> An entire event can be treated as a single moment using the cmavo
<valsi>co'i</valsi>:</para>
-
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-odH5">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c10e10d11"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la djan. pu co'i catra la djim</jbo>
-
- <gloss>John [past] [achievative] kills Jim.</gloss>
- <natlang>John was at the point in time where he killed Jim.</natlang>
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cycles</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal tense</primary></indexterm> Finally, since an activity is cyclical, an individual cycle can be referred to using a number followed by
+
+ <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-odH5">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c10e10d11"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>la djan. pu co'i catra la djim</jbo>
+
+ <gloss>John [past] [achievative] kills Jim.</gloss>
+ <natlang>John was at the point in time where he killed Jim.</natlang>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ROI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>re'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cycles</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ordinal tense</primary></indexterm> Finally, since an activity is cyclical, an individual cycle can be referred to using a number followed by
<valsi>re'u</valsi>, which is the other cmavo of selma'o ROI:</para>
-
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-msrS">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c10e10d12"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi pare'u klama le zarci</jbo>
- <gloss>I [first time] go-to the store.</gloss>
- <natlang>I go to the store for the first time (within a vague interval).</natlang>
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para>Note the difference between:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-j3DQ">
- <title>
+
+ <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-msrS">
+ <title>
+ <anchor xml:id="c10e10d12"/>
+ </title>
+ <interlinear-gloss>
+ <jbo>mi pare'u klama le zarci</jbo>
+ <gloss>I [first time] go-to the store.</gloss>
+ <natlang>I go to the store for the first time (within a vague interval).</natlang>
+ </interlinear-gloss>
+ </example>
+ <para>Note the difference between:</para>
+ <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-j3DQ">
+ <title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pare'u paroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [first time] [one time] go-to the store.</gloss>
<natlang>For the first time, I go to the store once.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IBns">
@@ -1456,80 +1461,85 @@
<title>Space interval modifiers: FEhE</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>FEhE</selmaho>
<description>space interval modifier flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FEhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>order of spatial interval modifiers in </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial interval modifiers</primary><secondary>order in tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial intervals</primary><secondary>expressing degree of continuity over</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>space intervals</primary><secondary>compared with time intervals in continuity</secondary></indexterm> Like time intervals, space intervals can also be continuous, discontinuous, or repetitive. Rather than having a whole separate set of selma'o for space interval properties, we instead prefix the flag
-
-
- <valsi>fe'e</valsi> to the cmavo used for time interval properties. A space interval property would be placed just after the space interval size and/or dimensionality cmavo:</para>
-
-
-
+
+
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi> to the cmavo used for time interval properties. A space interval property would be placed just after the space interval size and/or dimensionality cmavo:</para>
+
+
+
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe09" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>sow grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni</jbo>
-
+
<gloss>You-imperative [1-dimensional] [space:] [regularly] sow the grain.</gloss>
<natlang>Sow the grain in a line and evenly!</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe1z" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>salad ingredients</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fe'e ciroi tervecnu lo selsalta</jbo>
<gloss>I [space:] [three places] buy those-which-are salad-ingredients.</gloss>
<natlang>I buy salad ingredients in three locations.</natlang>
-
+
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>always and everywhere</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>salad ingredients</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sow grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qE1z" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>always and everywhere</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ze'e roroi ve'e fe'e roroi ku li re su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>[whole time] [all times] [whole space] [space:] [all places] The-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4. </gloss>
<natlang>Always and everywhere, two plus two is four.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As shown in
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qE1z"/>, when a tense comes first in a bridi, rather than in its normal position before the selbri (in this case
- <valsi>du</valsi>), it is emphasized.</para>
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qE1z"/>, when a tense comes first in a bridi, rather than in its normal position before the selbri (in this case
+ <valsi>du</valsi>), it is emphasized.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> The
- <valsi>fe'e</valsi> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo
- <valsi>be'a</valsi> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning
-
- <quote>north of</quote>.)</para>
+ <valsi>fe'e</valsi> marker can also be used for the same purpose before members of ZAhO. (The cmavo
+ <valsi>be'a</valsi> belongs to selma'o FAhA; it is the space direction meaning
+
+ <quote>north of</quote>.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L4un">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e11d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rock face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>south face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu ve'abe'a fe'e co'a rokci</jbo>
<gloss>That-yonder [medium space interval - north] [space] [initiative] is-a-rock.</gloss>
<gloss>That is the beginning of a rock extending to my north.</gloss>
<natlang>That is the south face of a rock.</natlang>
-
+
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rock face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>south face</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with spatial</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with temporal event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beginning point</primary><secondary>spatial</secondary></indexterm> Here the notion of a
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>temporal contrasted with spatial</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>contrasted with temporal event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beginning point</primary><secondary>spatial</secondary></indexterm> Here the notion of a
