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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Jan 30 01:21:01 EST 2011
commit 66257b0fb4cdda36d94cae4cd61b3f26d65a756a
Merge: e0d8a89 5f299f4
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sat Jan 29 19:11:34 2011 -0800
Merge commit '5f299f484ae7aa35f01032105c9efaec93ecdad2' into gh-pages
commit 5f299f484ae7aa35f01032105c9efaec93ecdad2
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Wed Jan 5 17:15:50 2011 -0500
Chapter 6: examples tags, math, jbophrases, one cmavo list.
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 7c1a208..a624cc2 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -148,41 +148,39 @@
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> conveys something which might be found in the x1 place of
<jbophrase>zarci</jbophrase>, namely a market.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>and truth of selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>and specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The specific purpose of
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> is twofold. First, it indicates that the speaker has one or more specific markets in mind (whether or not the listener knows which ones they are). Second, it also indicates that the speaker is merely describing the things he or she has in mind as markets, without being committed to the truth of that description.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ULGC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu barda</jbo>
- <gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as
- <quote>markets</quote> is/are-big.</gloss>
- <gloss>The market is big.</gloss>
+ <gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>markets</quote> is/are-big.</gloss>
+ <en>The market is big.</en>
<en>The markets are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plurals</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking</secondary></indexterm> Note that English-speakers must state whether a reference to markets is to just one (
<quote>the market</quote>) or to more than one (
<quote>the markets</quote>). Lojban requires no such forced choice, so both colloquial translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ULGC"/> are valid. Only the context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechanism is explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>The men are women</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now consider the following strange-looking example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PutX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
- <gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as
- <quote>men</quote> are women.</gloss>
- <gloss>The man is a woman.</gloss>
+ <gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>men</quote> are women.</gloss>
+ <en>The man is a woman.</en>
<en>The men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>in false-to-fact descriptions</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is not self-contradictory in Lojban, because
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely means something or other which, for my present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really is a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is what I would say to point out my observation to you.</para>
@@ -194,37 +192,37 @@
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>. Unlike
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> is nonspecific:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-of-all-the-things-which-really are-markets</gloss>
- <gloss>a market</gloss>
+ <en>a market</en>
<en>some markets</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>and truth of selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in truth requirement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in truth requirement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> Again, there are two colloquial English translations. The effect of using
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t11z"/> is to refer generally to one or more markets, without being specific about which. Unlike
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo zarci</jbophrase> must refer to something which actually is a market (that is, which can appear in the x1 place of a truthful bridi whose selbri is
<jbophrase>zarci</jbophrase>). Thus</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fSxN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
- <gloss>Some man is a woman.</gloss>
+ <en>Some man is a woman.</en>
<en>Some men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or women would not make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> descriptions,
@@ -251,22 +249,21 @@
<quote>Frank</quote> coincides with the English word
<quote>frank</quote>, meaning
<quote>honest</quote>, and so one way of translating
<quote>Frank ate some cheese</quote> into Lojban would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yyBX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la stace pu citka lo cirla</jbo>
- <en>The-one-called
- <quote>Honest/Frank</quote> [past] eats some cheese.</en>
+ <gloss>The-one-called <quote>Honest/Frank</quote> [past] eats some cheese.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>English-speakers typically would not do this, as we tend to be more attached to the sound of our names than their meaning, even if the meaning (etymological or current) is known. Speakers of other languages may feel differently. (In point of fact,
<quote>Frank</quote> originally meant
<quote>the free one</quote> rather than
<quote>the honest one</quote>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implications</secondary></indexterm> It is important to note the differences between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PrGp"/> and the following:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nXyo">
<title>
@@ -278,21 +275,21 @@
<en>The bear(s) wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-93Yv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo cribe pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-the-things-which-really are-bears [past] creates the story.</gloss>
