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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Thu Jan 27 23:21:04 EST 2011
commit a15c4a3d2354af1064458a594b3198165a734ecc
Merge: 3c737a4 156c013
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Jan 27 19:05:20 2011 -0800
Merge commit '156c013' into gh-pages
commit 3c737a466698f9a7ba16849bed1ce915057766b0
Merge: f2837ba 8b04645
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Thu Jan 27 18:37:07 2011 -0800
Merge commit '8b04645e9c4ffc0ab190585a699cc5be76821733' into gh-pages
commit 156c013f83826628ad61dc5752ced0092989ab52
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 2 12:37:30 2011 -0500
Literally just fixing the indentation in chapter 5.
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 32090fc..13fd263 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -272,21 +272,21 @@
<xref linkend="section-simple-tanru"/>. We understand that
<quote>girls' school</quote> means
<quote>a school where girls are the students</quote>, and not
<quote>a school where girls are the teachers</quote> or
<quote>a school which is a girl</quote> (!). Likewise, we understand that
<quote>little girl</quote> means
<quote>girl who is small</quote>. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is
<quote>girls' school</quote> to be taken as a unit, with
<quote>little</quote> specifying the type of girls' school? Or is
<quote>little girl</quote> to be taken as a unit, specifying the type of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or
- exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>
+ exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>
<para> Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> (which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5UBW"/> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nwuU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
@@ -311,21 +311,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh"/> reveals a tanru nested within a tanru. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/>, the main tanru has a seltau of
<jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> and a tertau of
<jbophrase>nixli bo ckule</jbophrase>; the tertau is itself a tanru with
<jbophrase>nixli</jbophrase> as the seltau and
<jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase> as the tertau. In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jquh"/>, on the other hand, the seltau is
<jbophrase>cmalu bo nixli</jbophrase> (itself a tanru), whereas the tertau is
<jbophrase>ckule</jbophrase>.
- This structure of tanru nested within tanru forms the basis for all the more complex types of selbri that will be explained below.</para>
+ This structure of tanru nested within tanru forms the basis for all the more complex types of selbri that will be explained below.</para>
<para>What about
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9FPm"/>? What does it mean?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9FPm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-small girl school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -563,25 +563,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of school ).</gloss>
<en>That is a beautiful school for small girls.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-tz0L"/> is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
- <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-tz0L"/> is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
<jbophrase>cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke and bo</secondary></indexterm>
- It is perfectly all right to mix
+ It is perfectly all right to mix
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> in a single selbri. For instance,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qjop"/>, which in pure
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> form is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uBS4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e] [ke'e]</jbo>
@@ -1001,21 +1001,21 @@
<jbophrase>mamta</jbophrase>. What about more complex selbri?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>place structures of</secondary></indexterm> For tanru, the place structure rule is simple: the place structure of a tanru is always the place structure of its tertau. Thus, the place structure of
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> is that of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>: the x1 place is a house or nest, and the x2 place is its occupants.</para>
<para>What about the places of
<jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase>? Is there any way to get them into the act? In fact,
<jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> has only one place, and this is merged, as it were, with the x1 place of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>. It is whatever is in the x1 place that is being characterized as blue-for-a-house. But if we replace
<jbophrase>blanu</jbophrase> with
<jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase>, we get:</para>
-<para> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tffW">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>good house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good house.</gloss>
<en>This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house.</en>
@@ -1319,21 +1319,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-girl type-of school) of-type little.</gloss>
<en>That's a girls' school which is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>effect of tanru inversion on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru inversion</primary><secondary>effect on tanru grouping</secondary></indexterm>