<quote>beginning point</quote> represented by the cmavo
<valsi>co'a</valsi> is transferred from
<quote>beginning in time</quote> to
<quote>beginning in space</quote> under the influence of the
<valsi>fe'e</valsi> flag. Space is not inherently oriented, unlike time, which flows from past to future: therefore, some indication of orientation is necessary, and the
<oldjbophrase>ve'abe'a</oldjbophrase> provides an orientation in which the south face is the
<quote>beginning</quote> and the north face is the
<quote>end</quote>, since the rock extends from south (near me) to north (away from me).</para>
@@ -1578,56 +1588,65 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting at a different point</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imaginary journey</primary><secondary>starting point</secondary></indexterm> All of our imaginary journeys so far have started at the speaker's location in space and time. Now we are specifying an imaginary journey that starts at a different location, namely at the event of your going to the house.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4aPT"/> then says that my going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4aPT"/> can therefore be translated:</para>
<definition>
I had gone to the market before you went to the house.
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on tense distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense distance</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial tenses</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> (Other translations are possible, depending on the ever-present context.) Spatial direction and distance sumti tcita are exactly analogous:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe2C" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>near the park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vi le panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [short distance] the park.</gloss>
<natlang>The rat eats the cheese near the park.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qE2t" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>near the faraway park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vi le vu panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [short distance] the [long distance] park</gloss>
<natlang>The rat eats the cheese near the faraway park.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qe3g" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>far away from the nearby park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vu le vi panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [long distance] the [short distance] park</gloss>
<natlang>The rat eats the cheese far away from the nearby park.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>near the park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on event contours</primary><secondary>relation of main bridi to sumti process in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>event contours contrasted with direction/distance as basis for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction/distance as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on spatial contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> The event contours of selma'o ZAhO (and their space equivalents, prefixed with
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'e</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on event contours</primary><secondary>relation of main bridi to sumti process in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>event contours contrasted with direction/distance as basis for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense direction/distance as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with direction and distance</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ZAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on spatial contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>spatial contours</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>based on event contours</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> The event contours of selma'o ZAhO (and their space equivalents, prefixed with
<valsi>fe'e</valsi>) are also useful as sumti tcita. The interpretation of ZAhO tcita differs from that of FAhA, VA, PU, and ZI tcita, however. The event described in the sumti is viewed as a process, and the action of the main bridi occurs at the phase of the process which the ZAhO specifies, or at least some part of that phase. The action of the main bridi itself is seen as a point event, so that there is no issue about which phase of the main bridi is intended. For example:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>in the aftermath</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>die after living</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Y2Kb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d6"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>in the aftermath</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>die after living</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi morsi ba'o le nu mi jmive</jbo>
<gloss>I am-dead [perfective] the event-of I live.</gloss>
<natlang>I die in the aftermath of my living.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the (point-)event of my being dead is the portion of my living-process which occurs after the process is complete. Contrast
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Y2Kb"/> with:</para>
@@ -1659,63 +1678,68 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci ba'o le nu mi citka</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the store [perfective] the event-of I eat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>would indicate that I go to the store after I am finished eating.</para>
<para>Here is an example which mixes temporal ZAhO (as a tense) and spatial ZAhO (as a sumti tcita):</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>boat sailed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PABV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d10"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>too long</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>boat sailed</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le bloti pu za'o xelklama fe'e ba'o le lalxu</jbo>
<gloss>The boat [past] [superfective] is-a-transport-mechanism [space] [perfective] the lake.</gloss>
<natlang>The boat sailed for too long and beyond the lake.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Probably it sailed up onto the dock. One point of clarification: although
<oldjbophrase>xelklama</oldjbophrase> appears to mean simply
