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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Jan 30 12:21:05 EST 2011
commit b8a1162f5a40eb57b215f4267cdec9118507d008
Merge: 5d58c90 80d7e64
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Jan 30 08:58:42 2011 -0800
Merge commit '80d7e6480df9ffe155c57f862071d159a6dc9044' into gh-pages
commit 5d58c90a31c77dd84cb31fc95a0492f81af9c40c
Merge: a495cf5 cb87291
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Jan 30 08:49:15 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'cb87291250fa978bcb67f965bfb880601ce9f367' into gh-pages
commit a495cf5e9f5298fef31104c23eb67a1a4db0934c
Merge: 66257b0 5b9fb44
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sat Jan 29 21:50:26 2011 -0800
Merge commit '5b9fb44b9fd0c93d30cc27739a4b65e54b2c24a4' into gh-pages
commit 80d7e6480df9ffe155c57f862071d159a6dc9044
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Wed Jan 5 23:39:50 2011 -0500
Revert "Chapter 6 lojban-word-importeds."
This reverts commit cb87291250fa978bcb67f965bfb880601ce9f367.
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index f8f67d7..1acdbb3 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -16,87 +16,87 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with description</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VKU6"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> are the sumti. It is easy to see that these two sumti are not of the same kind:
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is a pro-sumti (the Lojban analogue of a pronoun) referring to the speaker, whereas
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> is a description which refers to something described as being a market.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>kinds of</secondary></indexterm> There are five kinds of simple sumti provided by Lojban:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gadri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>descriptions as</secondary></indexterm> descriptions like
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gadri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>descriptions as</secondary></indexterm> descriptions like
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>, which usually begin with a descriptor (called a
<jbophrase>gadri</jbophrase> in Lojban) such as
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>pro-sumti as</secondary></indexterm> pro-sumti, such as
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>pro-sumti as</secondary></indexterm> pro-sumti, such as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>names as</secondary></indexterm> names, such as
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>names as</secondary></indexterm> names, such as
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, which usually begin with
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>quotations as</secondary></indexterm> quotations, which begin with
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zoi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>quotations as</secondary></indexterm> quotations, which begin with
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>numbers as</secondary></indexterm> pure numbers, which usually begin with
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>numbers as</secondary></indexterm> pure numbers, which usually begin with
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Here are a few examples of each kind of sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Dx1s">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>e'osai ko sarji la lojban.</jbo>
<en>Please support Lojban!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Dx1s"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, a name.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu</jbo>
<en>I express
<quote>Please!</quote> to-the reader.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v1mS"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti;
<jbophrase>lu e'osai li'u</jbophrase>, a quotation; and
<jbophrase>le tcidu</jbophrase>, a description.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0YaH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti mitre li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This measures-in-meters the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This is three meters long.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0YaH"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>li ci</jbophrase>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
<xref linkend="section-pro-sumti"/> through
<xref linkend="section-numbers"/> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
@@ -181,21 +181,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>in false-to-fact descriptions</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is not self-contradictory in Lojban, because
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely means something or other which, for my present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really is a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is what I would say to point out my observation to you.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> In all descriptions with
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, the listener is presumed to either know what I have in mind or else not to be concerned at present (perhaps I will give more identifying details later). In particular, I might be pointing at the supposed man or men:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> would then be perfectly intelligible, since
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely clarifies that I am pointing at the supposed man, not at a landscape, or a nose, which happens to lie in the same direction.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>non-specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> The second descriptor dealt with in this section is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>non-specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> The second descriptor dealt with in this section is
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>. Unlike
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> is nonspecific:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-of-all-the-things-which-really are-markets</gloss>
@@ -216,21 +216,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<en>Some man is a woman.</en>
<en>Some men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or women would not make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> descriptions,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-names"/>.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PrGp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -322,21 +322,21 @@
<jbo>lo remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<en>A human being wrote the story.</en>
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
<jbophrase>le remna</jbophrase> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKYf"/> merely says that the author is human.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> before the selbri makes the
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>: in the compound negator
<jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>).</para>
</section>
@@ -390,26 +390,26 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eCsh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
<quote>mass entity</quote>, or just
<quote>mass</quote>. A mass has the properties of each individual which composes it, and may have other properties of its own as well. This can lead to apparent contradictions. Thus suppose in the piano-moving example above that person 1 has fair skin, whereas person 2 has dark skin. Then it is correct to say that the person-mass has both fair skin and dark skin. Using the mass descriptor
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase> signals that ordinary logical reasoning is not applicable: contradictions can be maintained, and all sorts of other peculiarities may exist. However, we can safely say that a mass inherits only the component properties that are relevant to it; it would be ludicrous to say that a mass of two persons is of molecular dimensions, simply because some of the parts (namely, the molecules) of the persons are that small.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>loi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> respectively, but refer to masses either by property (
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>) or by name (
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>). A classic example of
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> use is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-T1pF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d3"/>
@@ -449,21 +449,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi matne cu ranti</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-that-which-really is-a-quantity-of-butter is-soft.</gloss>
<en>Butter is soft.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butter is soft</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>as dependent on intention</secondary></indexterm> Of course, some butter is hard (for example, if it is frozen butter), so the
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>matne</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butter is soft</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>as dependent on intention</secondary></indexterm> Of course, some butter is hard (for example, if it is frozen butter), so the
<quote>part-of</quote> implication of
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> becomes once again useful. The reason this mechanism works is that the English words like
<quote>butter</quote>, which are seen as already describing masses, are translated in Lojban by non-mass forms. The place structure of
<jbophrase>matne</jbophrase> is
<quote>x1 is a quantity of butter from source x2</quote>, so the single English word
<quote>butter</quote> is translated as something like
<quote>a part of the mass formed from all the quantities of butter that exist</quote>. (Note that the operation of forming a mass entity does not imply, in Lojban, that the components of the mass are necessarily close to one another or even related in any way other than conceptually. Masses are formed by the speaker's intention to form a mass, and can in principle contain anything.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass name</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The mass name descriptor
@@ -502,21 +502,21 @@
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the set of those which really are</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>LA</selmaho>
<description>the set of those named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>compared with set as abstract of multiple individuals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>compared with mass as abstract of multiple individuals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with set in attribution of component properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass in attribution of component properties</secondary></indexterm> Having said so much about masses, let us turn to sets. Sets are easier to understand than masses, but are more rarely used. Like a mass, a set is an abstract object formed from a number of individuals; however, the properties of a set are not derived from any of the properties of the individuals that compose it.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>membership</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inclusion</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> Sets have properties like cardinality (how many elements in the set), membership (the relationship between a set and its elements), and set inclusion (the relationship between two sets, one of which - the superset – contains all the elements of the other - the subset). The set descriptors
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>membership</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inclusion</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> Sets have properties like cardinality (how many elements in the set), membership (the relationship between a set and its elements), and set inclusion (the relationship between two sets, one of which - the superset – contains all the elements of the other - the subset). The set descriptors
<jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase> correspond exactly to the mass descriptors
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> except that normally we talk of the whole of a set, not just part of it. Here are some examples contrasting
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