- Note that the
+ Note that the
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nwuU"/> is optional in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7uS2"/>, because
<jbophrase>co</jbophrase> groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tanru, including none at all. Not even
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> parentheses can encompass a
<jbophrase>co</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y501">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d6"/>
</title>
@@ -1930,21 +1930,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since only
<jbophrase>pamoi</jbophrase> is negated, an appropriate inference is that he is some other kind of speaker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation</primary><secondary>complex examples</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>complex negation</primary><secondary>examples</secondary></indexterm> Here is an assortment of more complex examples showing the interaction of scalar negation with
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> grouping,
<jbophrase>ke</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ke'e</jbophrase> grouping, logical connection, and sumti linked with
<jbophrase>be</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bei</jbophrase>:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with na'e ke</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>na'e</primary><secondary>contrasted with na'e ke</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-I1Rd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (non-quickly) ( walking using the arms) ) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, walking using my arms other than quickly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2236,385 +2236,385 @@
</variablelist>
<para>Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of that group.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The tanru discussed in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,
<jbophrase>junla dadysli</jbophrase>, or
<quote>clock pendulum</quote>, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock, whereas
<jbophrase>dadysli junla</jbophrase>, or
<quote>pendulum clock</quote>, is the kind of clock that employs a pendulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-of-action + action</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the object of that action:</para>
-<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>pinsi nunkilbra</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>pencil sharpener</entry>
- <entry>Hun</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zgike nunctu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>music instruction</entry>
- <entry>Hun</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>mirli nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>deer hunting</entry>
- <entry>Hun</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>finpe nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>fish hunting</entry>
- <entry>Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba</entry>
- <entry>fishing</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>smacu terkavbu</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>mousetrap</entry>
- <entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zdani turni</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>house ruler</entry>
- <entry>Kar</entry>
- <entry>host</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>zerle'a nunte'a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>thief fear</entry>
- <entry>Skt</entry>
- <entry>fear of thieves</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>cevni zekri</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>god crime</entry>
- <entry>Skt</entry>
- <entry>offense against the gods</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
-</informaltable>
-<variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunkilbra</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>sharpness-apparatus</para></listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunctu</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>event-of-teaching</para></listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunkalte</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>event-of-hunting</para></listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>terkavbu</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>trap</para></listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>zerle'a</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>crime-taker</para></listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><jbophrase>nunte'a</jbophrase></term>
- <listitem><para>event-of-fearing</para></listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-</variablelist>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>elements-in-set + set</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained in that set:</para>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="4">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pinsi nunkilbra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>pencil sharpener</entry>
+ <entry>Hun</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zgike nunctu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>music instruction</entry>
+ <entry>Hun</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mirli nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>deer hunting</entry>