<quote>is-a-mode-of-transport</quote>, it does not – the bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PABV"/> has four omitted arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as part of its meaning.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on quantified tenses</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantified tenses</primary><secondary>as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval properties</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval properties</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval continuousness</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval continuousness</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on dimension</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dimension</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita based on interval size</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval size</primary><secondary>meaning as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> The remaining tense cmavo, which have to do with interval size, dimension, and continuousness (or lack thereof) are interpreted to let the sumti specify the particular interval over which the main bridi operates:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bLaQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d11"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>twice today</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci reroi le ca djedi</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market [twice] the [present] day.</gloss>
<natlang>I go/went/will go to the market twice today.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>twice today</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense inside sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense inside sumti</secondary></indexterm> Be careful not to confuse a tense used as a sumti tcita with a tense used within a seltcita sumti:</para>
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense inside sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense as sumti tcita</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense as sumti tcita</primary><secondary>contrasted with tense inside sumti</secondary></indexterm> Be careful not to confuse a tense used as a sumti tcita with a tense used within a seltcita sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sTxE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d12"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>snow falls</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi snime cu carvi ze'u le ca dunra</jbo>
<gloss>Some-of-the-mass-of snow rains [long time interval] the [present] winter.</gloss>
<natlang>Snow falls during this winter.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>snow falls</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> claims that the interval specified by
+ <para> claims that the interval specified by
<quote>this winter</quote> is long, as events of snowfall go, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MXvK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi snime cu carvi ca le ze'u dunra</jbo>
<gloss>Some-of-the-mass-of snow rains [present] the [long time] winter.</gloss>
<natlang>Snow falls in the long winter.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1751,39 +1775,42 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the use of
<oldjbophrase>puki</oldjbophrase> rather than just
<valsi>pu</valsi> ensures that the tense will affect the next sentence as well. Otherwise, since the second sentence is tenseless, there would be no way of determining its tense; the event of the second sentence might happen before, after, or simultaneously with that of the first sentence.</para>
<para>(The last statement does not apply when the two sentences form part of a narrative. See
<xref linkend="section-story-time"/> for an explanation of
<quote>story time</quote>, which employs a different set of conventions.)</para>
<para>What if the second sentence has a tense anyway?</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>had earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>effect of sticky tense on</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+<para>
+
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>effect of sticky tense on</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-L9GA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
<valsi>pu</valsi> does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-L9GA"/> is:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-oJQz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>had earlier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</para>
-
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>compound tense</primary><secondary>compared with tense in scope of sticky tense</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense in scope of sticky tense</primary><secondary>compared with compound tense</secondary></indexterm> and it is equivalent in meaning (when considered in isolation from any other sentences) to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5xa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le zarci .i le nanmu pupu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market. The man [past] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1855,24 +1882,24 @@
</example>
<para>What is the implied tense of the second sentence? Not
<oldjbophrase>puba</oldjbophrase>, but only
<valsi>pu</valsi>, since only
<valsi>pu</valsi> was made sticky with
<valsi>ki</valsi>. So the translation is:</para>
<definition>
I was going to go to the market. The man bit the dog.
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti with tense</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>embedded bridi tenses</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense on main bridi</primary><secondary>effect on embedded sumti with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense on main bridi</primary><secondary>effect on embedded bridi tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>on embedded bridi</secondary></indexterm> Lojban has several ways of embedding a bridi within another bridi: descriptions, abstractors, relative clauses. (Technically, descriptions contain selbri rather than bridi.) Any of the selbri of these subordinate bridi may have tenses attached. These tenses are interpreted relative to the tense of the main bridi:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>former market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yxFP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d10"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>former market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le ba'o zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the [perfective] market</gloss>
<natlang>I went to the former market.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The significance of the
<valsi>ba'o</valsi> in
@@ -1911,20 +1938,21 @@
<quote>story</quote> in this section refers to any series of statements related in more-or-less time-sequential order, not just a fictional one.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>tenseless sentences in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenseless sentences in story time</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story time</primary><secondary>as a convention for inferring tense</secondary></indexterm> Lojban speakers use a different set of conventions, commonly called
<quote>story time</quote>, for inferring tense within a story. It is presumed that the event described by each sentence takes place some time more or less after the previous ones. Therefore, tenseless sentences are implicitly tensed as
<quote>what happens next</quote>. In particular, any sticky time setting is advanced by each sentence.</para>