@@ -592,21 +592,21 @@
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the typical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the stereotypical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para>As promised in
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'e</primary></indexterm> As promised in
<xref linkend="section-masses"/>, Lojban has a method for discriminating between
<quote>the lion</quote> who lives in Africa and
<quote>the Englishman</quote> who, generally speaking, doesn't live in Africa even though some Englishmen do. The descriptor
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> means
<quote>the typical</quote>, as in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AJKt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -638,21 +638,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e xelso merko cu gusta ponse</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical Greek-type-of American is-a-restaurant-type-of owner.</gloss>
<en>Lots of Greek-Americans own restaurants.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
<quote>stereotypical</quote> is often derogatory in English, but
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> need not be derogatory in Lojban: it simply suggests that the example is typical in the speaker's imagination rather than in some objectively agreed-upon way. Of course, different speakers may disagree about what the features of
<quote>the typical lion</quote> are (some would include having a short intestine, whereas others would know nothing of lions' intestines), so the distinction between
<jbophrase>lo'e cinfo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'e cinfo</jbophrase> may be very fine.</para>
<para>Furthermore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NVFy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d4"/>
@@ -707,20 +707,21 @@
<para>Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit quantifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the things referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple examples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL61" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>You walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
+<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
@@ -790,21 +791,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku ro lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<en>I express all-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the meaning would be something like
<quote>I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'</quote>. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences. One might suppose that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> means that I express exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least once.</para>
- <para>The Lojban cmavo meaning
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm> The Lojban cmavo meaning
<quote>at least</quote> is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, and if no ordinary number follows,
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> means
<quote>at least once</quote>. (See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gLpy"/> for the use of
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitly quantified version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> is</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implicit quantifier</primary><secondary>for quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotations</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>as implicit quantifier for quotations</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-P558">
<title>
@@ -977,25 +978,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> The rule for the inner quantifier is very simple: the lo-series cmavo (namely,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>) all have an implicit inner quantifier of
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>, whereas the le-series cmavo all have an implicit inner quantifier of
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Why? Because lo-series descriptors always refer to all of the things which really fit into the x1 place of the selbri. They are not restricted by the speaker's intention. Descriptors of the le-series, however, are so restricted, and therefore talk about some number, definite or indefinite, of objects the speaker has in mind - but never less than one.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>masses</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Understanding the implicit outer quantifier requires rules of greater subtlety. In the case of mass and set descriptors, a single rule suffices for each: reference to a mass is implicitly a reference to some part of the mass; reference to a set is implicitly a reference to the whole set. Masses and sets are inherently singular objects: it makes no sense to talk about two distinct masses with the same components, or two distinct sets with the same members. Therefore, the largest possible outer quantifier for either a set description or a mass description is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>piro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>masses</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Understanding the implicit outer quantifier requires rules of greater subtlety. In the case of mass and set descriptors, a single rule suffices for each: reference to a mass is implicitly a reference to some part of the mass; reference to a set is implicitly a reference to the whole set. Masses and sets are inherently singular objects: it makes no sense to talk about two distinct masses with the same components, or two distinct sets with the same members. Therefore, the largest possible outer quantifier for either a set description or a mass description is
<jbophrase>piro</jbophrase>, the whole of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plural masses</primary><secondary>possible use for</secondary></indexterm> (Pedantically, it is possible that the mass of water molecules composing an ice cube might be thought of as different from the same mass of water molecules in liquid form, in which case we might talk about
<jbophrase>re lei djacu</jbophrase>, two masses of the water-bits I have in mind.)</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pisu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>piro</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> Why
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pisu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>piro</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> Why
<quote>pi-</quote>? It is the Lojban cmavo for the decimal point. Just as
<jbophrase>pimu</jbophrase> means
<quote>.5</quote>, and when used as a quantifier specifies a portion consisting of five tenths of a thing,
<jbophrase>piro</jbophrase> means a portion consisting of the all-ness – the entirety - of a thing. Similarly,
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> specifies a portion consisting of at least one part of a thing, i.e. some of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion</primary><secondary>on set contrasted with on individual</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifiers</primary><secondary>for expressing subsets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subsets</primary><secondary>expressing with outer quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> Smaller quantifiers are possible for sets, and refer to subsets. Thus
<jbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</jbophrase> is a subset of the set of men I have in mind; we don't know precisely which elements make up this subset, but it must have half the size of the full set. This is the best way to say
@@ -1249,21 +1250,21 @@
<selmaho>NAhE+BO</selmaho>
<description>that which indeed is</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>LUhU</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Well, that's quite a list of cmavo. What are they all about?</para>
- <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>external syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>internal syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> The above cmavo and compound cmavo are called the
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>external syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>internal syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> The above cmavo and compound cmavo are called the
<quote>sumti qualifiers</quote>. All of them are either single cmavo of selma'o LAhE, or else compound cmavo involving a scalar negation cmavo of selma'o NAhE immediately followed by
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to add the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>as short forms for common special cases</secondary></indexterm> Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain common special cases. Suppose you want to say
<quote>I see 'The Red Pony'</quote>, where
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is the title of a book. How about:</para>
@@ -1306,28 +1307,28 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jargon,
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
<para>By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/>), which too closely resembles its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ajty"/>), without having to change it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the uses of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le sinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7ytm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>I said the title of this book.</en>
@@ -1338,21 +1339,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7ytm"/>, but longer.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>. The triplet
<jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lu'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lu'o</jbophrase> convert between individuals, sets, and masses;
<jbophrase>vu'i</jbophrase> belongs to this group as well, but creates a sequence, which is similar to a set but has a definite order. (The set of John and Charles is the same as the set of Charles and John, but the sequences are different.) Here are some examples:</para>
@@ -1404,20 +1405,21 @@
<jbo>mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
<en>The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a mass. The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>for negation</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the four sumti qualifiers formed from a cmavo of NAhE and
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
+<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4Mte">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska na'ebo le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I see something-other-than the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1494,21 +1496,21 @@
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> instead of a pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QmzB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi doi djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by itself is like just saying someone's name to attract his or her attention:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ULHn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan.</jbo>
<en>John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1552,21 +1554,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ULHn"/> is the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bx2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named John!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
<jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi. It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordinals - see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>- metalinguistic comments - see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>- or reciprocals - see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>) which must be properly separated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>effect of position on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by its position in the sentence: thus
@@ -1620,20 +1622,21 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLgw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Jones goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The Joneses go to-the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
+<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLHn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lai djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of Joneses go to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The Joneses go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1644,21 +1647,21 @@
<jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name
<jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with LE in use of name-words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with LA in use of name-words</secondary></indexterm> The sumti in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLgw"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLHn"/> operate exactly like the similar uses of
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PrGp"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-H8z5"/> respectively. The only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words. And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>pause requirements before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>limitations on</secondary></indexterm> There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences)
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>pause requirements before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>limitations on</secondary></indexterm> There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences)
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> unless a consonant immediately precedes within the name. Reciprocally, every name not preceded by
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> must be preceded by a pause instead:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLiB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -1752,21 +1755,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names with la</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for name sumti of the form
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a name is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, just as for
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a selbri.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pro-sumti">
<title>Pro-sumti summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>classes of</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban pro-sumti are the cmavo of selma'o KOhA. They fall into several classes: personal, definable, quantificational, reflexive, back-counting, indefinite, demonstrative, metalinguistic, relative, question. More details are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all). In the case of pro-sumti which refer to other sumti, the
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> signifies
<quote>all of those referred to by the other sumti</quote>: thus it is possible to restrict, but not to extend, the quantification of the other sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>,
@@ -1958,21 +1961,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for the question pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because the listener is only being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>sequences of lerfu words as</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sequences of lerfu words (of selma'o BY and related selma'o) can also be used as definable pro-sumti.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quotation">
<title>Quotation summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>four kinds</secondary></indexterm> There are four kinds of quotation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, non-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and followed by
<jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say <quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
@@ -1993,42 +1996,42 @@
<para>Note that the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UMDQ"/> does not translate the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they are ungrammatical).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single-word quotation</primary></indexterm> Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban word. Compound cmavo are not allowed.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XqKv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .ai</jbo>
- <gloss>I say the-word
- <jbophrase>.ai</jbophrase>.</gloss>
+ <en>I say the-word
+ <jbophrase>.ai</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-Lojban quotation</primary></indexterm> Non-Lojban quotation can quote anything, Lojban or not, even non-speech such as drum talk, whistle words, music, or belching. A Lojban word which does not appear within the quotation is used before and after it to set it off from the surrounding Lojban text.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Uey">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi kuot. I'm John .kuot</jbo>
<en>I say
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for all types of quotation is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-numbers">
<title>Number summary</title>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number four</gloss>
<en><inlineequation><mathphrase>4</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
commit cb87291250fa978bcb67f965bfb880601ce9f367
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Wed Jan 5 22:57:58 2011 -0500
Chapter 6 lojban-word-importeds.
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 1acdbb3..f8f67d7 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -16,87 +16,87 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with description</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VKU6"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> are the sumti. It is easy to see that these two sumti are not of the same kind:
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is a pro-sumti (the Lojban analogue of a pronoun) referring to the speaker, whereas
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> is a description which refers to something described as being a market.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>kinds of</secondary></indexterm> There are five kinds of simple sumti provided by Lojban:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gadri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>descriptions as</secondary></indexterm> descriptions like
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>gadri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>descriptions as</secondary></indexterm> descriptions like
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>, which usually begin with a descriptor (called a
<jbophrase>gadri</jbophrase> in Lojban) such as
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>pro-sumti as</secondary></indexterm> pro-sumti, such as
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>pro-sumti as</secondary></indexterm> pro-sumti, such as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>names as</secondary></indexterm> names, such as
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>names as</secondary></indexterm> names, such as
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, which usually begin with
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zoi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>quotations as</secondary></indexterm> quotations, which begin with
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>quotations as</secondary></indexterm> quotations, which begin with
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>le'u</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>zo</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>zoi</jbophrase>;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>numbers as</secondary></indexterm> pure numbers, which usually begin with
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>numbers as</secondary></indexterm> pure numbers, which usually begin with
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Here are a few examples of each kind of sumti:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Dx1s">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>e'osai ko sarji la lojban.</jbo>
<en>Please support Lojban!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Dx1s"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, a name.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu</jbo>
<en>I express
<quote>Please!</quote> to-the reader.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v1mS"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti;
<jbophrase>lu e'osai li'u</jbophrase>, a quotation; and
<jbophrase>le tcidu</jbophrase>, a description.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0YaH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti mitre li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This measures-in-meters the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This is three meters long.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0YaH"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>li ci</jbophrase>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
<xref linkend="section-pro-sumti"/> through
<xref linkend="section-numbers"/> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
@@ -181,21 +181,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>in false-to-fact descriptions</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is not self-contradictory in Lojban, because
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely means something or other which, for my present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really is a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> is what I would say to point out my observation to you.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> In all descriptions with
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, the listener is presumed to either know what I have in mind or else not to be concerned at present (perhaps I will give more identifying details later). In particular, I might be pointing at the supposed man or men:
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PutX"/> would then be perfectly intelligible, since
<jbophrase>le nanmu</jbophrase> merely clarifies that I am pointing at the supposed man, not at a landscape, or a nose, which happens to lie in the same direction.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>non-specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> The second descriptor dealt with in this section is
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>non-specific</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-specific descriptions</primary></indexterm> The second descriptor dealt with in this section is
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>. Unlike
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> is nonspecific:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-of-all-the-things-which-really are-markets</gloss>
@@ -216,21 +216,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<en>Some man is a woman.</en>
<en>Some men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or women would not make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> descriptions,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
<xref linkend="section-names"/>.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PrGp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -322,21 +322,21 @@
<jbo>lo remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<en>A human being wrote the story.</en>
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with le in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo in implications</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKw7"/> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
<jbophrase>le remna</jbophrase> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qKYf"/> merely says that the author is human.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidability of ku</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>effect of following selbri on elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ku</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> before the selbri makes the
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>: in the compound negator
<jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>).</para>
</section>
@@ -390,26 +390,26 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-eCsh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
+ <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>piano-moving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>and logical reasoning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple individual objects</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass object</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>contrasted with multiple individual objects</secondary></indexterm> Here the same three persons are treated not as individuals, but as a so-called
<quote>mass entity</quote>, or just