+ <entry>Hun</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>finpe nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>fish hunting</entry>
+ <entry>Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba</entry>
+ <entry>fishing</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>smacu terkavbu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>mousetrap</entry>
+ <entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zdani turni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>house ruler</entry>
+ <entry>Kar</entry>
+ <entry>host</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zerle'a nunte'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>thief fear</entry>
+ <entry>Skt</entry>
+ <entry>fear of thieves</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cevni zekri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>god crime</entry>
+ <entry>Skt</entry>
+ <entry>offense against the gods</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunkilbra</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>sharpness-apparatus</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunctu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>event-of-teaching</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunkalte</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>event-of-hunting</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>terkavbu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>trap</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>zerle'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>crime-taker</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunte'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>event-of-fearing</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>elements-in-set + set</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained in that set:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zdani lijgri house row
selci lamgri cell block
karda mulgri card pack (Swe)
rokci derxi stone heap (Swe)
tadni girzu student group (Hun)
remna girzu human-being group (Qab = group of people)
cpumi'i lijgri tractor column (Qab)
cevni jenmi god army (Skt)
cevni prenu god folk (Skt)
- lijgri = line-group
- lamgri = adjacent-group
- mulgri = complete-group
- cpumi'i = pull-machine
-</programlisting>
+ lijgri = line-group
+ lamgri = adjacent-group
+ mulgri = complete-group
+ cpumi'i = pull-machine
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>set + element-of-set</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the tertau is an element, and the seltau represents a set in which that element is contained. Implicitly, the meaning of the tertau is restricted from its usual general meaning to the specific meaning appropriate for elements in the given set. Note the opposition between
<jbophrase>zdani linji</jbophrase> in the previous group, and
<jbophrase>linji zdani</jbophrase> in this one, which shows why this kind of tanru is called
<quote>asymmetrical</quote>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
carvi dirgo raindrop (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
linji zdani row house
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object + component/detail</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies an object and the tertau a component or detail of that object; the tanru as a whole refers to the detail, specifying that it is a detail of that whole and not some other.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
junla dadysli clock pendulum (Hun)
purdi vorme garden door (Qab)
purdi bitmu garden wall (Que)
moklu skapi mouth skin (Imb = lips)
nazbi kevna nose hole (Imb = nostril)
karce xislu automobile wheel (Chi)
jipci pimlu chicken feather (Chi)
vinji rebla airplane tail (Chi)
- dadysli = hang-oscillator
-</programlisting>
+ dadysli = hang-oscillator
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>characteristic/detail + object</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the seltau specifies a characteristic or important detail of the object described by the tertau; objects described by the tanru as a whole are differentiated from other similar objects by this detail.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pixra cukta picture book
kerfa silka hair silk (Kar = velvet)
plise tapla apple cake (Tur)
dadysli junla pendulum clock (Hun)
- dadysli = hang-oscillator
-</programlisting>
+ dadysli = hang-oscillator
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>general-class + sub-class</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a general class of object (a genus), and the seltau specifies a sub-class of that class (a species):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ckunu tricu pine tree (Hun,Tur,Hop)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>possessor + object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object of possession, and the seltau may specify the possessor (the possession may be intrinsic or otherwise). In English, these compounds have an explicit possessive element in them:
<quote>lion's mane</quote>,
<quote>child's foot</quote>,
<quote>noble's cow</quote>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
cinfo kerfa lion mane (Kor,Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab)
verba jamfu child foot (Swe)
nixli tuple girl leg (Swe)
cinfo jamfu lion foot (Que)
danlu skapi animal skin (Ewe)
ralju zdani chief house (Ewe)
jmive munje living world (Skt)
nobli bakni noble cow (Skt)
nolraitru ralju king chief (Skt = emperor)
- nolraitru = nobly-superlative-ruler