<para>The following mini-story illustrates the important features of story time. A sentence-by-sentence explication follows:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qE94" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e14d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>cave</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>puzuki ku ne'iki le kevna le ninmu goi ko'a zutse le rokci</jbo>
<gloss>[past] [long] [sticky] [,] [inside] [sticky] the cave, the woman defined-as she-1 sat-on the rock</gloss>
<natlang>Long ago, in a cave, a woman sat on a rock.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEa4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -1932,20 +1960,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i ko'a citka loi kanba rectu</jbo>
<gloss>She-1 [tenseless] eat some-of-the-mass-of goat flesh.</gloss>
<natlang>She was eating goat's meat.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEa7" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e14d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>flashbacks in story time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i ko'a pu jukpa ri le mudyfagri</jbo>
<gloss>She [past] cook the-last-mentioned by-method the wood-fire.</gloss>
<natlang>She had cooked the meat over a wood fire.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEao" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e14d4"/>
@@ -1981,40 +2010,46 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeBW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e14d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i ko'e bartu klama</jbo>
<gloss>It-2 out ran</gloss>
<natlang>It ran out.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cave</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story tense</primary><secondary>Lojban convention contrasted with English convention</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>story tense</primary><secondary>Lojban convention contrasted with English convention</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/> sets both the time (long ago) and the place (in a cave) using
<valsi>ki</valsi>, just like the sentence sequences in
<xref linkend="section-sticky-tenses"/>. No further space cmavo are used in the rest of the story, so the place is assumed to remain unchanged. The English translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/> is marked for past tense also, as the conventions of English storytelling require: consequently, all other English translation sentences are also in the past tense. (We don't notice how strange this is; even stories about the future are written in past tense!) This conventional use of past tense is not used in Lojban narratives.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa4"/> is tenseless. Outside story time, it would be assumed that its event happens simultaneously with that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/>, since a sticky tense is in effect; the rules of story time, however, imply that the event occurs afterwards, and that the story time has advanced (changing the sticky time set in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/>).</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa7"/> has an explicit tense. This is taken relative to the latest setting of the sticky time; therefore, the event of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa7"/> happens before that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa4"/>. It cannot be determined if
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa7"/> happens before or after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qE94"/>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>flashbacks in story time</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+
+
+
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEao"/> is again tenseless. Story time was not changed by the flashback in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa7"/>, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEao"/> happens after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEa4"/>.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebJ"/> specifies the future (relative to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEao"/>) and makes it sticky. So all further events happen after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebJ"/>.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qebT"/> and
@@ -2064,24 +2099,24 @@
<quote>went</quote>. But if the tense of the main sentence is the past, with
<quote>said</quote>, then the tense required in the subordinate clause is different. If George goes when John speaks, we get the past tense
<quote>went</quote>; if George goes before John speaks, we get the past-perfect tense
<quote>had gone</quote>.</para>
<para>The rule of English, therefore, is that both the tense of the main sentence and the tense of the subordinate clause are understood relative to the speaker of the main sentence (not John, but the person who speaks
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qECX"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeFQ"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subordinate clause tense</primary><secondary>effect of main bridi tense on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subordinate clause tense</primary><secondary>Lojban compared with Esperanto</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subordinate clause tense</primary><secondary>Lojban compared with Russian</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subordinate clause tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence of tense rules</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English</secondary></indexterm> Lojban, like Russian and Esperanto, uses a different convention. A tense in a subordinate bridi is understood to be relative to the tense already set in the main bridi. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qECX"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeFQ"/> can be expressed in Lojban respectively thus:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>John says that George goes to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qega" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>John says that George goes to market</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. ca cusku le se du'u la djordj. ca klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John [present] says the statement-that George [present] goes-to the market.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeGL" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d6"/>
</title>
@@ -2320,45 +2355,52 @@
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .e le ractu</jbo>
<natlang>Terry strokes the cat and the rabbit.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>stoke cat then rabbit</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Suppose we wish to add a tense relationship to the logical connective
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm>
+ Suppose we wish to add a tense relationship to the logical connective
<quote>and</quote>? To say that Terry strokes the cat and later strokes the rabbit, we can combine a logical connective with a tense connective by placing the logical connective first, then the tense, and then the cmavo
<valsi>bo</valsi>, thus:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEiY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>stroke cat then rabbit</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .ijebabo la teris. satre le ractu</jbo>