<quote>mass</quote>. A mass has the properties of each individual which composes it, and may have other properties of its own as well. This can lead to apparent contradictions. Thus suppose in the piano-moving example above that person 1 has fair skin, whereas person 2 has dark skin. Then it is correct to say that the person-mass has both fair skin and dark skin. Using the mass descriptor
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase> signals that ordinary logical reasoning is not applicable: contradictions can be maintained, and all sorts of other peculiarities may exist. However, we can safely say that a mass inherits only the component properties that are relevant to it; it would be ludicrous to say that a mass of two persons is of molecular dimensions, simply because some of the parts (namely, the molecules) of the persons are that small.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>loi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>as mass counterpart of lo</secondary></indexterm> The descriptors
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> respectively, but refer to masses either by property (
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>) or by name (
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>). A classic example of
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> use is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-T1pF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d3"/>
@@ -449,21 +449,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi matne cu ranti</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-that-which-really is-a-quantity-of-butter is-soft.</gloss>
<en>Butter is soft.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>matne</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butter is soft</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>as dependent on intention</secondary></indexterm> Of course, some butter is hard (for example, if it is frozen butter), so the
+ <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>butter is soft</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass object</primary><secondary>as dependent on intention</secondary></indexterm> Of course, some butter is hard (for example, if it is frozen butter), so the
<quote>part-of</quote> implication of
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase> becomes once again useful. The reason this mechanism works is that the English words like
<quote>butter</quote>, which are seen as already describing masses, are translated in Lojban by non-mass forms. The place structure of
<jbophrase>matne</jbophrase> is
<quote>x1 is a quantity of butter from source x2</quote>, so the single English word
<quote>butter</quote> is translated as something like
<quote>a part of the mass formed from all the quantities of butter that exist</quote>. (Note that the operation of forming a mass entity does not imply, in Lojban, that the components of the mass are necessarily close to one another or even related in any way other than conceptually. Masses are formed by the speaker's intention to form a mass, and can in principle contain anything.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass name</primary><secondary>use of</secondary></indexterm> The mass name descriptor
@@ -502,21 +502,21 @@
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the set of those which really are</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>LA</selmaho>
<description>the set of those named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>compared with set as abstract of multiple individuals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>compared with mass as abstract of multiple individuals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass</primary><secondary>contrasted with set in attribution of component properties</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>set</primary><secondary>contrasted with mass in attribution of component properties</secondary></indexterm> Having said so much about masses, let us turn to sets. Sets are easier to understand than masses, but are more rarely used. Like a mass, a set is an abstract object formed from a number of individuals; however, the properties of a set are not derived from any of the properties of the individuals that compose it.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>membership</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inclusion</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> Sets have properties like cardinality (how many elements in the set), membership (the relationship between a set and its elements), and set inclusion (the relationship between two sets, one of which - the superset – contains all the elements of the other - the subset). The set descriptors
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le'i</primary><secondary>as set counterpart of lei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>properties of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cardinality</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>membership</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inclusion</primary><secondary>property of sets</secondary></indexterm> Sets have properties like cardinality (how many elements in the set), membership (the relationship between a set and its elements), and set inclusion (the relationship between two sets, one of which - the superset – contains all the elements of the other - the subset). The set descriptors
<jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase> correspond exactly to the mass descriptors
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> except that normally we talk of the whole of a set, not just part of it. Here are some examples contrasting
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
@@ -592,21 +592,21 @@
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the typical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the stereotypical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'e</primary></indexterm> As promised in
+ <para>As promised in
<xref linkend="section-masses"/>, Lojban has a method for discriminating between
<quote>the lion</quote> who lives in Africa and
<quote>the Englishman</quote> who, generally speaking, doesn't live in Africa even though some Englishmen do. The descriptor
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> means
<quote>the typical</quote>, as in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AJKt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -638,21 +638,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e xelso merko cu gusta ponse</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical Greek-type-of American is-a-restaurant-type-of owner.</gloss>
<en>Lots of Greek-Americans own restaurants.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
<quote>stereotypical</quote> is often derogatory in English, but
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> need not be derogatory in Lojban: it simply suggests that the example is typical in the speaker's imagination rather than in some objectively agreed-upon way. Of course, different speakers may disagree about what the features of
<quote>the typical lion</quote> are (some would include having a short intestine, whereas others would know nothing of lions' intestines), so the distinction between
<jbophrase>lo'e cinfo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'e cinfo</jbophrase> may be very fine.</para>
<para>Furthermore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-NVFy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d4"/>
@@ -707,21 +707,20 @@
<para>Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit quantifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the things referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple examples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL61" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>You walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
@@ -791,21 +790,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku ro lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<en>I express all-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the meaning would be something like
<quote>I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'</quote>. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences. One might suppose that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> means that I express exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least once.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm> The Lojban cmavo meaning
+ <para>The Lojban cmavo meaning
<quote>at least</quote> is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, and if no ordinary number follows,
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> means
<quote>at least once</quote>. (See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gLpy"/> for the use of
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitly quantified version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> is</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implicit quantifier</primary><secondary>for quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotations</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>as implicit quantifier for quotations</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-P558">
<title>
@@ -978,25 +977,25 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> The rule for the inner quantifier is very simple: the lo-series cmavo (namely,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>) all have an implicit inner quantifier of
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>, whereas the le-series cmavo all have an implicit inner quantifier of
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Why? Because lo-series descriptors always refer to all of the things which really fit into the x1 place of the selbri. They are not restricted by the speaker's intention. Descriptors of the le-series, however, are so restricted, and therefore talk about some number, definite or indefinite, of objects the speaker has in mind - but never less than one.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>piro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>masses</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Understanding the implicit outer quantifier requires rules of greater subtlety. In the case of mass and set descriptors, a single rule suffices for each: reference to a mass is implicitly a reference to some part of the mass; reference to a set is implicitly a reference to the whole set. Masses and sets are inherently singular objects: it makes no sense to talk about two distinct masses with the same components, or two distinct sets with the same members. Therefore, the largest possible outer quantifier for either a set description or a mass description is
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>masses</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>rule for implicit outer quantifier</secondary></indexterm> Understanding the implicit outer quantifier requires rules of greater subtlety. In the case of mass and set descriptors, a single rule suffices for each: reference to a mass is implicitly a reference to some part of the mass; reference to a set is implicitly a reference to the whole set. Masses and sets are inherently singular objects: it makes no sense to talk about two distinct masses with the same components, or two distinct sets with the same members. Therefore, the largest possible outer quantifier for either a set description or a mass description is
<jbophrase>piro</jbophrase>, the whole of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plural masses</primary><secondary>possible use for</secondary></indexterm> (Pedantically, it is possible that the mass of water molecules composing an ice cube might be thought of as different from the same mass of water molecules in liquid form, in which case we might talk about
<jbophrase>re lei djacu</jbophrase>, two masses of the water-bits I have in mind.)</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pisu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>piro</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> Why
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pisu'o</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>piro</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm> Why
<quote>pi-</quote>? It is the Lojban cmavo for the decimal point. Just as
<jbophrase>pimu</jbophrase> means
<quote>.5</quote>, and when used as a quantifier specifies a portion consisting of five tenths of a thing,
<jbophrase>piro</jbophrase> means a portion consisting of the all-ness – the entirety - of a thing. Similarly,