-</programlisting>
+ nolraitru = nobly-superlative-ruler
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>inhabitant + habitat</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a habitat, and the seltau specifies the inhabitant:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lanzu tumla family land
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>effect + causative agent</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a causative agent, and the seltau specifies the effect of that cause:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
kalselvi'i gapci tear gas (Hun)
terbi'a jurme disease germ (Tur)
fenki litki crazy liquid (Hop = whisky)
pinca litki urine liquid (Hop = beer)
- kalselvi'i = eye-excreted-thing
- terbi'a = disease
-</programlisting>
+ kalselvi'i = eye-excreted-thing
+ terbi'a = disease
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>cause + effect</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the tertau specifies an effect, and the seltau specifies its cause.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
djacu barna water mark (Chi)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>purpose-of-instrument + instrument</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an instrument, and the seltau specifies the purpose of that instrument:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
taxfu dadgreku garment rack (Chi)
tergu'i ti'otci lamp shade (Chi)
xirma zdani horse house (Chi = stall)
nuzba tanbo news board (Chi = bulletin board)
dadgreku = hang-frame
tergu'i = source of illumination
ti'otci = shadow-tool
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-of-purpose-of-instrument + instrument</secondary></indexterm> More vaguely: the tertau specifies an instrument, and the seltau specifies the object of the purpose for which that instrument is used:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
cpina rokci pepper stone (Que = stone for grinding pepper)
jamfu djacu foot water (Skt = water for washing the feet)
grana mudri post wood (Skt = wood for making a post)
moklu djacu mouth water (Hun = water for washing the mouth)
lanme gerku sheep dog (dog for working sheep)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>source + product</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a product from some source, and the seltau specifies the source of the product:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
moklu djacu mouth water (Aba,Qab = saliva)
ractu mapku rabbit hat (Rus)
jipci sovda chicken egg (Chi)
sikcurnu silka silkworm silk (Chi)
mlatu kalci cat feces (Chi)
bifce lakse bee wax (Chi = beeswax)
cribe rectu bear meat (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
solxrula grasu sunflower oil (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
bifce jisra bee juice (Hop = honey)
tatru litki breast liquid (Hop = milk)
kanla djacu eye water (Kor = tear)
- sikcurnu = silk-worm
- solxrula = solar-flower
-</programlisting>
+ sikcurnu = silk-worm
+ solxrula = solar-flower
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>product + source</secondary></indexterm> Conversely: the tertau specifies the source of a product, and the seltau specifies the product:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
silna jinto salt well (Chi)
kolme terkakpa coal mine (Chi)
ctile jinto oil well (Chi)
- terkakpa = source of digging
-</programlisting>
+ terkakpa = source of digging
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>source-material + object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object, and the seltau specifies the material from which the object is made. This case is especially interesting, because the referent of the tertau may normally be made from just one kind of material, which is then overridden in the tanru.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
rokci cinfo stone lion
snime nanmu snow man (Hun)
kliti cipni clay bird
blaci kanla glass eye (Hun)
blaci kanla glass eye (Que = spectacles)
solji sicni gold coin (Tur)
solji junla gold watch (Tur,Kor,Hun)
solji djine gold ring (Udm,Aba,Que)
rokci zdani stone house (Imb)
mudri zdani wood house (Ewe = wooden house)
rokci bitmu stone wall (Ewe)
solji carce gold chariot (Skt)
mudri xarci wood weapon (Skt = wooden weapon)
cmaro'i dargu pebble road (Chi)
sudysrasu cutci straw shoe (Chi)
- cmaro'i = small-rock
- sudysrasu = dry-grass
-</programlisting>
+ cmaro'i = small-rock
+ sudysrasu = dry-grass
+ </programlisting>
<para>Note: the two senses of
<jbophrase>blaci kanla</jbophrase> can be discriminated as:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
blaci kanla bo tarmi glass (eye shape) = glass eye
blaci kanla bo sidju glass (eye helper) = spectacles
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-measured + standard-object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a typical object used to measure a quantity and the seltau specifies something measured. The tanru as a whole refers to a given quantity of the thing being measured. English does not have compounds of this form, as a rule.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tumla spisa land piece (Tur = piece of land)
tcati kabri tea cup (Kor,Aba = cup of tea)
nanba spisa bread piece (Kor = piece of bread)
bukpu spisa cloth piece (Udm,Aba = piece of cloth)
djacu calkyguzme water calabash (Ewe = calabash of water)
- calkyguzme = shell-fruit, calabash
-</programlisting>
+ calkyguzme = shell-fruit, calabash