<natlang>Terry strokes the cat. And then Terry strokes the rabbit.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEjn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>stroke cat then rabbit</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu gi'ebabo satre le ractu</jbo>
<natlang>Terry strokes the cat, and then strokes the rabbit.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEKa" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d6"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>stroke cat then rabbit</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>and then</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .ebabo le ractu</jbo>
<natlang>Terry strokes the cat and then the rabbit.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected bridi-tails</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tensed logically connected sentences</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEiY"/> through 17.6 are equivalent in meaning. They are also analogous to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qehB"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEIm"/> respectively. The
@@ -2374,41 +2416,43 @@
<oldjbophrase>ke ... ke'e</oldjbophrase> (
<oldjbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</oldjbophrase> for sentences). The logical connective system makes
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeL4"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeLv"/> equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeL4" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>carry sack and dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .ije tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ija mi bevri le mlatu tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack. And (I carry the dog. And/or I carry the cat).</gloss>
<natlang>I carry the sack. And I carry the dog, or I carry the cat, or I carry both.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qELN" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d8"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>carry sack and dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli gi'eke bevri le gerku gi'a bevri le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and (carry the dog and/or carry the cat).</gloss>
<natlang>I carry the sack, and also carry the dog or carry the cat or carry both.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry sack and dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeLv" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d9"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>carry sack and dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .eke le gerku .a le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and (the dog or the cat).</gloss>
<natlang>I carry the sack and also the dog or the cat or both.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the uniformity of the Lojban, as contrasted with the variety of ways in which the English provides for the correct grouping. In all cases, the meaning is that I carry the sack in any case, and either the cat or the dog or both.</para>
<para>To express that I carry the sack first (earlier in time), and then the dog or the cat or both simultaneously, I can insert tenses to form
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qeLV"/> through
@@ -2585,29 +2629,31 @@
<selmaho>CAhA</selmaho>
<description>can and has</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>innate capabilities</primary><secondary>expressing implicitly</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>potential events</primary><secondary>expressing implicitly</secondary></indexterm> Lojban bridi without tense markers may not necessarily refer to actual events: they may also refer to capabilities or potential events. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-HjjN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>ducks swim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro datka cu flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All ducks are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<natlang>All ducks swim by floating.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>ducks swim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>actuality</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implying actuality</secondary></indexterm> is a Lojban truth, even though the colloquial English translation is false or at best ambiguous. This is because the tenseless Lojban bridi doesn't necessarily claim that every duck is swimming or floating now or even at a specific time or place. Even if we add a tense marker to
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>actuality</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implying</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in implying actuality</secondary></indexterm> is a Lojban truth, even though the colloquial English translation is false or at best ambiguous. This is because the tenseless Lojban bridi doesn't necessarily claim that every duck is swimming or floating now or even at a specific time or place. Even if we add a tense marker to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-HjjN"/>,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-o9Yu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro datka ca flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All ducks [present] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<natlang>All ducks are now swimming by floating.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2644,63 +2690,69 @@
<gloss>All ducks [capable] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<natlang>All ducks are innately capable of swimming.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>innate properties</primary><secondary>extension of from mass to individuals</secondary></indexterm> Under some epistemologies, innate capability can be extended in order to apply the innate properties of a mass to which certain individuals belong to the individuals themselves, even if those individuals are themselves not capable of fulfilling the claim of the bridi. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ebcg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>can see</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. ka'e viska</jbo>
<gloss>John [capable] sees.</gloss>
<gloss>John is innately capable of seeing.</gloss>
<natlang>John can see.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>can see</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>innate properties</primary><secondary>extension to individuals not actually capable</secondary></indexterm> might be true about a human being named John, even though he has been blind since birth, because the ability to see is innately built into his nature as a human being. It is theoretically possible that conditions might occur that would enable John to see (a great medical discovery, for example). On the other hand,</para>
+ <para>
+
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>innate properties</primary><secondary>extension to individuals not actually capable</secondary></indexterm> might be true about a human being named John, even though he has been blind since birth, because the ability to see is innately built into his nature as a human being. It is theoretically possible that conditions might occur that would enable John to see (a great medical discovery, for example). On the other hand,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NC6V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cukta ka'e viska</jbo>