- <gloss>A bear wrote the story.</gloss>
+ <en>A bear wrote the story.</en>
<en>Some bears wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nXyo"/> is about a specific bear or bearlike thing(s), or thing(s) which the speaker (perhaps whimsically or metaphorically) describes as a bear (or more than one);
<xref linkend="example-random-id-93Yv"/> is about one or more of the really existing, objectively defined bears. In either case, though, each of them must have contributed to the writing of the story, if more than one bear (or
<quote>bear</quote>) is meant.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions with lo</primary><secondary>teddy bear contrasted with real bear</secondary></indexterm> (The notion of a
<quote>really existing, objectively defined bear</quote> raises certain difficulties. Is a panda bear a
<quote>real bear</quote>? How about a teddy bear? In general, the answer is
@@ -316,21 +313,21 @@
<jbo>le remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<en>The human being(s) wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qKYf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
- <gloss>A human being wrote the story.</gloss>
+ <en>A human being wrote the story.</en>
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
<jbophrase>le remna</jbophrase> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKYf"/> merely says that the author is human.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
@@ -389,21 +386,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individual objects</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>meaning of in the plural</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plurals with le</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> Suppose the context of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mwhq"/> is such that you can determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I am claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in a variety of other ways. But in order for
<xref linkend="example-random-id-mwhq"/> to be true, I must be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 carried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano.</para>
<para>But suppose I am not willing to claim that. For in fact pianos are heavy, and very few persons can carry a piano all by themselves. The most likely factual situation is that person 1 carried one end of the piano, and person 2 the other end, while person 3 either held up the middle or else supervised the whole operation without actually lifting anything. The correct way of expressing such a situation in Lojban is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eCsh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
- <en>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</en>
+ <gloss>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
<quote>mass entity</quote>, or just
<quote>mass</quote>. A mass has the properties of each individual which composes it, and may have other properties of its own as well. This can lead to apparent contradictions. Thus suppose in the piano-moving example above that person 1 has fair skin, whereas person 2 has dark skin. Then it is correct to say that the person-mass has both fair skin and dark skin. Using the mass descriptor
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase> signals that ordinary logical reasoning is not applicable: contradictions can be maintained, and all sorts of other peculiarities may exist. However, we can safely say that a mass inherits only the component properties that are relevant to it; it would be ludicrous to say that a mass of two persons is of molecular dimensions, simply because some of the parts (namely, the molecules) of the persons are that small.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>loi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> and
@@ -413,41 +410,39 @@
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>) or by name (
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>). A classic example of
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> use is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-T1pF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi cinfo cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-lions dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
- <gloss>The lion dwells in Africa.</gloss>
+ <en>The lion dwells in Africa.</en>
<en>Lions dwell in Africa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lions in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>contrasted with lei in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lei</primary><secondary>contrasted with loi in specificity</secondary></indexterm> The difference between
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> is that
<jbophrase>lei cinfo</jbophrase> refers to a mass of specific individuals which the speaker calls lions, whereas
<jbophrase>loi cinfo</jbophrase> refers to some part of the mass of all those individuals which actually are lions. The restriction to
<quote>some part of the mass</quote> allows statements like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-T1pF"/> to be true even though some lions do not dwell in Africa - they live in various zoos around the world. On the other hand,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-T1pF"/> doesn't actually say that most lions live in Africa: equally true is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JzXc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>loi glipre</jbo>
- <gloss>cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</gloss>
- <gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-English-persons</gloss>
- <gloss>dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
+ <jbo>loi glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
+ <gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-English-persons dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
<en>The English dwell in Africa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Englishman in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> since there is at least one English person living there.