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>overriding-property + object-with-implicit-properties</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object with certain implicit properties, and the seltau overrides one of those implicit properties:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
kensa bloti spaceship
bakni verba cattle child (Ewe = calf)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>whole + part</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies a whole, and the tertau specifies a part which normally is associated with a different whole. The tanru then refers to a part of the seltau which stands in the same relationship to the whole seltau as the tertau stands to its typical whole.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
kosta degji coat finger (Hun = coat sleeve)
denci genja tooth root (Imb)
tricu stedu tree head (Imb = treetop)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>product + producer</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies the producer of a certain product, and the seltau specifies the product. In this way, the tanru as a whole distinguishes its referents from other referents of the tertau which do not produce the product.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
silka curnu silkworm (Tur,Hun,Aba)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-giving-characteristic + other-object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an object, and the seltau specifies another object which has a characteristic property. The tanru as a whole refers to those referents of the tertau which possess the property.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- sonci manti soldier ant
- ninmu bakni woman cattle (Imb = cow)
- mamta degji mother finger (Imb = thumb)
- cifnu degji baby finger (Imb = pinky)
- pacraistu zdani hell house (Skt)
- fagri dapma fire curse (Skt = curse destructive as fire)
+ sonci manti soldier ant
+ ninmu bakni woman cattle (Imb = cow)
+ mamta degji mother finger (Imb = thumb)
+ cifnu degji baby finger (Imb = pinky)
+ pacraistu zdani hell house (Skt)
+ fagri dapma fire curse (Skt = curse destructive as fire)
- pacraistu = evil-superlative-site
-</programlisting>
+ pacraistu = evil-superlative-site
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>similar-appearance-object + object</secondary></indexterm> As a particular case (when the property is that of resemblance): the seltau specifies an object which the referent of the tanru resembles.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
grutrceraso jbama cherry bomb
solji kerfa gold hair (Hun = golden hair)
kanla djacu eye water (Kar = spring)
bakni rokci bull stone (Mon = boulder)
- grutrceraso = fu'ivla for
-<quote>cherry</quote> based on Linnean name
-</programlisting>
+ grutrceraso = fu'ivla for
+ <quote>cherry</quote> based on Linnean name
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>typical-place + object</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies a place, and the tertau an object characteristically located in or at that place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ckana boxfo bed sheet (Chi)
mrostu mojysu'a tomb monument (Chi = tombstone)
jubme tergusni table lamp (Chi)
foldi smacu field mouse (Chi)
briju ci'ajbu office desk (Chi)
rirxe xirma river horse (Chi = hippopotamus)
xamsi gerku sea dog (Chi = seal)
cagyce'u zdani village house (Skt)
- mrostu = dead-site
- mojysu'a = remember-structure
- ci'ajbu = write-table
- cagyce'u = farm-community
-</programlisting>
+ mrostu = dead-site
+ mojysu'a = remember-structure
+ ci'ajbu = write-table
+ cagyce'u = farm-community
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object + place-sold</secondary></indexterm> Specifically: the tertau is a place where the seltau is sold or made available to the public.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
cidja barja food bar (Chi = restaurant)
cukta barja book bar (Chi = library)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>locus-of-application + object</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies the locus of application of the tertau.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
kanla velmikce eye medicine (Chi)
jgalu grasu nail oil (Chi = nail polish)
denci pesxu tooth paste (Chi)
- velmikce = treatment used by doctor
-</programlisting>
+ velmikce = treatment used by doctor
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>activity + implement-used</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies an implement used in the activity denoted by the seltau.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
me la pinpan. bolci Ping-Pong ball (Chi)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>undesired-object + protection-object</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a protective device against the undesirable features of the referent of the seltau.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
carvi mapku rain cap (Chi)
carvi taxfu rain garment (Chi = raincoat)
vindu firgai poison mask (Chi = gas mask)
- firgai = face-cover
-</programlisting>
+ firgai = face-cover
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object + usual-container</secondary></indexterm> The tertau specifies a container characteristically used to hold the referent of the seltau.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
cukta vasru book vessel (Chi = satchel)
vanju kabri wine cup (Chi)
spatrkoka lanka coca basket (Que)
rismi dakli rice bag (Ewe,Chi)
tcati kabri tea cup (Chi)
ladru botpi milk bottle (Chi)
rismi patxu rice pot (Chi)
festi lante trash can (Chi)
bifce zdani bee house (Kor = beehive)
cladakyxa'i zdani sword house (Kor = sheath)