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> specifies a portion consisting of at least one part of a thing, i.e. some of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion</primary><secondary>on set contrasted with on individual</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifiers</primary><secondary>for expressing subsets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subsets</primary><secondary>expressing with outer quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> Smaller quantifiers are possible for sets, and refer to subsets. Thus
<jbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</jbophrase> is a subset of the set of men I have in mind; we don't know precisely which elements make up this subset, but it must have half the size of the full set. This is the best way to say
@@ -1250,21 +1249,21 @@
<selmaho>NAhE+BO</selmaho>
<description>that which indeed is</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lu'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>LUhU</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Well, that's quite a list of cmavo. What are they all about?</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>external syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>internal syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> The above cmavo and compound cmavo are called the
+ <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>external syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>internal syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>NAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> The above cmavo and compound cmavo are called the
<quote>sumti qualifiers</quote>. All of them are either single cmavo of selma'o LAhE, or else compound cmavo involving a scalar negation cmavo of selma'o NAhE immediately followed by
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to add the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>as short forms for common special cases</secondary></indexterm> Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain common special cases. Suppose you want to say
<quote>I see 'The Red Pony'</quote>, where
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is the title of a book. How about:</para>
@@ -1307,28 +1306,28 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>I see the-referent-of [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jargon,
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
<para>By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/>), which too closely resembles its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ajty"/>), without having to change it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the uses of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le sinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7ytm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>I said the title of this book.</en>
@@ -1339,21 +1338,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku le sinxa be le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express the symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-7ytm"/>, but longer.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sequence</primary><secondary>contrasted with set</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>use for creating sequence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>use for forming abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'o</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'i</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The other sumti qualifiers follow the same rules. The cmavo
<jbophrase>tu'a</jbophrase> is used in forming abstractions, and is explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>. The triplet
<jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lu'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lu'o</jbophrase> convert between individuals, sets, and masses;
<jbophrase>vu'i</jbophrase> belongs to this group as well, but creates a sequence, which is similar to a set but has a definite order. (The set of John and Charles is the same as the set of Charles and John, but the sequences are different.) Here are some examples:</para>
@@ -1405,21 +1404,20 @@
<jbo>mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
<en>The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a mass. The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>set of rats</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>for negation</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the four sumti qualifiers formed from a cmavo of NAhE and
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4Mte">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska na'ebo le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I see something-other-than the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1496,21 +1494,21 @@
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> instead of a pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-QmzB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi doi djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using
+ <para>means exactly the same thing and does not require a pause. Using
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by itself is like just saying someone's name to attract his or her attention:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ULHn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan.</jbo>
<en>John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1554,21 +1552,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ULHn"/> is the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bx2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named John!</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase terminator</primary><secondary>elidability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>elidable terminator for</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the elidable terminator for vocative phrases is
<jbophrase>do'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o DOhU), which is rarely needed except when a simple vocative word is being placed somewhere within a bridi. It may also be required when a vocative is placed between a sumti and its relative clause, or when there are a sequence of so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> (vocatives, subscripts, utterance ordinals - see
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>- metalinguistic comments - see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>- or reciprocals - see
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>) which must be properly separated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>effect of position on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by its position in the sentence: thus
@@ -1622,21 +1620,20 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLgw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Jones goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The Joneses go to-the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLHn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lai djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of Joneses go to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The Joneses go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1647,21 +1644,21 @@
<jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name
<jbophrase>djonz.</jbophrase> at all.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with LE in use of name-words</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with LA in use of name-words</secondary></indexterm> The sumti in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLgw"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLHn"/> operate exactly like the similar uses of
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-PrGp"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-H8z5"/> respectively. The only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words. And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>doi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>pause requirements before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>limitations on</secondary></indexterm> There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences)
+ <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doi</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on necessity for pause before name-word</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>pause requirements before</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>limitations on</secondary></indexterm> There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences)
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> unless a consonant immediately precedes within the name. Reciprocally, every name not preceded by
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> must be preceded by a pause instead:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLiB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -1755,21 +1752,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names with la</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for name sumti of the form
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a name is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, just as for
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a selbri.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-pro-sumti">
<title>Pro-sumti summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>classes of</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban pro-sumti are the cmavo of selma'o KOhA. They fall into several classes: personal, definable, quantificational, reflexive, back-counting, indefinite, demonstrative, metalinguistic, relative, question. More details are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all). In the case of pro-sumti which refer to other sumti, the
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> signifies
<quote>all of those referred to by the other sumti</quote>: thus it is possible to restrict, but not to extend, the quantification of the other sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>,
@@ -1961,21 +1958,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for the question pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because the listener is only being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>sequences of lerfu words as</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sequences of lerfu words (of selma'o BY and related selma'o) can also be used as definable pro-sumti.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quotation">
<title>Quotation summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>four kinds</secondary></indexterm> There are four kinds of quotation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, non-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and followed by
<jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say <quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
@@ -1996,42 +1993,42 @@
<para>Note that the translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UMDQ"/> does not translate the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they are ungrammatical).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single-word quotation</primary></indexterm> Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban word. Compound cmavo are not allowed.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-XqKv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .ai</jbo>
- <en>I say the-word
- <jbophrase>.ai</jbophrase>.</en>
+ <gloss>I say the-word
+ <jbophrase>.ai</jbophrase>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-Lojban quotation</primary></indexterm> Non-Lojban quotation can quote anything, Lojban or not, even non-speech such as drum talk, whistle words, music, or belching. A Lojban word which does not appear within the quotation is used before and after it to set it off from the surrounding Lojban text.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1Uey">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi kuot. I'm John .kuot</jbo>
<en>I say
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for all types of quotation is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-numbers">
<title>Number summary</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-number four</gloss>
<en><inlineequation><mathphrase>4</mathphrase></inlineequation></en>
commit 5b9fb44b9fd0c93d30cc27739a4b65e54b2c24a4
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Wed Jan 5 21:55:54 2011 -0500
Chapter 6 section titles.
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index b42aa71..e8e7178 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -187,21 +187,21 @@
<xref linkend="section-co-inversion"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When inserted between the components of a tanru, inverts it, so that the following tanru unit modifies the previous one.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani
I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).