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section4"/> explains another method of saying what is usually meant by
<quote>The lion lives in Africa</quote> which does imply that living in Africa is normal, not exceptional, for lions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass objects</primary><secondary>peculiarities of English translation of</secondary></indexterm> Note that the Lojban mass articles are sometimes translated by English plurals (the most usual case), sometimes by English singulars (when the singular is used to express typicalness or abstraction), and sometimes by singulars with no article:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yDCF">
@@ -621,24 +616,22 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lion in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical objects</primary><secondary>and instantiation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical objects</primary><secondary>determining characteristics of</secondary></indexterm> What is this
<quote>typical lion</quote>? Surely it is not any particular lion, because no lion has all of the
<quote>typical</quote> characteristics, and (worse yet) some characteristics that all real lions have can't be viewed as typical. For example, all real lions are either male or female, but it would be bizarre to suppose that the typical lion is either one. So the typical lion has no particular sex, but does have a color (golden brown), a residence (Africa), a diet (game), and so on. Likewise we can say that</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8PoG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>lo'e glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a na.e</jbo>
- <gloss>le gligugde</gloss>
- <gloss>The-typical English-person dwells-in the African-land (Not!) and</gloss>
- <gloss>the English-country.</gloss>
+ <jbo>lo'e glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a na.e le gligugde</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-typical English-person dwells-in the African-land (Not!) and the English-country.</gloss>
<en>The typical English person dwells not in Africa but in England.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Englishman</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>relationship to le'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'e</primary><secondary>relationship to le'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>relationship to lo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'e</primary><secondary>relationship to lo'i</secondary></indexterm> The relationship between
<jbophrase>lo'e cinfo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lo'i cinfo</jbophrase> may be explained thus: the typical lion is an imaginary lion-abstraction which best exemplifies the set of lions. There is a similar relationship between
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-D88V">
<title>
@@ -659,27 +652,27 @@
<quote>the typical lion</quote> are (some would include having a short intestine, whereas others would know nothing of lions' intestines), so the distinction between
<jbophrase>lo'e cinfo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'e cinfo</jbophrase> may be very fine.</para>
<para>Furthermore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NVFy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e skina cu se finti ne'i la xali,uyd.</jbo>
- <en>The-stereotypical movie is-invented in Hollywood.</en>
+ <gloss>The-stereotypical movie is-invented in Hollywood.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Hollywood</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is probably true to an American, but might be false (not the stereotype) to someone living in India or Russia.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name equivalent for "typical"</primary><secondary>rationale for lack of</secondary></indexterm> Note that there is no naming equivalent of
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name equivalent for <quote>typical</quote></primary><secondary>rationale for lack of</secondary></indexterm> Note that there is no naming equivalent of
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>, because there is no need, as a rule, for a
<quote>typical George</quote> or a
<quote>typical Smith</quote>. People or things who share a common name do not, in general, have any other common attributes worth mentioning.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section6">
<title>Quantified sumti</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -711,67 +704,67 @@
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase>, are explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7"/>.)</para>
<para>Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit quantifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the things referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple examples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL61" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
- <en>You walk-on the ice.</en>
+ <gloss>You walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
- <en>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</en>
+ <gloss>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qL61"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAH"/> is the presence of the explicit quantifier
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> in the latter example. Although
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> by itself means
<quote>two</quote>, when used as a quantifier it means
<quote>two-of</quote>. Out of the group of listeners (the number of which isn't stated), two (we are not told which ones) are asserted to be
<quote>walkers on the ice</quote>. Implicitly, the others (if any) are not walkers on the ice. In Lojban, you cannot say
<quote>I own three shoes</quote> if in fact you own four shoes. Numbers need never be specified, but if they are specified they must be correct.</para>
<para>(This rule does not mean that there is no way to specify a number which is vague. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gLpy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse su'o ci cutci</jbo>
- <en>I possess at-least three shoes.</en>
+ <gloss>I possess at-least three shoes.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is true if you own three shoes, or four, or indeed any larger number. More details on vague numbers appear in the discussion of mathematical expressions in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>.)</para>
<para>Now consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qL61"/> again. How many of the listeners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: all of them, however many that is. So
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qL61"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0qr0"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0qr0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
- <en>All-of you walk-on the ice.</en>
+ <gloss>All-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>as having implicit quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifiers</primary><secondary>with sumti</secondary></indexterm> turn out to mean exactly the same thing. This is a safe strategy, because if one of my listeners doesn't turn out to be walking on the ice, I can safely claim that I didn't intend that person to be a listener! And in fact, all of the personal pro-sumti such as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> obey the same rule. We say that personal pro-sumti have a so-called
<quote>implicit quantifier</quote> of