manti zdani ant nest (Gua = anthill)
- spatrkoka = fu'ivla for
-<quote>coca</quote>
- cladakyxa'i = (long-knife)-weapon
-</programlisting>
+ spatrkoka = fu'ivla for
+ <quote>coca</quote>
+ cladakyxa'i = (long-knife)-weapon
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>characteristic-time + event</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies the characteristic time of the event specified by the tertau.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
vensa djedi spring day (Chi)
crisa citsi summer season (Chi)
cerni bumru morning fog (Chi)
critu lunra autumn moon (Chi)
dunra nicte winter night (Chi)
nicte ckule night school (Chi)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>energy-source + powered</secondary></indexterm> The seltau specifies a source of energy for the referent of the tertau.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
dikca tergusni electric lamp (Chi)
ratni nejni atom energy (Chi)
brife molki windmill (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
- tergusni = illumination-source
-</programlisting>
+ tergusni = illumination-source
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>miscellaneous</secondary></indexterm> Finally, some tanru which don't fall into any of the above categories.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ladru denci milk tooth (Tur,Hun,Udm,Qab)
kanla denci eye tooth
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para>It is clear that
<quote>tooth</quote> is being specified, and that
<quote>milk</quote> and
<quote>eye</quote> act as modifiers. However, the relationship between
<jbophrase>ladru</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>denci</jbophrase> is something like
<quote>tooth which one has when one is drinking milk from one's mother</quote>, a relationship certainly present nowhere except in this particular concept. As for
<jbophrase>kanla denci</jbophrase>, the relationship is not only not present on the surface, it is hardly possible to formulate it at all.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-symmetric-tanru">
@@ -2636,65 +2636,65 @@
solji sicni gold coin (Tur)
solji junla gold watch (Tur,Kor,Hun)
solji djine gold ring (Udm,Aba,Que)
rokci zdani stone house (Imb)
mudri zdani wooden house (Ewe)
rokci bitmu stone wall (Ewe)
solji carce gold chariot (Skt)
mudri xarci wooden weapon (Skt)
zdani tcadu home town (Chi)
- cipnrstrigi = fu'ivla for
-<quote>owl</quote> based on Linnean name
- pacru'i = evil-spirit
- tolvri = opposite-of-brave
-</programlisting>
+ cipnrstrigi = fu'ivla for
+ <quote>owl</quote> based on Linnean name
+ pacru'i = evil-spirit
+ tolvri = opposite-of-brave
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>one or other true</secondary></indexterm> The tanru may refer to all things which are specified by either of the tanru components. The connective
<jbophrase>ja</jbophrase> is appropriate:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
nunji'a nunterji'a victory defeat (Skt = victory or defeat)
donri nicte day night (Skt = day and night)
lunra tarci moon stars (Skt = moon and stars)
patfu mamta father mother (Imb,Kaz,Chi = parents)
tuple birka leg arm (Kaz = extremity)
nuncti nunpinxe eating drinking (Udm = cuisine)
bersa tixnu son daughter (Chi = children)
- nunji'a = event-of-winning
- nunterji'a = event-of-losing
- nuncti = event-of-eating
- nunpinxe = event-of-drinking
-</programlisting>
+ nunji'a = event-of-winning
+ nunterji'a = event-of-losing
+ nuncti = event-of-eating
+ nunpinxe = event-of-drinking
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>using more inclusive class</secondary></indexterm> Alternatively, the tanru may refer to things which are specified by either of the tanru components or by some more inclusive class of things which the components typify:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
curnu jalra worm beetle (Mon = insect)
jalra curnu beetle worm (Mon = insect)
kabri palta cup plate (Kaz = crockery)
jipci gunse hen goose (Qab = housefowl)
xrula tricu flower tree (Chi = vegetation)
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>using crucial/typical parts</secondary></indexterm> The tanru components specify crucial or typical parts of the referent of the tanru as a whole:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tumla vacri land air (Fin = world)
moklu stedu mouth head (Aba = face)
sudysrasu cunmi hay millet (Qab = agriculture)
gugde ciste state system (Mon = politics)
prenu so'imei people multitude (Mon = masses)
djacu dertu water earth (Chi = climate)
- sudysrasu = dry-grass
- so'imei = manysome
+ sudysrasu = dry-grass
+ so'imei = manysome
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pretty-school-groupings">
<title>
<quote>Pretty little girls' school</quote>: forty ways to say it</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pretty little girls' school</primary><secondary>forty ways</secondary></indexterm> The following examples show every possible grouping arrangement of
<jbophrase>melbi cmalu nixli ckule</jbophrase> using
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> for grouping and
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase glossary="false">jebo</jbophrase> for logical connection. Most of these are definitely not plausible interpretations of the English phrase
commit 8b04645e9c4ffc0ab190585a699cc5be76821733
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Jan 2 02:15:34 2011 -0500
Fixed some <programlisting>s in chapter 5, put some FIXMEs.
The FIXMEs are regarding how to set certain definitions apart from the
text.