I try to go to the market from the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="COI"/> selma'o COI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11"/>,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-vocatives"/>,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewell, and radio communication. Terminated by
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="DOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi .djan.
Greetings, John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
@@ -540,21 +540,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KOhA"/> selma'o KOhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti
The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than this-thing.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KU"/> selma'o KU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2"/>,
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LE"/> and some uses of
<xref linkend="LA"/>. Indicates the end of a description sumti. Also used after a tense or modal to indicate that no sumti follows, and in the compound
<xref linkend="NA"/>+
<xref linkend="KU"/> to indicate natural language-style negation.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le prenu ku le zdani ku klama
The person, to-the house, goes.
The person goes to the house.
@@ -573,54 +573,54 @@
<anchor xml:id="KUhO"/> selma'o KUhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NOI"/>. Indicates the end of a relative clause.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zdani poi blanu ku'o barda
The house which is-blue is-big.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LA"/> selma'o LA (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which identify people or things by name. Similar to
<xref linkend="LE"/>. May be terminated with
<xref linkend="KU"/> if followed by a description selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la kikeros. du la tulis.
Cicero is Tully.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LAU"/> selma'o LAU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Combines with the following alphabetic letter to represent a single marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font, punctuation, etc.)</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tau sy. .ibu
[single-shift] “s” “i”
Si (chemical symbol for silicon)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LAhE"/> selma'o LAhE (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Qualifiers which, when prefixed to a sumti, change it into another sumti with related meaning. Qualifiers can also consist of a cmavo from selma'o
<xref linkend="NAhE"/> plus
<xref linkend="BO"/>. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LUhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e zoi kuot. A Tale of Two Cities .kuot
I see that-represented-by the-text “A Tale of Two Cities”.
I see the book “A Tale of Two Cities”.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LE"/> selma'o LE (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or specify things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KU"/>. See
<xref linkend="LA"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zdani
The dog goes-to the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LEhU"/> selma'o LEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9"/>)</bridgehead>
@@ -678,21 +678,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="LU"/> selma'o LU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical only if the quoted material also forms a grammatical Lojban text. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LIhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="LUhU"/> selma'o LUhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-sumti-qualifiers"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LAhE"/> and
<xref linkend="NAhE"/>+
<xref linkend="BO"/>. Indicates the end of a qualified sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e lu barda gerku li'u lu'u
I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref]
I saw “Big Dog” [not the words, but a book or movie].
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index a624cc2..1acdbb3 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti">
<title>To Speak Of Many Things: The Lojban sumti</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-simple-sumti-kinds">
<title>The five kinds of simple sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>simple sumti</primary></indexterm> If you understand anything about Lojban, you know what a sumti is by now, right? An argument, one of those things that fills the places of simple Lojban sentences like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VKU6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
- <en>I go-to the market</en>
+ <gloss>I go-to the market</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with description</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VKU6"/>,
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> are the sumti. It is easy to see that these two sumti are not of the same kind:
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is a pro-sumti (the Lojban analogue of a pronoun) referring to the speaker, whereas
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase> is a description which refers to something described as being a market.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>kinds of</secondary></indexterm> There are five kinds of simple sumti provided by Lojban:</para>
@@ -90,24 +90,24 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0YaH"/> exhibits
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>li ci</jbophrase>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>,
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>, and
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section13"/> through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15"/> for these summaries.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-pro-sumti"/> through
+ <xref linkend="section-numbers"/> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-basic-descriptors">
<title>The three basic description types</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the, the one(s) described as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lo</cmavo>
@@ -120,21 +120,21 @@
<description>the one(s) named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ku</cmavo>
<selmaho>KU</selmaho>
<description>elidable terminator for LE, LA</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>as part of description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptor</primary><secondary>as part of description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>components of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>types of</secondary></indexterm> The syntax of descriptions is fairly complex, and not all of it can be explained within the confines of this chapter: relative clauses, in particular, are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. However, most descriptions have just two components: a descriptor belonging to selma'o LE or LA, and a selbri. (The difference between selma'o LE and selma'o LA is not important until
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12"/>.) Furthermore, the selbri is often just a single brivla. Here is an elementary example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-names"/>.) Furthermore, the selbri is often just a single brivla. Here is an elementary example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rBuQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-specific-things-each-of-which-I-describe-as being-a-market</gloss>
<en>the market</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -157,21 +157,21 @@
<jbo>le zarci cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>markets</quote> is/are-big.</gloss>
<en>The market is big.</en>
<en>The markets are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>plurals</primary><secondary>Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking</secondary></indexterm> Note that English-speakers must state whether a reference to markets is to just one (
<quote>the market</quote>) or to more than one (
<quote>the markets</quote>). Lojban requires no such forced choice, so both colloquial translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ULGC"/> are valid. Only the context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechanism is explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>The men are women</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Now consider the following strange-looking example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PutX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as <quote>men</quote> are women.</gloss>
<en>The man is a woman.</en>
<en>The men are women.</en>
@@ -221,21 +221,21 @@
</example>
<para>must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or women would not make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-fSxN"/> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>use with descriptions contrasted with use before Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>compared with la in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>compared with le in specificity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>implications of</secondary></indexterm> The last descriptor of this section is
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> descriptions,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12"/>.) For example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-names"/>.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PrGp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la cribe pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>The-one-named
<quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the story.</gloss>
<en>Bear wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -333,21 +333,21 @@
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
<jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> before the selbri makes the
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
<jbophrase>ku</jbophrase>: in the compound negator
<jbophrase>naku</jbophrase> (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-masses">
<title>Individuals and masses</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lei</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the mass I describe as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>loi</cmavo>
@@ -358,22 +358,22 @@
<cmavo>lai</cmavo>
<selmaho>LA</selmaho>
<description>the mass of those named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>for set objects</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>for mass objects</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>for individual objects</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>classified by types of objects referred to</secondary></indexterm> All Lojban sumti are classified by whether they refer to one of three types of objects, known as
<quote>individuals</quote>,
<quote>masses</quote>, and
<quote>sets</quote>. The term
<quote>individual</quote> is misleading when used to refer to more than one object, but no less-confusing term has as yet been found. All the descriptions in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1"/> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2"/> refer to individuals, whether one or more than one. Consider the following example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-simple-sumti-kinds"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/> refer to individuals, whether one or more than one. Consider the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mwhq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
<en>The person(s) carry the piano.</en>