<gloss>The book [capable] sees.</gloss>
<natlang>The book can see.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is not true in most epistemologies, since the ability to see is not part of the innate nature of a book.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>undemonstrated potential</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Consider once again the newly hatched ducks mentioned earlier. They have the potential of swimming, but have not yet demonstrated that potential. This may be expressed using
<valsi>nu'o</valsi>, the cmavo of CAhA for undemonstrated potential:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sHpR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>infant ducks</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro cifydatka nu'o flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All infant-ducks [can but has not] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<gloss>All infant ducks have an undemonstrated potential for swimming by floating.</gloss>
<natlang>Baby ducks can swim but haven't yet.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>infant ducks</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrated potential</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Contrariwise, if Frank is not blind from birth, then
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'o</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrated potential</primary><secondary>expressing</secondary></indexterm> Contrariwise, if Frank is not blind from birth, then
<valsi>pu'i</valsi> is appropriate:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VPfM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. pu'i viska</jbo>
<gloss>Frank [can and has] sees.</gloss>
@@ -2743,27 +2795,28 @@
<gloss>Frank [future] [can but has not] goes-to the store.</gloss>
<gloss>Frank could have, but will not have, gone to the store</gloss>
<natlang>(at some understood moment in the future).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses with elided CAhA</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> As always in Lojban tenses, a missing CAhA can have an indeterminate meaning, or the context can be enough to disambiguate it. Saying</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IKGW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d11"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>inflammable</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta jelca</jbo>
<gloss>That burns/is-burning/might-burn/will-burn.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>inflammable</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> with no CAhA specified can translate the two very different English sentences
+ <para> with no CAhA specified can translate the two very different English sentences
<quote>That is on fire</quote> and
<quote>That is inflammable.</quote> The first demands immediate action (usually), whereas the second merely demands caution. The two cases can be disambiguated with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5tur">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ca ca'a jelca</jbo>
@@ -2887,36 +2940,40 @@
<natlang>I breathe from a medium time ago till a long time to come.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(It is to be hoped that I have a long life ahead of me.)</para>
<para>One additional use of non-logical connectives within tenses is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-sub-events"/>. Other uses will probably be identified in future.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sub-events">
<title>Sub-events</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>six-shooter</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>non-logical connection of for sub-events</secondary></indexterm> Another application of non-logical tense connection is to talk about sub-events of events. Consider a six-shooter: a gun which can fire six bullets in succession before reloading. If I fire off the entire magazine twice, I can express the fact in Lojban thus:</para>
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tenses</primary><secondary>non-logical connection of for sub-events</secondary></indexterm> Another application of non-logical tense connection is to talk about sub-events of events. Consider a six-shooter: a gun which can fire six bullets in succession before reloading. If I fire off the entire magazine twice, I can express the fact in Lojban thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9CqG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e21d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>six-shooter</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>on two occasions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi reroi pi'u xaroi cecla le seldanti</jbo>
<gloss>I [twice] [cross-product] [six times] shoot the projectile-launcher.</gloss>
<natlang>On two occasions, I fire the gun six times.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>on two occasions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross product</primary><secondary>with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cartesian product</primary><secondary>with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary><secondary>use in connecting tenses</secondary></indexterm> It would be confusing, though grammatical, to run the
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cross product</primary><secondary>with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Cartesian product</primary><secondary>with tenses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pi'u</primary><secondary>use in connecting tenses</secondary></indexterm> It would be confusing, though grammatical, to run the
<oldjbophrase>reroi</oldjbophrase> and the
<oldjbophrase>xaroi</oldjbophrase> directly together. However, the non-logical connective
<valsi>pi'u</valsi> expresses a Cartesian product (also known as a cross product) of two sets. In this case, there is a set of two firings each of which is represented by a set of six shots, for twelve shots in all (hence the name
<quote>product</quote>: the product of 2 and 6 is 12). Its use specifies very precisely what occurs.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event contours</primary><secondary>strings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>interval properties</primary><secondary>strings of</secondary></indexterm> In fact, you can specify strings of interval properties and event contours within a single tense without the use of a logical or non-logical connective cmavo. This allows tenses of the type:</para>
@@ -2976,38 +3033,41 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu se klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>The market is-gone-to by-me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai with tense</primary><secondary>as equivalent of SE in grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>accessing tense of bridi with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>accessing tense of bridi with jai</secondary></indexterm> It is also possible to bring a place that is specified by a sumti tcita (for the purposes of this chapter, a tense sumti tcita) to the front, by using