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all). This just means that if no quantifier is given explicitly, the meaning is the same as if the implicit quantifier had been used.</para>
@@ -828,21 +821,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If an explicit ordinary number such as
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> were to appear, it would have to convey an exact expression, so</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-59dF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku re lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
- <en>I express two-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</en>
+ <gloss>I express two-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I say the sentence exactly twice, neither more nor less.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section7">
<title>Quantified descriptions</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>piro</cmavo>
@@ -903,25 +896,24 @@
<!--<lx "lei"> XE "lei" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "loi"> XE "loi" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "lai"> XE "lai" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "le'i"> XE "le'i" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "lo'i"> XE "lo'i" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "la'i"> XE "la'i" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "le'e"> XE "le'e" <dl compact><p>-->
<!--<lx "lo'e"> XE "lo'e" <dl compact><p>-->
<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="4">
+ <tgroup cols="3">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase>le</jbophrase>:</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>ro le su'o</jbophrase></entry>
<entry>all of the at-least-one described as</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>:</entry>
<entry><jbophrase>su'o lo ro</jbophrase></entry>
<entry>at least one of all of those which really are</entry>
@@ -1061,21 +1053,21 @@
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> says that each of the dogs in the restricted group is white; in the case of
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, the implicit inner quantifier simply says that three dogs, chosen from the group of all the dogs there are, are white.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series description</primary><secondary>caution on exact numbers as inner quantifiers on</secondary></indexterm> Using exact numbers as inner quantifiers in lo-series descriptions is dangerous, because you are stating that exactly that many things exist which really fit the description. So examples like</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uYH4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[so'o] lo ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
- <en>[some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white</en>
+ <gloss>[some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are semantically anomalous;
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uYH4"/> claims that some dog (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the universe!</para>
<para>Nevertheless, inner quantifiers are permitted on
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptors for consistency's sake, and may occasionally be useful.</para>
<para>Note that the inner quantifier of
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, even when exact, need not be truthful:
<jbophrase>le ci nanmu</jbophrase> means
<quote>what I describe as three men</quote>, not
@@ -1097,22 +1089,22 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>omission of descriptor</primary><secondary>effect on ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect on of omitting descriptor</secondary></indexterm> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gr7Y"/>. Even though the descriptor is not present, the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> may still be used. The name
<quote>indefinite description</quote> for this syntactic form is historically based: of course, it is no more and no less indefinite than its counterpart with an explicit
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>. Indefinite descriptions were introduced into the language in order to imitate the syntax of English and other natural languages.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>in indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>in indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>as needing explicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Indefinite descriptions must fit this mold exactly: there is no way to make one which does not have an explicit outer quantifier (thus
- <quote>*gerku cu blabi</quote> is ungrammatical), or which has an explicit inner quantifier (thus
- <quote>*reboi ci gerku cu blabi</quote> is also ungrammatical -
+ <jbophrase valid="false">*gerku cu blabi</jbophrase> is ungrammatical), or which has an explicit inner quantifier (thus
+ <jbophrase valid="false">*reboi ci gerku cu blabi</jbophrase> is also ungrammatical -
<jbophrase>re ci gerku cu blabi</jbophrase> is fine, but means
<quote>23 dogs are white</quote>).</para>
<para>Note:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gLpy"/> also contains an indefinite description, namely
<jbophrase>su'o ci cutci</jbophrase>; another version of that example using an explicit
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SMvA">
<title>
@@ -1133,147 +1125,142 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>outer quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>inner quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A sumti-based description has a sumti where the selbri would normally be, and the inner quantifier is required - it cannot be implicit. An outer quantifier is permitted but not required.</para>
<para>A full theory of sumti-based descriptions has yet to be worked out. One common case, however, is well understood. Compare the following:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLaQ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cu nanmu</jbo>
- <en>Two-of you are-men.</en>
+ <gloss>Two-of you are-men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le re do cu nanmu</jbo>
- <en>The two-of you are men.</en>
+ <gloss>The two-of you are men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the two of you</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLaQ"/> simply specifies that of the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAr"/>, which has the sumti-based description
<jbophrase>le re do</jbophrase>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to.</para>
<para>Here is another group of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
- <en>Two-of the three bears are-brown.</en>
+ <gloss>Two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
- <en>The two-of the three bears are-brown.</en>
+ <gloss>The two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLBq" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa le re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
- <en>One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown.</en>
+ <gloss>One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based descriptions with le</primary><secondary>as increasing restricting to in-mind</secondary></indexterm> In each case,
<jbophrase>le ci cribe</jbophrase> restricts the bears (or alleged bears) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLbf"/> says that two of them (which two is not stated) are brown.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLbh"/> says that a specific pair of them are brown.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLBq"/> says that of a specific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10">