@@ -433,21 +433,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-English-persons dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
<en>The English dwell in Africa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Englishman in Africa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> since there is at least one English person living there.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section4"/> explains another method of saying what is usually meant by
+ <xref linkend="section-sets"/> explains another method of saying what is usually meant by
<quote>The lion lives in Africa</quote> which does imply that living in Africa is normal, not exceptional, for lions.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mass objects</primary><secondary>peculiarities of English translation of</secondary></indexterm> Note that the Lojban mass articles are sometimes translated by English plurals (the most usual case), sometimes by English singulars (when the singular is used to express typicalness or abstraction), and sometimes by singulars with no article:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yDCF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi matne cu ranti</jbo>
@@ -481,21 +481,21 @@
<en>The Bears wrote this book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Bears wrote book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lai</primary><secondary>contrasted with la in implications</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la</primary><secondary>contrasted with lai in implications</secondary></indexterm> in a context where
<jbophrase>la cribe</jbophrase> would be understood as plural, would mean that either Tom Bear or Fred Bear (to make up some names) might have written the book, or that Tom and Fred might have written it as collaborators. Using
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-H8z5"/> would give the implication that each of Tom and Fred, considered individually, had written it.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-sets">
<title>Masses and sets</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the set described as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lo'i</cmavo>
@@ -575,39 +575,39 @@
<en>I am a typical Lojban user.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the x2 place has been omitted; I am not specifying in exactly which way I am typical - whether in language knowledge, or age, or interests, or something else. If
<jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase> were changed to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIXo"/>, the meaning would be something like
<quote>I am typical of some Lojban user</quote>, which is nonsense.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-typicals">
<title>Descriptors for typical objects</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lo'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the typical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the stereotypical</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'e</primary></indexterm> As promised in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3"/>, Lojban has a method for discriminating between
+ <xref linkend="section-masses"/>, Lojban has a method for discriminating between
<quote>the lion</quote> who lives in Africa and
<quote>the Englishman</quote> who, generally speaking, doesn't live in Africa even though some Englishmen do. The descriptor
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> means
<quote>the typical</quote>, as in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AJKt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'e cinfo cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</jbo>
@@ -665,21 +665,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Hollywood</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> is probably true to an American, but might be false (not the stereotype) to someone living in India or Russia.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Smith</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name equivalent for <quote>typical</quote></primary><secondary>rationale for lack of</secondary></indexterm> Note that there is no naming equivalent of
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>, because there is no need, as a rule, for a
<quote>typical George</quote> or a
<quote>typical Smith</quote>. People or things who share a common name do not, in general, have any other common attributes worth mentioning.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-quantified-sumti">
<title>Quantified sumti</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ro</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>all of/each of</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>su'o</cmavo>
@@ -696,21 +696,21 @@
<jbophrase>vo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>mu</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>one</quote>,
<quote>two</quote>,
<quote>three</quote>,
<quote>four</quote>,
<quote>five</quote> respectively, or else one of four special quantifiers, two of which are discussed in this section and listed above. These four quantifiers are important because every Lojban sumti has either one or two of them implicitly present in it - which one or two depends on the particular kind of sumti. There is more explanation of implicit quantifiers later in this section. (The other two quantifiers,
<jbophrase>piro</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase>, are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7"/>.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-quantified-descriptions"/>.)</para>
<para>Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit quantifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the things referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple examples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL61" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>You walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -826,21 +826,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku re lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I express two-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I say the sentence exactly twice, neither more nor less.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-quantified-descriptions">
<title>Quantified descriptions</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>piro</cmavo>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>the whole of</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantification</primary><secondary>before description sumti compared with before non-description sumti</secondary></indexterm> Like other sumti, descriptions can be quantified. When a quantifier appears before a description, it has the same meaning as one appearing before a non-description sumti: it specifies how many things, of all those referred to by the description, are being talked about in this particular bridi. Suppose that context tells us that
@@ -998,21 +998,21 @@
<jbophrase>pisu'o</jbophrase> specifies a portion consisting of at least one part of a thing, i.e. some of it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>portion</primary><secondary>on set contrasted with on individual</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifiers</primary><secondary>for expressing subsets</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subsets</primary><secondary>expressing with outer quantifiers</secondary></indexterm> Smaller quantifiers are possible for sets, and refer to subsets. Thus
<jbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</jbophrase> is a subset of the set of men I have in mind; we don't know precisely which elements make up this subset, but it must have half the size of the full set. This is the best way to say
<quote>half of the men</quote>; saying
<jbophrase>pimu le nanmu</jbophrase> would give us a half-portion of one of them instead! Of course, the result of
<jbophrase>pimu le'i nanmu</jbophrase> is still a set; if you need to refer to the individuals of the subset, you must say so (see
<jbophrase>lu'a</jbophrase> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10"/>).</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-sumti-qualifiers"/>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>implicit outer quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le</primary><secondary>implicit outer quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>individual descriptors</primary><secondary>different implicit outer quantifiers among</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifiers</primary><secondary>rationale for differences in implicit quantifier on descriptors</secondary></indexterm> The case of outer quantifiers for individual descriptors (including
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>, and the typical descriptors
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>) is special. When we refer to specific individuals with
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, we mean to refer to all of those we have in mind, so
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> is appropriate as the implicit quantifier, just as it is appropriate for
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>. Reference to non-specific individuals with
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, however, is typically to only some of the objects which can be correctly described, and so
@@ -1067,21 +1067,21 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-uYH4"/> claims that some dog (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the universe!</para>
<para>Nevertheless, inner quantifiers are permitted on
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptors for consistency's sake, and may occasionally be useful.</para>
<para>Note that the inner quantifier of
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>, even when exact, need not be truthful:
<jbophrase>le ci nanmu</jbophrase> means
<quote>what I describe as three men</quote>, not
<quote>three of what I describe as men</quote>. This follows from the rule that what is described by a
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> description represents the speaker's viewpoint rather than the objective way things are.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-indefinite-descriptions">
<title>Indefinite descriptions</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptors</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>omission of</secondary></indexterm> By a quirk of Lojban syntax, it is possible to omit the descriptor
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>, but never any other descriptor, from a description like that of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gr7Y"/>; namely, one which has an explicit outer quantifier but no explicit inner quantifier. The following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EsVd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku [ku] cu blabi</jbo>
@@ -1110,24 +1110,24 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ponse su'o ci lo cutci</jbo>
<gloss>I possess at-least three things-which-really-are shoes</gloss>
<en>I own three (or more) shoes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-sumti-based-descriptions">
<title>sumti-based descriptions</title>
<para>As stated in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2"/>, most descriptions consist of just a descriptor and a selbri. (In this chapter, the selbri have always been single gismu, but of course any selbri, however complex, can be employed in a description. The syntax and semantics of selbri are explained in