<valsi>jai</valsi> plus the tense as the grammatical equivalent of SE:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEvD" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rat eats cheese in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu cu citka le cirla vi le panka</jbo>
<gloss>The rat eats the cheese [short distance] the park.</gloss>
<natlang>The rat eats the cheese in the park.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEWB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>rat eats cheese in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le panka cu jai vi citka le cirla fai le ratcu</jbo>
<gloss>The park is-the-place-of eating the cheese by-the rat.</gloss>
<natlang>The park is where the rat eats the cheese.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>rat eats cheese in park</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>accessing original first place with fai</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fai</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>accessing original first place with fai</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qEWB"/>, the construction JAI+tense converts the location sumti into the first place. The previous first place has nowhere to go, since the location sumti is not a numbered place; however, it can be inserted back into the bridi with
<valsi>fai</valsi>, the indefinite member of selma'o FA.</para>
<para>(The other members of FA are used to mark the first, second, etc. places of a bridi explicitly:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YS3i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fa mi cu klama fe le zarci</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3027,25 +3087,24 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu klama le zarci</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>in which the place structure is determined by position.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>use in sumti descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Like SE conversion, JAI+tense conversion is especially useful in descriptions with LE selma'o:</para>
-
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>place of eating</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-esDa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e22d8"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>place of eating</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le jai vi citka be le cirla</jbo>
<gloss>I saw the place-of eating the cheese.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the eater of the cheese is elided, so no
<valsi>fai</valsi> appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense conversion</primary><secondary>of temporal tenses</secondary></indexterm> Of course, temporal tenses are also usable with JAI:</para>
@@ -3219,52 +3278,60 @@
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ma</primary><secondary>for tense questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions with ma</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions</primary><secondary>methods of asking</secondary></indexterm> There are two main ways to ask questions about tense. The main English tense question words are
<quote>When?</quote> and
<quote>Where?</quote>. These may be paraphrased respectively as
<quote>At what time?</quote> and
<quote>At what place?</quote> In these forms, their Lojban equivalents simply involve a tense plus
<valsi>ma</valsi>, the Lojban sumti question:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEwW" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>when</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama le zdani ca ma</jbo>
<gloss>You go-to the house [present] [what sumti?].</gloss>
<gloss>You go to the house at what time?</gloss>
<natlang>When do you go to the house?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qEX2" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>where</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba vi ma pu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [short space] [what sumti?] [past] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<gloss>The child at/near what place walked on the ice?</gloss>
<natlang>Where did the child walk on the ice?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>where</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense question</primary><secondary>with cu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>with cu'e</secondary></indexterm> There is also a non-specific tense and modal question,
+ <para>
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense question</primary><secondary>with cu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>with cu'e</secondary></indexterm> There is also a non-specific tense and modal question,
<valsi>cu'e</valsi>, belonging to selma'o CUhE. This can be used wherever a tense or modal construct can be used.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4dAJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>when/where/how</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu'e batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [what tense?] bites the dog.</gloss>
<natlang>When/Where/How does the man bite the dog?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when/where/how</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>to tense-or-modal questions</secondary></indexterm> Possible answers to
+ <para>
+
+
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>to tense-or-modal questions</secondary></indexterm> Possible answers to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4dAJ"/> might be:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qeya" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>va</jbo>
<gloss>[medium space].</gloss>
<natlang>Some ways from here.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3305,24 +3372,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seka'a le briju</jbo>
<gloss>With-destination the office.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal-or-tense questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense-or-modal questions</primary><secondary>pre-specifying some information</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu'e</primary><secondary>combining with other tense cmavo</secondary></indexterm> The only way to combine
<valsi>cu'e</valsi> with other tense cmavo is through logical connection, which makes a question that pre-specifies some information:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>when else</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>sowed grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QTts">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d9"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>when else</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>sowed grain</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do puzi je cu'e sombo le gurni</jbo>
<gloss>You [past] [short] and [when?] sow the grain?</gloss>
<natlang>You sowed the grain a little while ago; when else do you sow it?</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Additionally, the logical connective itself can be replaced by a question word:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense questions</primary><secondary>by using logical connective question</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
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