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 2b994f4..32090fc 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -597,33 +597,47 @@
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli bo ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-pretty type-of ( little type-of ( girl type-of school ) ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and in many other different forms as well.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-logical-connection">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- je JA tanru logical
-<quote>and</quote>
- ja JA tanru logical
-<quote>or</quote>
- joi JOI mixed mass
-<quote>and</quote>
- gu'e GUhA tanru forethought logical
-<quote>and</quote>
- gi GI forethought connection separator
-
-
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>je</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>JA</selmaho>
+ <description>tanru logical <quote>and</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ja</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>JA</selmaho>
+ <description>tanru logical <quote>or</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>joi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>JOI</selmaho>
+ <description>mixed mass <quote>and</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>gu'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GUhA</selmaho>
+ <description>tanru forethought logical <quote>and</quote></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>gi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GI</selmaho>
+ <description>forethought connection separator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> Consider the English phrase
<quote>big red dog</quote>. How shall this be rendered as a Lojban tanru? The naive attempt:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-riAq">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>big red dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>barda xunre gerku</jbo>
@@ -1497,33 +1511,31 @@
<jbo>la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci</jbo>
<en>John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the whole bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2UvG"/> has been packaged up into the single word
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and inserted into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EvoD"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>as an exception within GOhA selma'o</secondary></indexterm> The exceptional member of GOhA is
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...
-</programlisting>
+ <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? -->
+ <para>x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...</para>
<para>for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOhA is available in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>containing mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions in tanru</primary></indexterm> Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as
<jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>plus</quote>, can be transformed into selbri by prefixing them with
<jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.
-</programlisting>
+ <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? -->
+ <para>x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.</para>
<para>for as many arguments as are required. (The result goes in the x1 place because the number of following places may be indefinite.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pp6j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo nu'a su'i li re li re</jbo>
<en>The-number 4 is-the-sum-of the-number 2 and-the-number 2.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1590,35 +1602,39 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti zdile kumfa</jbo>
<en>This is-an-amuser room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which suggests the meaning
<quote>a room that amuses someone</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-me-selbri">
- <title>selbri based on sumti:
- <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></title>
+ <title>selbri based on sumti: <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- me ME changes sumti to simple selbri
- me'u MEhU terminator for
-<jbophrase>me</jbophrase>
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>me</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>ME</selmaho>
+ <description>changes sumti to simple selbri</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
+ <description>terminator for <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri from sumti</primary></indexterm> A sumti can be made into a simple selbri by preceding it with
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is one of the referents of
-<quote>[the sumti]</quote>
-</programlisting>
+ <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? -->
+ <para>x1 is one of the referents of <quote>[the sumti]</quote></para>
<para>which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6QW">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>the three noblest-governors</gloss>
<en>the three kings</en>
@@ -2129,60 +2145,192 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation cmavo</primary><secondary>position relative to selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>position relative to selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tense cmavo</primary><secondary>position relative to selbri</secondary></indexterm> Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear only at the beginning of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-asymmetric-tanru">
<title>Some types of asymmetrical tanru</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>asymmetrical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary></indexterm> This section and
<xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru"/> contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>languages</primary><secondary>abbreviations for</secondary></indexterm> Here are the 3-letter abbreviations used for the various languages (it is presumed to be obvious whether a compound is found in English or not, so English is not explicitly noted):</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- Aba = Abazin Kaz = Kazakh
- Chi = Chinese Kor = Korean
-
- Ewe = Ewe Mon = Mongolian
- Fin = Finnish Qab = Qabardian
- Geo = Georgian Que = Quechua
- Gua = Guarani Rus = Russian
- Hop = Hopi Skt = Sanskrit
- Hun = Hungarian Swe = Swedish
- Imb = Imbabura Quechua Tur = Turkish
- Kar = Karaitic Udm = Udmurt