<title>sumti qualifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
-<!--
-
-FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
-
-<cx "sumti qualifiers, list of"> XE "sumti qualifiers: list of" <pre> la'e LAhE something referred to by
-
- lu'e LAhE a reference to
- tu'a LAhE an abstraction involving
- lu'a LAhE an individual/member/component of
- lu'i LAhE a set formed from
- lu'o LAhE a mass formed from
- vu'i LAhE a sequence formed from
- na'ebo NAhE+BO something other than
- to'ebo NAhE+BO the opposite of
- no'ebo NAhE+BO the neutral form of
- je'abo NAhE+BO that which indeed is
- lu'u LUhU elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO
--->
-
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>something referred to by</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>a reference to</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>an abstraction involving</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'a</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>an individual/member/component of</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'i</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>a set formed from</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'o</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>a mass formed from</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vu'i</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>a sequence formed from</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>na'ebo</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>NAhE+BO</selmaho>
+ <description>something other than</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>to'ebo</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>NAhE+BO</selmaho>
+ <description>the opposite of</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>no'ebo</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>NAhE+BO</selmaho>
+ <description>the neutral form of</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>je'abo</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>NAhE+BO</selmaho>
+ <description>that which indeed is</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'u</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>LUhU</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO</description>
-
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Well, that's quite a list of cmavo. What are they all about?</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>external syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>internal syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> The above cmavo and compound cmavo are called the
<quote>sumti qualifiers</quote>. All of them are either single cmavo of selma'o LAhE, or else compound cmavo involving a scalar negation cmavo of selma'o NAhE immediately followed by
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to add the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
@@ -1282,86 +1269,86 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is the title of a book. How about:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Red Pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unqualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>qualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with unqualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6W3v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
- <en>I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</en>
+ <gloss>I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/> doesn't work: it says that you see a piece of text
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. That might be all right if you were looking at the cover of the book, where the words
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> are presumably written. (More precisely, where the words
<jbophrase>le xunre cmaxirma</jbophrase> are written – but we may suppose the book has been translated into Lojban.)</para>
<para>What you really want to say is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MSVK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le selsinxa be lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
- <en>I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</en>
+ <gloss>I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The x2 place of
<jbophrase>selsinxa</jbophrase> (the x1 place of
<jbophrase>sinxa</jbophrase>) is a sign or symbol, and the x1 place of
<jbophrase>selsinxa</jbophrase> (the x2 place of
<jbophrase>sinxa</jbophrase>) is the thing represented by the sign.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MSVK"/> allows us to use a symbol (namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol of (namely the book itself).</para>
<para>This operation turns out to be needed often enough that it's useful to be able to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ajty">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u]</jbo>
- <en>I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</en>
+ <gloss>I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for "le selsinxa be"</secondary></indexterm> So when
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jargon,
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
<para>By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/>), which too closely resembles its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ajty"/>), without having to change it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the uses of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for "le sinxa be"</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le sinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7ytm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>I said the title of this book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The equivalent form not using a sumti qualifier would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aC9Q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta</jbo>
- <en>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</en>
+ <gloss>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7ytm"/>, but longer.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>. The triplet
<jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lu'i</jbophrase>, and
@@ -1408,80 +1395,68 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<gloss>Some rats are-small. But the-set-of them-last-mentioned is-large.</gloss>
<en>Some rats are small, but the set of rats is large.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLcy" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi ce do girzu</jbo>
- <gloss>.i lu'o ri gunma</gloss>
-
- <gloss>.i vu'i ri porsi</gloss>
-
- <gloss>I in-a-set-with you are-a-set.</gloss>
- <gloss>The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass.</gloss>
- <gloss>The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
- <gloss>The set of you and me is a set.</gloss>
- <gloss>The mass of you and me is a mass.</gloss>
- <en>The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
+ <jbo>mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi</jbo>
+ <gloss>I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
+ <en>The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a mass. The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>for negation</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the four sumti qualifiers formed from a cmavo of NAhE and
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4Mte">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska na'ebo le gerku</jbo>