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/>, most descriptions consist of just a descriptor and a selbri. (In this chapter, the selbri have always been single gismu, but of course any selbri, however complex, can be employed in a description. The syntax and semantics of selbri are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.) In the intervening sections, inner and outer quantifiers have been added to the syntax. Now it is time to discuss a description of a radically different kind: the sumti-based description.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>outer quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>inner quantifier on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A sumti-based description has a sumti where the selbri would normally be, and the inner quantifier is required - it cannot be implicit. An outer quantifier is permitted but not required.</para>
<para>A full theory of sumti-based descriptions has yet to be worked out. One common case, however, is well understood. Compare the following:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLaQ" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1183,21 +1183,21 @@
<gloss>One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti-based descriptions with le</primary><secondary>as increasing restricting to in-mind</secondary></indexterm> In each case,
<jbophrase>le ci cribe</jbophrase> restricts the bears (or alleged bears) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLbf"/> says that two of them (which two is not stated) are brown.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLbh"/> says that a specific pair of them are brown.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLBq"/> says that of a specific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-sumti-qualifiers">
<title>sumti qualifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>list of</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>something referred to by</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -1440,21 +1440,21 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>lukewarm food</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> (In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-JwCb"/>, the sumti
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> refers to some previously mentioned sumti other than that referred to by
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. We cannot use
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> here, because it would signify
<jbophrase>la djein.</jbophrase>, that being the most recent sumti available to
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>. See more detailed explanations in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.)</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-vocatives">
<title>The syntax of vocative phrases</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrases</primary><secondary>as a <quote>free modifier</quote></secondary></indexterm> Vocative phrases are not sumti, but are explained in this chapter because their syntax is very similar to that of sumti. Grammatically, a vocative phrase is one of the so-called
<quote>free modifiers</quote> of Lojban, along with subscripts, parentheses, and various other constructs explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>. They can be placed after many, but not all, constructions of the grammar: in general, after any elidable terminator (which, however, must not then be elided!), at the beginnings and ends of sentences, and in many other places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative phrase</primary><secondary>purpose of</secondary></indexterm> The purpose of a vocative phrase is to indicate who is being addressed, or to indicate to that person that he or she ought to be listening. A vocative phrase begins with a cmavo of selma'o COI or DOI, all of which are explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>. Sometimes that is all there is to the phrase:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLE3" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
@@ -1588,41 +1588,41 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko klama mi doi djan.</jbo>
<en>Come to me, John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As usual for this chapter, the full syntax of vocative phrases has not been explained: relative clauses, discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>, make for more possibilities.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-names">
<title>Lojban names</title>
<para>Names have been used freely as sumti throughout this chapter without too much explanation. The time for the explanation has now come.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name words</primary><secondary>recognition of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>two kinds of</secondary></indexterm> First of all, there are two different kinds of things usually called
<jbophrase>names</jbophrase> when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2"/> are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-basic-descriptors"/> are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-u0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>djan. meris. djein. .alis.</jbo>
<en>John. Mary. Jane. Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that
<jbophrase>.alis.</jbophrase> begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/> for more information.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>with LA descriptor</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>in vocative phrase</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>uses of</secondary></indexterm> Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11"/>) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
+ <xref linkend="section-vocatives"/>) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>, they form sumti which refer to the persons or things known by the name.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLgw" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Jones goes to-the store.</gloss>
@@ -1751,21 +1751,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names from vowel-final base</primary><secondary>commonly used consonant endings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>borrowing from other languages</secondary></indexterm> When borrowing names from another language which end in a vowel, or when turning a Lojban brivla (all of which end in vowels) into a name, the vowel may be removed or an arbitrary consonant added. It is common (but not required) to use the consonants
<jbophrase role="rafsi">s</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase role="rafsi">n</jbophrase> when borrowing vowel-final names from English; speakers of other languages may wish to use other consonant endings.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names with la</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for name sumti of the form
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a name is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, just as for
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> followed by a selbri.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-pro-sumti">
<title>Pro-sumti summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>classes of</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban pro-sumti are the cmavo of selma'o KOhA. They fall into several classes: personal, definable, quantificational, reflexive, back-counting, indefinite, demonstrative, metalinguistic, relative, question. More details are given in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>; this section mostly duplicates information found there, but adds material on the implicit quantifier of each pro-sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The following examples illustrate each of the classes. Unless otherwise noted below, the implicit quantification for pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> (all). In the case of pro-sumti which refer to other sumti, the
<jbophrase>ro</jbophrase> signifies
<quote>all of those referred to by the other sumti</quote>: thus it is possible to restrict, but not to extend, the quantification of the other sumti.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti (
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>,
@@ -1958,21 +1958,21 @@
<gloss>You go to-what-sumti?</gloss>
<en>Where are you going?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>question pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for the question pro-sumti is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because the listener is only being asked to supply a single answer, not all correct answers.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>definable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>sequences of lerfu words as</secondary></indexterm> In addition, sequences of lerfu words (of selma'o BY and related selma'o) can also be used as definable pro-sumti.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-quotation">
<title>Quotation summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>four kinds</secondary></indexterm> There are four kinds of quotation in Lojban: text quotation, words quotation, single-word quotation, non-Lojban quotation. More information is provided in <xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>as internally grammatical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>text quotation</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> Text quotations are preceded by
<jbophrase>lu</jbophrase> and followed by
<jbophrase>li'u</jbophrase>, and are an essential part of the surrounding text: they must be grammatical Lojban texts.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1DE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2015,21 +2015,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zoi kuot. I'm John .kuot</jbo>
<en>I say
<quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotation</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> The implicit quantifier for all types of quotation is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> (at least one), because quotations are analogous to
<jbophrase>lo</jbophrase> descriptions: they refer to things which actually are words or sequences of words.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-numbers">
<title>Number summary</title>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>li</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>with li</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>number sumti</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti which refer to numbers consist of the cmavo
<jbophrase>li</jbophrase> (of selma'o LI) followed by an arbitrary Lojban mekso, or mathematical expression. This can be anything from a simple number up to the most complicated combination of numbers, variables, operators, and so on. Much more information on numbers is given in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>. Here are a few examples of increasing complexity:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLIm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index 1e3cc75..60dc924 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
==================
Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a
particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it
actually is; you'll get used to it.
SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed
(like index work).
Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
-Zort: 3, 4, 5 (they still contain FIXMEs though)
+Zort: 3, 4, 5 (they contain FIXMEs though)
------
Ignore Chapter 2 for now.
------
If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so:
<!-- FIXME: detailed explanation here -->
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