-</programlisting>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Aba</term>
+ <listitem><para>Abazin</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Chi</term>
+ <listitem><para>Chinese</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Ewe</term>
+ <listitem><para>Ewe</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Fin</term>
+ <listitem><para>Finnish</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Geo</term>
+ <listitem><para>Georgian</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Gua</term>
+ <listitem><para>Guarani</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Hop</term>
+ <listitem><para>Hopi</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Hun</term>
+ <listitem><para>Hungarian</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Imb</term>
+ <listitem><para>Imbabura Quechua</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Kar</term>
+ <listitem><para>Karaitpic</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Kaz</term>
+ <listitem><para>Kazakh</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Kor</term>
+ <listitem><para>Korean</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Mon</term>
+ <listitem><para>Mongolian</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Qab</term>
+ <listitem><para>Qabardian</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Que</term>
+ <listitem><para>Quechua</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Rus</term>
+ <listitem><para>Russian</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Skt</term>
+ <listitem><para>Sanskrit</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Swe</term>
+ <listitem><para>Swedish</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Tur</term>
+ <listitem><para>Turkish</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Udm</term>
+ <listitem><para>Udmurt</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para>Any lujvo or fu'ivla used in a group are glossed at the end of that group.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The tanru discussed in this section are asymmetrical tanru; that is, ones in which the order of the terms is fundamental to the meaning of the tanru. For example,
<jbophrase>junla dadysli</jbophrase>, or
<quote>clock pendulum</quote>, is the kind of pendulum used in a clock, whereas
<jbophrase>dadysli junla</jbophrase>, or
<quote>pendulum clock</quote>, is the kind of clock that employs a pendulum. Most tanru are asymmetrical in this sense. Symmetrical tanru are discussed in
<xref linkend="section-symmetric-tanru"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>object-of-action + action</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents an action, and the seltau then represents the object of that action:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- pinsi nunkilbra pencil sharpener (Hun)
- zgike nunctu music instruction (Hun)
- mirli nunkalte deer hunting (Hun)
- finpe nunkalte fish hunting (Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba = fishing)
- smacu terkavbu mousetrap (Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba)
- zdani turni house ruler (Kar = host)
- zerle'a nunte'a thief fear (Skt = fear of thieves)
- cevni zekri god crime (Skt = offense against the gods)
-
- nunkilbra = sharpness-apparatus
- nunctu = event-of-teaching
- nunkalte = event-of-hunting
- terkavbu = trap
- zerle'a = crime-taker
- nunte'a = event-of-fearing
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>elements-in-set + set</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained in that set:</para>
+<informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="4">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pinsi nunkilbra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>pencil sharpener</entry>
+ <entry>Hun</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zgike nunctu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>music instruction</entry>
+ <entry>Hun</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mirli nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>deer hunting</entry>
+ <entry>Hun</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>finpe nunkalte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>fish hunting</entry>
+ <entry>Tur,Kor,Udm,Aba</entry>
+ <entry>fishing</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>smacu terkavbu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>mousetrap</entry>
+ <entry>Tur,Kor,Hun,Udm,Aba</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zdani turni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>house ruler</entry>
+ <entry>Kar</entry>
+ <entry>host</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zerle'a nunte'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>thief fear</entry>
+ <entry>Skt</entry>
+ <entry>fear of thieves</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cevni zekri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>god crime</entry>
+ <entry>Skt</entry>
+ <entry>offense against the gods</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+</informaltable>
+<variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunkilbra</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>sharpness-apparatus</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunctu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>event-of-teaching</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunkalte</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>event-of-hunting</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>terkavbu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>trap</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>zerle'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>crime-taker</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nunte'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>event-of-fearing</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+</variablelist>
+<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>asymmetrical tanru types</primary><secondary>elements-in-set + set</secondary></indexterm> The tertau represents a set, and the seltau the type of the elements contained in that set:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zdani lijgri house row
selci lamgri cell block
karda mulgri card pack (Swe)
rokci derxi stone heap (Swe)
tadni girzu student group (Hun)
remna girzu human-being group (Qab = group of people)
cpumi'i lijgri tractor column (Qab)
cevni jenmi god army (Skt)
cevni prenu god folk (Skt)
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