- <en>I see something-other-than the dog.</en>
+ <gloss>I see something-other-than the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This compound,
<jbophrase>na'ebo</jbophrase>, is the most common of the four negation sumti qualifiers. The others usually only make sense in the context of repeating, with modifications, something already referred to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-JwCb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi nelci loi glare cidja</jbo>
- <gloss>.ije do nelci to'ebo ri</gloss>
- <gloss>.ije la djein. nelci no'ebo ra</gloss>
- <gloss>I like part-of-the-mass-of hot-type-of food.</gloss>
- <gloss>And you like the-opposite-of the-last-mentioned.</gloss>
- <gloss>And Jane likes the-neutral-value-of something-mentioned.</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi nelci loi glare cidja .ije do nelci to'ebo ri .ije la djein. nelci no'ebo ra</jbo>
+ <gloss>I like part-of-the-mass-of hot-type-of food. And you like the-opposite-of the-last-mentioned. And Jane likes the-neutral-value-of something-mentioned.</gloss>
<en>I like hot food, and you like cold food, and Jane likes lukewarm food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lukewarm food</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JwCb"/>, the sumti
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. We cannot use
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> here, because it would signify
<jbophrase>la djein.</jbophrase>, that being the most recent sumti available to
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. See more detailed explanations in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11">
<title>The syntax of vocative phrases</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrases</primary><secondary>as a "free modifier"</secondary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrases</primary><secondary>as a <quote>free modifier</quote></secondary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> of Lojban, along with subscripts, parentheses, and various other constructs explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or to indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLE3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d1"/>
@@ -1493,21 +1468,21 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLeB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>je'e</jbo>
<gloss>[acknowledgement]</gloss>
- <gloss>Uh-huh.</gloss>
+ <en>Uh-huh.</en>
<en>Roger!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative word</primary><secondary>phrase following</secondary></indexterm> In these cases, the person being addressed is obvious from the context. However, a vocative word (more precisely, one or more cmavo of COI, possibly followed by
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, or else just
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by itself) can be followed by one of several kinds of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. The most common case is a name:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bega">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d3"/>
@@ -1565,32 +1540,32 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>with complete sumti</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-V530"/> is thus the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3Qac">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi le xunre pastu nixli</jbo>
- <en>Hello, the-one-described-as red-dress girl!</en>
+ <gloss>Hello, the-one-described-as red-dress girl!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ULHn"/> is the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bx2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi la djan.</jbo>
- <en>The-one-named John!</en>
+ <gloss>The-one-named John!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
<jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi. It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordinals - see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>- metalinguistic comments - see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>- or reciprocals - see
@@ -1696,22 +1671,21 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<jbo>coi .djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIJ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .djan. cmene mi</jbo>
- <gloss>The-word
- <quote>John</quote> is-the-name-of me.</gloss>
+ <gloss>The-word <quote>John</quote> is-the-name-of me.</gloss>
<en>My name is John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLiB"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIJ"/>,
<jbophrase>.djan.</jbophrase> appears with a pause before it as well as after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stream.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>multiple</secondary></indexterm> Unless some other rule prevents it (such as the rule that
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase> is always followed by a single word, which is quoted), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each with its terminating pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cw3p">
@@ -1738,34 +1712,31 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>. Here are a few examples:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>Doyle</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>*doi,l</selmaho>
<description>do'il or dai,l</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>Lyra</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>*lairas</selmaho>
<description>ly'iras</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>Lottie</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>*latis</selmaho>
<description>LYtis. or lotis.</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
<quote>loj-</quote> for
<jbophrase>logji</jbophrase> (logical) and
<quote>ban-</quote> for
<jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase> (language) unite to form the name of this language:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uXAY">
@@ -1904,42 +1875,40 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase>) refer to something which is unspecified:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d5Ee">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la frankfurt. zo'e zo'e zo'e</jbo>
- <en>I go to-Frankfurt from-unspecified via-unspecified by-means-unspecified.</en>
+ <gloss>I go to-Frankfurt from-unspecified via-unspecified by-means-unspecified.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for indefinite pro-sumti is, well, indefinite. It might be
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all) or
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one) or conceivably even
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase> (none), though
<jbophrase>no</jbophrase> would require a very odd context indeed.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Demonstrative pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>) refer to things pointed at by the speaker, or when pointing is not possible, to things near or far from the speaker:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aqfJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ko muvgau</jbo>
- <gloss>ti ta tu</gloss>
- <gloss>You [imperative] move</gloss>
- <gloss>this-thing from-that-nearby-place to-that-further-away-place.</gloss>
+ <jbo>ko muvgau ti ta tu</jbo>
+ <gloss>You [imperative] move this-thing from-that-nearby-place to-that-further-away-place.</gloss>
<en>Move this from there to over there!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Metalinguistic pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>de'u</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>da'u</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>,
@@ -1948,43 +1917,39 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<jbophrase>da'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>dei</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>) refer to spoken or written utterances, either preceding, following, or the same as the current utterance.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8VYF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li re su'i re du li vo</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la'e di'u jetnu</gloss>
- <gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four.</gloss>
- <en>The-referent-of the-previous-utterance is-true.</en>
+ <jbo>li re su'i re du li vo .i la'e di'u jetnu</jbo>
+ <gloss>The-number two plus two equals the-number four. The-referent-of the-previous-utterance is-true.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>metalinguistic pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for metalinguistic pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because they are considered analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which really are previous, current, or following utterances.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> The relative pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase>) is used within relative clauses (see
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/> for a discussion of relative clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sf2T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a</jbo>
- <gloss>loi slasi</gloss>
- <gloss>I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/them (the cats)</gloss>
- <gloss>from-a-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a loi slasi</jbo>
+ <gloss>I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/them (the cats) from-a-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see the cat(s) made of plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> The question pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase>) is used to ask questions which request the listener to supply a sumti which will make the question into a truth:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9tSb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d10"/>
</title>
@@ -1995,54 +1960,44 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for the question pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because the listener is only being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>sequences of lerfu words as</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sequences of lerfu words (of selma'o BY and related selma'o) can also be used as definable pro-sumti.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section14">
<title>Quotation summary</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>four kinds</secondary></indexterm> There are four kinds of quotation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, non-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in
-
-
-
-
-
-
- <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>four kinds</secondary></indexterm> There are four kinds of quotation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, non-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and followed by
<jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote].</gloss>
- <en>I say
- <quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
+ <en>I say <quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word quotation</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word quotation</primary><secondary>as morphologically valid</secondary></indexterm> Words quotations are quotations of one or more Lojban words. The words need not mean anything, but they must be morphologically valid so that the end of the quotation can be discerned.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UMDQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u</jbo>
- <gloss>I say the-words [quote]
- <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
- <en>I say
- <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase>.</en>
+ <gloss>I say the-words [quote] <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
+ <en>I say <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UMDQ"/> does not translate the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they are ungrammatical).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single-word quotation</primary></indexterm> Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban word. Compound cmavo are not allowed.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XqKv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d3"/>
</title>
@@ -2072,72 +2027,68 @@ FIXME: the NAhE+BO entries are missing:
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number four</gloss>
- <en>4</en>
+ <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>4</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLis" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re</jbo>
<gloss>the-number two plus two</gloss>
- <en>2 + 2</en>
+ <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>2 + 2</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLiX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li .abu bopi'i xy. bote'a re su'i by. bopi'i xy. su'i cy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number a times x to-power 2 plus b times x plus c</gloss>
- <en>ax</en>
+ <en><inlineequation><mathphrase>ax<superscript>2</superscript> + bx + c</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li contrasted with me'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with me'o contrasted with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with me'o</secondary></indexterm> An alternative to
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> is
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase>, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions beginning with
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> refer to the actual expression, rather than its value. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLis"/> above have the same meaning, the number four, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sW7u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression four</gloss>
- <en>
- <quote>4</quote>
- </en>
+ <en><quote><inlineequation><mathphrase></mathphrase></inlineequation>4</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3s82">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o re su'i re</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression two plus two</gloss>
- <en>
- <quote>2+2</quote>
- </en>
+ <en><quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>2+2</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>refer to different pieces of text.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>numbers</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for numbers and mathematical expressions is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, because these sumti are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are numbers or pieces of text. In the case of numbers (with
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase>), this is a distinction without a difference, as there is only one number which is 4; but there are many texts
<quote>4</quote>, as many as there are documents in which that numeral appears.</para>
</section>
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